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ENCYCLOPEDIA 



LIVING DIVINES 



CHRISTIAN WORKERS 



OF ALL DENOMINATIONS 



IN 



EUROPE AND AMERICA 



BEING A SUPPLEMENT TO 



SCHAFF-HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE, 



EDITKD BY 

REV. PHILIP SCHAFF, D.D., LL.D., 



REV. SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, M.A. 

t 










NEW YORK : 

FUNK & WA-QNALLS, PUBLISHERS, 
18Vnd 20 Astok Place. 

1887. 






COPYBIGHT BY 

FUNK & WAGNALLS, 

1887. 



/£*/ 



c 

V 






PREFACE. 



f I ^HIS book contains biographical sketches of contemporary divines, celebrated 
-*- preachers, Christian workers, theological professors, church dignitaries, and 
editors of prominent religious periodicals. It is intended as a supplement to the 
Religious Encyclopaedia published in 1884, in three volumes. The German 
Encyclopaedia of Herzog excludes living authors. 

The value of such a book depends on the extent of its authentic information. 
In this respect we have been highly favored. When the senior editor resolved, 
somewhat reluctantly, to undertake the delicate task, he issued a circular letter 
to distinguished divines of Europe and America, requesting them to furnish for 
publication exact facts and dates concerning their birth, their education, titles, 
offices, publications, and other noteworthy incidents. To his great encourage- 
ment he received prompt and full replies from nearly all, and takes great 
pleasure in expressing to them publicly his sincere thanks for their kindness. 
The information thus obtained is presented without note or comment. Where 
the gentlemen chose to indicate their theological standpoint in a distinctive 
way, it is given in their own words ; if not, it is left to be inferred from their 
reputation and works. 

To secure still greater exactness, proof was sent for revision to each living 
person named ; and their corrections and additions have been inserted as far as 
possible. 

Additional information and corrections received too late for insertion in the 
proper place have been printed in the appendix. 

When no response was received to the circular, the dates and facts desired 
were derived from the best attainable sources, chiefly the following : Holtzmann 
and Zopffel's Lexikon fur Theologie und Kirchenwesen, for German Protestants ; 
Schafler's Handlexicon der Kaiholischen Theologie, for German Roman-Catholics ; 
the thirteenth volume of Lichtenberger's EncyclopSdie des sciences religieuses, 
for French authors ; Crockford's Clerical Directory, and the latest (eleventh) 
edition of the Men of the Times, for English authors and church dignitaries; 
denominational cyclopaedias, — Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, etc., — manuals, 
year-books, and catalogues of colleges and theological seminaries, for Americans. 
The articles thus compiled are marked by a star. 



iv PREFACE. 



Besides living celebrities, the volume includes notices of divines who have 
died since the completion of the Religious Encyclopaedia (1884), and a few 
others who were inadvertently omitted. 

Simultaneously with this Supplement will be published a new and revised 
edition of the Religious Encyclopaedia, which will embody the corrections made 
by the authors of the several articles, as well as the editors. Copies were 
sent to foreign contributors with the request to correct the translation of their 
articles, and to bring them down to the latest date, which was done. 

As to the distribution of labor, the senior editor has procured the material, 
and written biographical sketches of departed friends (as Drs. Ezra Abbot, 
Dorner, Lange, Prime, Thiersch), besides aiding in the final revision ; while 
the junior editor has prepared the material for the press, and devoted himself 
to the work for nearly two years. 

The editors have aimed at the greatest possible accuracy and completeness, 
as well as strict impartiality, in the desire to make a useful and reliable book 
of reference for readers of all denominations and theological schools. 

Philip Schaff. 

Samuel M. Jackson. 
New York, November, 1886. 



EXPLANATORY NOTE. 



The general order of arrangement of the sketches 
is this: Name in full (where initials instead of middle 
names are given, it is to be understood that the per- 
sons had no middle names, but had introduced initials 
to distinguish their names from others); honorary 
titles, other than M.A., with their sources and dates 
in parenthesis; denomination ("Methodist" means 
Methodist-Episcopal Church North; " Episcopalian " 
means Protestant-Episcopal Church of the United 
States; " Presbyterian" means Presbyterian Church 
in the United States, Northern Assembly; the other 
divisions which come under these general names are 
particularly described, e.g., " Methodist Protestant "); 
places and dates of study and graduation; positions 
held in chronological order (except when the person 
held collegiate and clerical positions simultaneously, 
in which case it has sometimes seemed better to give 
each class of positions separately) ; theological stand- 
point; publications (the place of publication given 
with the first book is to be understood as that of all 
subsequent books until another place is given). 

The following information respecting abbreviations 
used in this work, and the various honors, prizes, etc., 
mentioned, may be acceptable to American readers. 

I. — CONTRACTIONS. 

A.B. or B.A. Bachelor of Arts (Artium Bacca- 
laureus). 

A.M. or M.A. Master of Arts (Artium Magister). 

b. born (followed by place and date). 

B.D. Bachelor of Divinity. 

C.I. Order of the Crown of India, member of. 

C.M.C. Companion of the Order of St. Michael 
and St. George. 

d. died (followed by place and date). 

D.D. Doctor of divinity. 

F.R.G.S. Fellow of the Royal Geographical 
Society. 

F.R.S. Fellow of the Royal Society. 

F.R.S.E. Fellow of the Royal Society, Edinburgh. 

Lie. Theol. Licentiate of Theology (in Germany, 
one who has passed the examination for a theological 
professorship in a university). 

LL.D. Doctor of laws. 

Lit.D. Doctor of letters. 

L.H.D. Doctor of letters. 

Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy. 

S.T.D. Doctor of sacred theology (Sacra Theologies 
Doctor). 

Ven. Venerable; title of an English archdeacon. 

II. — PRIZES AND POSITIONS. 

Archdeacon. In the English Church, the assistant 
of the bishop in the government of his diocese. 

Arnold's Historical Prize (Oxford). Open to compe- 
tition among graduates not older than eight years 
from matriculation; value £42. 

Bampton Lectures (Oxford). Course of eight divin- 
ity-lecture sermons, founded by Rev. John Bamp- 
ton, canon of Salisbury; value £200. See Ency- 
clopaedia, p. 196. 

Battie University Scholarship (Cambridge). Found- 
ed by William Battie, M.D., Fellow of King's Col- 
lege, in 1747; competed for by undergraduates, 
and held for seven years ; value £30 to £35. 

Bell University Scholarship (Cambridge). Founded 
by Rev. William Bell, Fellow of Magdalene; com- 
peted for by undergraduates, and held four years. 



Berkeley Gold Medals (Dublin). Founded by Bp. 
Berkeley in 1752, for proficiency in Greek lan- 
guage and literature; they are two in number, 
and are given to the students ranking first and 
second in the examination. 

Boden Sanscrit Scholarship (Oxford). Competed 
for by students under twenty-five years old; one 
elected each year; tenable four years; annual 
value £50. 

Boyle Lectures. Course o€ eight divinity-lecture 
sermons founded by Robert Boyle. See Encyclo- 
paedia, p. 315. 

Browne Prize (Cambridge). Founded by Sir Wil- 
liam Browne, Kt., M.D., who died in 1774; com- 
peted for by undergraduates; three prizes, for 
Greek ode, Latin ode, and Greek and Latin epi- 
grams, respectively. 

Burney Prize (Cambridge). Founded in 1845 by 
Richard Burney, Esq., M.A. of Christ's College, 
by gift of £3,000 in three per cent consols; open to 
graduates of the university of not more than three 
years standing from admission to first degree ; for 
best English essay " on some moral or metaphys- 
ical subject, on the existence, nature, and attri- 
butes of God, or on the nature and evidences of 
the Christian religion." 

Cams Greek Testament Prize (Cambridge). Found- 
ed in 1853, in honor of and by Rev. William Carus, 
M.A., canon of Winchester, and late senior fellow 
of Trinity College, his friends and he each giving 
£500 at three per cent; the prizes are two in num- 
ber, one for undergraduates and one for gradu- 
ates. 

Chancellor Medal (Cambridge). For classics; insti- 
tuted, by Thomas Hollis, Duke of Westminster, 
when chancellor 1751, and continued by his suc- 
cessors; two gold medals, senior and junior, open 
to competition by B.A.'s. 

Class (Oxford). A division according to merit, of 
those who pass an examination. 

Classic (senior). A first-class in classics. 

Convict. Building in which Roman-Catholic divin- 
ity students live at State expense. 

Consistorialrath. Counsellor of the Consistory, the 
governing body in spiritual affairs in German 
States. 

Craven Scholarship (Cambridge). Founded by 
John, Lord Craven, 1647; open to competition 
by undergraduates; held seven years; value £80. 

Crosse Theological Scholarship (Cambridge). 
Founded by Rev. John Crosse, vicar of Bradford, 
Yorkshire, 1816, " for promoting the cause of true 
religion;" open to competition by B.A.'s; held 
three years. 

Denyer Theological Essay (Oxford). Open to com- 
petition among B.A.'s. 

D i aco n u s. The title in Germany of certain assistant 
clergymen and chaplains of subordinate rank, 
but equal standing with ordained ministers. See 
Encyclopaedia, vol. i. p. 615. 

Divinity Testimonium (Dublin). Certificate of at- 
tendance on whole divinity course of six terms ; 
graduates arranged in three classes according to 
merit. 

Donnellan Lectures (Dublin). Founded by Miss 
Anne Donnellan. See Encyclopaedia, vol. i. p. 661. 

Double First (Oxford). To be in the first division in 
B.A. examination both in classics and mathe- 
matics. 

Ellerton Theological Essay (Oxford). Open to com- 



VI 



EXPLANATORY NOTE. 



petition among members of the university, value 
of prize £21. 

Ephorus (German ecclesiastical dignitary). One who 
presides over and superintends a number of other 
clergymen. 

Evans Prize (Cambridge). Founded in honor of the 
late Ven. Robert Wilson Evans, B.D., archdeacon 
of "Westmoreland, formerly fellow and tutor of 
Trinity College; awarded to best student in ec- 
clesiastical history and Greek and Latin Fathers, 
among the candidates for honors in the second 
part of the theological tripos. 

Fellow. A member of a college who is on the 
foundation, and receives an income from its 
revenues. 

Gymnasial Professor. Professor in a German gym- 
nasium (college), where students are prepared for 
the university. 

Hall-Houghton Prize (Oxford). Two for work upon 
the Greek Testament, value £30 and £20 respec- 
tively ; amd two upon the Septuagint, value £25 
and £15 respectively. 

Houghton Syriac Prize (Oxford). Value £15. 

Hulsean Lecturer (Cambridge). See Encyclopedia, 
vol. ii. p. 1037. 

Hulsean Prizeman (Cambridge). See Encyclopedia, 
vol. ii. p. 1037. 

Hulsean Professor (Cambridge). See Encyclopedia, 
vol. ii. p. 1037. 

Inspector (of a Stift). Head spiritual officer of a 
building in which theological students live at 
State expense. See Stift. 

Jeremie Septuagint Prize (Cambridge). Founded 
in 1870, by gift of £1,000 from the Very Rev. James 
Amiraux Jeremie, D.D., dean of Lincoln, former- 
ly regius professor of divinity; two annual prizes; 
open to all members of the university of not more 
than three years standing from their first degree. 

Johnson Theological Scholarship (Oxford). Open 
to B.A.'s ; held one year; value £50. 

Kennicott Hebrew Scholarship (Oxford). Open to 
B.A.'s; tenable a year. 

Law (Bishop) Prize (Dublin). Founded by John, 
lord bishop of Elphin, in 1796, for proficiency in 
mathematics; open to competition among under- 
graduates; there are two prizes. 

Le Bas Prize (Cambridge). Founded by Rev. Charles 
W. Le Bas, M. A., Fellow of Trinity, 1848; subject 
of essay, general literature, and occasionally some 
topic connected with the history and prospects 
of India. 

Lloyd Exhibition (Dublin). Founded in memory 
of Provost Lloyd, by his friends, in 1839; open to 
competition among undergraduates; subjects, 
mathematics and physics. 

Maitland Prize (Cambridge). Founded in 1844, by 
gift of £1,000 in honor of Lieut.-Gen. Sir Pere- 
grine Maitland, K.C.B., late commander-in-chief 
of the forces in South India; for English essay 
on some subject connected with the propagation 
of the gospel through missionary exertion in 
India, and other parts of the heathen world; 
awarded every three years; open to graduates of 
not more than ten years standing. The success- 
ful essay is published. 

Masterof the Charterhouse. Principal of the school 
of that name. 

Master of Christ's Hospital. Principal of the school 
of that name. 

Masterof Marlborough College. Principal of the 
school of that name. 

Members' Prize (Cambridge). Given by the repre- 
sentatives of the University in Parliament; one 
for English essay on some subject connected with 
British history or literature, and one for Latin 
essay; each prize open to all members of the uni- 
versity not of sufficient standing to be created 
M.A. or M.L.; value £31. 10s. each. 

Moderations (Oxford). The second undergraduate 
examination. 

Moderatorship (Dublin). Given at B.A. examina- 
tion to best students in each of five departments 



(mathematics, classics, logics and ethics, natural 
and experimental science, and history); value, a 
gold medal. 

Newdigate Prize Poem (Oxford). Founded by Sir 
Roger Newdigate; open to competition among 
members of the university under four years from 
matriculation; is in English verse; value £21. 

Norrisian Prize for Theological Essay (Cambridge). 
Founded by John Norris in 1777 ; value £12 (gold 
medal and books). 

Oberkirchenrath. Member of the highest Protestant 
Church Council in Prussia and Baden. 

Optime (Cambridge). One who stands in the second 
or third class of final honors in mathematics; 
called Senior and Junior Optime respectively. 

Porson Prize (Cambridge). For best translation from 
any standard English poet into Greek verse, with 
Latin version of the Greek. 

Privat-docent. One who has " habilitated himself," 
i.e., passed the examination for professor in a 
German university, and delivers lectures like the 
professors; but receives, usually, no salary from 
the State, and therefore depends for support upon 
lecture-fees or other sources. 

Professor Extraordinary. In a German university, 
has no seat in the faculty or senate, a smaller sal- 
ary than the regular or ordinary professor, but is 
in the line of promotion. 

Professor Ordinary. In a German university, is a 
member of the faculty, and salaried by govern- 
ment. 

Pusey and Ellerton Hebrew Scholarship (Oxford). 
Tenable a year; value £55. 

Realschule. A school in which modern languages 
and the arts and sciences are taught; corresponds 
to a polytechnic. 

Repetent. One who in Tubingen and Gottingen 
conducts weekly examinations in the lectures of 
the professors, selected from the best graduate 
students. 

Scholefield Prize (Cambridge). Founded by gift of 
£500 in 1856, in honor of Rev. James Scholefield, 
M.A., regius professor of Greek; in promotion of 
the critical study of Holy Scripture; given to that 
candidate for honors, in the second part of the 
theological tripos who shows the best knowledge 
of the Greek Testament and the Septuagint ver- 
sion of the Old Testament. 

Seatonian Prize (Cambridge). Founded by Rev. 
Thomas Seaton, M.A., fellow of Clare College, 
who died in 1741; given for best English poem on 
a sacred subject; open to M.A. 's; value £40. 

Select Preacher (Oxford). MustbeM.A.,B.D.,D.D., 
or B.C.L. of Oxford, Cambridge, or Dublin, five 
chosen yearly, each serves two years; they preach 
before the university. 

Stift (Tubingen and elsewhere in Germany). A build- 
ing in which theological students live together at 
the expense of the State. 

Smith's Prize (Cambridge). Founded by Rev. Robert 
Smith, D.D., master of Trinity College, d. 1708; 
two annual prizes given to the two commencing 
B.A.'s who are most proficient in mathematics and 
natural philosophy; value £23 each. 

Tripos (Cambridge). One of the honor lists with its 
three classes, called in mathematics wranglers, 
senior optimes, junior optimes. 

Tyrwhitt Hebrew Scholarship (Cambridge). Found- 
ed by Rev. Robert Tyrwhitt, M.A., Fellow of 
Jesus College, died 1817; open to competition 
among B.A.'s or students in civil law or medicine; 
tenable three years; six scholarships, worth to- 
gether £150. 

Whitehall Preachership (Cambridge). Established 
by George I. in 1724, tenable two years: filled 
from Oxford and Cambridge (two from each) by 
appointment of the Bishop of London. 

Wrangler (Cambridge). One of the students who 
pass in the first class of mathematical honors; 
the first in the list being styled senior wrangler, 
and the others respectively second wrangler, 
third wrangler, etc. 



DICTIONARY OF CONTEMPORARY DIVINES. 



A. 



ABBOT, Ezra, S.T.D. (Harvard, 1872), LL.D. 
(Yale, 1869, Bowdoin, 1878), Unitarian layman ; 
b. at Jackson, Waldo County, Me., April 28, 1819 ; 
d. at Cambridge, Mass., March 21, 1884, and was 
buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery, near Boston. 
He was fitted for college at Phillips Academy, at 
Exeter (N.H.), and graduated at Bowdoin College, 
Brunswick (Me.), 1840. He then taught school 
in Maine until 1847, when he removed to Cam- 
bridge (Mass.). He taught the high school at 
Cambridgeport, and also rendered service in the 
Harvard University and Boston Athenaeum libra- 
ries. In 1856 he was appointed assistant librarian 
of Harvard University. His studies had long- 
been given to the Greek New Testament, and in 
1872 he became Bussey professor of New-Testa- 
ment criticism and interpretation in the Harvard 
Divinity School, and so remained until his death. 

He was the recipient of many testimonials to 
his scholarship. In 1852 he was elected a mem- 
ber of the American Oriental Society, and since 
1853 was its recording secretary; and in 1861 a 
member of the American Academy of Arts and 
Sciences. He was University lecturer on the text- 
ual criticism of the New Testament, in 1S71. 
He was one of the original members of the Amer- 
ican New-Testament Revision Company. In 1880 
he aided in organizing the Society of Biblical 
Literature and Exegesis. He belonged also to 
the Harvard Biblical Club. He was tendered the 
degree of D.D. by the University of Edinburgh 
at its tercentenary (1884), but died shortly before 
the date of its celebration. 

Dr. Abbot, who bore his name Ezra not in vain, 
was a scholar of rare talents and attainments, 
who would have done honor to any nation and 
any university. He was the first textual critic of 
the Greek Testament in America, and for micro- 
scopic accuracy of biblical scholarship he had no 
superior in the world. His accuracy was proverb- 
ial among his friends. He would have accom- 
plished more if he had been less painstaking in 
minute details. Hence he has hardly done him- 
self justice in his publications ; but the results of 
his labors have gone into other books, to which 
he was willing to contribute without regard to 
reward, being satisfied if only the work was done, 
no matter by whom. He was the very embodi- 
ment of the unselfishness of scholarship. His 
Literature of the Doctrine of the Future Life, first 
published as an Appendix to Alger's History of the 
Doctrine of the Future Life (1864), and afterwards 
separately, is a model of bibliographical accu- 
racy and completeness, and embraces over fifty- 



three hundred titles; while Grasse's Bibliotheca 
Psychologica (1845) contains only ten hundred 
and twenty-five. He enriched Smith's Bible Dic- 
tionary (Am. ed., 1867-70, 4 vols.) with careful 
bibliographical lists on the most important topics. 
His most valuable and independent labors, how- 
ever, were devoted to textual criticism, and are 
incorporated in Dr. Gregory's Prolegomena to the 
Ed. viii. critica major of Tischendorf's Greek 
Testament. He followed the preparation of this 
work with the deepest interest till his last sickness, 
but died a few months before the first volume 
appeared (Leipzig, 1884). The chapter De Versi- 
bus (pp. 167-182) is by him, and he read the MS. 
and proof of all the rest. Dr. Gregory lost in 
him, as he says, " a constant and proven guide, 
counsellor, and support." Oscar von Gebhardt, 
the editor of Tischendorf's latest text, declares 
Abbot's loss to biblical science irreparable. " We 
all feel it who labor in the same field." His 'ser- 
vices to the American Bible-Revision Committee 
were invaluable. He attended the monthly meet- 
ings from 1871 to 1881 most punctually, and was 
always thoroughly prepared. The critical papers 
which he prepared on disputed passages, at the 
request of the N. T. Company, and which were 
forwarded from time to time to the British Com- 
pany, were uncommonly thorough, and had no 
small influence in determining the text finally ac- 
cepted. As a Unitarian, he differed on some points 
from his fellow-revisers ; but he had the most deli- 
cate regard for their convictions, never obtruded 
his own, sought only the truth, and as his friend 
and successor, Dr. Thayer, says in his memorial 
paper adopted by the Committee, "his Christlike 
temper rendered him a brother beloved, and lends 
a heavenly lustre to his memory." His defence 
of the Johannean Authorship of the Fourth Gospel 
(1880, pp. 104) is an invaluable contribution to the 
solution of that great question : it is the best 
within the limits of external evidence, and makes 
one regret that he did not complete it by the in- 
ternal evidence, which he thought would require 
two volumes. Godet (in the third ed. of his Com. 
on the Gospel of St. John, I. 38) says of Abbot's 
book : " Ce travail me parait epuiser la matiere. 
Connaissance complete des discussions modernes, 
etude approfondie des temoignages du 11° siecle, 
mesure et nettete dans le jugement, rien n'y manque." 
Personally, Dr. Abbot was a kind-hearted, 
modest, courteous, disinterested, amiable, devout, 
and conscientious Christian gentleman. From 
the many testimonials to his worth as a scholar 
and a man, which are published in a memorial 



ABBOTT. 



ABBOTT. 



volume by the Alumni of the Harvard Divinity 
School (Cambridge, 1884), we shall select a few. 
Ex-President Dr. Woolsey, who was associated 
with him for ten years in the Bible-Revision Com- 
mittee : " My acquaintance with him during our 
revision-work gave me profound respect for him 
as a man as well as a scholar. He was indeed 
a most admirable man, and one whom it was a 
great privilege to know. His kindness to every- 
body who wanted his help was unsurpassed by 
that of anybody I ever met with. He has had my 
full confidence, admiration, and respect beyond 
most men I ever knew." Dr. Sanday of Oxford : 
" For clearness, accuracy, and precision of detail, 
I do not think he can have had a rival on either 
side of the Atlantic ; but it was evident that they 
were qualities which were moral as well as intel- 
lectual. My sense of his loss is compounded of 
gratitude and admiration, and of the deepest 
regret that such a career should be closed." Dr. 
Westcott, Canon of Westminster: "It is the 
simple truth to say that (as far as I know) no 
scholar in America was superior to him in exact- 
ness of knowledge, breadth of reading, perfection 
of candor, and devotion to truthfulness of judg- 
ment. No eye was keener than his, and no one 
could be more ready to place all his powers at the 
service of others with spontaneous generosity." 

Dr. Abbot's name will ever occupy an honora- 
ble place among the few patient and self-denying 
scholars who have devoted the strength of their 
lives to the restoration of the pure text of the 
New Testament of our Lord and Saviour. 

Of his writings, besides those already spoken 
of, may be mentioned, A Glimpse of Glory (art. 
in Christian Register, July 27, 1861); edition of 
Onne's Memoir of the Controversy respecting the 
Three Heavenly Witnesses, New York, 1866 ; work 
upon G-. R. Noyes's (posthumous) Translation of 
the N. T. from the Greek text of Tischendorf, New 
York, 1869 ; work upon C. F. Hudson's Greek and 
English Concordance of the N. T. (furnished appen- 
dix and supplementary collation of Tischendorf's 
ed. VIII., and perfected subsequent editions till 
1882); The Late Professor Tischendorf (art. in Uni- 
tarian Review, March, 1875) ; On the reading " an 
only begotten God," or " God only begotten," John i. 
18 (art. in the Unitarian Revieiu, June, 1875, first 
privately printed for the American Bible-Revision 
Committee); On the reading " Church of God," 
Acts xx. 28 (art. in Bibliotheca Sacra, April, 1876, 
first privately printed for the American Bible- 
Revision Committee); The New-Testament Text 
(art. in Sunday-school World, October, 1878, repub. 
in Anglo-American Bible Revision, New York, 1879); 
The Gospels in the New Revision (art. in Sunday- 
school Times, May 28, June 4, June 11, 1881); Bible 
Text (art. by Tischendorf and von Gebhardt in 
Herzog, condensed Eng. translation revised and 
supplemented for the Schaff-Herzog Encyclopaedia, 
New York, 1882); Recent Discicssions of Romans 
ix. 5 (an exhaustive art. on the punctuation of 
this passage in Journal of the Society of Biblical 
Literature and Exegesis, June and December, 1883). 
See Ezra Abbot [edited by Rev. S. J. B arrows], 
Cambridge, 1S84. PHILIP SCIIAFP. 

ABBOTT, Edwin Abbott, D.D. (by Archbishop 
of Canterbury, 1872), Church of England ; b. 
in London, Dec. 20, 1838 ; educated at St. John's 
College, Cambridge; graduated B.A., 1861 (7th 



senior optime and senior classic); M.A., 1864; 
was fellow of his college ; assistant master at King- 
Edward's School, Birmingham (1862), then at 
Clifton College, Bristol, and since 1865 head mas- 
ter of the City of London School. In 1869, and 
twice subsequently, he was select preacher at Cam- 
bridge, and the same at Oxford (1877). In 1876 
he was Hulsean lecturer at Cambridge. His theo- 
logical position is that of the Broad Church School. 
He goes " beyond many of them in rejecting the 
miraculous, but does not go with many of them in 
rejecting what is generally called dualism, — some 
kind of a recognition of an Evil contending against 
the Good." His religious publications include 
Bible Lessons, London, 1871 ; Good Voices, a Child's 
Guide to the Bible, 1872 ; Parables for Children, 
1873 ; Cambridge Sermons, 1875 ; Through Nature 
to Christ, 1S77 ; Oxford Sermons, 1879 ; (in connec- 
tion with W. G. Rushbrooke, editor of the Synop- 
ticon), The Common Tradition of the Synoptic Gos- 
pels in the Text of the R,evised Version, 1884. He 
wrote the article Gospels in the 9th ed. of the 
Encycl. Brit. (1879), and the anonymous religious 
fictions, Philochristus, Memoirs of a Disciple of Our 
Lord, 1878 ; and Ouesimus, Memoirs of a Disciple 
of St. Paul, 1882. Among his other works are, 
A Shakespearian Grammar, 1869, 2d ed., 1871; an 
edition of Bacon's Essays, 1876, 2 vols. ; Bacon 
and Essex, 1877 ; Hints on Home Teaching, 1883, 
2d ed. same year ; Flatland, a Romance of Many 
Dimensions, 1884, 2d ed., 1885, republished, Bos- 
ton, 1885; Francis Bacon, an Account of his Life 
and Works, 1885 ; and several instruction-books 
in English and Latin. 

ABBOTT, Lyman, D.D. (New- York University, 
1877), Congregationalist; b. at Roxbury, Mass., 
Dec. 18, 1835 ; graduated at New-York Univer- 
sity, 1853; was for a time partner in his brothers' 
law-firm, but then studied theology under his 
uncle, J. S. C. Abbott, and was pastor at Terre 
Haute, Ind., 1860-65 ; secretary American Union 
(Freedmen's) Commission, New York, 1865-68; 
pastor of the New-England Church, New York, 
1866-69; editor of The Illustrated Christian Weekly, 
1871-76 ; and since 1876 of The Christian Union. 
He is the author of The Results of Emancipation in 
the United States, New York, 1867 ; Jesus of Naza- 
reth, 1869, new and illus. ed., 1882 ; Old-Testament 
Shadows of New-Testament Truths, 1870; Laicus, 
or the Experiences of a Layman in a Country Parish, 
1872 ; Commentary upon Matthew and Mark, 1875 ; 
Luke, 1877; John, 1879; Acts, 1876; (with J. R. Gil- 
more), The Gospel History, Complete Life of Christ, 
1881 ; For Family Worship, 1883 ; Henry Ward 
Beecher, a Sketch of his Career, 1883. He edited 
Beecher's Sermons, 1868, 2 vols. ; Morning and 
Evening Exercises (selections from H. W. Beecher), 
1871; and (with T.J. Conant) A Dictionary of 
Religious Knowledge, 1873. 

ABBOTT, Thomas Kingsmill, Episcopal Church 
in Ireland ; b. in Dublin, March 26, 1829 ; edu- 
cated at Trinity College, Dublin ; graduated B. A. 
(senior moderator, large gold medal in mathemat- 
ics, and senior moderator in ethics and logic), 
1851; M.A., 1855; B.D., 1879. He was Lloyd 
exhibitioner, 1849 ; Bishop Law's prizeman (first), 
1850; elected fellow, 1854. From 1867 to 1S72 
he was professor of moral philosophy in Trinity 
College ; since 1875 has been professor of Biblical 
Greek ; and since 1879 also of Hebrew. In the- 



ACHELIS. 



AIKEN. 



ology he is Broad Church. He is the author of 
The English Bible, a Plea for Revision, Dublin, 
1857, 2d ed , 1871 ; Sight and Touch, an attempt to 
disprove the Berkeleian theory of vision, London, 
1861 ; Kant's Theory of Ethics, translated with 
memoir, 1873, 3d ed., 1883; Collation of 'Four 
MSS. of the Gospels, by Ferrar, edited with 
introduction, 1877 ; Codex rescriptus S. Matthaei 
Dublinensis (Z), Dublin, 1880 ; Elements of Logic, 
London, 1883, 2d ed., 1885; Evangelia antehier- 
onymiana ex codice Dublinensi, Dublin, 1884 ; 
Kant's Introduction to Logic, translated, London, 
1885. 

ACHELIS, Ernst Christian, D.D. {lion. Halle, 
1882), Reformed; b. at Bremen, Jan. 13, 1838; 
studied theology at Heidelberg and Halle, 1857- 
60 ; became successively assistant preacher at Ar- 
sten, near Bremen, 1860 ; pastor at Hastedt, near 
Bremen, 1862 ; pastor at Barmen, 1875 ; ordinary 
professor of theology at Marburg, 1882. Besides 
numerous minor publications, he has issued Die 
biblischen Thatsachen und die religiose Bedeulung 
ihrer Geschichtlichkeit, Gotha, 1869 ; Dr. Richard 
Rothe, 1869 ; Der Krieg im Lichte der Christlichen 
Moral, Bremen, 1871; Die Bergpredigt nach Mat- 
thaeus und I^ukas exegetisch und kritisch untersucht, 
Bielefeld und Leipzig, 1875 ; Parteiwesen und 
Evangelium, Barmen, 1878 ; Die Entstehungszeit von 
Luther's geistlichen Liedern, Marburg, 1884. 

ADAMS, Right Rev. William Forbes, D.D. (Uni- 
versity of the South, Sewanee, Tenn., 1871), 
Episcopalian bishop; b. in Ireland, Jan. 2, 1833 ; 
came to United States, 1841 ; ordained priest, 
1860 ; consecrated first missionary bishop of New 
Mexico and Arizona, 1875 ; resigned, 1876 ; be- 
came rector at Vicksburg, Miss. * 

ADLER, Felix, Ph.D. (Heidelberg, 1873); b. at 
Alzey, Germany, Aug. 13, 1851; graduated at 
Columbia College, New- York City, 1S70 ; and at 
Heidelberg University, 1873. From 1873 to 1876 
he was non-resident professor of Oriental lan- 
guages and literature at Cornell University, Ith- 
aca, N. Y., and since 1876 has been lecturer of the 
Society for Ethical Culture, New- York City. His 
"stand-point is not to be classed as theological in a 
strict sense. His philosophical views are founded 
on those of Immanuel Kant. He regards ethics as 
the foundation, and religion as the superstructure. 
The unity of the world he regards as a necessary 
idea of the reason, which, however, cannot gather 
personality about it. Its value consists on the 
one hand in its regulative application to conduct, 
on the other hand in its forming the basis for a 
moral conviction respecting the ultimate good ten- 
dencies of the universe." He has published Creed 
and Deeds (lectures), New York, 1878 ; and single 
lectures 

ADLER, Hermann, Ph.D. (Leipzig, 1861), He- 
brew rabbi ; b. at Hanover, May 29, 1839 ; came 
to London, 1845 ; studied at University College, 
London, and graduated at London University, 
B.A., 1859; studied subsequently at Prague and 
Leipzig; became principal of the Jews' College, 
London, 1863, and chief minister of the Bays- 
water synagogue, 1864 ; resigned principalship, 
1865, and was theological tutor until 1879 ; since 
1879 has been delegate, chief rabbi. He is an 
Orthodox Jew. Besides many sermons and arti- 
cles in periodicals, he has published, A Jewish 
Reply to Colenso, London, 1865 ; Sermons on the 



Passages in the Bible adduced by Christian Theolo- 
gians in Support of their Faith, 1879. 

ADLER, Nathan Marcus, Ph.D. (Erlangen, 
1826), Orthodox Jew; b. at Hanover, Dec. 14, 
1802 ; graduated at the University of Wiirzburg ; 
became chief rabbi of the Grand Duchy of Olden- 
burg, 1829; of the Kingdom of Hanover, 1830; 
of the United Hebrew congregations of the Brit- 
ish Empire, 1845. He was one of the organizers 
of Jewish schools in London and the provinces ; 
joined Sir Moses Monte fiore in appeal for the 
Holy Land, by which £20,000 were raised; was 
one of the founders of the " United Synagogue," a 
federation of the principal synagogues ; founder 
and first president of the Jews' College, London ; 
one of the original members of the committee of 
the Metropolitan Hospital Sunday Fund. He is 
the author of many printed sermons in German 
and English, among which may be mentioned, 
Die Liebe zum Vaterlande, Hanover, 1838 ; his 
Installation Sermon, London, 1845 ; Sermon on 
the Day of Humiliation, 1854 ("pronounced by the 
English press as the most eloquent of those deliv- 
ered on that occasion ") ; The Jewish Faith, 1867 ; 
The Claims of Deaf- Mutes (which led to the found- 
ing of the Jews' Deaf and Dumb Home) ; The 
Second Days of the Festivals ; and of The Nethina 
Lager (a Hebrew commentary on the Chaldee 
paraphrase of the Pentateuch), Wilna, 1874, 2d 
ed., 1877. 

AHLFELD, Johann Friedrich, D.D., Lutheran ; 
b. at Mehringen, Anhalt, Nov. 1, 1810; d. at Leip- 
zig, March 4, 18S4. He studied at the University 
of Halle, 1830-33 ; became private tutor, 1833 ; 
gymnasial teacher at Zerbst, 1834, and rector at 
Worlitz, 1837 ; pastor at Alsleben, 1838 ; at Halle, 
1847; at Leipzig (St. Nicholas' Church), 1851. In 
early life he was troubled by scepticism ; but be- 
fore beginning his pastoral cai-eer he was rid 
of it, and distinguished himself ever afterwards 
by the simplicity, clearness, and beauty of his 
Christian faith. He was one of Germany's most 
admired preachers, the greatest pulpit orator of 
the strict Lutherans, and, especially at Leipzig, 
wielded a powerful influence. To considerable 
learning he united a knowledge of the human 
heart, good judgment, ready sympathies, and 
kindly humor, so that he was the friend and coun- 
sellor of all classes, and held by every one in 
affectionate esteem. His sermons were listened 
to by throngs, and abounded in apt and beautiful 
illustration. Besides preaching, he taught in the 
Leipzig Theological Seminary, and for many years 
did good service upon the commission to revise 
the Luther version of the Old Testament. In 
1881 he was made pastor emeritus and Geheimer 
Kirchenrath. Of the numerous collections of his 
discourses may be mentioned, Predigten iiber die 
evangelischen Perikopen, Halle, 1848, 10th ed., 
1880; Das Leben im Lichte des Worts Gottes, 1861, 
6th ed., 1879; Predigten iiber die epistolischen 
Perikopen, 1867, 3d ed., 1877; Confirmalionsreden, 
Leipzig, 1880, 2 series. See his Lebensbild, Halle, 
1885. * 

AIKEN, Charles Augustus, Ph.D. (Princeton, 
1866), D.D. (Princeton, 1870), Presbyterian; b. in 
Manchester, Vt., Oct. 30, 1827; graduated at 
Dartmouth College, 1846 ; taught three years in 
the Lawrence Academy, Groton, Mass., and in 
Phillips Academy, Andover ; entered the Andover 



AITKEN. 



ALGER. 



Theological Seminary, graduated 1853, having 
meanwhile studied at the universities of Halle 
and Berlin (1851-53). He became successively 
pastor of the Congregational Church at Yarmouth, 
Me., 1854; professor of Latin in Dartmouth Col- 
lege, 1859 ; the same in the College of New Jersey 
at Princeton, 1866; president of Union College, 
Schenectady, N.Y., 1869 ; Archibald Alexander 
professor of Christian ethics and apologetics in 
Princeton Theological Seminary, 1871; and since 
1882, Archibald Alexander professor of Oriental 
and Old-Testament literature in the same insti- 
tution. He was a member of the Old-Testament 
Revision Company. He translated Zdckler's com- 
mentary on Proverbs in the Lange series, New 
York, 1869 ; and has contributed to the Presbyte- 
rian and other reviews, etc. 

AITKEN, William Hay Macdowall Hunter, 
Church of England ; b. at Liverpool, Sept. 21, 
1841; educated at Wadham College, Oxford; grad- 
uated B.A. (2d class classics), 1865; M.A., 1867; 
was curate of St. Jude's, Mildmay Park, 1866-70; 
incumbent of Christ Church, Everton, Liverpool, 
1S71-75; has since devoted himself entirely to 
mission [revival] work, and since 1884 he has been 
general superintendent of the Church of England 
Parochial Mission Society, which he founded in 
1877, with a view to supply competent mission 
[revival] preachers. His theology is "eclectic. 
He desires to be a Churchman pure and simple, 
to belong to no party, but to comprehend what 
is good in all. He holds evangelical principles 
strongly, but without Calvinism, and values highly 
Church order and the sacraments." He conducted 
a mission in New-York City in the winter of 1885. 
He has published Mission Sermons, Brighton, 
1875-76, 3 series, 2d ed., London, 1877; Newness 
of Life, Brighton, 1877, 2d ed., London, 1878; 
Difficulties of the Soul, London, 1878 ; What is 
your Life? 1878; Manual of Parochial Missions, 
1879; The School of Grace, 1879; God's Everlast- 
ing " Yea," 1880; The Glory of the Gospel, 1881 ; 
The Highway of Holiness, 1883; Around the Cross, 
1884 ; The Revealer revealed, 1885. 

ALDEN, Edmund Kimball, D.D. (Amherst, 
1866), Congregationalist ; b. at Randolph, Mass., 
April 11, 1825 ; graduated at Amherst College, 
1844 ; and at Andover Theological Seminary, 
1848 ; became pastor of First Church, Yarmouth, 
Me., 1850; at Lenox, Mass., 1854; of Phillips 
Church, South Boston, Mass., 1859 ; secretary of 
the American Board of Commissioners for For- 
eign Missions, Boston, Mass., 1876. He is the 
author of various sermons and pamphlets. 

ALEXANDER, Right Rev. William, D.D. (by 
diploma, Oxford, 1S67), D.C.L. (hon., Oxford, 
1876), Lord Bishop of Berry and Raphoe, Epis- 
copalian Church in Ireland ; b. at Londonderry, 
Ireland, April 13, 1824 ; was a student in Exeter 
and then in Brasenose College, Oxford University; 
won the theological prize essay, 1850 ; graduated 
B.A., 1854; M.A., 1856; won the sacred prize 
poem, 1860. He was select preacher, 1870-71, 
18S2; and Bampton lecturer, 1876. His minis- 
terial life has been spent in Ireland, where he 
became successively rector of Ternionamongan, 
and of Camus-juxta-Mourne; dean of Emly, 1863; 
bishop of Berry and Raphoe, 1867. His wife, 
Cecil Frances Humphreys, is author of manyfamil- 
iar hymns and poems. He has written, besides 



numerous articles, etc., Leading Ideas of the Gos- 
pels (Oxford sermons, 1870-71), London, 1872; 
The Witness of the Psalms to Christ and Christian- 
ity (Bampton lectures), 1877, 2d ed., 1878, repub- 
lished, New York ; The Great Question and other 
Sermons, 1S85; The New Atlantis and other Poems; 
introductions to and comments upon Colossians, 
Thessalonians, Philemon, and Epistles of John, in 
Bible (Speaker's) Commentary, vols, ix., x. (1881). 

ALEXANDER, William, D.D. (University of 
Wooster, O., 1 876), Presbyterian ; b. near Shirleys- 
burg, Huntingdon County, Penn., Bee. 18, 1831 ; 
graduated at Jefferson College, Penn., 1858, and 
at Princeton Theological Seminary, 1861; was pas- 
tor at Lycoming, Penn. (1862-63); stated supply 
at Waukesha, Wis., while president of Carroll 
College in that place (1863-64) ; pastor at Beloit, 
Wis. (1864-69); and at San Jose, Cal., 1869-71; 
president of City College, San Francisco, 1871-74. 
In October, 1871, he took a leading part in found- 
ing the San Francisco Theological Seminary, and 
was made (1871) its first professor of New-Testa- 
ment literature. In 1876 he was transferred to 
the chair of ecclesiastical history and church 
government. He has published several sermons, 
Commentary on International Sunday-school Les- 
sons, 1881 sqq. ; Letters (4) to Gen. George Stone- 
man on the Sunday Law, 1881 ; Letters (9) to Bishop 
McQuade on Failure of Romanism, 1883, etc. 

ALEXANDER, William Lindsay, D.D., F.R.S.E., 
Scotch Congregationalist; b. at Edinburgh, Aug. 
24, 1808 ; d. there, Bee. 22, 1884. He was edu- 
cated in the universities of Edinburgh and St. 
Andrews ; classical tutor in the Lancashire Inde- 
pendent College at Blackburn (now at Manchester) 
from 1828 to 1835 ; Congregational pastor in 
Edinburgh (1835-1854); subsequently professor 
of theology in the Congregational Theological 
College, Edinburgh (1854); examiner in philoso- 
phy at St. Andrew's University (1861); and mem- 
ber of the Old- Testament Revision Company 
from its formation (1870). He published The 
Connection and Harmony of the Old and New Tes- 
tament, London (Congregational lecture for 1840), 
2d ed., 1853; Anglo-Catholicism not Apostolical, 
1843 ; Christ and Christianity, 1854 ; The Life and 
Correspondence of Ralph Wardlaw, D.D., 1856; 
Christian Thought and Work, 1862 ; St. Paul at 
Athens, 1865; Sermons, 1875; £echariah, his Visions 
and Warnings, 1885 ; and brought out the third 
edition of Kitto's Biblical Cyclopaedia, Edinburgh, 
1862-66, 3 vols. * 

ALGER, William Rounseville, Unitarian; b. at 
Freetown, Mass., Bee. 30, 1822; graduated at Har- 
vard Bivinity School, 1847 ; was pastor at Rox- 
bury, Mass., 1848-55; in Boston, as successor of 
Theodore Parker. 1855-73; in New York, 1876- 
79; at Denver, Col. (1880); and Portland, Me. 
(1881). Since 1S82 he has lived without a charge 
in Boston. He has written A Symbolic History 
of the Cross of Christ, Boston, 1851 ; The Poetry 
of the Orient, 1856, 5th ed., 1883 ; A Critical His- 
tory of the Doctrine of a Future Life, with a Com- 
plete Bibliography of the Subject by Ezra Abbot, 
Philadelphia, 1863, *12th ed., Boston, 1885; The 
Genius of Solitude, Boston, 1865, 10th ed., 1S84; 
Friendships of Women, 1867, 10th ed., 1S84; 
Prayers offered in the Massachusetts House of Rep- 
resentatives, 1868; Life of Edwin Forrest, Philadel- 
phia, 1S77, 2 vols. ; the School of Life, Boston, 1881. 



ALLEN. 



ANDERSON. 



ALLEN, Alexander Viets Griswold, D.D. (Ken- 
yon, 1878), Episcopalian ; b. at Otis, Berkshire 
County, Mass., May 4, 1841 ; graduated at Kenyon 
College, Gambler, 0., 1862, and at Andover The- 
ological Seminary, 1865; became rector of St. 
John's Church, Lawrence, Mass., 1865, and pro- 
fessor of ecclesiastical history in the Episcopal 
Theological School in Cambridge, Mass., 1867. 
He is the author of The Continuity of Christian 
Thought, a Study of Modern Theology in the Light 
of its' History, Boston, 1884. 

ALLEN, Joseph Henry, Unitarian ; b. at North- 
borough, Mass., Aug. 21, 1820; graduated at Har- 
vard College (1840), and Divinity School (1843); 
pastor at Roxbury, Mass., 1843-47 ; Washington, 
D.C., 1847-50; Bangor, Me., 1850-57 ; West New- 
ton, 1858-60; Northborough, 1864-66; and Lin- 
coln, Mass., 1868-74; Ithaca, N.Y., 1883-84; editor 
(assistant or chief) of the Christian Examiner, 1857- 
69 ; lecturer upon ecclesiastical history in Harvard 
University, 1878-82; delegate (1881) of British and 
Foreign and of American Unitarian Associations 
to the Supreme Consistory of Transylvania, held in 
Koloszvar, Hungary. He is the author of Memoir 
of Hiram Withington, Boston, 1849; Ten Discourses 
on Orthodoxy, 1849 ; A Manual of Devotions for 
Families and Sunday Schools, 1852 ; Hebrew Men 
and Times from the Patriarchs to the Messiah, 1861, 
2d ed., 1879 ; Fragments of Christian History, 1880; 
Our Liberal Movement in Theology, chiefly as shown in 
Recollections of the History of Unitarianism in New 
England, 1882 ; Christian History in its Three Great 
Periods, 1883, 3 vols, (includes Fragments') ; Outline 
of Christian History, 1884, 2d ed., 1885; joint ed- 
itor of " Allen and Greenough's Classical Series." 

ALLIOLI, Joseph Franz, D.D. (Regensburg, 
1816), Roman Catholic; b. at Sulzbach, Austria, 
Aug. 10, 1793 ; d. at Augsburg, May 22, 1873. 
After receiving his general training at Sulzbach 
and Amberg, he studied theology at Landshut, 
then entered the clerical seminary at Regens- 
burg; was consecrated to the priesthood, Aug. 
11, 1816, and shortly afterwards made a Doctor 
of Divinity. He officiated for short periods as 
priest, in Grafting, Roding, and Regensburg, but, 
giving himself up to learned pursuits, studied 
Oriental languages at Vienna, Rome, and Paris ; 
became successively privat-docent (1821), ex- 
traordinary (1823) and then ordinary professor 
(1824) of the Oriental languages and of biblical 
exegesis and archeology at Landshut. He went 
with the University to Munich (1826), and became 
in 1830 member of the Munich Academy of Sci- 
ences, and rector of the university. A throat- 
affection obliging him to give up teaching, he 
was in 1835 chosen member of the Cathedral 
Chapter, Munich, and, in 1838, provost of the 
cathedral at Augsburg. Active in charitable 
work, he greatly promoted the Franciscan Female 
Institute of the Star of Mary. Although an in- 
valid, he wrote many academical addresses, ser- 
mons, liturgical treatises, and Hebrew and Arabic 
poems, besides the following important works : 
Aphorismen iiber den Zuxammenhang der heiligen 
Schriften des Alten und Neuen Testaments, Lands- 
hut, 1819 ; Hausliche Alterthiimer der Hebraer 
nebst biblische Geographic, 1821 ; Biblische Alter- 
thiimer, 1825; Leben Jesu, 1840; Handbuch der 
biblischen Alterthumskunde, 1841-44, 2 vols, (in con- 
nection with L. C. Gratz and Haneberg). But by 



far the greatest of his works was his third edi- 
tion of H. Braun's annotated German translation 
from the Vulgate of the entire Bible, Nuremberg, 
1830-34, 6 vols. The original work appeared 
there in 1786, and in a second edition by Michael 
Feder, 1803, 3 parts. Allioli's edition was such 
a decided improvement, that his predecessors have 
been forgotten. It has been repeatedly re-issued, 
and has the unique honor among German trans- 
lations of the Bible, of having received the papal 
sanction. # 

ALLISON, James, D.D. (Washington and Jef- 
ferson College, Pa., 1868), Presbyterian; b. at 
Pittsburg, Penn., Sept. 27, 1823 ; graduated at 
Jefferson College, 1845, and at Western Theologi- 
cal Seminary, Allegheny, Penn., 1848; became 
pastor at Sewickley, 1849 ; editor and proprietor 
of the Presbyterian Banner, Pittsburg, 1864, of 
which he had been associate editor since 1856. 
He has been a member of the Presbyterian Board 
for Freed men since its organization in 1865, and 
its treasurer since 1870. 

ALLON, Henry, D.D. (Yale College, 1871; St. 
Andrew's University, 1885), Congregationalist ; b. 
at Welton, near Hull, Yorkshire, Eng., Oct. 13, 
1818; graduated at Cheshunt College, Hertford- 
shire, 1843 ; and since January, 1844, has been 
minister of Union Chapel, Islington, London (for 
the first eight years as associate of the Rev. 
Thomas Lewis) ; and in addition, since 1865, ed- 
itor of the British Quarterly Review. In 1864, and 
again in the Jubilee Year, 1881, he was chairman 
of the Congregational Union. In December, 1877, 
his new church in Compton Terrace, Islington, 
which had cost £41,466, was opened for service. 
His congregation numbers nearly two thousand. 
Although so immersed in pastoral labors, he yet 
has written much for the periodical press, com- 
piled the Congregational Psalmist, very generally 
used in his denomination, and published the fol- 
lowing volumes : The Life of Rev. James Sherman, 
London, 1863 (three editions same year) ; The 
Vision of God, and other Sermons, 1876, 3d ed., 
1877 ; and edited Thomas Binney's sermons, pref- 
acing a critical sketch, 1875. 

ANDERSON, Calusha, S.T.D. (University of 
Rochester, 1866), LL.D. (both Rochester and Mad- 
ison Universities, 1883), Baptist; b. at Bergen, 
Genesee County, N.Y., March 7, 1832; graduated 
at University of Rochester (1854), and (Baptist) 
theological seminary (1856) ; became pastor at 
Janesville, Wis., 1856 ; St. Louis (Second Church), 
1858; professor of homiletics, church polity, and 
pastoral duties in Newton (Mass.) Theological In- 
stitution, 1866 ; pastor in Brooklyn (Strong-place 
Church), 1873; Chicago (Second Church), 1876; 
president of University of Chicago, 1878; pastor at 
Salem, Mass., 1885. From 1880-85 he lectured 
at Morgan Park (Baptist) Theological Seminary. 

ANDERSON, Martin Brewer, LL.D. (Colby Uni- 
versity, 1853, New- York Board of Regents, 1880), 
Baptist; b. at Brunswick, Me., Feb. 12, 1815; 
graduated at Waterville College (now Colby Uni- 
versity), Me., 1840 ; studied in Newton Theological 
Seminary, 1840-41 ; became tutor in Waterville 
College, 1841 ; professor of rhetoric, 1843 ; propri- 
etor and editor-in-chief of the New-York Recorder, 
a denominational weekly, 1850 ; president of the 
newly organized University of Rochester, 1853. 
He was president of the American Baptist Home 



ANDREWS. 



ARNOLD. 



Missionary Society, 1864-66 ; and of the American 
Baptist Missionary Union, 1870-72 ; and in the 
New- York State Board of Charities (1868-81). 
He has contributed to the periodic press, and 
written reports, etc. He was an associate editor 
of Johnson's Universal Cyclopaedia, New York, 
1S74-T6, 4 vols. 

ANDREWS, Edward Gayer, D.D. (Genesee 
College, 1863), LL.D. (Allegheny College, 1881), 
Methodist bishop; b. at New Hartford, Oneida 
County, N.Y., Aug. 7, 1825; was licensed to 
preach, 1844; graduated at Wesleyan University, 
Conn., 1847 ; was principal of the Cazenovia Sem- 
inary, New York, 1856-64; then a pastor until 
his election as bishop, 1872. * 

ANGUS, Joseph, D.D. (Brown University, 
U.S.A., 1852), Baptist; b. at Bolam, Northum- 
berland, Eng., Jan. 16, 1816; educated at King's 
College, London, Stepney Baptist College, and 
Edinburgh University, whence he was graduated 
M. A. in 1838 after a brilliant course, having taken 
the first prize in mathematics, in Greek, in logic, 
and in belles-lettres, the gold medal in ethics and 
political philosophy, and the students' prize of fifty 
guineas for the best essay on "The influence of 
the writings of Lord Bacon." He became suc- 
cessively pastor of the New Park-street Baptist 
Church, Southwark, London, 1838; co-secretary 
of the Baptist Missionary Society, 1840 ; sole sec- 
retaiy, 1842 ; president of Stepney, now Regent's 
Park, College, which is affiliated with the Uni- 
versity of London, 1849. He has seen the college 
double in numbers since its removal to Regent's 
Park, and has recently raised £12,000 for college 
scholarships, and £30,000 for pi-ofessors' chairs 
He was a member of the first London School 
Board, and of the New-Testament Revision Com- 
pany from its organization. He is the author of 
prize essays on The Voluntary System (1838); On the 
A dvantages of a Classical Education as an A uxiliary 
to a Commercial Education ; Christ our Life (this 
won the prize for an essay adapted for translation 
into the vernaculars of India) ; many articles in 
the periodical press ; of editions of Butler's An- 
alogy and Sermons, and Wayland's Moral Science, 
and of Bible Handbook:, London, 1854; Christian 
Churches, 1862 ; Handbook of the English Tongue, 
1862 ; Handbook of English Literature [1865] ; 
Handbook of Specimens of English Literature 
[1866], new ed., 1880 ; commentary on Hebrews 
in Schaff's International Commentary on the N. T., 
Edinburgh and New York, vol. 3, 1883. 

APPLE, Thomas Gilmore, Ph.D. (Lafayette 
College, Penn., 1866), D.D. (Franklin and Mar- 
shall, 1868), Reformed (German) ; b. near Eastern, 
Penn., Nov. 14, 1829; graduated at Marshall 
College, Mercersburg, Penn., 1850 ; after a pas- 
torate in several places, he became in 1865 presi- 
dent of Mercersburg College ; in 1871 professor of 
Church history and New-Testament exegesis in 
the theological seminary at Lancaster, with which 
position he has united, since 1877, the presidency 
of Franklin and Marshall College. He has been 
a delegate in attendance on every meeting of the 
General Synod of the Reformed (German) Church 
since its organization in 1S63 (except 1885) ; a 
member of the committee that revised the liturgy 
of the denomination, and of that which restored 
peace. He was a delegate to the Alliance of the 
Reformed Churches in 1880 (read j>aper on The 



Theology of the Reformed Church) and 1884. He 
has edited the Reformed Quarterly Review since 
1867, and written much for it. 

ARGYLL (Duke of). His Grace, George Doug- 
las Campbell, K.T. ; b. at Ardencaple Castle, Dum- 
bartonshire, April 30, 1823 ; succeeded his father 
April, 1847. He has always been deeply inter- 
ested in religious questions, and particularly in the 
affairs of the Church of Scotland. He vindicated 
that Church's right to legislate for itself, but con- 
demned the Free Church movement. In 1874 he 
vigorously supported the successful measure in 
Parliament to transfer patronage in the Church 
of Scotland from persons to congregations. In 
politics he has long been numbered among the 
Liberal peers, and has been a member of the cabi- 
nets of the Earl of Aberdeen (1852), Palmerston 
(1855 and 1859), and Gladstone (1868 and 1880). 
His publications include, A Letter to the Peers 
from a Peer's Son, on the Duty and Necessity of Im- 
mediate Legislative Interposition in Behalf of the 
Church of Scotland, as determined by Considerations 
of Constitutional Law (anonymous), Edinburgh, 
1842; A Letter to the Rev . Thomas Chalmers, D.D. , 
on the Present Position of Church Affairs in Scot- 
land, and the Causes which have led to it, 1842 ; 
Presbytery examined, London, 1848 ; The Reign 
of Law, 1866, 18th ed., 1884 ; Primeval Man, an 
Examination of some Recent Speculations, 1869 ; 
The Patronage Act of 187 J/, all that icas asked for in 
18^3, 1874; The Afghan Question, from 18^1 to 
1878, 1879; The Eastern Question, 1879, 2 vols.; 
Unity of Nature, 1st and 2d ed., 1884 ; Geology 
and the Deluge, Glasgow, 1885. * 

ARMITAGE, Thomas, D.D. (Georgetown Col- 
lege, Kentucky, 1855), Baptist; b. at Pontefract, 
Yorkshire, Eng., Aug. 2, 1819; emigrated to 
America, 1838 ; from his sixteenth to his twenty- 
eighth year he was a Methodist preacher, and 
filled important appointments. Study led him to 
change his views upon baptism ; and he entered 
the Baptist ministry in 1848, and from that time 
to this has had one charge in New- York City. 
He was one of the founders of the American 
Bible Union (1850), and its president from 1856 
to 1875. Besides many miscellaneous issues, he 
has published, Preaching, its Ideal and Inner Life 
(lectures delivered before Hamilton, Rochester, 
and Crozer theological seminaries), Philadelphia, 
1880. * 

ARMSTRONG, George Dodd, D.D. (William 
and Mary College, Virginia, 1858), Presbyterian 
(Southern Church) ; b. at Mendham, Morris 
County, N. J., Sept. 15, 1813 ; graduated at Col- 
lege of New Jersey, 1832; and at Union Theo- 
logical Seminary, Prince Edward County, Va., 
1837; became professor of general and agricul- 
tural chemistry and geology in Washington Col- 
lege (now Washington and Lee University), Lex- 
ington, Va., 1838 ; pastor of the First Presbyterian 
Church, Norfolk, Va., 1851, and still retains the 
position. He is the author of The Summer of the 
Pestilence (a history of the yellow-fever in Nor- 
folk in 1855), Philadelphia, 1856 ; The " Doctrine 
of Baptisms," New York, 1857 ; The Christian Doc- 
trine of Slavery, 1858 ; The Theology of Christian 
Experience, I860 ; The Sacraments of the New Tes- 
tament, 1880 ; The Books of Nature and Revelation 
collated, 1886. 

ARNOLD, Edwin, M.A., b. at Rochester, Eng., 



ARNOLD. 



ATWOOD. 



June 10, 1832 ; educated at University College, 
Oxford; graduated B.A., 1854; became assistant 
master of Edward VI. School, Birmingham ; later, 
principal of the government Sanscrit College at 
Poona, Bombay Presidency ; an editor of the 
London Daily Telegraph, 1861. He is a fellow .of 
the Royal Asiatic Society, and of the Royal Geo- 
graphical Society ; 2d class of the imperial order 
of the Medjidie (Turkish), and companion of the 
Star of India. He arranged George Smith's first 
expedition, and Stanley's expedition in search of 
Livingstone, — both in behalf of the Daily Tele- 
graph. He has made numerous poetical transla- 
tions from Greek and Sanscrit, and has written 
many poems, of which the most famous are, The 
Light of Asia (the life and teaching of Buddha), 
London, 1879 (28th ed., 1886, and several reprints ; 
in recognition he was decorated by the King of 
Siam with the Order of the White Elephant); 
Pearls of the Faith, or Islam's Rosary, 1883, 3d ed., 
1884; the Secret of Death, 1885. ' * 

ARNOLD, Matthew, D.C.L. (Edinburgh, 1869, 
Oxford, 1870), son of Thomas Arnold of Rugby ; 
b. at Laleham, near Staines, Dec. 24, 1822; entered 
Balliol College, Oxford ; won the Newdigate prize 
for English verse (1843) ; graduated in honors, 
1844; became a Fellow of Oriel College (1845); 
a lay inspector of schools, 1851 ; was professor of 
poetry at Oxford from 1857 to 1867. He received 
the order of Commander of the Crown of India, 
from the King of Italy, in 1876. In 1883 he was 
put upon the civil pension list for three hundred 
pounds, in recognition of his services to literature. 
In 1884 he visited America on a lecture-tour. 
Besides poems, and numerous essays upon literary 
topics, he has published the following bearing on 
religion : Culture and Anarchy, an Essay in Polit- 
ical and Social Criticism, London, 1870 ; St. Paul 
and Protestantism, with an Essay on Puritanism 
and the Church of England, 1871 ; Literature and 
Dogma, an Essay towards a Better Apprehension of 
the Bible, 1873; God and the Bible, 1875; Last 
Essays on Church and Religion, 1877. He has 
also edited, with prefaces and notes, The Great 
Prophecy of Israel's Restoration (Isa. xl.-lxvi.), 
1872, rev. ed., 1875 ; Isaiah of Jerusalem (Isa. i.- 
xxxix., 1884. * 

ARTHUR, William, Methodist; b. at Kells, 
County Antrim, Ireland, 1819 ; graduated at 
Hoxton College, London, 1839 ; was missionary in 
India, 1839-41; and in France, 1846-48; secretary 
of the Wesleyan Missionary Society, 1851-68, and 
since honorary secretary. He was president of 
the Wesleyan Conference in 1866; and from 1868 
to 1871, of the Belfast Methodist College. He 
is one of the honorary secretaries of the British 
Branch of the Evangelical Alliance, and has 
attended most of the General Conferences of the 
Alliance. He has written, besides sundry tracts 
and pamphlets, A Mission to the Mysore, with Scenes 
and Facts illustrative of India, its People and its Reli- 
gion, London, 1847, 2d ed., 1848; The Successful 
Merchant, Sketches of the Life of Mr. Samuel Bud- 
gett, 1852, 95th ed., 1884 (reprinted in New York, 
and there is also a Welsh trans.) ; The Tongue of 
Fire, or True Power of Christianity, 1856, 40th ed., 
1885; In America, 1856 (reprinted, New York); 
Italy in Transition, Public Scenes and Private Opin- 
ions in the Spring of 1860, illustrated by Official 



Documents from the Papal Archives of the revolted 
Legations, 1860, 7th ed., 1885 (reprinted, New 
York) ; The Pope, the Kings, and the People, 1877, 
2 vols. ; The Difference between Physical and Moral 
Law, 1883, 4th ed., 1885 ; Religion without God, 
and God r wilhout Religion, 1885, 2 parts. 

ASTIE, Jean Frederic, French Swiss Protes- 
tant, b. at Nerac (Lot-et-Garonne), France, Sept. 
21, 1822; studied theology at Geneva, Halle, and 
Berlin ; lived for a long time in the United States, 
and was pastor of a French church in New-York 
City from 1848 to 1853. From 1856 he has been 
professor of philosophy and theology in the Free 
Faculty at Lausanne, and editor of the Revue de 
The'ologie el de Philosophic Besides a history of 
the United States (Paris, 1865, 2 vols.), and of the 
revival there of 1857-58 (Lausanne, 1859), and 
various polemical pamphlets against MM. Scherer, 
Hornung, and Bersier, he has published an edi- 
tion of the Pense'es de Pascal, 1857, 2d ed., 1882; 
Esprit d' Alexandre Vinet, Paris, 1861, 2 vols.; Les 
deux theologies nouvelles dans le sein du Protestan- 
tisme Francois, 1862 ; Explication de I'evangile selon 
Saint-Jean. Geneva, 1864, -3 vols, (the first two 
were anonymous) ; The'ologie allemande contempo- 
raine, 1875 ; Melanges de the'ologie et de philosophic, 
Lausanne, 1878. 

ATLAY, Right Rev. James, D.D. (Cambridge, 
1859), Lord Bishop of Hereford, Church of Eng- 
land; b. at Wakerley, Northamptonshire, Eng., 
in the year 1817 ; was scholar of St. John's Col- 
lege, Cambridge; Bell's University scholar, 1837; 
graduated B.A. (senior optime, 1st class classical 
tripos), 1840; M.A., 1843; B.D., 1850. He was 
a fellow of St. John's College, 1842-59 ; tutor, 
1846-59; curate of Warsop, Notts, 1842; vicar 
of Madingley, Cambridge, 1847-52; Whitehall 
preacher, 1856-58 ; vicar of Leeds and rural 
dean, 1859-68; canon residentiary of Ripon 
Cathedral, 1861-68; consecrated Lord Bishop of 
Hereford, 1868. * 

ATTERBURY, William Wallace, Presbyterian; 
b. at Newark, N.J., Aug. 4, 1823; graduated at 
Yale College, 1843 ; was resident for a year, then 
entered Yale Theological Seminary, and gradu- 
ated, 1847 ; was ordained, 1848 ; established Pres- 
byterian Church at Lansing, Mich., 1848; was 
pastor there until 1854; at Madison, Ind., 1854- 
66 ; in Europe and the East ; supplied pulpits at 
Cleveland, 0., and elsewhere; became secretary 
of the New-York Sabbath Committee, 1869. 
He is an active member of the United-States 
Branch of the Evangelical Alliance, and was 
its secretary in 1875. He has written numerous 
documents, reports, articles for the press, etc., 
mostly on the various aspects of the Sunday 
question. 

ATWOOD, Isaac Morgan, D.D. (Tufts, 1879), 
Universalist ; b. at Pembroke, Genesee County, 
N.Y., March 24, 1838; was pastor in the States of 
New York, Maine, and Massachusetts ; editor of 
the Boston Universalist, 1867-72; since and now 
associate editor of the Christian Leader; and since 
1879 has been president of the Canton (N.Y.) 
Theological School, and Dockstader professor of 
theology and ethics. He has published, Have we 
outgrown Christianity? Boston, 1870; Latest Word 
of Universalism, 1878; Walks about Zion, 1882; 
Episcopacy, 1884. 



BACH. 



BAIRD. 



B. 



BACH, Joseph, D.D. (University of Munich, 
1859), Roman Catholic; b. at Aislingen, near 
Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany, May 4, 1833; stud- 
ied philosophy and theology in the University of 
Munich ; became privat-docent there, 1865 ; pro- 
fessor extraordinary of theology, 1867 ; ordinary 
professor of philosophy of religion and peda- 
gogics, and university preacher, 1872. He has 
written Die Siebenzahl der Sacramente, Regens- 
burg, 1864; Meister Eckhart,.Wieu, 1864; Propst 
Gerhoch von Reichersberg, 1865 ; Die Dogmenge- 
schichte des Mittelalters vom christologischen Stand- 
punkte, oder die mittelalterliche Christologie vom 8. bis 
16. Jahr., 1873-75, 2 vols. ; Joseph von Gbrres, 
Freiburg, 1876 ; Des Albertus Magnus Verhaltniss 
zur Erkenntnisslehre der Griechen, Laleiner, Ara- 
ber u. Juden, Wien, 18&1 ; Vorlesungen iiber Dante, 
1881 ; Ueber das Verhaltniss des Systeme de la 
Nature zur Wissenschaft der Gegenwart, Cologne, 
1884. 

BACHMANN, Johannes Franz Julius, German 
Lutheran theologian ; b. in Berlin, Feb. 24, 1832 ; 
became privat-docent there, 1856 ; ordinary pro- 
fessor of theology at Rostock, 1858; and there 
also university preacher, 1874. Besides sermons, 
he has issued Die Festgesetze des Pentateuchs, 
Berlin, 1858 ; Das Buch der Richter, vol. i., in 2 
parts, 1867-70; Ernst Wilhelm Henqslenberq, sein 
Leben und Wirken, Gutersloh, 1876-80, 2 vols. * 

BACON, Leonard Woolsey, M.D. (Yale, 1856), 
D.D. (Yale, 1879), Congregationalist ; b. at New 
Haven, Conn., Jan. 1, 1830 ; graduated at Yale 
College, 1850, and at Yale Theological Seminary, 
1854 ; was minister of St. Peter's (Presbyterian) 
Church, Rochester, N.Y., 1856; of Litchfield 
(Congregational) Church, Connecticut, 1857-60 ; 
missionary at large for Connecticut, 1861-62 ; 
minister at Stamford, Conn., 1863-65; Brooklyn, 
N.Y., 1865-70; Baltimore, Md., 1871 ; in Europe, 
1872-77; minister at Norwich, Conn., 1878-82; 
stated supply to Woodland Presbyterian Church, 
Philadelphia, Penn., 1883; chosen pastor of the 
same, 1885. He has contributed largely in prose 
and poetry to the press, issued pamphlets and 
musical compositions, edited Congregational Hymn 
and Tune Book, New Haven, 1857 ; The Book of 
Worship, New York, 1865; The Life, Speeches, 
and Discourses of Father Hyacinthe, 1872 ; The 
Hymns of Martin Luther set to their Original Melo- 
dies, ivith an English Version, 1883 ; The Church 
Book: Hymns and Tunes, 1883; and original 
books, Vatican Council, New York, 1872 ; Church 
Papers : Essays on Subjects Ecclesiastical and Social, 
Geneva, London, and New York, 1876 ; A Ufe 
worth living: Life of Mrs. Emily Bliss Gould, New 
York, 1878 ; Sunday Observance and Sunday Law 
(with six sermons on the sabbath question, by 
G. B. Bacon), 1882 ; The Simplicity thai is in 
Christ (sermons), 1886. 

BAETHCEN, Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf, Lie. 
Theol. (Kiel, 1877), Ph.D. (Leipzig, 1878), Prot- 
estant theologian ; b. at Lachem, Hannover, Jan. 
16, 1849; studied at Gottingen and Kiel; was in 



the German army in the war against France, 
1870-71; was in Russia, 1873-76; in Berlin, 
1876-77 ; in British Museum, London, 1878 ; 
became privat-docent at Kiel, 1878 ; professor 
extraordinary of theology, 1884. From 1881-84 
he was also " adjunctus ministerii " in Kiel. He 
is the author of Untersuchungen uber die Psalmen 
nach der Peshita, Kiel, 1878; Sindban oder die 
sieben weisen Meister. Syrisch und Deutsch, Leip- 
zig, 1879 ; Syrische Grammatik des Mar Elias von 
Tirhan heruusgegeben und iibersetzt, 1880; Anmuth 
und Wiirde in der alttestamentlichen Poesie, Kiel, 
1880 (a lecture) ; Fragmenle syrischer und ara- 
bischer Historiker herausgegeben und iibersetzt, 1884 ; 
Evangel ienfragmente : Der griechische Text des Cure- 
ton'schen Syrers wiederhergestellt, 1885. Besides 
these he has written the following articles : Ein 
Melkitischer Hymnus an die Jungfrau Maria 
(" Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen 
Gesellschaft," 1879, vol. 33, pp. 666-671 [1879], 
and in the same the yearly review of matters 
relating to Syriac, etc., 1879 sqq.) ; Kritische 
Bemerkungen iiber einige Stellen des Psalmentexles 
(" Theolog. Studien und Kritiken," 1880, pp. 751 
sqq.) ; Philoxenus von Mabug uber den Glauben 
("Zeitschrift fur Kirchengeschichte," 1881, vol. 
5, pp. 122-138); Der textkrilische Werth der alien 
U ebersetzungen zu den Psalmen (" Jahrbiicher f iir 
protestantische Theologie," 1882, vol. 8, pp. 405- 
459, 593-667) ; Nachrichl von einer unbekannten 
Handschrift des Psalter ium juxta Hebraeos Hiero- 
nymi (" Zeitschrift fur die alttest. Wissenschaft," 
1881, vol. 1, pp. 105-112) ; Der Psalmencommentar 
des Theodor von Mopsuestia in syrischer Bearbei- 
tung (do., 1885, vol. 5, pp. 53-101). 

BAIRD, Charles Washington, D.D. (University, 
New York City, 1876), Presbyterian ; b. at Prince- 
ton, N.J., Aug. 28, 1828; graduated at the Uni- 
versity of the City of New York, 1848, and at 
Union Theological Seminary, 1852 ; was chaplain 
of the American Chapel at Rome, Italy, 1852-54 ; 
and pastor of the Reformed Dutch Church on 
Bergen Hill, Brooklyn, N.Y., 1859-61 ; but since 
1861 has been pastor of the Presbyterian Church 
of Rye, Westchester County, N.Y. He is the 
necrologist of Union Theological Seminary. He 
has written the following books : Eutaxia, or the 
Presbyterian Liturgies : Historical Sketches, New 
York, 1855 (revised and reprinted under title A 
Chapter on Liturgies, with preface and appendix, 
Are Dissenters to have a Liturgy? both by Thomas 
Binney, London, 1856); A Book of Public Prayer, 
compiled from the Authorized Formularies of Wor- 
ship of the Presbyterian Church, as prepared by the 
Reformers Calvin, Knox, Bucer, and others. With 
Supplementary Forms, New York, 1857 ; Chronicle 
of a Border Town [Rye, N.Y.], 1870; History of 
Bedford Church [Westchester County, N.Y.], 
1882 ; History of the Huguenot Emigration to 
America [1885], 2 vols., 2d ed. same year. Be- 
sides these he has translated Malan's Romanism, 
New York, 1844 ; and Discourses and Essays of 
J. H. Merle d'Aubigne, 1846; and written an arti- 



BAIRDt 



BARBOUR. 



cle in Magazine of American History (1879, Octo- 
ber) on Civil Status of Presbyterians in the Province 
of New York. 

BAIRD, Henry Martyn, Ph.D. (Princeton Col- 
lege, 1867), D.D. (Rutgers College, 1877), LL.D. 
(Princeton, 1882), brother of the preceding, 
Presbyterian; b. in Philadelphia, Penn., Jan. 17, 
1832; graduated at the University of the City 
of New York, 1850 ; studied in the University of 
Athens, Greece ; in the Union Theological Sem- 
inary, New York, 1853-55; graduated at Prince- 
ton Theological Seminary, 1856 ; was tutor in the 
College of New Jersey, Princeton, N.J., 1855-59; 
and has been since 1859 professor of the Greek 
language and literature in the University of the 
City of New York. He is the author of Modern 
Greece : a Narrative of a Residence and Travel in 
that Country, New York, 1856; The Life of the 
Rev. Robert Baird, D.D. (his father), 1866 ; His- 
tory of the Rise of the Huguenots of France, New 
York, 1879, 2 vols., 2d ed., 1883, London, 18S0. 

BALAN, Pietro, Roman Catholic; b. at Este, 
Padua, Italy, Sept. 3, 1840 ; educated in the sem- 
inary at Padua; became ordinary professor in 
October, 1862, in that institution ; director of the 
Venetian La Liberta Cattolica, 1865 ; of the Mo- 
denese Diritto Cattolica, 1S67 ; sub-archivist of the 
Vatican, 1880 ; retired on account of health, 
1883 ; since 1883 has lived at Pragatto in the 
province of Bologna. He was nominated chamber- 
lain by Leo XIII., 1881 ; domestic prelate, 1882 ; 
referendary of the Papal "segnatura," 1883; 
commander of the order of Franz Josef, Empe- 
ror of Austria, 1S83. He is the author of Studi 
sul Papato, Padua, 1862 ; Tommaso Becket, 1864, 
3d ed., Rome, 1866 ; Storia di S. Tommaso di 
Cantobery e dei suoi tempi, Modena, 1866, 2 vols. ; 
/ precursori del Razionalismo moderno Jino a 
Lutero, Parma, 1867-68, 2 vols. ; Romani e Longo- 
bardi, Modena, 1868 ; Delia necessita di ristorare 
la storia a" Italia, 1868 ; L' Economia, la Chiesa e 
gli umanitari, 1869 ; Pio IX., la Chiesa e la Ri- 
voluzione, 1869, 2 vols..; Dante ed i Papi, 1870 ; 
Gli assedii della Mirandola nel 1511 e nel 1551, 
Mirandola, 1870 ; Della preponderanza germanica 
sull' Occidente dell'Europa, Modena, 1871; Chiesa 
e Stalo : lettere a J. I. Doeliinger, 1871 ; Sulle 
legazioni compiute nei paesi nordici da Guglielmo 
vescovo di Modena nel Secolo XIII., 1872; II 
vescovo di Modena Alberto Boschelli, 1872 ; La 
Chiesa Cattolica ed i Romani Pontefici difesi dalle 
calunnie del Senatore Siotto Pintor, Bologna, 1873 ; 
Storia di Gregorio IX. e dei suoi tempi, Modena, 
1873-74, 3 vols. ; Storia d'ltalia dai primi tempi 
fino al 1870, 1875-86, 7 vols. ; Storia del Pontifi- 
cato di Papa Giovanni VIII., 1876, 3d ed., Rome, 
1880 ; Storia della Lega Lombarda, con documenti, 
Modena, 1876 ; Memorie sloriche di Tencarola nel 
Padovano con documenti inediti, 1876 ; Storia della 
Chiesa Cattolica durante il Pontificato di Pio IX., 
Turin, 1876-86, 3 vols., 4th ed , vols. 1 and 2, 
1886 (in continuation of Rohrbacher) ; Memorie 
della B. Beatrice I. di Este, Modena, 1877, 3d ed., 
Venice, 1879 ; Un giro nei Sette Comuni del Vicen- 
tino, Milan, 1878 ; Roberto Boscheld e I'ltalia dei 
suoi tempi, Modena, 1878-84, 2 vols. ; Discorsi tenu- 
ti nel V. Congresso Cattolico in Modena, Bologna, 
1879, 31st ed., Milan, 1885; Le iombe dei Papi 
profanate da Ferd. Gregorovius, vendicate dalla 
storia, Modena, 1879 ; SuW autenticita del diplo- 



ma di Enrico II. di Germania a Papa Benedetto 
VIII., Rome, 1880 ; S. Catterina da Siena e il 
Papato, 18S0 (Flemish and French trans., Bruges, 
1884); La politica italiana dal 1863 al 1870, secondo 
gli ultimi documenti, 1880 ; La storia d'ltalia e gli 
archivi segreti della S. Sede, 1881 ; Le relazioni fra 
la Chiesa Cattolica e gli slavi meridionali, 1881 
(Slavic trans., Agram, 1882); / Papi ed i vespri 
siciliani, con documenti, 1881 (Spanish trans., 
Rome, 1881); II processo di Bonifazio VIII. , 
1881 ; La politica di Clemente VII. fino al sacco di 
Roma, 1884 ; Roma capitate d'ltalia, 1884 (German 
trans., 1884) ; Monumenla reformations Lutheranoz 
ex tnbulariis secrelioribus s. sedis 1521-25, Regens- 
burg, 1S84; Monumenla sozculi XVI. historiam 
illustrantia, vol. i., dementis VII. epistolae per 
Sadoletum scriptse, quibus accedunt variorum ad 
papain et ad alios epistolae, Innsbruck, 1885; 
Clemente VII. e I'ltalia del suo tempo, Milan, 1886. 

BALLANTINE, William Gay, Congregational- 
ist; b. at Washington, D.C., Dec. 7, 1848; grad- 
uated at Marietta College, Ohio, 1688, and Union 
Theological Seminary, New York, 1872 ; professor 
in Ripon College, 1874-76 ; in Indiana University, 
1876-78 ; since 1878 connected with the Congre- 
gational Theological Seminary of Oberlin, O., 
first as professor of Greek and Hebrew exegesis 
(1878-80), and since as professor of Old-Testa- 
ment language and literature. He studied at 
the University of Leipzig, 1872-73; was with the 
American Palestine Exploration Expedition in 
Palestine, March to August, 1873. Since 1884, 
he has been one of the editors of the Bibliotheca 
Sacra. 

BALOCH, Francis, Reformed; b. at Nagy 
Varad {Magnum Varadinum), Hungary, March 
30, 1836; graduated there, 1854; continued theo- 
logical studies at Debreczen, Hungary, until 1858 ; 
resided in the college until 1863, when he went to 
Paris, London, and Edinburgh for further study ; 
in 1865 he returned to Debreczen as assistant pro- 
fessor, and the next year (1866) became ordinary 
professor of church history, the history of doc- 
trines, and of Hungarian Protestant church his- 
tory. His theological standpoint is orthodox and 
evangelical. He defends the Helvetic Confession 
of the Hungarian Reformed Church against those 
who throw away all confessions. He was founder, 
and editor 1875-78, of the Evangelical Protestant 
Gazette (Debreczen, weekly), which successfully 
opposed the Budapest " Protestant Union," an imi- 
tation of the " Protestanten Verein " of Schenkel. 
The " Union " has ceased to exist. He was a dele- 
gate from his church to the Reformed Alliance 
Council at Edinburgh, 1877, and made a report; 
a member of the first general national synod held 
at Debreczen 1881, again in 1882 ; and since 1883 
has been ecclesiastical assessor of the superinten- 
dency (a life office). Besides addresses, transla- 
tions, articles in Herzog, etc., he has written, all in 
Hungarian, and published at Debreczen, Peter 
Melius, the Hungarian Reformer, 1866 (German 
translation, 1867) ; The History of the Hungarian 
Protestant Church, 1872; The History of the Chris- 
tian Church to the 17th Century, 1872-82, 2 vols. ; 
Points of Information in the Field of Theology 
(against Hungarian '• modernism "), 1877; The 
Literature of the Hungarian Protestant Church 
History, 1879. 

BARBOUR, William McLeod, D.D. (Bowdoin 



BARCLAY. 



10 



BARRETT. 



College, 1870), Congregationalist ; b. at Focha- 
bers, Morayshire, Scotland, May 29, 1S"27 ; gradu- 
ated at Oberlin College, Ohio, 1859, and at An- 
dover Theological Seminary, 1S01 ; was pastor of 
South Church, South Danvers (now Peabody), 
Mass., 1861-68 ; professor of sacred rhetoric and 
pastoral duties (1868-75), and of systematic the- 
ology (1873-77), in Bangor (Me.) Theological 
Seminary ; since 1877 he has been professor of 
divinity in Yale College, and college pastor. He 
is a moderate Calvinist. 

BARCLAY, Joseph, D.D. (Dublin University, 
1880), LL.D. (do., 1865); b. near Strabane, County 
Tyrone, Ireland, Aug. 12, 1831 ; d. in Jerusalem, 
Palestine, Jan. 23, 1880. He was educated at 
Trinity College, Dublin, but did not distinguish 
himself; graduated B. A., 1854; M.A., 1857; be- 
came curate of Bagnalstown, County CarloWj 
Ireland, 1854 ; missionary to the Jews in Con- 
stantinople, 1858 ; minister of Christ Church, 
Jerusalem, 1861 ; resigned July 22, 1870 ; curate 
of Howe. England, 1871 ; St. Margaret's, West- 
minster, 1871-73; rector of Stapleford, near Hert- 
ford, 1873 ; consecrated bishop of Jerusalem, 
July 25, 1879 ; arrived in that city Jan. 23, 1880. 
His attainments were extensive. He preached 
in Spanish, French, and German, was well read in 
Hebrew, both biblical and rabbinic, and acquainted 
with Turkish and Arabic. He is the author of The 
Talmud (select treatises of the Mishna with pro- 
legomena and notes), London, 1877. See his biog- 
raphy (anonymous), London, 1883. * 

BARGES, Jean Joseph Le'andre, Roman Catho- 
lic abbe; b. at Auriol (Bouches-du-Rhone), Feb. 
27, 1810; studied Arabic and Hebrew at Mar- 
seilles; was ordained priest in 1834; has been 
since 1842 professor of Oriental languages in the 
faculty of Catholic theology at Paris ; and since 
1860 honorary canon of Notre Dame. He has 
written, Traditions orientates sur les pyramiiles 
d'Egypte, Marseilles, 1841 ; Rabbi Yapheth ben Hali 
Bassorensis Karitai in librum Psalmorum commen- 
tarii arabici edidit et in Lalinum convertit, Paris, 
1846, and Yapheth's Versio, 1861 ; Apercu histo- 
rique sur I'E^glise d'Afrique, 1848 ; Le Here de Ruth, 
1854 ; Hebron et le tombeau du patriarche Abraham : 
Traditions et Le'gendes musulmanes rapporte'es par 
les auteurs arabes, 1863. * 

BARING-GOULD, Sabine, Church of England ; 
b. at Exeter, Jan. 28, 1834; was student in Clare 
College, Cambridge; graduated B. A , 1854; M. A., 
1856; ordained deacon, 1864; priest, 1865; be- 
came perpetual curate of Dalton, Yorkshire, 1866 ; 
rector of East Mersea, Essex, 1871 ; and rector of 
Lew Trenchard, Lew Down, North Devonshire, 
1881. He has written, besides volumes of ser- 
mons under various titles, in 1872, 1873, 1875, 
1879, 1880, 1881, 1884, 1885, and novels, the fol- 
lowing: The Path of the Just, London, 1856; Ice- 
land, its Scenes and its Sagas, 1863 ; Post-me<liceual 
Preachers, 1865; The Book of Were-ioolves, 1865; 
Curious Myths of the Middle Ages, 1866-68, 2 
series, new ed., 1881, 1 vol. (reprinted Boston) ; 
The Silver Store, collected from mediaeval Christian 
and Jewish Mines, 1868, 2d ed. 1882; Curiosities 
of Olden Times, 1869, 2d ed. 1875; The Origin 
and Development of Religious Belief 1870-71, 2 
vols., 2d ed. 1882 (reprinted New York) ; Legends 
of the Old-Testament Characters, 1871, 2 vols, 
(reprinted New York) ; Lives of the Saints, 1872- 



77, 15 vols.; The Lost and Hostile Gospels, 1874; 
Yorkshire Oddities, 1874 ; Some Modern Difficulties, 
1875; The. Vicar of Morwenstow (Rev. Robert Ste- 
phen Hawker), 1876 (reprinted New York) ; Ger- 
many, Past and Present, 1879. From 1871 to 1873 
he edited The Sacristy, a quarterly review of eccle- 
siastical art and literature. 

BARNARD, Frederick Augustus Porter, S.T.D. 
(University of Mississippi, 1861), LL.D. (Jeffer- 
son College, Miss., 1855, Yale College, 1859), 
L.H.D. (Regents of the University of the State 
of New York, 1872), Episcopalian; b. at Shef- 
field, Mass., May 5, 1809 ; graduated at Yale 
College, 1828; was tutor there, 1830; teacher in 
asylums for the deaf and dumb at Hartford, 
Conn., 1831-33; and New- York City, 1833-37; 
professor of mathematics and natural philosophy 
in University of Alabama, 1837-48 ; of chemistry, 
1848-54; professor of mathematics, natural phi- 
losophy, and civil engineering in the University 
of Mississippi, 1854-56 ; president of the same, 
1856-58 ; chancellor, 1858-61 ; in charge of chart 
printing and lithography, United-States Coast 
Survey, 1863-64; since May, 1864, president of 
Columbia College, New-York City. He took dea- 
con's orders in the Protestant-Episcopal Church, 
1856. He belongs to many scientific societies, 
and, aside from text-books, has written many 
educational treatises, of which may be mentioned 
Letters on College Government, and the Evils insep- 
arable from the American College in its Present 
Form, 1854; History of the American Coast Survey, 
1857 ; University Education, 1858 ; Undulatory 
Theory of Light, 1862 ; Machinery and Processes 
of the Industrial Arts, and Apparatus of the Exact 
Sciences, New York, 1868 ; Metric System of 
Weights and Measures, 1871, 3d ed. 1879 ; Imagin- 
ary Metroloqical System of the Great Pyramid of 
Gizeh, 1884.' * 

BARRETT, Benjamin Fisk, Swedenborgian; 
b. at Dresden, Me., June 24, 1808; graduated at 
Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., 1832, and at 
the Harvard (Unitarian) Divinity School, Cam- 
bridge, Mass., 1838; became a Swedenborgian, 
1839 ; was pastor of the New Church Society in 
New- York City, 1840-48 ; in Cincinnati, O., 1848- 
50 ; retired temporarily from ministerial service 
because of ill health ; was pastor in Philadelphia, 
Penn., 1864-71 ; and since has been president and 
corresponding secretary of the Swedenborg Pub- 
lishing Association, Philadelphia. He edited The 
Swedenborgian, 1858-60 (when discontinued), and 
The New Church Monthly, 1867-70 (when merged 
in The New Church Independent). He is the author 
of Life of Emanuel Swedenborg, New York, 1841; 
Lectures on the Doctrines of the New Chureh, 1842 
(present title, Lectures on the New Dispensation), 
11th ed., Philadelphia, 1878; The Golden Reed, 
New York, 1855; The Question concerning the Visi- 
ble Church, 1856 (new edition under title, The 
Apocalyptic New Jerusalem, Philadelphia, 1883) ; 
Beauty for Ashes, New York, 1856; Letters to 
Beecher on the Divine Trinity, 1860, 4th ed., Phila- 
delphia, 1873; Catholiciti/ of the New Church, 
New York, 1863; The New View of Hell, Phila- 
delphia, 1870, 5th ed. 1886; Prelate and Pastor, 
1871 (title changed to A Bishop's Gun reversed, 
1882) ; Letters to Beecher on the Future Life, 1872 ; 
The Golden City, 1874; The New Church, its Na- 
ture and Whereabout, 1877; Swedenborg and Chan- 



BARROWS. 



11 



BARTOL. 



ning, 1879 ; The Question answered [What are the 
doctrines of the New Church?], 1883; Footprints 
of the New Age, 1884 ; Heaven revealed, 1885. 
Compiled and edited The Swedenborg Library 
(giving the substance of Swedenborg's theological 
teachings), Philadelphia, 1876-81, 12 vols. 

BARROWS, John Henry (Lake Forest Univer- 
sity, 111., 1883), Presbyterian ; b. at Medina, 
Mich., July 11, 1847; graduated at Olivet Col- 
lege, 1S67; studied at New-Haven (Congrega- 
tional) Theological Seminary, 1867-68, and at 
Union (Presbyterian) Theological Seminary, New- 
York City, 1868-69 ; was superintendent of pub- 
lic instruction in Osage County, Kansas, 1871-72 ; 
stated supply of First Congregational Church of 
Springfield, 111., 1872-75; ordained (Congrega- 
tionalist), April 29, 1875; pastor of the Eliot 
Congregational Church, Lawrence, Mass., 1875- 
81; of the Maverick Church, East Boston, 1881- 
82; since Dec. 8, 1882, he has been pastor of the 
First Presbyterian Church of Chicago, 111. * 

BARROWS, Samuel June, Unitarian; b. in 
New-York City, May 26, 1845; graduated B.D. 
at Harvard Divinity School, 1875, and studied for 
a year at Leipzig University; became pastor of 
the First Parish Church, Dorchester (Boston), 
Mass., 1876; editor of The Christian Register, 1881. 
He edited Life and Letters of Thomas J. Mumford, 
Boston, 1879, and Ezra Abbot (memorial volume), 
Cambridge, 1884 ; contributed to Proceedings of 
the 250th Anniversary of the First Church and Town 
of Dorchester, Boston, 1880, and articles on Dor- 
chester in Memorial History of Boston, 1880 ; has 
published The Doom of the Majority, 1883; A 
Baptist Meeting-House, 1885. 

BARROWS, Walter Manning, D.D. (Olivet 
College, 1884), Congregationalist; b. at Franklin, 
Mich., April 12, 1846; graduated at Olivet Col- 
lege, Mich , 1867, and at Andover Theological 
Seminary, Mass., 1873; became pastor in Salt 
Lake City, Utah, 1874; corresponding secretary 
of the American Home Missionary Society, New- 
York City, 1SS1. 

BARRY, Most Rev. Alfred, D.D. (Cambridge, 
1865), D.C.L. (Oxford, 1870), metropolitan, pri- 
mate of Australia ; b. in London, 1826 ; was stu- 
dent in Trinity College, Cambridge ; graduated 
B.A. (seventh in first class classical tripos, fourth 
wrangler) and Smith prizeman, 1848 ; M. A., 1851 ; 
B.D., 1858; was elected fellow, 1S48; ordained 
deacon, 1850 ; priest, 1853 ; became successively 
sub-warden of Trinity College, Glenalmond, 1850 ; 
head master of the grammar school at Leeds, 
1854; principal of Cheltenham College, 1862; 
principal of King's College, London, 1868; also 
was canon of Worcester, 1871-81 ; chaplain in 
ordinary to the Queen, 1879-83 ; canon of West- 
minster, 1881-83; honorary canon of Westmin- 
ster, 1883-84. He was consecrated lord bishop 
of Sydney, metropolitan of New South Wales, and 
primate of Australia, Jan. 1, 1884. His works 
include five volumes of sermons, London, 1866- 
81 ; six lectures on the Atonement of Christ, 1871 ; 
the Boyle lectures for 1876, entitled, What is 
Natural Theology? (1877) (German trans., Die 
nalurliche Theologie, Gotha, 1882), and for 1877- 
78; The Manifold Witness for Christ, 1880; The 
Teacher's Prayer Book, being the Book of Common 
Prayer, ivith introductions, analyses, notes, and a 
commentary upon the Psalter, 1882, 2d ed. 1885; 



First Words in Australia, 1884. He commented 
upon Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and 
Philemon, in vol. iii. of Bishop Ellicott's N. T. 
Commentary for English Readers, 1879, re-issued 
in the Handy Commentary, 1883. * 

BARTLETT, Edward Totterson, Episcopalian; 
b. at Philadelphia, Penn., July 25, 1843; gradu- 
ated from the University of Pennsylvania, Phila- 
delphia, 1865, and from Andover Theological 
Seminary, 1868 ; became rector at Sharon Springs, 
N.Y., 1869, and at Matteawan, N.Y., 1874; and 
since 1884 has been dean of the Divinity School 
of the Protestant Episcopal Church, Philadelphia, 
and professor of ecclesiastical history in the 
same. 

BARTLETT, Samuel Colcord, D.D. (Dartmouth 
College, 1861), LL.D. (College of New Jersey, 
1878), Congregationalist; b. at Salisbury, N.H., 
Nov. 25, 1817 ; graduated at Dartmouth College, 
1836, and at Andover Theological Seminary, 1842 ; 
became successively pastor at Monson, Mass., 
1843 ; professor of intellectual philosophy in the 
Western Reserve College, Hudson, O., 1846 ; pas- 
tor at Manchester, N. H., 1852 ; pastor in Chi- 
cago, 111., and professor of biblical literature in 
the Congregational Theological Seminary, Chi- 
cago, 111., 1857 ; resigned pastorate, but retained 
professorship, 1859 ; president of Dartmouth 
College, Hanover, N. H., 1877. He is "in sub- 
stantial accord with the modified Calvinism of 
New England, as represented by Andover Semi- 
nary in the time of Woods, Stuart, B. B. Edwards, 
and Park ; welcoming all new light, from what- 
ever source, upon the text, composition, or inter- 
pretation of the Scriptures, or the doctrines thence 
legitimately resulting ; but resisting all baseless 
theories, and rash speculations, and, in general, 
declining to surrender the matured and well- 
established convictions of the great mass of intel- 
ligent evangelical Christians, except on valid evi- 
dence." He was the first on the ground to open 
and organize the Chicago Congregational Theo- 
logical Seminary, and raised the funds for endow- 
ing the chair he occupied. He aided also in the 
organization of numerous churches in Illinois. 
He crossed the desert of Et Tih to Palestine (1874) 
with a view to compare in detail all the circum- 
stances and conditions of the region with the 
narrative of the journey of the children of Israel. 
Besides numerous articles in the Bibliotheca Sacra, 
The New-Englander, The North- American Review, 
orations at the centennial of the battle of Ben- 
nington, the quarter-millennial celebration of 
Newburyport, and at literary anniversaries, he 
has written Life and Death Eternal, a Refutation of 
the Doctrine of Annihilation, Boston, 1866, 2d ed. 
1878 ; Sketches of the Missions ofjhe A. B.C. F. M., 
1872; Future Punishment, 1875; From Egypt to 
Palestine, Observations of a Journey, New York, 
1879 ; Sources of History in the Pentateuch, 1883. 

BARTOL, Cyrus Augustus, D.D. (Harvard, 
1859), Independent Congregationalist; b. at Free- 
port, Me., April 30, 1813; graduated at Bowdoin 
College, Maine, 1832, and at the Cambridge Divin- 
ity School, 1835 ; since 1837 he has been pastor of 
the West Church, Boston. He has written Dis- 
course on the Christian Spirit and Life, Boston, 
1850; Discourse on the Christian Body and Form, 
1854; Pictures of Europe, 1855; Church and Con- 
gregation, 1858 ; Radical Problems, 1872 ; The 



BASCOM. 



12 



BEATTIE. 



Rising Faith, 1873 ; Principles and Portraits, 
1880. 

BASCOM, John, D.D. (Iowa College, 1875), 
LL.D. (Amherst, 1873), Congregationalist ; b. at 
Genoa, N. Y., May 1, 1827 ; graduated at Williams 
College, Massachusetts, 1849, and at Andover 
Theological Seminary, 1855 ; was professor of 
rhetoric in Williams College from 1855 to 1874 ; 
and ever since has been president of the Univer- 
sity of Wisconsin. He is the author of A Political 
Economy, Andover, 1859 ; ^Esthetics, or the Science 
of Beauty, New York, 1862, revised edition 1881; 
Rhetoric, 1865; The Principles of Psychology, 1869, 
revised edition 1877 ; Science, Philosophy, and 
Religion (Lowell lectures), 1871 ; A Philosophy of 
English Literature, 1874 ; Philosophy of Religion, 
or the Rational Grounds of Religious Belief, 1876 ; 
Comparative Psychology, or Growth and Grades of 
Intelligence, 1878 ; Ethics, or Science of Duty, 1879 ; 
Natural Theology, 1880 ; Science of Mind, 1881 ; 
The Words of Christ as Principles of Personal and 
Social Growth, 1884 ; Problems in Philosophy, 1885. 

BASSERMANN, Heinrich, Lie. Theol. (Jena, 
1S76), D.D. (hon , Zurich, 1883), German Protes- 
tant; b. at Frankfurt-am-Main, July 12, 1849; 
studied at Jena, Zurich, and Heidelberg, 1867-72; 
became assistant preacher at Arolsen, Waldeck, 
1873 ; privat-docent at Jena, 1876 ; professor ex- 
traordinary at Heidelberg, 1876 ; ordinary profess- 
or of practical theology, 1880; and seminar-director 
and university preacher, 1884. He is the author 
of Dreissig christliche Predigten, Leipzig, 1875 ; 
De loco Malt. 5, 17-20 commentatio, Jena, 1876 ; 
Handbuch der geistlichen Beredsamkeit, Stuttgart, 
1885; and since 1881, with Dr. Ehlers, editor 
of Zeitschrift fur praktische Theologie. He is 
announced to furnish the volume on Practical 
Theology, in the new Freiburg series of theo- 
logical text-books. 

BATES, Cyrus Stearns, D.D. (Western Reserve 
College, Ohio, 1879), Episcopalian ; b. at Chester, 
O., Dec. 31, 1S40 ; graduated at the Cincinnati 
Law College, 1865, and at the Gambier Episcopal 
Theological Seminary, 1873. From 1865 to 1871 
he was a lawyer in Cincinnati ; became rector at 
Newark, O., 1873; professor of systematic divin- 
ity in the Gambier Theological Seminary, 1878 ; 
rector in Cleveland, 1884. 

BATTERSON, Hermon Criswold, D.D. (Ne- 
braska College, 1869), Episcopalian; b. at Mar- 
bledale, Conn., May 28, 1827 ; educated privately ; 
was rector at San Antonio, Tex., 1860-61 ; at 
Wabasha, Minn., 1862-66; since 1866 in Phila- 
delphia, Penn. (St. Clement's 1869-72, the An- 
nunciation since 1S80). He is the author of the 
Missionary Tune-Book, Philadelphia, 1867, 10th 
ed. 1870; The Churchman's Hymn-Book, 1870; 
Sketch- Book of the American Episcopate, 1878, 2d 
ed. 1883 ; Christmas Carols and other Verses, 1878; 
The Pathway of Faith, New York, 1885, 2d ed. 
1886. 

BAUDISSIN, Wolf Wilhelm Friedrich, Ph.D. 
(Leipzig, 1870), Count, German Protestant; b. at 
Sophienruhe, near Kiel, Sept. 26, 1847 ; became 
privat-docent at Leipzig, 1874 ; professor extraor- 
dinary at Strassburg, 1876 ; ordinary professor, 
1880; and at Marburg, 1881. He is the author 
of Translation'^ antiquce libri Jobi qua supersunt, 
Leipzig, 1870; Jahve el Moloch sive de ratione inter 
deum Israelitarum et Molochum intercedente, 1874 ; 



Eulogius und Alvar, ein Abschnitt spanischer Kirch- 
engeschichte aus der Zeit der Maurenherrscliaft, 1872 ; 
Studien zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte, 1876- 
78, 2 vols. ; Der heutige Stand der alttestamentlichen 
Wissenschaft, Giessen, 1884. 

BAUM, Henry Mason. See page 31. 

BAUR, Custav (Adolf Ludwig), D.D., German 
Protestant; b. at Hammelbach, June 14, 1816; 
became privat-docent at Giessen, 1841 ; professor 
extraordinary, 1847 ; ordinary, 1849 ; pastor at 
Hamburg, 1861 ; ordinary professor of theology 
at Leipzig, 1870. Besides numerous sermons he 
has issued Der Prophet Amos erklart, Giessen, 
1847; Grundziige der Homilelik, 1848; Geschichle 
der alttestamentlichen Weissagung, first part, 1861 ; 
Grundziige der Erziehungslehre, 1st to 3d ed , 1876 ; 
Boctius und Dante, Leipzig, 1874. 

BAUSMAN, Benjamin, D.D. (Franklin and 
Marshall College, 1870), Reformed (German) ; b. 
at Lancaster, Penn., Jan. 28, 1824; graduated at 
Marshall College, and the theological seminary, 
Mercersburg, Penn., 1852 ; became pastor at 
Lewisburg, Penn., 1852; editor of The Reformed 
Messenger, published at Chambersburg, Penn., 
1858 ; pastor there, 1861 ; at Reading, 1863 (First 
Reformed Church till 1873, since of St. Paul's, 
which he organized). He was delegate to Ger- 
man Church Diet at Liibeck, 1856, and to Council 
of Alliance of Reformed Churches held at Belfast, 
1884 ; president of General Synod, Baltimore, 
Md., 1884. He is the author of Sinai and Zion 
(travels), Philadelphia, 1860, 7th ed. 1883 (Ger- 
man trans., Reading, Penn., 1875, 2d ed. 1885); 
Wayside Gleanings in Europe, Reading, 1876; 
edited The Guardian, 1867-82 ; Harbaugh's Harfe 
(poems), 1870; founded, and since has edited, 
Der Reformirle Hausfreund, 1867 sqq. 

BAYLISS, Jeremiah Henry, D.D. (Ohio Wes- 
leyan University, Delaware, O., 1873), Methodist; 
b. at Wednesbury, Eng., Dec. 20, 1835; attended 
Genesee College, Lima, N.Y., 1854-57; was pastor 
in the Genesee (N.Y ) Conference, 1857-66 ; in 
Chicago, 111., 1866-71 ; in Indianapolis, Ind., 
1871-79; in Detroit, Mich., 1879-82; at Walnut 
Hills, Cincinnati, O , 1882-84; elected in May, 
1884, editor of The Western Christian Advocate. 

BEARD, Charles, Unitarian; b. at Manchester, 
Eng., July 27, 1827 ; studied in the Manchester 
New College, and University of Berlin ; grad- 
uated B.A. at London University, 1847; became 
minister at Gee Cross, near Manchester, 1850; and 
of Renshaw-st. Chapel, Liverpool, 1867. He was 
the editor of The Theological Review from 1864 to 
1879 ; and is the author of Outlines of Christian 
Doctrine, London, 1859 ; Port Royal, a Contribu- 
tion to the History of Religion and Literature in 
France, 1861, 2 vols., cheaper ed. 1873; The 
Soul's Way to God, 1875, 2d ed. 1878; The Ref- 
ormation of the XVI. Century in its Relation to Mod- 
em Thought and Knowledge (Hibbert lectures for 
1883), 1883, 2d ed. 1885 (German trans, by F. 
Halverscheid, Berlin, 1884). 

BEATTIE, Francis Robert, Ph.D. (Illinois Uni- 
versity, U.S.A., 1884), Presbyterian ; b. at Guelph, 
Ontario, Can., March 31, 1848 ; graduated at the 
University of Toronto, B.A., 1875 (medallist in 
philosophy, and prizeman in Oriental literature) ; 
M.A., 1876; B.D. at Knox College, Toronto, 
1882. He was tutor in the University of Toronto, 
1877; examiner, 1877-78, 1882- ; tutor in Knox 



BEAUDRY. 



13 



BEE CHER. 



College, 1877-78; examiner since 1880; since 
1878 he has been pastor of the First Presby- 
terian Church, Brantford, Ontario, Can. He has 
written, besides numerous articles, An Examina- 
tion of the Utilitarian Theory of Morals, Brantford, 
1885 ; and has in preparation a work covering the 
whole ground of apologetics. 

BEAUDRY, Louis Napoleon, Methodist; b. of 
Roman-Catholic French-Canadian parentage, at 
Highgate, Franklin County, Vt., Aug. 11, 1833; 
entered Troy Conference, 1856 ; studied in Troy 
University, but left before graduation, and became 
chaplain of the 5th regiment of cavalry, N.Y.S.V., 
Jan. 31, 1863 ; was in nearly one hundred engage- 
ments ; in Libby Prison, Richmond, Va., during 
summer of 1863 ; and honorably discharged from 
the service, July 19, 1865. Since 1876 he has 
been a member of the Montreal Conference, and 
is now superintendent (presiding elder) of the 
French District of the conference, and professor 
of theology in French in the Wesleyan Theologi- 
cal College, Montreal. He was converted from 
Romanism through the influence of Rev. Joseph 
Cook, his classmate a:id room-mate at Keesville, 
N.Y., 1852-54. He has written, Army and Prison 
Experiences with the Fifth New -York Cavalry, 
Albany, 1865, 4th ed. 1874 ; Spiritual Struggles 
of a Roman Catholic, New York, 1875 (6th Cana- 
dian ed., Toronto, 1883 ; French trans., Montreal, 
18S2 ; Spanish trans., Mexico, 1884). 

BECKWITH, Right Rev. John Watrus, S.T.D. 
(Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., 1868), D.D. 
(University of Georgia, 1S68), Episcopalian, bishop 
of Georgia; b. at Raleigh, N.C., Feb. 9, 1831; 
graduated at Trinity . College, Hartford, 1852 ; 
became rector of Calvary Church, Wadesborough, 
N.C., 1855; of All Hallows' parish, Anne Arun- 
del County, Md., 1856 ; chaplain in the Confed- 
erate army, 1861 ; rector of Trinity, New Orleans, 
1865; bishop, 1868. He has published addresses, 
charges, sermons, historical and controversial 
tracts, etc. 

BECKX, Pierre Jean, General of the Society 
of Jesus (retired), Roman Catholic ; b. at Sichem, 
near Louvain, Belgium, Feb. 8, 1795; entered 
the novitiate of the Society of Jesus at Hildes- 
heim, Oct. 29, 1819 ; made his solemn profession, 
1830 ; early distinguished himself ; was appointed 
procurator for the province of Austria, 1847 ; 
rector of the Louvain Jesuit College, 1848 ; sec- 
retary to the provincial of Belgium, 1849 ; to that 
of Austria, 1852; general of the Jesuit order, 
July 2, 1853 ; removed the headquarters of the 
Society from Rome to Fiesole, near Florence, 
Italy, 1870; retired from active service, Septem- 
ber, 1883, and lives quietly at the Collegio Ger- 
manico in Rome. His successor is Vicar-general 
Anthony M. Anderledy, a native of Switzerland, 
who was for some years attached to the province 
of St. Louis, U.S.A.., who will on Father Beckx' 
death become general. Father Beckx has proved 
himself most efficient in inspiring the Society 
with new zeal, especially for carrying on missions 
in Protestant countries. Besides some minor 
compositions, he wrote the widely circulated and 
frequently translated Month of Mary : Scenes 
from the Life of the Virgin, arranged for the Month 
of May ; with Prayers, etc., Vienna, 1843. * 

BEDELL, Right Rev. Gregory Thurston, D.D. 
{Norwich University, Vt., 1856), Episcopalian, 



bishop of Ohio;, b. at Hudson, N.Y., Aug. 27, 
1817 ; graduated at Bristol College, Pennsyl- 
vania, 1836, and at the Virginia Theological 
Seminary, 1840; became successively rector at 
Westchester, Penn., 1841, and of the Church 
of the Ascension, in New -York City, 1843; as- 
sistant bishop of Ohio, Oct. 13, 1859 ; and bishop, 
1873. Besides sermons and addresses, he has 
written Canterbury Pilgrimage to and from the 
Lambeth Conference and Sheffield Congress, New 
York, 1878; The Pastor, a Text-book on Pastoral 
Theology, Philadelphia, 1880. * 

BEECHER, Charles, Congregationalist ; b. at 
Litchfield, Conn., Oct. 7, 1815; graduated at 
Bowdoin College, Maine, 1834 ; and at Lane 
Seminary, Cincinnati, O., 1837; was Presbyterian 
pastor at Fort Wayne, Ind., 1844-50; Congrega- 
tional pastor at Newark, O., 1851-54; and at 
Georgetown, Mass., 1857-81; stated supply of 
Presbyterian church at Wysox, Penn., 1885. He 
believes that " the resurrection of The Christ, both 
head and members, is a true and proper Return 
to primeval glory in the celestial fatherland, for- 
feited, but redeemed by the blood of the Lamb 
slain from the foundation of the world." He is 
the author of The Incarnation, New York, 1849 ; 
Review of the Spiritual Manifestations, 1853; David 
and his Throne, 1855 ; Redeemer and Redeemed, 
Boston, 1864; Spiritual Manifestations, 1879 ; The 
Eden Tableau, 1880. He was joint editor with 
John Zundel of the music of the Plymouth Col- 
lection of Hymns and Tunes, New York, 1855; 
and editor of the Autobiography, etc., of his father, 
Lyman Beecher, 1865, 2 vols. 

BEECHER, Edward, D.D. (Marietta College, 
1831), Congregationalist; b. at East Hampton, 
Long Island, N.Y., Aug. 27, 1803; graduated at 
Yale College, 1822; studied for one year (1825) 
in Andover Theological Seminary, but did not 
graduate; was tutor in Yale College, 1825-26; 
pastor of the Park-street Church, Boston, 1826- 
30 ; president of Illinois College, 1830-44 ; pastor 
of the Salem-street Church, Boston, 1844-56 ; 
senior editor of The Congregationalist, 1849-53; 
pastor in Galesburg, 111., 1856-71 ; professor ex- 
traordinary in Congregational Theological Sem- 
inary, Chicago, on the Christian organization of 
society, for some years after 1860. Since 1871 
he has resided, without pastoral charge, in Brook- 
lyn, preaching often in various churches. 

He is " an evangelical Calvinist, except as to 
the nature and cause of original sin, and the 
question of the suffering of God and its influence 
in the atonement. He holds that sin did not 
come through the material system, and of course 
not through the fall of Adam, but that the mate- 
rial system by its analogies is adapted to regen- 
erate those who have made themselves sinful in 
a previous state of existence. The doctrine of 
divine suffering he holds as presenting the char- 
acter of God in its most affecting and powerful 
aspects, and as essential to a true view of the 
atonement. 

" He went to Alton, 111., in 1837, to aid in defend- 
ing the freedom of the press in the case of E. P. 
Lovejoy. Resisted by the mob spirit, he aided in 
forming the Illinois State Anti-slavery Society, 
drew up its constitution and declaration of prin- 
ciples, and published an address to the people of 
the State. He was with E. P. Lovejoy and Owen 



BEECHER. 



14 



BENDER. 



Lovejoy, his brother, the night before the former's 
death, Nov. 6, 1837. He aided in landing the 
second press, and in storing it in the stone store 
of Godfrey and Gilman, where in defending it 
E. P. Lovejoy was slain." 

Since 1824, he has published in various reli- 
gious journals articles on questions of theology 
and practical reform, amounting in all to many 
volumes. His books are : On the Kingdom of 
God, Boston, 1827; History of the Alton Riots, 
Cincinnati, 1838 ; Import and Modes of Baptism, 
New York, 1849 ; The Conflict of Ages, exposing 
False Views of the Origin of Sin, False Interpreta- 
tions on which they are based, the Great Conflict 
thence originating, and the Means of the Restoration 
of Harmony, Boston, 1853, 5th ed. 1855; The 
Concord of Ages : A Defence of the Historical 
Statements and the Interpretations of The Conflict 
of Ages, and a more Full Discussion of the Doctrine 
of the Suffering of God, and its Wide Range of 
Influence in harmonizing the Church, New York, 
1853; The Papal Conspiracy, exposing the Princi- 
ples and Plans of the Papacy with respect to this 
Country, Boston, 1855 ; History of Opinions on the 
Scriptural Doctrine of Retribution, New York, 
1878. 

BEECHER, Henry Ward, Congregationalist ; b. 
at Litchfield, Conn., June 24, 1813; graduated at 
Amherst College, Mass., 1834; and at Lane The- 
ological Seminary, Cincinnati, O., 1837, where 
his father was professor ; became successively 
pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Lawrence- 
burg, Ind., 1837; and at Indianapolis, 1839; and 
of Plymouth Congregational Church, Brooklyn, 
N.Y , 1847. The latter building seats nearly 
3,000, and the membership is (1885) 2,618. Besides 
preaching, Mr. Beecher has done much lecturing 
and political speaking, particularly in behalf of 
various reform movements. From its start in 
1858 to 1861, he was a regular contributor to The 
Independent, a religious weekly of New- York 
City, and from 1861 to 1863 its editor. From 
1870 to 1880, he was editor of the New- York 
Christian Union, a paper of the same tendency. 
Mr. Beecher visited Europe in 1863, and cour- 
ageously defended the side of the Northern States 
in the Civil War then raging. 

On Oct. 10, 1882, he withdrew from the Asso- 
ciation to which he belonged, because he did not 
wish to compromise it by his alleged heresies. 
The chief points of his divergence from the 
orthodox position relate to the person of Christ, 
whom he considers to be the Divine Spirit under 
the limitations of time, space, and flesh ; miracles, 
which he considers divine uses of natural laws ; 
and future punishment, whose endlessness he 
denies, inclining to a modification of the annihi- 
lation theory. He calls his standpoint " evan- 
gelical progressive : anti-Calvinistic." 

His sermons have been published weekly since 
1859, and in book form in numerous volumes. 
He says he is the author of " swarms of books 
— of which I know less than any other person — 
of all sorts, some thirty to forty." Of these 
books may be mentioned, Lectures to Young Men, 
New York, 1850; Star Papers, 1855; Life Thoughts, 
1858; Eyes and Ears, 1863; Royal Truths, 1864; 
Norwood (a novel), 1867 ; Lecture-room Talks, 
1870; Life of Christ, vol. i., 1871; Yale Lectures 
on Preaching, 1872-74, 3 vols.; A Summer Parish, 



1S75 ; Evolution and Religion, 1885. Cf. Lyman 
Abbott: Henry Ward Beecher, N.Y., 1883. 

BEECHER, Thomas Kennicutt, brother of the 
preceding, Congregationalist; b. at Litchfield, 
Conn., Feb. 10, 1824; graduated at Illinois Col- 
lege, 1S43, under his brother Edward ; became 
school-principal in Philadelphia, 1846, and in 
Hartford, Conn., 1848; pastor in Brooklyn, N.Y., 
1852 ; in Elmira, 1854. His theological stand- 
point is " that of the New Testament, Apostles' 
Creed, and Catholic faith." He is the author of 
Our Seven Churches, New York, 1870 [a volume of 
discourses, in a catholic spirit, upon the denomi- 
nations represented in Elmira], and various arti- 
cles in periodicals. 

BEECHER, Willis Judson, D.D. (Hamilton 
College, 1875), Presbyterian; b. at Hampden, 0. r 
April 29, 1838 ; graduated at Hamilton College, 
N.Y., 1858, and at Auburn Theological Semi- 
nary, N.Y. , 1864; became pastor at Ovid, N.Y. r 

1864 ; professor of moral science and belles-lettres 
in Knox College, 111., 1865 ; acting pastor at 
Galesburg, 111., 1869 ; professor of Hebrew lan- 
guage and literature in Auburn Seminary, 1871. 
He has written Farmer Tompkins and his Bibles, 
Philadelphia, 1S74; General Catalogue of Auburn 
Theological Seminary, Auburn, 1883 ; Drill Lessons 
in Hebrew, 1883 ; and jointly with Mary A. 
Beecher, Index of Presbyterian Ministers, 1706- 
1881, Philadelphia, 1883. 

BEET, Joseph Agar, Wesleyan Methodist; b. 
at Sheffield, Eng., Sept. 27, 1840; educated at 
"Wesley College, Sheffield, and Wesleyan Theo- 
logical College, Richmond, London ; for twenty- 
one years held pastoral charges as a Wesleyan 
minister; in 1S85 entered the faculty of the Wes- 
leyan Theological College at Richmond, as pro- 
fessor of systematic theology. Besides articles,, 
he has published Commentary on the Epistle to the 
Romans, London, 1877, 5th ed. 1885 ; Holiness as 
understood by the Writers of the Bible, 1880, 3d ed. 
1883 ; Commentary on the Epistles to the Corinth- 
ians, 1882, 3d ed. 1885 ; Commentary on the Epis- 
tle to the Galatians, 1885. (These works have been 
republished in New York.) 

BEHRENDS, Adolphus Julius Frederick, D.D. 
(Richmond College, 1873), Congregationalist; b. 
at Nymegen, Holland, Dec. IS, 1839 ; graduated 
at Denison University, O., 1862, and at Roch- 
ester (Baptist) Theological Seminary, N.Y., 1865; 
became pastor of the Baptist Church at Yonkers, 
N.Y., 1865; of the First Baptist Church, Cleve- 
land, O., 1873; of the Union Congregational 
Church, Providence, R.I., 1876; and of the Central 
Congregational Church, Brooklyn, N.Y., 1883. 

BENDER, Wilhelm(Friedrich), Ph.D. (Gbtting- 
en, 1868), D.D. (same, lion., 1877), German Prot- 
estant ; b. at Miinzeriberg, Hesse, Jan. 15, 1845 ; 
studied at Gdttingen and Giessen, 1863-66 ; and 
at the theological seminary at Friedberg, 1866- 
67 ; became teacher of religion and assistant 
preacher at Worms, 1868 ; ordinary professor of 
theology at Bonn, 1876. He is the author of 
Schleiermachers philosophise?!? Gotteslehre, Worms, 

1865 ; Der Wunderbegriff des Neuen Testameyits, 
Frankfurt-a.-M., 1871 ; Schleiermachers Theologie 
mil ihren philosophischen Grundlagen, Nordlingen, 
1876-78, 2 vols. ; Friedrich Schleiermacher und die 
Frage nach dem Wesen der Religion, Bonn, 1877 ; 
Johann Conrad Dippel. Der Freigeist aus dem Pie- 



BENNETT. 



15 



BERGER. 



tismus, 1882 ; Reformation unci Kirchenthum, 18S3, 
9th ed. 1884 ; Das Wesen der Religion und die 
Grundgesetze der Kirchenbildung, 1886 (1885), 3d 
ed. same year. 

BENNETT, Charles Wesley, D.D. (Genesee 
College, N.Y., 1870), Methodist; b. at Bethany, 
N.Y., July 18, 1828; graduated from Wesleyan 
University, Middletown, Conn., 1852 ; studied 
church history and archaeology in Berlin Univer- 
sity, and travelled in Europe and the East, 1866- 
69 ; was in educational work in connection with 
schools until 1871, when he became professor 
of history in Syracuse University ; since 1885 he 
has been professor of historical theology in the 
Garrett Biblical Institute (Methodist), Evanston, 
111. He edited the " Methodist " department of 
Appletons' Encyclopaedia, revised edition. He has 
published, besides articles, History of the Philoso- 
phy of Pedagogies, New York, 1S77 ; National 
Education in Italy, France, Germany, England, and 
Wales, Syracuse, 1878; Christian Art and Archce- 
clogij of the First Six Centuries (nearly ready). 

BENRATH, Karl, German Protestant theolo- 
gian ; b. at Diiren, Germany, Aug. 10, 1845 ; 
studied at Bonn, Berlin, and Heidelberg, 1863-67 ; 
taught in the city school of Diiren until 1872; 
then studied in Italy, principally in Rome (1872- 
75, 1S78-79) ; became privat-docent at Bonn, 1876, 
and professor extraordinary, 1879. He has writ- 
ten Bernardino Ochino von Siena, Leipzig, 1875; 
Ueher die Quellen der ilalienischen Reformations- 
geschichte, Bonn, 1876 ; Die Summa der He'digen 
Schrift, ein Zeugniss aus dem Zeitalter der Refor- 
mation fur die Rechtfertigung aus dem Glauben, 
Leipzig, 1880. 

BENSLY, Robert Lubbock, M.A., layman, 
Church of England ; b. at Eaton, near Norwich, 
Eng., Aug. 24, 1831 ; was educated at King's 
College, London, Gonville and Caius College, 
Cambridge ; studied in University of Halle, Ger- 
many ; was appointed reader in Hebrew at Gon- 
ville and Caius College, 1863 ; and elected fellow 
in 1876. He is now (1885) lecturer in Hebrew 
and Syriac in his college; examiner in the Hebrew 
text of the Old Testament in the University of 
London ; and was a member of the Old-Testa- 
ment Revision Company. He has edited The 
Missing Fragment of the Latin Translation of the 
Fourth Book of Ezra, discovered and edited ivith an 
Introduction and Notes, Cambridge, 1S75. 

BENSON, Right Honorable and Most Rever- 
end Edward White, D.D. (Cambridge, 1867), Lord 
Archbishop of Canterbury, and Primate of All 
England, and Metropolitan ; b. near Birmingham, 
July 14, 1829 ; educated at Trinity College, Cam- 
bridge; graduated B.A. (senior optime and first- 
class classical tripos), and members' prizeman, 
1852; M.A., 1855; B.D., 1862; Hon. D.C.L. 
(Oxford), 1884; was ordained deacon, 1853; 
priest. 1857. He was also fellow of Trinity Col- 
lege, Cambridge, and senior chancellor medallist. 
His Grace was assistant master at Rugby School, 
1853-59 ; first head master of Wellington Col- 
lege^ 1859-72 ; examining chaplain to the Bishop 
of Lincoln, 1869 ; prebendary of Heydour with 
Walton in Lincoln Cathedral, 1869-72 ; chan- 
cellor and canon residentiary of Lincoln, 1872- 
77; select preacher at Cambridge, 1864, 1871, 
1875, 1876, 1879, 1882; and same at Oxford, 
1S75-76 ; honorary chaplain to the Queen, 1873 ; 



chaplain in ordinary to the Queen, 1875-77. In 
1877 he was consecrated the first lord bishop 
of the new see of Truro ; in 1882 he was trans- 
ferred to Canterbury, and enthroned March 29, 
1883. His Grace is one of the lords of her Majes- 
ty's Most Honorable Privy Council, president 
of the Corporation of the Sons of the Clergy, 
of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowl- 
edge, and of the Society for the Propagation of 
the Gospel, an official trustee of the British 
Museum, and a governor of Wellington College 
and the Charter House. The population of the 
diocese of Canterbury is (1885) 653,269 ; the 
yearly income of the see is £15,000 ; there are 
two residences. Dr. Benson has issued Sermons 
preached in Wellington College Chapel, London, 
1859; Work, Friendship, and Worship (Cambridge 
University sermons), 1871 ; Boy-life, its Trials, 
its Strength, its Fulness (Wellington sermons, 
1859-72), 1874, new ed. 1883 ; Singleheart, 1877, 
2d ed. 1883 ; The Cathedral, its Necessary Place 
in the Life and Work of the Church, 1879 ; The 
Seven Gifts, 1885. 

BENTON, Angelo Ames, M.A., Episcopalian; 
b. at Canea, Crete, July 3, 1837 ; graduated at 
Trinity College, Hartford, 1856; served several 
parishes in North Carolina, 1860-83 ; became 
professor of mathematics and modern languages 
in Delaware College, Newark, Del., 1883 ; trans- 
ferred to the chair of ancient languages, 1885. 
He edited The Church Cyclopaedia, Philadelphia, 
1884. 

BENTON, Joseph Augustine, D.D. (Yale Col- 
lege, 1870), Congregationalist ; b. at Guilford, 
Conn., May 7, 1818 ; graduated at Yale College, 
1842, and Yale Theological Seminary, 1846 ; 
made the voyage to California via Cape Horn 
with the " Argonauts " in 1849 ; was pastor of 
Congregational churches in Sacramento (1849-63) 
and San Francisco (1863-69) ; since 1867 editor- 
in-chief of The Pacific, organ of the California 
Congregational churches ; and since 1S69 profess- 
or in the Pacific Theological Seminary (Congre- 
gational), Oakland, Cal. He officiated as chap- 
lain at the inauguration of the Central Pacific 
Railway, Jan. 8, 1863 ; and at the completion of 
the same (on the same spot), May 8, 1869. He 
has written, besides sermons and addresses, The 
California Pilgrim, Sacramento, 1853. 

BERGER, Daniel, D.D. (Westfield College, 111., 
1878), United Brethren in Christ; b. near Read- 
ing, Penn., Feb. 14, 1832; studied privately at 
Springfield, O. ; became a school-teacher, 1852 ; 
principal of public high school, Springfield, O., 
1855 ; pastor, 1858 ; editor of publishing house of 
United Brethren in Christ, Dayton, O., 1864 ; 
edited the leading church weekly, The Religious 
Telescope, until 1869, and since, the denomina- 
tional Sunday-school literature. 

BERGER, Samuel, French Lutheran theolo- 
gian ; b. at Beaucourt (Haut-Rhin), May 2, 
1843 ; studied at Strasbourg and Tubingen ; in 
1867 he became assistant preacher in the Luther- 
an Church in Paris ; in 1S77, librarian to the 
Paris faculty of Protestant theology. He is the 
author of F. C. Baur, les origines de I'ccole de 
Tubingue et ses principes, Paris, 1867 ; La Bible 
au seizieme si'ecle ; Etude sur les origines de la cri- 
tique, 1879 ; De glossariis et compendiis biblicis qui- 
busdam medii aevi, 1879 ; Du role de la dogmatique 



BERNARD. 



16 



BESTMANN. 



dans la predication, 1881 ; La Bible francaise au 
moyen age, 1884. * 

BERNARD, Thomas Dehany, Church of Eng- 
land; b. at Clifton, Bristol, Nov. 11, 1815; entered 
Exeter College, Oxford ; took a second-class in 
classics, 1837 ; wrote the Ellerton theological 
essay, and graduated B.A., 1838; wrote the chan- 
cellor's English essay, 1839; graduated M.A., 
1840; was ordained deacon, 1840; priest, 1841; 
became vicar of Great Baddow, Essex, 1841 ; of 
Terling, 1848 ; rector of Walcot, Bath, 1863. In 
1868 he became prebendary of Haselbere, and 
canon residentiary in Wells Cathedral ; in 1879, 
chancellor of Wells Cathedral; and in 1880, 
proctor for dean and chapter of Wells. He was 
select preacher at Oxford, 1856, 1862, and 1882 ; 
and Bampton lecturer in 1864. He is the author 
of The Witness of God (University sermons), 
Oxford, 1863 ; The Progress of Doctrine in the 
New Testament (Bampton lectures), London, 1864, 
4th ed. 1878 ; Before his Presence with a Song, 
1885. 

BERNHEIM, Gotthardt Dellmann, D.D. (North 
Carolina College, 1877), Lutheran (Old. Pennsyl- 
vania Ministerium) ; b. at Iserlohn, Westphalia, 
Prussia, Nov. 8, 1827 ; graduated at the Lutheran 
Seminary of the South Carolina synod, Lexing- 
ton, S.C., 1849; became successively pastor in 
Charleston, S.C., 1850; at Mount Pleasant, N.C., 
and financial secretary of North-Carolina Col- 
lege, 185S; at Charlotte, N.C., 1861; principal of 
female seminary of the North Carolina Synod, 
Mount Pleasant, N.C., and pastor of Ebenezer 
Church in Rowan County, N.C., 1866; pastor of 
St. Paul's Church, Wilmington, N.C., 1869; an 
editor and proprietor of At Home and Abroad, 
monthly, published at Wilmington and Charlotte, 
N.C., 1881 ; pastor of Grace Evangelical Lu- 
theran Church, Phillipsburg, N.J., 1883. Besides 
The Success of God's Work (sermon), Wilming- 
ton, N.C., 1870, and Localities of the Reformation 
(pamphlet), 1877, he has published History of the 
German Settlements and of the Lutheran Church in 
North and South Carolina, Philadelphia, 1872 ; 
The First Twenty Years (of the history of St. 
Paul's Lutheran Church, Wilmington, N.C.), 
Wilmington, 1879. 

BERSIER, Eugene Arthur Francois, Reformed 
Church of France ; b. of descendants of Hugue- 
not refugees, at Morges, near Geneva, Switzerland, 
Feb. 5, 1831 ; pursued his elementary studies at 
Geneva and Paris; was in America, 1848-50; 
studied theology at Geneva, Gottingen, and Halle ; 
became pastor in Paris, 1855, where he has been 
ever since. He was in the Free Church until 
1877 (until 1861, over the Faubourg St. Antoine 
Church ; until 1874, assistant of Pressense in the 
Taitbout Church; until 1877, over the Etoile 
Church), when he and his congregation joined 
the Reformed (established) Church of France. 
He was made in 1S72 a Chevalier of the Legion 
of Honor, in recognition of his services during 
the siege of Paris. He is the author of Sermons, 
Paris, 1861-84, 7 vols., several editions apiece 
(English trans, of selected sermons, Oneness of 
the Race in its Fall and its Future, translated by 
Annie Harwood, London, 1S71) ; Sermons, 18S1 ; 
St. Paul's Vision, translated by Marie Stewart, 
New York. 1881 ; The Gospel in Paiis, Sermons, 
with Personal Sketch of the Author, by Rev. Fred- 



erick Hastings, London, 1884 ; German trans, of 
selected sermons, Berlin, 1875, and Bremen, 1881 
(also Danish, Swedish, and Russian translations); 
Solidarite, 1869 ; Histoire du Synode de 1872, 
1872, 2 vols. ; Liturgie (now used in the Reformed 
Church of France), 1874 ; Mes actes et mes prin- 
cipes, 1878; L'lmmutabilite de Jesus Christ, 1880; 
Royaute de Jesus Christ, 1881 ; Coligny avant les 
Guerres de religion, 1884, 3d ed. 1885 (Eng. 
trans., Coligny: the Earlier Life of the Great 
Huguenot, London, 1885); La Revocation, discours 
prononce le 22 Oct., 1885, suivi de notes relatives 
aux jugements des contemporains sur I'JEdit de Revo- 
cation, 1S86. 

BERTHEAU, Carl, D.D. (hon., Greifswald, 
1883), Protestant theologian ; b. at Hamburg, 
Germany, July 6, 1S36 ; studied at Gottingen and 
Halle ; taught in the schools of Hamburg, and has 
been since 1867 pastor in that city. He has not 
written any separate works, but has contributed 



to different periodicals and serials : 



to the 



Theologische Literaturzeitung of Harnack and 
Schiirer, and the Real-encylclopadie of Herzog, 
Plitt, and Hauck. He is one of the editors of 
the Weimar edition of Luther's works, now in 
course of publication. 

BERTHEAU, Ernst, D.D., German Protestant 
theologian ; b. at Hamburg, Nov. 23, 1812 ; 
studied in Berlin and Gottingen ; in the latter 
university became ordinary professor of Oriental 
philology in 1843. He lectures upon the exege- 
sis, archaeology, and theology of the Old Testa- 
ment, and instructs in Arabic, Chaldee, and 
Syriac. His publications include De secundo libro 
Maccabeorum, Gottingen, 1829 ; Comment. Inest 
carminis Ephraemi Syri lextus Syriacus secundum 
Cod. bib. Angel, denuo editus ac versione et brevi 
annotalione instruclus, 1837 ; Die sieben Gruppen 
mosaischen Gesetze in den drei mittlem Buchern des 
Pentateuchs, 1840 ; Zur Geschichte der Israeliten, 
zwei Abhandlungen, 1842 ; an edition of the Syriac 
grammar of Bar Hebrseus, 1843, and the Com- 
mentary upon Judges and Ruth (1845, 2d ed. 
1SS3), Chronicles (1S54, 2d ed. 1873), Ezra, Nehe- 
miah, and Esther (1862), and Proverbs (1847, 2d 
ed. 1883), in the Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Hand- 
bucli zum Alten Testament, Leipzig, 1841-62, 17 
parts. * 

BERTRAM, Robert Aitkin, Congregationalist ; 
b. at Hanley, Staffordshire, England, Nov. 8, 
1836; ended his studies at Owen's College (now 
Victoria University), Manchester, 1858; since 
1859 has been pastor of several Congregational 
churches; edited The Christian Age, 1880-S3. 
He is the author of The Cavendish Hymnal, Man- 
chester, 1864; Parable, or Divine Poesy: Illustra- 
tions in Theology and Morals, selected from Great 
Divines, and systematically arranged, London, 1866; 
The Imprecatory Psalms : Six Lectures, with other 
Discourses, 1S67 ; A Dictionary of Poetical Illus- 
trations, 1877, 3d ed. 1885 ; A Homiletical Ency- 
clopaedia of Illustrations in Theology and Morals, 
1S78, 7th ed. 1S85 ; A Homiletical Commentary on 
the Prophecies of Isaiah, 1884-S6, 2 vols. 

BESTMANN, Hugo Johannes, Lie. Theol. 
(Erlangen, 1877), Ph.D. (Halle, 1884), Lutheran, 
b. at Delve, Holstein, Germany, Feb. 21, 1854; 
studied at the Universities of Leipzig, Tubingen, 
Kiel, Berlin, and Erlangen ; became privat-docent 
of theology at Erlangen, 1877 ; teacher in the 



BBVAN. 



17 



BIEDERMANN. 



gymnasium of the Halle orphanage, 1883; in the 
Missions Seminary, Leipzig, 1SS4. He is author of 
Qua ratione Augustinus notiones philosophies c/rcecce 
ad dogmata anthropologica describenda adhibuerit, 
Erlangen, 1S77 ; (edited) J. Ch. K. von Hofmanns 
Encyclopozdie der Theolotjie, Nordlingen, 1879; 
Geschichte der christlichen Silte, 1880 sqq., Bud. 
II. 2te Abt. 1885; Die theologische Wissenschaft 
und die Ritschl'sche Schule, eine Streitschrifl, Nord- 
lingen, 18S1 ; Die Anfdnge des Katholischen Christ- 
enthums und des Islams, 1884. 

BEVAN, Llewelyn David, D.D. (Princeton, 
1879), Congregationalist ; b. at Llanelly, Caer- 
marthenshire, South Wales, Sept. 11, 1842 ; stud- 
ied at New College, London ; graduated at Lon- 
don University, B.A. (an English exhibitioner), 
1861 ; with first-class philosophy honors, 1863 ; 
LL.B. (with first-class honors), 1866 ; became 
assistant at King's Weigh-house Chapel, London, 
1865; minister of Tottenham-court Road Chapel 
(Whitefield's), London, 1869 ; of the Brick Pres- 
byterian Church, New- York City, 1876; of High- 
bury Quadrant Church, London, 1882. He was 
associated with Rev. F. D. Maurice in the Work- 
ingmen's College, London ; professor at New 
College for some years ; elected member of the 
London School Board, 1873. Besides separate 
sermons and discourses, he has published Sermons 
to Students, New York, 1880 ; Christ and the Age, 
London, 1885. 

BEYSCHLAG, Willibald, D.D., German Prot- 
estant theologian ; b. at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 
Sept. 5, 1823; court-preacher at Carlsrahe (1856); 
appointed in 1860, ordinary professor of theology 
in Halle, and since 1876 also editor of the Deutsche 
Evangelische Blatter, an organ of the so-called 
" Miltelpartei." Of his numerous writings, be- 
sides volumes of sermons and single discourses, 
may be mentioned, Die Christologie des Neuen 
Testaments, Berlin, 1866 ; Die paulinische Theo- 
dicee Rom. ix.-xi., 1868; Die Christliche Gemeinde- 
verfassung im Zeitalter des Neuen Testaments (Von 
der Teyler'schen theol. Gesell. gelcr. Preiss.), Haar- 
lem, 1874 ; Zur Johanneischen Frage, Gotha, 1876 ; 
the biographies of his brother, F. W. T. Bey- 
schlag (Aus dem Leben ernes Fruhvollendeten, 
Berlin, 1858-59, 2 parts, 5th ed. 1878), of Carl 
Ullmann (Gotha, 1867), of Carl Immanuel Nitzsch 
(Halle, 1872, 2d ed. 1882), and of Albrecht Wol- 
ters (1880). His latest work is Das Leben Jesu, 
Halle, 1885-86, 2 vols. He edited Huther's com- 
mentary upon James in the revised Meyer series 
(Gottingen, 1882). 

BICKELL, Gustav, D.D. (Innsbruck, 1875), 
Roman-Catholic theologian, the son of a distin- 
guished Protestant jurist; b. in Cassel, July 7, 
1838 ; became in 1862 privat-docent at Marburg in 
Indo-Germanic and Shemitic philology ; the same 
at Giessen, 1863; but in 1865 went over to the 
Roman Church, was ordained priest in 1866 ; and 
after teaching Oriental languages in the Minister 
Academy from 1867 till 1874 became professor of 
the Shemitic languages and Christian archaeology 
at Innsbruck. He is the author of De indole ac 
ratione versionis Alexandrine in interprelando libro 
Jobi, Marburg, 1862 ; S. Ephraemi Syri carmina 
Nisibena, Leipzig, 1S66 ; Grundriss der hebraischen 
Grammatik, 1869-70, 2 parts, English trans, by 
Prof. S. I. Curtiss, Ph.D., D.D., Leipzig, 1877; 
Griinde fiir die Unfehlbarkeit des Kirchenober- 



hauptes, Munster, 1870 (pp. 24) ; Conspectus rei 
Syrorum Uterarice, 1871 ; Messa u. Pascha, 1872 ; 
S. Isaaci Antiocheni opera omnia, Giessen, 1873; 
Metrices biblical regulce exemplis illustratce, Inns- 
bruck, 1879; Synodi Brixinenses saeculi XV. Pri- 
mus ed., 1880; Carmina V. T. metrical, 1882; 
Dichtungen der Hebrder, 1882; Der Prediger iiber 
den Wert des Daseins, 1884. He is also editor of 
a theological quarterly, and contributor to the 
new edition of Wetzer and Welte's Kirchen- 
lexikon. * 

BICKERSTETH, Very Rev. Edward, D.D. (hon. 
Cambridge, 1864), F.R.G.S., dean of Lichfield, 
Church of England ; b. at Acton, Suffolk, Oct. 
23, 1814 ; was scholar of Sidney Sussex College, 
Cambridge; graduated B.A. (senior optime), 
1836; M.A., 1839; wrote the theological prize 
essay, and became licentiate in theology at Dur- 
ham University, 1837; was ordained deacon, 1837; 
priest, 1839 ; curate of Chetton, 1S38; the Abbey, 
Shrewsbury, 1839 ; perpetual curate of Penn- 
street, Bucks, and rural dean of Amersham, 1849 ; 
vicar of Aylesbury, and archdeacon of Bucking- 
ham, 1853; dean of Lichfield, 1875. He was se- 
lect preacher at Cambridge in 1861, 1864, 1873, 
and 1878, and at Oxford in 1875 ; prolocutor of 
the Convocation of Canterbury, 1864-80. He is 
chairman of the Executive Committee of the Cen- 
tral Council of Diocesan Conferences, and was a 
New-Testament reviser. He is the author of 
Questions illustrating the Thirty-nine Articles of the 
Church of England, London, 1844, 6th ed. 1877; 
The Mercian Church and St. Chad (a sermon), 
1880, 2d ed. 1881; My Hereafter, 1S83; The Re- 
vised Version of the New Testament (a lecture), 
1885. He contributed the commentary on St. 
Mark's Gospel to The Pulpit Commentary, 1882, 
5th ed. 1885; and in 1877 edited the fifth edition 
of R. W. Evan's Bishopric of Souls, originally 
published 1842, with a memoir of the author. 

BICKERSTETH, Right Rev. Edward Henry, 
lord bishop of Exeter, Church of England; b. at 
Islington, Jan. 25, 1825 ; educated at Trinity 
College, Cambridge; graduated B.A. (senior op- 
time and third-class classical tripos), 1847; M.A., 
1850; Seatonian prize-man, 1854; was ordained 
deacon, 1848; priest, 1849; became curate of 
Banningham, Norfolk, 1848 ; of Christ Church, 
Tunbridge Wells, 1852 ; rector of Hinton Martel, 
Dorset, 1852 ; vicar of Christ Church, Hampstead, 
London, 1855; chaplain to the bishop of Ripon 
(1S57-84); rural dean of Highgate, 1878 ; dean of 
Gloucester, 1885 ; and bishop of Exeter, 18S5. He 
is best known as the author of Yesterday, To-day, 
and Forever : a Poem in Twelve Books, London, 
1866, 18th ed. 1886 ; but besides other poems, and 
the widely used Hymnal Companion to the Book 
of Common Prayer, 1870, revised ed. 1876, he has 
published a Practical and Explanatory Commentary 
on the New Testament, 1864, and other volumes in 
prose, of which may be mentioned, The Spirit of 
Life, or Scripture Testimony to the Divine Person and 
Work of the Holy Ghost, 1870; Water from the 
Well-Spring for the Sabbath Hours of Afflicted Be- 
lievers, new ed., 1885; The Reef, and Other Para- 
bles, 1873, 3d ed. 1885; The Shadoiced Home and 
the Light beyond, 1874, new ed. 1875; The Lord's 
Supper, 1881 ; From Year to Year, 1883. 

BIEDERMANN, Alois Emanuel, D.D., Swiss 
Protestant; b. at Oberrieden, March 2, 1819; 



BINNEY. 



18 



BITTNER. 



studied at Basel, 1837-39, and Berlin, 1839-43; 
became pastor at Monchenstein, Basselland, 1843; 
professor extraordinary of theology at Zurich, 
1850, and ordinary in 1864 ; d. at Zurich, Jan. 26, 
1885. He was a leading rationalist, a disciple of 
Hegel, and deeply influenced by the Tubingen 
School, especially by Strauss. He was a prolific 
writer for the religious press, published a life of 
Heinrich Lang (Zurich, 1876), but obtained his 
greatest repute by his Chrisllicke Dogmatik (1869, 
2d ed. vol. i., Berlin, 1884, vol. ii. edited by Prof. 
Dr. Rehinke, 1885), in which he denies the his- 
toricity of the Gospels, yet holds to the eternal 
ideas which the supposed facts of the Gospels 
embody ; denies Christian doctrine, but advocates 
Christian practice ; denies personality to God, and 
personal immortality to man, yet holds that love 
to God and man constitutes the essence of religion. 
In this way he tries to join the speculative and 
the practical. He was a famous Alpine climber. 
See his posthumous Ausgewdhlte Vortrdge unci 
Aufsatze, mil einer biographischen Einleitung von 
Kradolfer, Berlin, 1885. * 

BINNEY, John, Episcopalian; b. in Philadel- 
phia, Penn., Feb. 23, 1844; graduated at Har- 
vard, B.A., 1864; M.A., 1867; became professor 
of Hebrew and the literature and interpretation 
of the Old Testament' in the Berkeley Divinity 
School, Middletown, Conn., 1874. 

BINNIE, William, D.D. (Glasgow, 1866), Free 
Church of Scotland ; b. at Glasgow, Aug. 20, 
1823; graduated at the University of Glasgow; 
M.A., 1844; studied theology in Divinity Hall of 
the Reformed Presbyterian Church, 1843-47 (win- 
ter of 1845-46 in Berlin, heai'ing Neander and 
Hengstenberg) ; was minister of the Reformed 
Presbyterian Church in Stirling, 1819-75; pro- 
fessor of apologetics and systematic theology in 
Divinity Hall of the Reformed Presbyterian 
Church, 1863-75 ; in 1875 became professor of 
church history and pastoral theology in the Free 
Church College of Aberdeen. He is the author 
of The Psalms : their History, Teachings, and Use, 
Edinburgh, 1870, 2ded. 1886; The Church, 1882; 
besides sermons, lectures, and the pamphlet (pp. 
44), The Proposed Reconstruction of Old-Testament 
History, 1880 (3 editions). Died Sept. 22, 1886. 

BIRD, Frederic Mayer, Episcopalian; b. in 
Philadelphia, Penn., June 28, 1838; graduated 
at the University of Pennsylvania, 1857, and the 
Union Theological Seminary, New- York City, 
1860; became a Lutheran minister, 1860; was an 
army chaplain, 1862-63 ; pastor in several places ; 
entered Episcopal ministry, 1868 ; was rector at 
Spotswood, N.J., and elsewhere ; and since Feb- 
ruary, 1881, has been chaplain and professor of 
psychology, Christian evidences, and rhetoric, in 
the Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Penn. 
He has given especial attention to hymnology, 
and his library on the subject, embracing some 
3,500 volumes, is by far the largest in America, 
and possibly in existence. He has edited Charles 
Wesley seen in his Finer and Less Familiar Poems, 
New York, 1867 ; with Rev. Dr. B. M. Schmucker, 
the Lutheran Pennsylvania Ministerium Hymns, 
Philadelphia, 1865, revised ed. 1868, and now 
used as Lutheran General Council's Church-Book ; 
and, with Bishop Odenheimer, Songs of the Spirit, 
New York, 1871. He has written the depart- 
ment of Hymn Notes in the New- York Inde- 



pendent since 1880; wrote most of the hymno- 
logical articles in the Schaff-Herzog Encyclopaedia, 
and most of the American matter in Julian's 
Dictionary of Hymnology, London and New York, 
now in course of preparation. 

BIRRELL, John, D.D. (Edinburgh, 1878), Es- 
tablished Church of Scotland ; b. in the parish of 
Newburn, near St. Andrews, Oct. 21, 1836 ; stud- 
ied four years at the University of St. Andrews, 
and two years at Halle ; was graduated at the 
former, M.A., 1856. He was examiner in classi- 
cal literatui-e for degrees in arts in the University 
of St. Andrews, and minister of Dunino, near St. 
Andrews (1864-72) ; but since 1871 has been pro- 
fessor of Hebrew and Oriental languages in the 
University of St. Andrews. He was for twelve 
years chairman of the School Board of St. An- 
drews, has been examiner of many of the second- 
ary schools under its care, and is now chairman 
of the local examination committee of St. An- 
drews University. He was an Old-Testament 
reviser. 

BISSELL, Edwin Cone, D.D. (Amherst, 1874), 
Congregation alist; b. at Schoharie, N.Y., March 
2, 1832 ; graduated at Amherst College, Mass , 
1855, and Union Theological Seminary, New 
York, 1859 ; was pastor of Congregational churches 
at Westhampton, Mass. (1859-64) ; San Francisco, 
Cal. (1864-69); AVinchester, Mass. (1870-73); 
missionary of the A. B. C. F. M. in Austria, 1873- 
78; studied the Old Testament in Boston and 
Leipzig, 1878-81 ; since 1881 has been professor 
of Hebrew in the Hartford Theological Seminary. 
During first pastorate raised and commanded 
Company K, Fifty-second Regiment Massachu- 
setts Volunteers, which served under Gen. Banks 
at Port Hudson during 1862-63. For a year 
(1869-70) he was stated supply at Honolulu, Oahu 
(Sandwich Islands). He is the author of The 
Historic Origin of the Bible, New York, 1873 ; The 
Apocrypha of the Old Testament (a revised trans., 
introduction and notes, forms vol. xv. of the 
Old Testament in the American Lange series), 
1880; The Pentateuch, its Origin and Structure: 
an Examination of Recent Theories, 1885. 

BISSELL, Right Rev. William Henry, D.D. (Nor- 
wich University, 1852; Hobart College, 1868; Ver- 
mont University, 1876), Episcopalian, bishop of 
the diocese of Vermont; b. at Randolph, Vt., 
Nov. 10, 1814 ; graduated at Vermont University, 
1836; successively rector of Trinity, West Troy, 
N.Y., 1841 ; Grace, Lyons, 1845; Trinity, Geneva, 
1848 ; consecrated, 1868. 

BITTNER, Franz Anton, D.D. (Minister, 1835), 
Roman-Catholic theologian ; b. at Appeln, Silesia, 
Germany, Sept. 17, 1812 ; was ordained priest, 
and became professor of theology in the clerical 
seminary at Posen, 1835 ; the same in the Lyceum 
Hosianum at Braunsberg, 1849; ordinary profess- 
or of moral theology at Breslau, 1850. He is the 
author of De civitate divina commentarii, Mainz, 
1845; De Ciceronis et Ambrosianis officiorum libris 
commentatio, Braunsberg, 1849 ; De cathol. theo- 
logirn Romanaz inter prozcipua philosophias genera 
salutari ac coclesti mediocritate, Breslau, 1850; 
Lehrbuch der Kalhol. Morallheologie, Regensburg, 
1855; Ueber die Geburt, Auferstehung und Him- 
melfahrt Jesu Christi, 1859 ;' and the translator 
of Gousset's Dogmatik, Regensburg, 1855-56, 2 
vols. * 



BJORLING. 



19 



BLEDSOE. 



BJORLING, Carl Olof, Swedish theologian; b. 
at Westeras, Sweden, Sept. 16, 1804; d. there, Jan. 
20, 1884. He was graduated at the University of 
Upsala, Ph.D., 1830; D.D , 1844. He became 
bishop of Westeras, 1866, having long been con- 
nected as teacher and rector with the Gefle gym- 
nasium. He was the author of several learned 
works, of which should be mentioned Christian 
Dogmatics, 1847 (2d ed. 1866) to 1875, 2 parts, 
which attracted considerable attention in Ger- 
many, and which shows his firm adherence to the 
Augsburg Confession. * 

BLACKBURN, William Maxwell, D.D. (Prince- 
ton College, 1870), Presbyterian ; b. at Carlisle, 
Ind., Dec. 31, 1828; graduated at Hanover Col- 
lege, 1850, and at Princeton Theological Seminary, 
1854; was pastor of Park (Presbyterian) Church, 
Erie, Penn., 1856-63; Fourth Church, Trenton, 
1ST. J., 1864-68; professor of church history in the 
Presbyterian Theological Seminary of the North- 
west, Chicago, 111., 1868-81 ; pastor of the Central 
Church, Cincinnati, O., 1881-84; president of the 
Territorial University of North Dakota, 1884-85 ; 
since president of Pierre University (Presbyte- 
rian), East Pierre, Dak. He has published, be- 
sides numerous Sunday-school books, William 
Farel, Philadelphia, 1865; Aonio Paleario, 1866; 
Ulrich Zwingli, 1868 ; St. Patrick and the early 
Irish Church, 1869 ; Admiral Coligny, 1869, 2 vols.; 
A History of the Christian Church from its Origin 
■to the Present Time, New York, 1879. 

BLACKWOOD, William, D.D. (Lafayette Col- 
lege, Penn , 1857), LL.D. (New- York University, 
1871), Presbyterian ; b. at Dromara, County 
Down, Ireland, June 1, 1804 ; graduated at the 
Royal College, Belfast, 1832 ; became pastor suc- 
cessively of the Presbyterian churches of Holy- 
wood, near Belfast, 1835; of Trinity Church, New- 
■castle-on-Tyne, 1843 ; and of the Ninth Church, 
Philadelphia, Penn., 1850. He was secretary to 
the Education Committee of the Irish Presbyte- 
rian Church, 1834-40; and mathematical exam- 
iner of students under care of the Synod of Ulster, 
1839-43 ; and was moderator of the Presbyterian 
Church in England, 1846. Besides numerous 
-magazine, review, and newspaper articles, he has 
written essays on Missions to the Heathen, Belfast, 
1830; Atonement, Faith, and Assurance, Philadel- 
phia, 1856; Bellarmine's Notes of the Church, 1858; 
and edited the papers of the late Rev. Richard 
Webster (which at his death had been left in a 
fragmentary state), with introduction and indexes, 
and published them under the title Webster's 
History of the Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia, 
1857; also the Biblical, Theological, Biographical, 
■and Literary Encyclopaedia, 1873-76, 2 vols. (4to 
illust.). 

BLAIKIE, William Garden, D.D. (Edinburgh, 
1864), LL.D. (Aberdeen, 1872), F.R.S.E. (1861), 
Free Church of Scotland ; b. at Aberdeen, Feb. 
5, 1820; graduated at Aberdeen, M.A., 1837; or- 
dained minister of the Established Church of 
Scotland at Drumblade, Aberdeenshire, 1S42 ; 
joined the Free Church of Scotland, May, 1843 ; 
Tvas translated to Free Church at Pilrig, Edin- 
burgh, 1844; and appointed professor of apolo- 
getics and pastoral theology in New College, 
Edinburgh, by General Assembly of Free Church, 
in 1868. He was appointed, along with the Rev. 
William Arnot, delegate from the Free Church 



to the General Assembly of the Presbyterian 
Church of the United States at Philadelphia in 
1870, to convey congratulations on union. He 
took a leading part in the formation of the Alli- 
ance of the Reformed Churches ; convened a pri- 
vate meeting in Edinburgh in its interest in 1874 ; 
was one of the clerks of the Conference in London 
in 1875; from 1875 to 1877 was chairman of the 
general committee of the Scotch Committee to 
prepare for the first meeting of the Council ; one 
of the clerks of Council held at Edinburgh, 1877, 
at Philadelphia, 1880, and at Belfast, 1884 He 
was editor of the Free Church Magazine, 1849-53; 
North British Review, 1860-63 ; Sunday Magazine, 
1871-74 ; Catholic Presbyterian, 1879-83. Besides 
many articles in British and American periodi- 
cals, he has written the following books : David, 
King of Israel, London, 1856, 2d ed. 1860; Bible 
History in Connection with General History, 1859, 
fifth thousand 1868, new revised ed. 1882 ; Bible 
Geography, 1S60 ; Better Days for Working People, 
1863, seventy-sixth thousand 1881, new ed. 1882 ; 
Heads and Hands in the World of Labour, 1865, 
fifth thousand 1868 ; Counsel and Cheer for the 
Battle of Life, 1867, sixth thousand 1868 ; 'For the 
Work of the Ministry, 1873, 4th ed. 1885; Glimpses 
of the Inner Life of our Lord, 1876, 3d ed. 1878 ; 
Personal Life of David Livingstone, 1880, 4th ed. 
1884; "My Body," 1883; Public Ministry and 
Pastoral Methods of Our Lord, 1883 ; Leaders in 
Modern Philanthropy, 1884; Present Day Tracts, 
5 nos., 1883-85. 

BLAKESLEY, Very Rev. Joseph Williams, 
dean of Lincoln, Church of England ; b. in Lon- 
don, March 6, 1808; d. at Lincoln, April 18, 
1885. He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, 
and graduated B.A. (twenty-first wrangler, and 
senior chancellor medallist) 1831 ; M.A., 1834 ; 
B.D., 1850; was fellow of his college, 1831-45; 
assistant tutor, 1834-39 ; tutor, 1839-45 ; select 
preacher before the university, 1840 and 1843. 
In 1845, by presentation of his college, he became 
vicar of Ware ; declined, in 1860, the Regius 
professorship of modern history at Cambridge; 
was appointed in 1850 a classical examiner, and 
in 1875 a member of the senate of the University 
of London ; in 1863, a canon of Canterbury ; in 
1870, a member of the New-Testament Company 
of the Bible-revision Committee ; and in 1872, 
dean of Lincoln. He was the author of Thoughts 
on the Recommendations of the Ecclesiastical Corn- 
mission, London, 1837 ; Life of Aristotle, Cam- 
bridge, 1839; Condones academical, London, 1843; 
Four Months in Algeria, 1859 ; and edited Herod- 
otus, 1852-54, 2 vols. * 

BLEDSOE, Albert Taylor, LL.D. (Kenyon Col- 
lege, O., and Mississippi University, both 1854), 
Methodist; b. at Frankfort, Ky., Nov. 9, 1809; 
d. at Alexandria, Va., Dec. 8, 1877 ; graduated 
at the United States Military Academy, West 
Point, N.Y., 1830 ; became lieutenant Seventh 
Infantry ; resigned, 1832 ; became assistant pro- 
fessor of mathematics, Kenyon College, O., 1834; 
entered ministry of the Episcopal Church, and 
was l-ector at Hamilton, O., and professor of 
mathematics in Miami University, 1835-36 ; left 
the ministry, owing to some theological difficul- 
ties, and took up the practice of law in Spring- 
field, 111., and in the Supreme Court at Washing- 
ton, D.C., 1840-48; became professor of mathe- 



BLISS. 



20 



BLUNT. 



matics in the University of Mississippi, 1848, 
and in the University of Virginia, 1854. On the 
breaking-out of the civil war he entered the Con- 
federate service as a colonel, but was soon made 
assistant secretary of war by Mr. Davis. In 
1863 he went to England to prepare a work on 
the constitutional history of the United States. 
He returned to America in February, 1866, and 
in 1867 began, at Baltimore, the publication of 
The Southern Review. 

He became a Methodist in 1871, and preached 
occasionally in Methodist pulpits, but never took 
charge of a church. His views on theological 
subjects are difficult to define, as he was not a 
strict adherent of any church creed. He was a 
firm believer in, and strenuous advocate of, the 
doctrine of free-will, — of the responsibility of 
men for their belief, — a stern opponent of athe- 
ism and scepticism. While always friendly to- 
wards predestinarians, he fought all his life the 
doctrine which he believed tarnished the Divine 
glory, and drove many into unbelief. His views 
upon these subjects are given in full in his Review 
of Edwards on the Will, in his Theodicy, and in 
the pages of The Southern Review. His views 
on the Constitution are to be found in Liberty and 
Slavery, and Is Davis a Traitor ? 

His literary work was done in a manner some- 
what peculiar. He pondered his subject long, 
revolving it year after year ; but when he came 
to write, the work was done with marvellous 
rapidity and precision, sometimes thirty or forty 
pages with scarcely an erasure, and then would 
come a point where he could not write precisely 
what he wished to say, and perhaps thirty or forty 
pages more would be thrown aside, each being 
an attempt to express one unimportant thought. 
His memory was prodigious for what he read. 
Of the six hundred and eighty moral philoso- 
phers he had read, he could tell, after the lapse 
of years, just the precise shade of views each 
upheld. He was an. honest but unsparing contro- 
versialist, dealing trenchant blows without mercy, 
but never once in his long militant career accused 
of misrepresenting the views of an antagonist : 
though he made bitter enemies by his pen, they 
were made in open fair fight. 

After the intellectual labor of authorship was 
over, he lost all interest in the financial success 
of his books. If a strict profit-and-loss account 
could be made, he probably made nothing by his 
books, which reached a number of editions : An 
Examination of Edwards on the Will, Philadelphia, 
1845; A Theodicy, or Vindication of Divine Glory, 
New York, 1853 ; Liberty and Slavery, Philadel- 
phia, 1857 ; Philosophy of Mathematics, 1865 ; Is 
Davis a Traitor ? Baltimore (privately published), 

1866. MRS. A. T. BLEDSOE. 

BLISS, Daniel, D.D. (Amherst College, Mass.; 
1864), Congregationalist ; b. at Georgia, Vt., Aug. 
17, 1823 ; graduated at Amherst College, 1852, 
and at Andover Theological Seminary, 1855 ; was 
missionary of A.B. C.F. M. in Syria, 1855-64; 
since 1864 president of the Syrian Protestant Col- 
lege, Beirut. He is the author in Arabic of a 
Mental Philosophy, sermons, etc. 

BLISS, George Ripley, D.D. (Madison Univer- 
sity, 1860), LL.D. (Lewisburg University, 1878), 
Baptist; b. at Sherburne, N.Y., June 20, 1816; 
graduated at Madison University, Hamilton, 



N.Y., 1838, and at Hamilton Theological Semi- 
nary (Baptist), 1840 ; became tutor in Madison 
University, 1840 ; pastor at New Brunswick, N.J., 
1843 ; professor of Greek in University of Lewis- 
burg, Penn., 1849; professor of biblical exegesis 
in the Crozer Theological Seminary, 1874; pro- 
fessor of biblical literature and theology in the 
same institution, 1883. He translated, with addi- 
tions, Fay's Commentary on Joshua and Kleinert's 
on Obadiah and Micah in the American Lange 
series, New York; and is the author of the Com- 
mentary on the Gospel of Luke (Philadelphia, 
1884), in the " Complete Commentary on the 
New Testament " edited by Dr. A. Hovey. 

BLOMFIELD, Right Rev. Alfred, D.D. (hon., 
Oxford, 1882), bishop suffragan of Colchester, 
Church of England; b. at Fulham, Aug. 31, 1833; 
was scholar of Balliol College, Oxford ; won the 
chancellor's Latin verse prize, 1854; graduated 
B.A (first-class classics) 1855, M.A. (All Saints' 
College) 1857 ; was fellow of All Saints' College, 
1856-69; ordained deacon 1857, priest 1858; 
curate of Kidderminster, 1S57-60; perpetual curate 
of St. Philip's, Stepney, 1862-65; vicar of St. 
Matthew's, City Road, 1S65-71 ; of Barking,. 
Essex, 1871-82 ; honorary canon of St Albans, 
1875-82; archdeacon of Essex, 1878-82; arch- 
deacon of Colchester and bishop of Colchester, 
suffragan to the bishop of St. Albans, since 1882. 
He is the author of Memoirs of Bishop Blomfeld 
(his father), London, 1863, 2 vols. ; Sermons in 
Town and Country, 1871. * 

BLUNT, John Henry, D.D. (Durham Univer- 
sity, Eng., 1882), Church of England; b. at 
Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, Aug. 25, 1823 ; d. in Lon- 
don, April 11, 1884. He was educated at Univer- 
sity College, Durham; graduated M.A., 1855; 
became licentiate in theology, 1852 ; was ordained 
deacon, 1852, and priest, 1855; and filled a num- 
ber of curacies, until in 1868 he was appointed 
by the warden and fellows of All Souls' College,. 
Oxford, vicar of Kennington ; in 1873 he was 
presented by Mr. Gladstone with the crown living 
of Beverston, Gloucestershire, and retained it 
until his death. He was an industrious and use- 
ful literary worker, and a High Churchman of 
pronounced views. Besides numerous contribu- 
tions in periodicals, he wrote The Atonement, 
London, 1855 ; Three Essays on the Reformation? 
1860 ; Miscellaneous Sermons, 1860 ; Directoriuvi 
pastorale (English), 1864, 4th ed. 1880; Key to 
the Bible, 1865 ; Household Theology, 1865, 6th ed. 
1886; The Annotated Book of Common Prayer, 
1866, 7th ed. 1883 (a standard work) ; The Sac- 
raments and Sacramental Ordinances of the Church, 
1868 ; The Reformation of the Church of England, 
vol. 1, 1868, 6th ed. 1886, vol. 2, 1882 ("a solid 
and careful study of a critical period ") ; Key to 
Church History, 1869 ; Union and Disunion, 1870 ; 
Plain Account of the English Bible, 1870 ; Dic- 
tionary of Doctrinal and Historical Theoloc/y, 1870, 
2d ed. 1872 ; Key to the Prayer-Book, 1871 ; The 
Condition and Prospects of the Church of England, 
1871 ; The Rook of Church Law, 1872, 4th ed., by 
Sir W. G. F. Ph'illimore, 1885 ; Myroure of Out- 
Lady (a reprint of a devotional treatise of great 
rarity, which originally appeared in 1530), 1S73 ; 
The Poverty that makes Rich, 1873 ; Dictionary of 
Sects, Heresies, Ecclesiastical Parties, and Schools' 
of Religious Thought, 1874 ; Historic Memorials of 



BOARDMAN. 



21 



BOMBBRGER. 



Dursley, 1877; Tewkesbury Cathedral, 1S77 ; The 
Annotated Bible • being a Household Commentary 
comprehending the Results of Modern Discovery and 
Criticism, 1878-81, 3 vols. ; Companion to the New 
Testament, 1881 ; Key to Christian Doctrine and 
Practice, 1882 ; A Companion to the Old Testament, 
1883. * 

BOARDMAN, George Dana, D.D. (Brown Uni- 
versity, 1866), Baptist ; b. in Tavoy, Burmah, 
Aug. 18, 1828 [the son of the missionary to the 
Karens. His mother married Dr. Judson in 1834. 
He came to America all alone when only six 
years of age, and on the voyage experienced harsh 
treatment]. He was graduated at Brown Univer- 
sity, 1852, and at Newton Theological Institution, 
1855; pastor at Barnwell Court-house, S.C., De- 
cember, 1855-May, 1856 ; of the Second Church, 
Rochester, N.Y., October, 1856-May, 1864; and 
since of the First Church, Philadelphia, Penn. 
He was president of the American Baptist Mis- 
sionary Union, 1880-84. He delivered before his 
church, on successive Wednesday evenings from 
October, 1864, to April, 1882, six hundred and 
forty-three lectures, going through every word of 
the New Testament; and is now (1886) engaged 
on a similar series on the Old Testament. He 
has written Studies in the Creative Week, New 
York, 1878 (fourteen lectures first delivered on 
consecutive Tuesday noons) ; Studies in the Model 
Prayer, 1879 ; Epiphanies of the Risen Lord, 1S79 ; 
The Mountain Instruction, 18S0; etc. 

BOEHL, Edward, Ph.D. (Erlangen, 1860), Lie. 
Theol. (Basel, 1860), D.D. (Vienna, 1865), Re- 
formed ; b. at Hamburg, Nov. 18, 1836 ; educated 
at Berlin (1855), Halle (1856-58), and Erlangen 
(1858-60) ; became privat-docent at Basel in 1860 ; 
professor of Reformed dogmatics and symbol- 
ics, also of pedagogics, philosophy of religion, 
and apologetics, in the Protestant faculty of 
theology at Vienna, in 1864. He is the editor 
of the Evangelische Sonntagsboten fiir Oesterreich ; 
since 1861, member of the German Oriental Soci- 
ety, of the German Palestine Exploration Fund ; 
since 1864, permanent member of the synod of 
the Reformed Church of Austria; and was in 
1883 president of the fourth general synod of the 
same. He is the author of De Aramaismis libri 
Koheletli. Disserlalio historica et philologica, qua 
librum Salomoni vindicare conatur autor, Erlangen, 
1800 ; Vaticinium Jesaja c. 2J/.-27 commentario 
illustratum, Leipzig, 1861; Z wolf messianische Psal- 
men erklcirt. Nebst einer grundlegenden chrislolo- 
gischen Einleitung, Basel, 1862; Confessio Helvetica 
posterior ad I. edilionem edendam curavit, Wien, 
1866; Allgemeine Padagogik, 1870; Forschungen 
nach einer Volksbibel zur Zeit Jesu und deren 
Zusammenhang mit der Sepluaginta-Uehersetzung, 
1873 (Dutch trans., Amsterdam) ; Die alttesta- 
mentlichen Citale im Neuen Testament, 1878 ; Alte 
christliche Inschriflen erlautert (in " Studien und 
Kritiken," 1881, pp. 692 sqq.) ; Christologie des 
Alien Testaments, oder Auslegung der icichtigsten 
messianischen Weissagungen, 1882 (Dutch trans., 
Amsterdam, 1885) ; Zum Gesetz und zum Zeug- 
niss. Eine Abwehr ivider die neukritischen Schrift- 
forschungen im Alien Testament, 1S83 (Dutch trans., 
Amsterdam, 1884) ; Von der Incarnation des g'ott- 
lichen Wortes, 1884 ; Christliche Glaubenslehre, 
Amsterdam, 1886. 

BOEHRINGER, Georg Fried rich, Swiss Protes- 



tant (Tubingen school) ; b. at Maulbronn, Wiir- 
temberg, Germany, Dec. 28, 1812 ; d. at Basel, 
blind and crippled, Sept. 16, 1879. He studied 
at Tubingen, took part in the insurrectionary 
movements in 1833, and was in consequence com- 
pelled to flee to Switzerland ; became pastor at 
Glattfelden, Canton Zurich, 1842; resigned, 1853; 
removed to Zurich, and then to Basel. He wrote 
from the sources, and in a scholarly manner, a 
series of biographies which constituted a church 
history down to pre-Reformation times, under the 
general title Die Kirche Chrisli und Hire Zeugen, 
Zurich, 1842-58, 2d ed. 1860-79, 24 vols. 

BOEHRINGER, Paul, Lie. Theol. (/,on., Zurich, 
1880), son of the preceding, also of the Tubingen 
school ; b. at Glattfelden, Canton Zurich, Switz- 
erland, Sept. 1, 1852 ; studied at Zurich ; became 
pastor at Niederhasli, near Zurich, 1875 ; of St. 
Peter's, Basel, 1879; and privat-docent for church 
history in the University of Basel, 1880. He 
finished the church history of his father, and, 
besides numerous articles in different religious 
journals, has written Gregoire, Lebensbild aus 
der franzosischen Revolution, Basel, 1878. Since 
188i, he has prepared the section upon church 
history from Constantine to the Reformation, in 
the Theologische Jahresbericht, Leipzig, 1881 sqq. 

BOISE, James Robinson, Ph.D. (Tubingen, 
1868), LL.D. (Michigan, 1868), D.D. (Brown, 1879), 
Baptist; b. at Blandford, Hampden County, 
Mass., Jan. 27, 1815; graduated at Brown Uni- 
versity, 1840 ; was tutor there for three years, 
and then professor of the Greek language ; re- 
signed in 1850, and for eighteen months pursued 
his studies in Germany, Greece, Italy, and France. 
In 1852 he became professor of the Greek language 
and literature in the University of Michigan at 
Ann Arbor ; in 1868 the same in the University 
of Chicago; in 1877 professor of New-Testament 
interpretation in the Baptist Union Theological 
Seminary at Morgan Park, near Chicago. Besides 
Greek text-books for school and college use (in- 
cluding Exercises in Greek Prose Composition, New 
York, 1849 ; The First Six Books of Homer's Iliad, 
Chicago, 1868; First Lessons in Greek, Chicago, 
1870; Five Books of Xenophon's Anabasis, New 
York, 1878), he has published Notes on Paul's 
Epistle to the Galatians, 1871 ; Romans, 1883; and 
to the Ephesians, the Colossians, Philemon, and the 
Philippians, 1884. 

BOMBERGER, John Henry Augustus, D.D. 
(Franklin and Marshall College, 1854), Reformed 
(German) ; b. at Lancaster, Penn., Jan. 13, 1817; 
graduated from Marshall College, 1837, and Theo- 
logical Seminary, Mercersburg, Penn., 1838; be- 
came tutor in Marshall College, 1836; pastor of 
the German Reformed Church in Lewistown, 
Penn., 1838; Waynesborough, Penn., 1840; Easton, 
Penn., 1845; Philadelphia (Race Street), Penn., 
1S54; president of Ursinus College and its Theo- 
logical Department, 1870. From 1856 to 1862 he 
carried on a condensed translation of the first edi- 
tion of Herzog's E ncyclopcedia, and published two 
volumes, embracing six of the original ; but the 
war stopped it. He is the author of Infant Salva- 
tion in its Relation to [natural] Depravity, to Regen- 
eration, and to Baptism, Philadelphia, 1859 ; Five 
Years at the Race-street [Reformed] Church, with 
an Ecclesiastical Appendix, 1860 ; a revised trans- 
lation of Kurtz' Text-Book of Church History, 1860; 



BONAR. 



22 



BOUVIER. 



The Revised Liturgy, a History and Criticism of the 
Ritualistic Movement in the Reformed Church, 1866 ; 
Reformed not Ritualistic: a Reply to Dr. Nevin's 
il Vindication," 1867. He edited The Reformed- 
Church Monthly (chiefly in opposition to " Mer- 
cersburg theology") from 1868-77, 9 vols. 

BONAR, Andrew Alexander, D.D. (Edinburgh, 
1874), Free Church of Scotland ; b. in Edinburgh, 
May 29, 1810 ; graduated from the University of 
Edinburgh, 1838 ; and until 1856 labored in the 
parish of Collace, Perthshire, when he removed 
to his present charge, the Finnieston Church, 
Glasgow. He left the Established Church in 
1843 ; was moderator of the General Assembly 
of the Free Church in 1878. He has always 
sought to identify himself with evangelical and 
revival movements. He is the author of Mission 
of Inquiry to the Jews in Palestine and Other Coun- 
tries, Edinburgh, 1842 ; Memoir of Rev. R. M. 
McCheyne, 1844, many editions, republished and 
translated ; Commentary on Leviticus, 1846, 5th ed. 
1875 ; Redemption Drawing Nigh, a Defence of 
Pre-millennialism, 1847 ; (edited) Nettleton's Life and 
Labours, 1850 ; The Gospel pointing to the Person 
■of Christ, 1852 ; Christ and His Church, in the Book 
■of Psalms, 1859 ; (edited) Letters of Samuel Ruth- 
erford, 1862; Gospel Truths, 1878; The Brook 
Besor, 1879; James Scott: A Labourer for God, 
1885 ; many tracts. 

BONAR,' Horatius, D.D., Free Church of Scot- 
land ; b. in Edinburgh, Dec. 19, 1808; studied 
at the University of Edinburgh ; was pastor at 
Kelso (1838-66) ; separated, along with his con- 
gregation, from the Kirk, in 1843 ; since 1866 
has been pasLor of the Grange Free Church, 
Edinburgh. His fame mainly rests upon his 
poems and hymns. He is a diligent student of 
prophecy, and in 1849 founded the Quarterly 
Journal of Prophecy. His prose publications em- 
brace Prophetical Landmarks, London, 1847, 4th 
ed. 1868 ; The Night of Weeping, or Words for 
the Suffering Family of God, 1850 ; The Morning 
of Joy, 1852 ; The Desert of Sinai, 1857, 2d ed. 
1858; The Land of Promise, 1858; Light and 
Truth; or, Bible Thoughts and Themes, 1868-72, 
6 vols. ; The White Fields of France (a historv 
of the McAll Mission), 1879; The Life of G. f. 
Dodds, 1884. The best-known collections of his 
poems are Hymns of Faith and Hope, 1857-71, 
43 vols. ; The Song of the New Creation, and other 
Pieces, 1872 ; Hifmns of the Nativity, 1878. 

BONET-MAURY, Amy Gaston Charles Au- 
guste, D.D. (Paris, 1881), French Protestant ; b. 
in Paris, Jan. 2, 1842; was graduated bachelor 
in theology at Strassburg, 1867 ; pastor at Dor- 
drecht, 1869-72; at Beauvais (Oise), 1872-76; 
and at St Denis (Seine), 1877; licentiate in the- 
ology, 1878, and instructor in ecclesiastical history 
in the Protestant faculty of Paris; professor of 
the same, 1881. He has written Les origines de 
la Reforme a Beauvais, Paris, 1874 ; E quibus Ne- 
■derlandicis fontibus hauserit scriptor libri de Imita- 
tione Christi, 1878 ; Gerard de Groote, un pre'cur- 
seur de la Reforme au quatorzieme siecle, 1878 ; Les 
origines du christian isme unitaire chez les Anglais, 
1881 (English trans., Early Sources of English Uni- 
tarian Christianity, London, 1884); Arnauld de Bres- 
cia, un Reformateur au douzihne siecle, 1881 ; La 
doctrine des douze Apotres. Essai de traduction, avec 
un commentaire critique el historique, 1884. 



BONNET, Jules, French Protestant, layman; 
b. at Nimes, June 30, 1820 ; educated a lawyer ; he 
has been for many years well known by his works 
upon Reformation history, and as secretary of 
the " Societe d'histoire du protestantisme fran- 
cais," and editor of its valuable publications. 
He has published Olympia Morata : episode de la 
renaissance en Italie (the thesis by which he won 
the degree of doctor of letters), 1850, 4th ed. 
1865, German trans. 1860 ; Lettres francaises de 
Calvin, 1854 (English trans, of his collection of 
all Calvin's letters, Edinburgh and Philadelphia, 
4 vols.); Aonio Paleario, 1863 (English trans. 
London, 1864); Recits du seizieme siecle, 1S64; 
Nouveaux recits du seizieme siecle, 1869 ; La Re- 
forme au chateau de Saint Prevat, 1873 ; Notice 
sur la vie et les e'crits de M. Merle d'Aubigne, 1874; 
Dernier recits du seizieme siecle, 1875 ; edited 
Memoires de Claude Parthenay Larcheveque, sieur 
de Soubise, 1879. 

BONWETSCH, Gottlieb Nathanael, D.D. 
(Bonn, 1881), Evangelical Lutheran ; b. at Norka, 
Russia, Feb. 17 (5), 1848; studied theology at 
Dorpat, 1866-70; was ordained pastor, 1871; 
studied at Gdttingen, 1874-75 ; and Bonn, 1877- 
78 ; became professor extraordinary of theology 
at Dorpat, 1882 ; ordinary professor, 1883. He 
is the author of Die Schriften Tertullians unter- 
sucht, Bonn, 1878 ; Die Geschichte des Montanismus, 
Ei-langen, 1881 ; Unser Reformator Martin Luther, 
Dorpat, 1883 ; Kyrill und Methodius, die Lehrer 
der Slaven, 1885. 

BOONE, Right Rev. William Jones, Episco- 
palian, missionary bishop of Shanghai, China; b. 
in China, 1847 ; graduated at Princeton College, 
1865, and at the Theological Seminary, Virginia, 
1868; and since 1869 has been a missionary in 
China; consecrated, 1884. * 

BOOTH, William, General of the Salvation 
Army ; b. at Nottingham, Eng, April 10, 1S29 ; 
became a minister of the Methodist New Con- 
nection in 1850; resigned in 1861 rather than 
settle in ordinary circuit work, for which he did 
not believe himself to be so well adapted as for 
the evangelistic services which he had held with 
great success. It was as an independent evan- 
gelist that he started " The Christian Mission," 
in the East End of London, in July, 1S65, and 
out of it developed the military religious organ- 
ization to which in 1878 he gave the name of 
" The Salvation Army " (see Encyclopcedia, vol. 
iii. p. 2099). * 

BORNEMANN, Friedrich Wilhelm B., Lie. 
Theol. (Gdttingen, 1884), German Protestant theo- 
logian ; b. at Liineberg, Hannover, March 2, 1858; 
studied at Gdttingen, 1876-77, 1878-79, and at 
Leipzig, 1877-78; became private tutor at Bre- 
men, 1879, at Medingen, 1880; hospes in the 
convent at Loccum, 1880 ; inspector of the theo- 
logical Stift in the University of Gdttingen, 1882 
(fall) ; and privat-docent for church history there 
in December, 1884. In his special department 
he calls himself a pupil of Harnack's, but as a 
theologian he belongs to the school of Ritschl. 
He has written Das Taufsymbol Justins des Mar- 
1ip-ers (in Brieger's Zeitschriftfiir Kirchengeschichte, 
III., 1 [1878]; In invesliganda monachatus origine 
quibus de causis ratio habenda sit Origenis, Gdtting- 
en, 1885. 

BOUVIER, Ami Auguste Oscar, D.D. (hon., 



BOVET. 



23 



BOYD. 



Bern, 1884), Swiss Protestant (Independent); b. at 
Geneva, Feb. 16, 1826 ; educated at the university 
there, and was ordained 1851 ; served as mission- 
ary and pastor in France, London, and Switzer- 
land ; became professor of apologetics and prac- 
tical theology in the Genevan University, 1861 ; 
transferred to chair of dogmatics, 1865. Since 
1873 he has also been librarian of the Company 
of Pastors. He was founder and first president 
of the committee in Geneva auxiliary to the 
Evangelical Missionary Society of Paris, 1865, 
and of the Society of Theological Sciences, 1871 ; 
made chevalier of the Legion of Honor, 1885. 
Among his numerous writings may be mentioned 
Etude sur les conditions du developpement social 
du Christianisme, Geneva, 1851 ; Le chre'tien, ou 
I'homme accompli, 1857; Sermons, 1860-62, 2 vols. ; 
L'Apologetique actuelle, 1866 ; La Revelation, 1870 ; 
Les sciences theologiques au- dix-neuvihne siecle, 1871 ; 
Catholiques libe'raux et Protestants, 1873; Epoques 
el characteres bibliques, 1873 ; Les conferences reli- 
gieuses a Geneve de 1835 a 1875, 1876 ; L'Esprit 
du Christianisme, 1877 ; La faculle de the'ologie de 
Geneve pendant le dix-neuvihne siecle, 1878; L'en- 
seignement supe'rieur a Geneve de 1559 a 1876, 1878 ; 
La Compagnie des Pasteurs de Geneve, 1878; Le 
Pasteur John Bost, 1881, 5th ed. 1882 (English 
trans.) ; Paroles de foi et de liberte, 1882 ; Le divin 
d'apres les apotres, 1883 ; Le Protestantisme a Ge- 
neve, 1881 (in English in Modern Review, January, 
1884) ; Nouvelles paroles de foi et de liberte, 1885 ; 
La conscience moderne et la doctrine du pe'che, 1886. 

BOVET, Eugene Victor Felix, French Swiss 
Protestant; b. at Neuchatel, Nov. 7, 1824; in his 
native city successively librarian, 1848, professor 
of French literature, and professor of Hebrew, 
and since 1853 one of the editors of the Revue 
Suisse. He has written Le Comte de Zinzendorf 
Paris, 1860, 2 vols., 3d ed. 1865 (Dutch trans. ; 
English abridged trans, entitled The Banished 
Count, London, 1865) ; Voyage en terre sainte, 
Neuchatel, 1860, 7th ed. Paris, 1881 (Dutch, Swed- 
ish, and Italian trans. ; German trans, from 4th 
ed., 1864, Zurich, 1866; English trans., Egypt, 
Palestine, and Phoenicia, London, 1883); Histoire du 
Psautier des e'glises reformees, Neuchatel, 1872. 

BOWMAN, Thomas, D.D. (Ohio Wesleyan Uni- 
versity, 1856), LL.D. (Dickinson College, 1872), 
Methodist bishop; b. near Berwick, Columbia 
County, Penn., July 15, 1817; graduated as vale- 
dictorian at Dickinson College, 1837; licensed, 
1838 ; entered travelling connection, 1839 ; teach- 
er in the grammar school of the college, 1840-43 ; 
supernumerary through ill health until 1848; 
principal of Dickinson Seminary, Williamsport, 
Penn., 1848-58 ; president of Indiana Asbury (now 
De Pauw) University, Greencastle, Ind., 1858-72; 
elected bishop, 1872; and in 1884, chancellor of 
De Pauw University. In 1864-65 he was chaplain 
of the United- States Senate ; and in 1878-79 offi- 
cially visited his church's missions in Norway, 
Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, 
and India ; in 1881-82, those in China and Japan. 
He has written extensively for the denomina 
tional pi'ess. 

BOYCE, James, D.D. (Jefferson College, Penn., 
and Erskine College, S.C., 1854), Associate Re- 
formed Presbyterian ; b. at Sardis, Mecklenburg 
County, N.C., July 13, 1808; graduated at Jeffer- 
son College, Penn., 1829; pastor of New Hope, 



S.C., 1832-69 ; editor of Christian Magazine of the 
South for nine years; associate editor of Asso- 
ciate Reformed Presbyterian since 1870 ; professor 
and president of Associate Reformed Presby- 
terian Theological Seminary, at Due West, S.C. r 
since 1869. 

BOYCE, James Petigru, D.D. (Columbian Col- 
lege, Washington, D.C., 1859), LL.D. (Union Uni- 
versity, Murfreesborough, Tenn., 1872), Baptist; 
b. at Charleston, S.C., Jan. 11, 1827; graduated 
at Brown University, 1847 ; studied theology in 
Princeton Theological Seminary, 1849-51 ; became 
pastor of the Baptist Church, Columbia, S.C., 
1851 ; professor of theology in Furman Univer- 
sity, Greenville, S.C., 1855; chairman of the 
faculty, and professor of systematic theology, 
1859, in the Southern Baptist Theological Sem- 
inary, then at Greenville, S.C., and of church 
government and pastoral duties, 1877. In 1877 
the seminary was moved to Louisville, Ky. He 
was chaplain of the Sixteenth South-Carolina Vol- 
unteers from 1861 to 1862 ; member of the South- 
Carolina Legislature from 1862 to 1865; of the 
governor's (Magrath) staff and State Council, 
1864 and 1865; and of the State convention for 
reconstruction in 1865; from 1872 to 1879 was 
annually elected president of the Southern Bap- 
tist Convention. He is a trustee of the John F. 
Slater Fund. Besides speeches, sermons, and 
articles, he has published Three Changes in Theo- 
logical Education, Greenville, S.C., 1856 (the prin- 
ciples of which address are embodied in the 
peculiar plan of the Southern Baptist Theologi- 
cal Seminary); Brief Catechism of Bible Doctrine, 
Greenville, S.C., 1863, last ed. Louisville, Ky. r 
18S4; Abstract of Theology, Louisville, Ky., 1882. 

BOYD, Andrew Kennedy Hutchison, D.D. 
(Edinburgh, 1864), Church of Scotland; b. in 
the Auchinleck Manse, Ayrshire, Nov. 3, 1825; 
educated at King's College, London, and at the 
University of Glasgow, graduating from the latter 
as B.A. (taking the highest honors in philosophy 
and theology), 1846. From November, 1850, to 
July, 1851, he was assistant in St. George's, Edin- 
burgh ; was then minister successively of Newton- 
on-Ayr, September, 1851-January, 1854; Kirk- 
patrick-Irongray, January, 1854-April, 1859 ; St. 
Bernard's Parish, Edinburgh, April, 1859-Sep- 
tember, 1865 ; and since September, 1865, has been 
first minister of the city of St. Andrew's. [He 
is widely known by his signature A. K. H. B., 
and his sobriquet " The Country Parson."] He 
is the author of Recreations of a Country Parson, 
London, 1859, 1861, 1878, 3 series; Leisure Hours 
in Town, 1861 ; Graver Thoughts of a Country 
Parson, 1862, 1864, 1875, 3 series ; The Common- 
place Philosopher in Town and Country, 1862 ; 
Counsel and Comfort, spoken from a City Pulpit,. 
1863; The Autumn Holidays of a Country Parson, 
1864; The Critical Essays of a Country Parson, 
1865; Sunday Afternoons at the Parish Church of 
a University City, 1866 ; Lessons of Middle Age, 
1867 ; Changed Aspects of Unchanged Truths, 
1869; Present-day Thoughts, 1870; Seaside Mus- 
ings, 1872; A Scotch Communion Sunday, 1873; 
Landscapes, Churches, and Moralities, 1874; From 
a Quiet Place : Some Discourses, 1879 ; Our Little 
Life, 1881, 1884, 2 series; Towards the Sunset: 
Teachings after Thirty Years, 1882 ; What set him 
right: with Other Chapters to help, 1885. 



BOYLE. 



24 



BRIEGER. 



BOYLE, Very Rev. George David, Dean of 

Salisbury, son of the late Lord Chief Justice- 
General of Scotland ; b. in Scotland, in the year 
1828 ; educated at Exeter College, Oxford ; grad- 
uated B.A., 1851; M.A., 1853; was curate of 
Kidderminster (the scene of Baxter's labors), 
1853-57; of Hagley, 1857-60; perpetual curate 
of St. Michael, Handsworth, 1861-67 ; rural dean 
of Handsworth, 1866-67 ; vicar of Kidderminster, 
and chaplain of Kidderminster Union, 1867-80 ; 
honorary canon of Worcester Cathedral, 1872- 
80 ; rural dean of Kidderminster, 1877-80 ; ap- 
pointed dean of Salisbury, 1880 ; precentor, 1881. 
He is the author of Confession according to the 
Rule of the Church of England, London, 1868; 
Lessons from a Churchyard, 1872 ; The Trust of 
the Ministry, 1882; My Aids to the Divine Life, 
1883; Richard Baxter, a Sketch, 1883. * 

BRACE, Charles Loring, Congregationalist ; 
"b. at Litchfield, Conn., June 19, 1826; graduated 
at Yale College, 1846 ; studied in Y r ale (1847-48) 
and in Union Theological Seminaries, New York 
(1848-49), but did not graduate; went to Europe, 
1850; while at Gros Wardein in Hungary, 1851, 
was tried by court-martial, as an emissary to 
arouse a revolution against the Austrian govern- 
ment, but released through the efforts of the 
American charge d'affaires at Vienna, Mr. C. J. 
McCurdy. On his return, 1852, he became one 
of the founders of the " Children's Aid Society 
of New- York City," and its secretary and exec- 
utive agent the next year, and has ever since 
held the office. In 1854 he established the first 
newsboys' lodging-house ; in 1855, an Italian in- 
dustrial school ; and in 1856, a German one. He 
has published Hungary in 1851, New Y r ork, 1S52 ; 
Home Life in Germany, 1853 ; The Norse Folk 
(travels in Norway and Sweden), 1857 ; Short 
Sermons to Newsboys, 1861 ; Races of the Old 
World, 1863; The New West, 1868; The Danger- 
ous Classes of New York, and Twenty Years Work 
among them, 1872, 3d ed. (enlarged) 1880; Free 
Trade as promoting Peace and Good Will among 
Men, 1879; Gesia Christi; or, A History of Humane 
Progress under Christianity, 1883, 3d ed. 1885. 

BRADLEY, Charles Frederic, Methodist; b. in 
Chicago, 111., Aug. 1, 1852; graduated at Dart- 
mouth College, 1873 ; was tutor there, 1874-76 ; 
graduated at the Garrett Biblical Institute, Ev- 
anston, 111., 1878; became professor of the Greek 
language and literature in Hamline University, 
Hamline, Minn., 1880; adjunct professor of exe- 
getical theology (1883), and professor of New- 
Testament exegesis (1884), in the Garrett Biblical 
Institute, Evauston, 111. 

BRADLEY, Very Rev. George Granville, D.D. 
(Oxford, 1881), LL.D. (St. Andrew's, 1873), Dean 
of Westminster, Church of England; b. at High 
Wycombe, Dec. 11, 1821 ; educated at Rugby 
School, 1837-40; and at University College, Ox- 
ford, where he graduated B.A. (first-class in 
classics), 1844, and M.A., 1847; was fellow of 
University College, 1844-50 ; assistant master 
in Rugby School, 1846-58; head master of Marl- 
borough College, 1858-70 ; Master of University 
College, Oxford, 1870-81; since 1881, Dean of 
Westminster, London, in succession to Dean 
Stanley. He has also been public examiner in the 
University of Oxford, 1871-72; select preacher 
in the same, 1875-76 ; examining chaplain to the 



late Archbishop of Canterbury (Dr. Tait), 1874- 
81 ; honorary chaplain to the Queen, 1874-76 ; 
since, chaplain in oi'dinary. Besides sermons and 
papers in periodicals, he has written Reminiscences 
of Dean Stanley, London, 1882 ; Lectures on Eccle- 
siastes, 1885; and two manuals on Latin writing. 

BRASTOW, Lewis Orsmond, D.D. (Bowdoiu, 
1880), Congregationalist; b. at Brewer, Me., 
March 23, 1834 ; graduated at Bowdoin College, 
Maine, 1857 ; and Bangor Theological Seminary, 
1860 ; was pastor of the South Congregational 
Church, St. Johnsbury, Vt., 1861-73 ; and of the 
First Congregational Church, Burlington, Vt., 
1873-84 ; professor of homiletics and pastoral 
theology, Yale Theological Seminary, 1885. He 
was a chaplain in the Union Army during 1862 
and 1863. His publications consist of sermons 
and review articles. 

BREDENKAMP, Conrad Justus, Lie. Theol. 
(Erlangen, 1880), D.D. (hon., Erlangen, 1883), 
Lutheran; b. at Basbeck, Hannover, June 26, 
1847. He studied at the universities of Erlang- 
en, Bonn, and Gbttingen ; was pastor at Kup- 
pentin in Mecklenburg, 1872-78; without official 
position, at Gbttir.gen, 1878-79 ; privat-docent at 
Erlangen, 1880-83 ; ordinary professor of theol- 
ogy at Greifswald, since 1883. He is the author 
of Der Prophet Sacharja erkldrt, Erlangen, 1879 ; 
Vaticinium quod de Immanuele edidit Jesaias [vii. 
1-ix. 6] explicavit, 1880; Gesetz und Propheten. 
Ein Beitrag zur alttestamentlichen Kritik, 1881. 

BREED, William Pratt, D.D. (New- York Uni- 
versity, 1864), Presbyterian ; b. at Greenbush, 
N.Y., Aug. 23, 1816 ; graduated at the Univer- 
sity, New- York City, 1843 ; and at Princeton 
Theological Seminary, 1846; pastor of the Second 
Presbyterian Church, 1847-56 ; and since, of the 
West Spruce-street Church, Philadelphia, Penn. 
He took a leading part in the movement to erect 
(1877) the monument to Witherspoon, in Fair-. 
mount Park, Philadelphia, and delivered A His-- 
torical Discourse on Presbyterians and the Revolution. 
(subsequently published) in many places in its 
behalf. He made the address of welcome to the 
delegates of the Second General Council of the 
Alliance of the Reformed Churches, September, 
1880, and read a paper before them on The Diffu- 
sion of Presbyterian Literature. He is the author 
of many volumes for Sunday-school libraries, and 
others of more permanent value, including Pres- 
byterianism Three Hundred Years ago, Philadel- 
phia, 1872; Handbook for Funerals [n.d.]; A 
Model Christian Worker, John Potter, 1879; Aboard 
and Abroad in 1884, New York, 1885. * 

BREWER, Right Rev. Leigh Richmond, S.T.D. 
(Hobart College, 1881), Episcopalian, missionary 
bishop of Montana; b. at Berkshire, Vt., Jan. 
20, 1839 ; graduated at Hobart College, Geneva, 
N.Y., 1863; and at the General (Episcopalian) 
Theological Seminary, New-York City, 1866 ; be- 
came rector of Grace Church, Carthage, N.Y., 
1866; of Trinity Church, Watertown, NY., 1872; 
was consecrated bishop, 1S80. 

BRIEGER, Theodor, Ph.D. (Leipzig, 1870), 
Lie. Theol. (Halle, 1870), D.D. (hon., Gottingen, 
1877), Protestant theologian ; b. at Greifswald, 
June 4, 1842; studied at Greifswald, Erlangen, 
and Tubingen, 1861-64 ; became privat-docent at 
Halle, 1870 ; professor extraordinary, 1873 ; ordi- 
nary professor at Marburg, 1876 ; at Leipzig, 1886. 



BRIGGS. 



25 



BROOKS. 



Since 1876 he has edited the Zeitschrift fur Kir- 
chengeschichte. His publications include De for- 
mula concordios Ratisbonensis origine atque indole, 
Halle, 1S70; Gasparo Contarini und das Regens- 
burger Concordienwerk des Jahres 1541, Gotha, 
1870 ; Constantin der Grosse als Religionspolitiker, 
1880 ; Die angebliche Marburger Kirchenordnung 
von 1527 und Luther's erster katechetischer Unter- 
richt vom Abendmahl, 1S81 ; Neue Mitteilungen iiber 
Luther in Worms, Marburg, 1883 ; Luther und sein 
Werk, 1883; Quellen und Forschungen zur Geschichte 
der Reformation. 1. Bd. Aleander u. Luther, 1521. 
Die vervollstandigten Aleander-Depeschen, nebst 
Uniersuchungen iiber den Wormser Reichstag. 1 
Abthlg., Gotha, 1884. 

BRIGCS, Charles Augustus, D.D. (University 
of Edinburgh, 1884), Presbyterian ; b. in New- 
York City, Jan. 15, 1841 ; studied in the Univer- 
sity of Virginia, 1857-60; in the Union Theo- 
logical Seminary, New York, 1861-63 ; and in the 
University of Berlin, Germany, under Dorner and 
Rodiger, 1866-69. He inarched with the Seventh 
Regiment (N.Y.V.) to the defence of the capital. 
From 1863-66 he was in business with his father, 
in New- York City. He was pastor of the Presbyte- 
rian Church, Roselle, N.J., 1870-74; and has been 
since 1874 professor of Hebrew and the cognate 
languages in the Union Theological Seminary, 
New- York City. Since 1880 he lias been a man- 
aging editor of the Presbyterian Review, of which 
he was a founder. Besides numerous articles in 
different periodicals, — notably those on biblical 
theology in the American Presbyterian Review, the 
earliest on the subject in America ; and those on 
the higher criticism, in the Presbyterian Review, 
which beat the way for its study, — he has writ- 
ten Biblical Study ; its Principles, Methods, and 
History, New York, 1883, 2d ed. 1885; American 
Presbyterianism ; its Origin and Growth, 1885. He 
was one of the translators of the commentaries 
on the Psalms and Ezra, in the American Lange 
series. 

BRIGHT, William, D.D. (Oxford, 1869), Church 
of England; b. at Doncaster, Dec. 14, 1824 ; 
educated at University College, Oxford ; gradu- 
ated B.A. (first-class classics), 1846; fellow of 
his college, 1847 ; Johnson theological scholar, 
1847; Ellerton theological essayist, 1848; M.A., 
1849 ; was theological tutor in Trinity College, 
Glenalmond, Perthshire, 1851-58 ; tutor of Uni- 
versity College, Oxford, 1862 ; resigned fellowship 
on appointment as Regius professor of ecclesias- 
tical history, Oxford University, and canon of 
Christ Church, 1868; honorary canon of Cathedral 
of the Isles, Cumbrae, 1865; examining chaplain 
to the bishop of Lincoln, 1885. He has published 
Ancient Collects selected from Various Rituals, Lon- 
don, 1857, 4th ed. 1869 ; A History of the Church 
from the Edict of Milan, A.D. 315, to the Council 
of Chalcedon, A.D. 451, Oxford, 1860, 3d ed. 1875; 
Eighteen Sermons of St. Leo the Great on the Incar- 
nation. Willi the " Tome," translated with notes, 
London, 1862, 2d ed. 1886 ; Faith and Life : Read- 
ings compiled from Ancient Writers, 1864, 2d ed. 
1866; Hymns and other Verses, 1866, 2d ed. 1874; 
Chapters of Early English Church History, 1878 ; 
Later Treatises of St. Athanasius, translated with 
notes and appendix (vol. 46, Library of the Fa- 
thers), 1881 ; Private Prayers, for a Week, 1882 ; 
Notes on the Canons of the First Four General 



Councils, 1882; Family Prayers, 1885; Iona, and 
other Verses, 1885 ; edited the original text of 
Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History, 1872, 2d ed. 1882; 
St. Athanasius' Orations against the Arians, 1873, 
2d ed. 1883 ; Socrates' Ecclesiastical History, 
1878; Select Anti-Pelagian Treatises of St. Augus- 
tine, 1880 ; and St. Athanasius' Historical Writ- 
ings, 1881 ; and with the Rev. P. G. Medd, M.A., 
edited a Latin translation of the Prayer-Book, 
1865, 3d ed. 1877. 

BROADUS, John Albert, D.D. (William and 
Mary, 1859, also Richmond College, 1859), LL.D. 
(Wake Forest College, N.C., 1871), Baptist; b. in 
Culpcper County, Va., Jan. 24, 1827; graduated 
at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 
Va. , 1850 ; there assistant professor of Latin and 
Greek, 1851-53, chaplain, 1855-57 ; pastor in the 
Baptist Church, 1851-55, 1857-59. Since its 
organization in 1859 he has been professor of the 
interpi-etation of the New Testament and of 
homiletics in the Southern Baptist Theological 
Seminary, then in Greenville, S.C., removed in 
1877 to Louisville, Ky. He has for many sum- 
mers supplied pulpits in New York, Brooklyn, and 
Orange, N.J. He is a member of the Interna- 
tional Sunday-school Lesson Committee. Besides 
numerous articles in periodicals, he has written 
The Preparation and Delivery of Sermons, Phila- 
delphia, 1870, many editions, latest 1885, repub- 
lished in London, much of it translated into 
Chinese, and used for native ministers of all 
denominations; Lectures on the History of Preach- 
ing, New York, 1876. 

BROOKE, Stopford Augustus, Unitarian; b. 
at Glendoen rectory, Letter Kenny, County Don- 
egal, Ireland, Nov. 14, 1832 ; was educated at 
Trinity College, Dublin, graduated M.A. 1858; 
since 1857 has preached in London, first as curate 
of St. Matthew, Marylebone, 1857-59; then of 
Kensington 1860-63; as minister of St. James's 
Chapel, York Street, 1866-75; and of Bedford 
Chapel, Bloomsbury, since 1876. In 1872 he was 
appointed chaplain in ordinary to the Queen. 
In 1880 he left the Established Church, and con- 
nected himself with the Unitarians. He has 
published The Life and Letters of the Late Fred- 
erick W. Robertson, London, 1865 (many subse- 
quent editions and reprints) ; Theology in the 
English Poets, 1874, 4th ed. 1880; and the follow- 
ing volumes of sermons : Sermons at St. James's 
Chapel, 1868, 11th ed. 1880; 2d series, 1874, 5th 
ed. 1881 ; Christ in Modem Life, 1872, 14th ed. 
1880 ; Fight of Faith : Sermons on Various Occa- 
sions, 1877; Spirit of the Christian Life, 1881. He 
also edited the sermons of F. W. Robertson. * 

BROOKS, Phillips, D.D. (Harvard, 1877, Ox- 
ford, 1885), Episcopalian ; b. in Boston, Dec. 13, 
1835; graduated at Harvard College, 1855; and 
at the Protestant Episcopal Theological Seminary 
of Virginia, near Alexandria, 1859 ; was from 1859 
to 1862 rector of the Church of the Advent, Phil- 
adelphia; till 1869, of the Church of the Holy 
Trinity in the same city ; and since, of Trinity 
Church, Boston. His church was burned in the 
Boston fire, November, 1872 ; and the present im- 
posing structure completed in February, 1877. In 
1881 Mr. Brooks declined the Plummer profess- 
orship of Christian morals and preachership to 
Harvard College. He has published Lectures on 
Preaching delivered before the Divinity School of Yale 



BROWN. 



26 



BROWN. 



College, January-February, 1877 (Lyman Beecher 
Foundation), New York, 1877; Sermons, 1878; 
Influence of Jesus (the Bohlen Lectures for 1879), 
1879 ; Candle of the Lord, and other Sermons, 1881 ; 
Sermons preached in English Churches, 1883. 

BROWN, Charles Rufus, Baptist; b. at East 
Kingston, N.H., Feb. 22, 1849; educated at Phil- 
lips Exeter Academy, N.H., 1863-65; United- 
States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md., 1865-69; 
in the Navy, promoted to master ; resigned, and 
entered Newton Theological Institution in 1874, 
Harvard College, 1875, and graduated, 1877 ; 
studied in Newton Theological Institution, 1877- 
78, Union Theological Seminary, 1878-79 ; grad- 
uated at Union, May, 1879, and at Newton, June, 
1879; studied in Berlin University, 1879-SO; 
in Leipzig, 1880-81 ; became pastor at Franklin, 
N.H., 1881; professor of Old-Testament inter- 
pretation in Newton Theological Institution, 1883. 
He has published An Aramaic Method. Part L, 
Text, Notes, and Vocabulary. Part II. Grammar. 
Chicago, 1884-86. 

BROWN, David, D.D. (Princeton College, 1852, 
and Aberdeen University, 1872), Free Church of 
Scotland ; b. at Aberdeen, Aug. 17, 1803 ; gradu- 
ated at the University of Aberdeen ; was assist- 
ant to Edward Irving in London, 1830-32 ; min- 
ister of the Established Church of Scotland in 
Aberdeenshire, 1836-43 ; and of the Free Church 
in Glasgow, 1843-57, when he became principal 
and professor of divinity in the Free Church 
College, Aberdeen. He was moderator of the 
Free Church General Assembly, 1885. He has 
published Christ's Second Corning : Will it be 
Pre-millennial ? Edinburgh, 1843, '6th ed. 1867; 
Restoration of the Jews, Literal and Territorial, 
1861 ; Crushed Hopes crowned in Death (memoir 
of his son Alexander Brown, of the Bengal 
civil service), London, 1861; Life of John Dun- 
can, LL.D. (professor of Hebrew and Oriental 
languages in New College, Edinburgh), Edin- 
burgh, 1872, 2d ed. same year; The Rev. John 
Duncan, LL.D., in the Pulpit and at the Communion- 
Table, 1874 ; Commentary on the Gospels and On the 
Acts and Romans (in the Jamieson, Fausset, and 
Brown series), Glasgow, 1863 and 1869, reprinted 
Philadelphia, New York, and elsewhere ; On the 
Epistle to the Romans (part of the Portable Com- 
mentary), 1S63; On the Epistles to the Corinthians 
(in Schaff's Popular Commentary), Edinburgh and 
New York, 1882. 

BROWN, Francis, Ph.D. (Hamilton, 1884), 
D.D. (Dartmouth, 1884), Presbyterian ; b. at Han- 
over, N.H., Dec. 26, 1849; graduated at Dart- 
mouth College, N.H., 1870 ; taught in Pittsburgh, 
Penn., 1870-72; was tutor in Greek in Dartmouth 
College, 1872-74 ; graduated as prize fellow of his 
class in Union Theological Seminary, New York, 
1877, and as such studied two years in Germany ; 
became instructor in biblical philology in Union 
Seminary, 1879; associate professor in biblical 
philology, 1881 ; full professor, 1885. He edited 
The Beginnings of History, English trans, of Les 
origines de Vhistoire, I., by Francois Lenormant, 
New York, 1882; and, with President R. D. 
Hitchcock, Teaching of the Twelve Apostles, 1884, 
2d ed., revised and greatly enlarged, 1885 ; inde- 
pendently has published Assyriology, its Use and 
Abuse in Old-Testament Study, 1885. 

BROWN, Hugh Stowell, English Baptist; b. 



at Douglas, Isle of Man, Aug. 10, 1823 ; d. at Liver- 
pool, Feb. 24, 1886. He learned surveying, then 
locomotive engineering, but at twenty-one entered ' 
King William's College, Castleton, Isle of Man, 
in order to fit himself for the ministry of the 
Established Church. But doubts respecting that 
Church's position toward the State, and on her 
baptismal teachings, led him ultimately into the 
Baptist Church ; and at the close of 1847 he began 
his ministry in the Myrtle-street Chapel, Liver- 
pool, being ordained the following January. He 
soon took a first place in his denomination, and 
won particular notice by inaugurating the largely 
attended Sunday-afternoon lectures for working- 
men, — an idea which was acted upon in many 
localities. He visited the United States and Can- 
ada in 1872 ; and was elected chairman of the 
Baptist Union of the United Kingdom. He has 
published numerous sermons and lectures. * 

BROWN, James Baldwin, B.A., Congregation- 
alist; b. in the Inner Temple, London, Aug. 19, 
1820; d. in London, June 23, 1884. He was edu- 
cated at University College, London, and gradu- 
uated at the University, 1839 ; studied law for the 
next two years, but then obeyed an inner call to 
the ministry ; studied theology at Highbury Col- 
lege ; became an Independent minister, first of 
London Road Chapel, Derby, 1843; three years 
later (1846), of Claylands Chapel, Clapham Road, 
London. In 1870 he went with his congregation 
to the new church they had built at Brixton, 
and remained their pastor until his death. His 
ministry was faithful and laborious ; his influence 
was consecrated and wide-spread. His distinctive 
theological peculiarity was his defence of the 
doctrine of conditional immortality. The esteem 
in which his brethren held him is shown by his 
occupancy of the chair of the Congregational 
Union in 1878. Besides pamphlets, occasional 
sermons, newspaper articles, sketches of Rev. 
Drs. Leifchild (1862) and Raffles (1863), he wrote 
Studies of First Principles, London, 1849 ; The 
Divine Life in Man, 1859, 2d ed. 1860 ; The Doc- 
trine of the Divine Fatherhood in relation to the 
Atonement, 1860; The Soul's Exodus and Pilgrim- 
age, 1862, 3d ed. 1866; Aids to the Development of 
the Divine Life, 1862 ; Divine Mystery of Peace, 
1863; Divine Treatment of Sin, 1864 (the two 
together under title The Divine Mysteries, 1869) ; 
The Home Life in the Light of its Divine Idea, 
1866, 5th ed. 1870 ; Idolatries, Old and New : their 
Cause and Cure, 1867 ; Misread Passages of Scrip- 
ture, 1869, 2d series 1871 ; The Christian Policy of 
Life, 1870, 2d ed. 1S80; The First Principles 
of Ecclesiastical Truth : Essays on the Church and 
Society, 1871 ; The Sunday Afternoon : Fifty-two 
Brief Sermons, 1871 ; Buying and Selling and Get- 
ting Gain, 1871 ; Young Men and Maidens, 1871 
(the two together under title Our Morals and 
Manners, 1872); The Higher Life: its Reality, 
Experience, and Destiny, 1874, 5th ed. 1878; The 
Battle and the Burden of Life, 1875 ; The Doctrine 
of Annihilation in the Light of the Gospel of Love, 
1S75, 2d ed. 1878 ; Church and State, 1876 ;' Home: 
its Relation to Man and Society, 1883, 3d ed. 1884. 
See In Memoriam : James Baldwin Brown, by his 
wife, London, 1884. * 

BROWN, Right Rev. John Henry Hobart, 
S.T.D. (Racine College, Wis., 1874), Episcopalian, 
bishop of Fond du Lac ; b. in New- York City, Dec. 



BROWNE. 



27 



BRYENNIOS. 



1, 1831 ; graduated at the General Theological 
Seminary there, 1851 ; became assistant minister 
of Grace Church, Brooklyn Heights, 1854; rector 
of the Church of the Good Angels, 1855 ; of the 
Church of the Evangelists, New- York City, 1856; 
of St. John's, Cohoes, 1862 ; consecrated bishop, 
Dec. 15, 1875. In 1868 he was secretary to the 
diocesan convention at Albany; in 1870, arch- 
deacon of the Albany convocation. He is " a 
High Churchman." He has published some ser- 
mons and pamphlets. 

BROWNE, Right Rev. Edward Harold, D.D. 
(Cambridge, 1864), D.C.L. (Oxford, 1877), lord 
bishop of Winchester, Church of England; b. at 
Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, March 6, 1811 ; ed- 
ucated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge; gradu- 
ated B.A. (wrangler) 1832; obtained the Crosse 
theological scholarship, 1833 ; the Tyrwhitt He- 
brew scholarship, 1834 ; the Norrisian prize for 
a theological essay, 1835; M.A., 1835; B.D., 
1855. He became fellow and tutor in his college, 
1837; curate of Stroud, Gloucestershire, 1840; 
perpetual curate of St. James, Exeter, 1841 ; per- 
petual curate of St. Sidwell, Exeter, 1841 ; vice- 
principal and professor of Hebrew in St. David's 
College, Lampeter, Wales, 1843; vicar of Ken- 
wyn, Cornwall, and prebendary of Exeter, 1849 ; 
vicar of Heavitree, 1857 ; canon of Exeter, 1857. 
In 1854 he became Norrisian professor of divinity 
at Cambridge; in 1864, bishop of Ely; and in 
1873 was translated to Winchester, and made 
ex officio prelate of the Most Noble Order of 
the Garter. He has taken great interest in the 
" Old Catholic " movement, and attended the Old 
Catholic Congress at Cologne in 1872. He was 
a member of the Old-Testament Company of 
Revisers. He is the author of An Exposition of 
the XXXIX. Articles, London, 1850-53, 2 vols., 
12th ed. 1882, 1 vol.; three volumes of sermons, — 
The Atonement and other Sermons (1859), Messiah 
Foretold and Expected (1862), The Strife, the Victory, 
and the Kingdom (1872) ; The Pentateuch and the 
Elohistic Psalms, in reply to Bishop Colenso, 1863 ; 
Position and Parties of the English Church, 1875. 
He was a contributor to Aids to Faith, to Smith's 
Dictionary of the Bible, and to the Bible (Speaker's) 
Commentary (the commentary on Genesis). 

BROWNE, John, B.A., Congregationalist; b. 
at North Walsham, Norfolk, Feb. 6, 1823 ; stud- 
ied at Coward College and University College, 
London, 1839-44; graduated B.A. at London 
University, 1843 ; since 1848 he has been pastor 
at Wrentham, Suffolk. Besides sundry pam- 
phlets he is the author of History of Congrega- 
tionalism in Norfolk and Suffolk, London, 1877. 

BRUCE, Alexander Balmain, D.D. (Glasgow, 
1876), Free Church of Scotland ; b. in the parish 
of Aberdalgie near Perth, Jan. 30. 1831; edu- 
cated at Edinburgh, and was minister in Free 
Church, Cardross, Dumbartonshire, 1859-68; in 
Broughty Ferry, Forfarshire, 1868-75; since 1875 
he has been professor of theology (apologetics and 
New-Testament exegesis) in the Free Church 
College, Glasgow. He declares himself to be " in 
sympathy with modern religious thought, while 
maintaining solidarity with all that is best in 
theology of the past ; in favor of freedom in crit- 
ical inquiries on the basis of evangelic faith, and 
of a simplified and more comprehensive creed." 
He has written The Training of the Twelve, 



Edinburgh, 1871, 3d ed. 1883 ; The Humiliation 
of Christ (Cunningham Lecture), 1876, 2d ed., 
1S81 ; The Chief End of Revelation, London, 1881 ; 
The Parabolic Teaching of Christ, 1882 ; The Gali- 
lean Gospel, Edinburgh, 1882. He delivered the 
course of Ely Lectures on Miracles in the Union 
Theological Seminary, New York, 1886. 

BRUECKNER, Benno Bruno, D.D., German 
Protestant theologian and pulpit orator ; b. at 
Rosswein, May 9, 1824 ; studied at Leipzig, and 
became afternoon preacher in the University 
church; pastor at Hohburg, 1850; professor ex- 
traordinary and university preacher at Leipzig, 
1853: ordinary professor of theology, 1855; uni- 
versity preacher, and director of the seminary for 
practical theology, 1856 ; canon of Meissen, and 
consistorial councillor, 1860 ; general superintend- 
ent and member of the Berliu upper ecclesiastical 
council; honorary professor of theology at Ber- 
lin, 1885. Besides numerous sermons, single or 
collected in volumes, he is the author of Epistola 
ad Philippenses Paulo auctori vindicat contra Bau- 
rium, Leipzig, 1848 ; Betrachtungen iiber die Agende 
der evangel isch-lutherischen Kirche im Konigreich 
Sachsen, 1865 ; with Luthardt and Kahnis he lec- 
tured in the course of lectures afterwards pub- 
lished under the title Die Kirche nach ihrem Ur- 
sprung, Hirer Geschichle, Hirer Gegenwarl, 1865, 2d 
ed. 1866 (English trans, by Sophia Taylor, The 
Church : its Origin, its History, and its Present Po- 
sition, Edinburgh, 1867). He edited the second 
and third editions of De Wette's commentary on 
Peter, Jude, and James, Leipzig, 1853 and 1867; 
and the fifth edition of his commentary on John, 
1863. 

BRUSTON, Charles Auguste, French Re- 
formed; b. at Bourdeaux (Drome) March 6, 
1838 ; graduated at Montauban as bachelor (1859), 
licentiate (1873), and doctor (1881) of theology, 
and since 1874 has been professor there of Hebrew 
and the criticism of the Old Testament. Of his 
works may be mentioned Les Psaumes traduits de 
Vhebreu d'apres de nouvelles recherches sur le texte 
original, Paris, 1865 ; and particularly Histoire 
critique de la litte'rature prophetique (from the be- 
ginning to the death of Isaiah), 1881. 

BRYCE, George, LL.D. (Toronto University, 
1884), Canadian Presbyterian; b. at Mount Pleas- 
ant, Brant County, Ont., April 22, 1844; gradu- 
ated at the University of Toronto (1867), and in 
theology at King's College, Toronto ; professor in 
Manitoba College since 1871, and one of the 
founders of Manitoba University, 1878 ; from 
1871-81, secretary of home missions for Mani- 
toba; president of Manitoba historical society, 
1884-85; and moderator of the first synod of 
Manitoba and the North-west territories, 1884. 
He is Delegue Regional de VInslitution ethnogra- 
phique de Paris (1879), and received a decoration 
from that body. He is the author of The Presby- 
terian Church, in Canada, Toronto, 1875; Mani- 
toba : its Infancy, Growth, and Present Condition, 
London, Eng., 1S82 ; and other articles upon 
Manitoba. 

BRYENNIOS, Philotheos, D.D. (Athens, 1880; 
Edinburgh, 1884), metropolitan of Nicomedia; 
b. at Constantinople, March 26 (old style), 1833 ; 
graduated in 1856 at the " Theological School in 
Chalce of the Great Church of Christ," and hav- 
ing distinguished himself was then sent to Ger- 



BUCHWALD. 



28 



BUDER. 



many for further study, and attended lectures in 
Leipzig, Berlin, and Munich. In 1861 he be- 
came professor of ecclesiastical history, exegesis, 
and other studies, in his alma mater : and in 1863, 
master and director. In December, 1867, he was 
called to Constantinople to be the head of the 
" Great School of the Nation " in the Phanar, and 
so remained until in 1875 he was sent by the 
Most Holy Synod of Metropolitans and Patriarch 
to the Bonn Old-Catholic Conference (Aug. 10-16, 
1875), and while there received the patriarchal let- 
ter announcing his appointment as metropolitan 
of Serrae in Macedonia, which position he assumed 
December, 1875. In 1877 he was transferred to 
the metropolitan see of Nicomedia. In 1880 he 
went to Bucharest as commissioner of the Eastern 
Ovthodox Patriarchal and other independent 
churches, to settle the matter of the plundering of 
Greek monasteries in Moldavia and Wallachia. 
In 1882, as instructed by the Holy Synod of met- 
ropolitans in Constantinople, and the Patriarch 
Joachim III., he wrote a reply to the encyclical 
letter of Pope Leo XIII. concerning Cyrillus and 
Methodius, the Apostles to the Slaves, which was 
published, with the approbation and at the expense 
of the Holy Synod, in Constantinople. His fame 
in the West rests upon his discovery in 1873 of 
the Jerusalem Manuscript, so called because found 
in the Jerusalem Monastery of the Most Holy 
Sepulchre in the Phanar, or Greek portion of Con- 
stantinople. This MS. of two hundred and forty 
small octavo pages contains (1) A Synopsis of the 
Old and New Testaments in the order, of Books 
by St. Chrysostom; (2) The Epistle of Barnabas; 
(3) The First Epistle of Clement of Rome to the 
Corinthians ; (4) The Second Epistle of Clement 
to the Corinthians ; (5) The Teaching of the 
Twelve Apostles ; (6) The spurious letter of Mary 
of Cassoboli ; (7) Twelve pseudo-Ignatian Epis- 
tles. The Epistles to the Corinthians were pub- 
lished by him with prolegomena and notes in Con- 
stantinople, 1875, and at once attracted the atten- 
tion of scholars, because the text was for the first 
time entire. "The Teaching of the Twelve 
Apostles," which Bryennios himself did not at 
first rightly estimate, is of still greater value 
both for its age and its contents, being no less 
than a catechetical church manual from the post- 
apostolic age. Having discovered its unique im- 
portance in 1878, he set to work to prepare a suit- 
able edition of it; and being an erudite patristic 
scholar he produced it in Constantinople, 1883, 
with ample notes and prolegomena in Greek. 
His edition is the basis of the rich literature on 
the Didache' which has grown up in a short time. 
See his autobiography which he prepared for 
Schaff's work on the Didache, New York, 1885, 
rev. ed. 1886, pp. 289-296. 

BUCHWALD, Georg Apollo, Ph.D., Lie. Theol. 
(both Leipzig, 1884), German Protestant; b. at 
Grossenhain, Saxony, July 16, 1859 ; studied 
theology at Leipzig, 1879-82 ; became provisional 
upper master in the Mittweida real-schule, 1882; 
teacher of religion in the Zwickau gymnasium, 
1883 ; fourth diaconus in the churches of St. 
Mary and St. Catharine, Zwickau, 1885. In 
1883 he discovered in the Zwickau " Ratsschul- 
bibliothek," very important Luther MSS. con- 
sisting of lectures, about six hundred sermons, 
etc. He has written Ein Nachklany der epistolos 



obscurorum virorum, Dresden, 1882 ; Der Logos- 
hegriff des Johannes Scotus Erigena, Leipzig, 1884 ; 
Literalurbericht fur Kirche, Schule und das christ- 
liche Haus, 1885; and has edited D. Martini 
Lutheri scholas ineditas de libro Judicum habitas 
primum edidit, Leipzig, 1884; Ungedruckte Pre- 
diglen D. Martin Luthers 1530 avf der Coburg 
gehalten, Zwickau, 1884; Andreas Poachs hand- 
schriflliche Sammlung ungedruckter Prediglen D. 
Martin Luthers aus den Jahren 1528-46, Leipzig, 
1884 sqq. ; Sechs Prediglen Johannes Bugenhagens 
{Osterprogramm of the university, Halle- Witten- 
berg), Halle, 1885. He is a collaborator on the 
Erlangen and on the Weimar editions of Luther's 
works. He has contributed to the Theologische 
Studien und Kritiken, Zeitschrift fur kirchliche 
Wissenschaft und kirchliches Leben, Beitrage fur 
sachsische Kirchengeschichte. 

BUCKLEY, James Monroe, D.D. (Wesleyan 
University, 1876), LL.D. (Emory and Henry Col- 
lege, Virginia, 1882), Methodist; b. at Rahway, 
N.J., Dec. 16, 1836 ; entered Wesleyan Univer- 
sity, Middletown, Conn., in 1856, but compelled 
by impaired health to leave in 1858 ; from then 
until 1880 he was a Methodist pastor, — in New 
Hampshire 1858-63, Michigan (Detroit) 1863- 
66, New York (Brooklyn) 1866-69, 1872-75, 
1878-80, and Connecticut (Stamford) 1869-72, 
1875-78. In 1880 he was elected to his present 
position, editor of the Christian Advocate, the 
chief organ of the Methodist Episcopal Church. 
He is the author of Appeals to Men of Sense and 
Refection to begin a Christian Life, New York, 
1869, 5th ed. 1875; Two Weeks in Yosemite, 1873; 
Christians and the Theatre, 1875 ; Supposed Mira- 
cles, Boston, 1875 ; Oats or Wild Oats f Common 
Sense for Young Men, New York, 1885. 

BUDDE, Karl (Ferdinand Reinhardt), Lie. 
Theol. (Bonn, 1873), D.D. (hon., Giessen, 1883), 
German Protestant theologian; b. at Bensberg 
near Cologne on the Rhine, April 13, 1850; stud- 
ied at Bonn 1867-68, 1869-70, 1871; at Berlin, 
1868-69 ; Utrecht, 1871-73 ; became priuat-docent 
of Old-Testament theology at Bonn, 1873 ; pro- 
fessor extraordinary, 1879 ; was inspector of the 
evangelical Stiff of the University of Bonn, Sep- 
tember, 1878- April, 1885. He was in the German 
infantry during the Franco-Prussian war, 1870- 
71. He is the author of Beitrage zur Kritik des 
Buches Hiob, Bonn, 1876 ; Die Biblische Urge- 
schichte {Gen. i-xii. 5) untersucht, Giessen, 1883; 
and in periodicals has published Ueber vermeint- 
liche metrische Formen in der hebrdischen Poesie, in 
Theol. Studien u. Kritiken, 1874, pp. 747-764; 
Ueber die Capitel 50 und 51 des Buches Jeremia, 
in Jahrb. f. Deutsche Theologie, 1878, pp. 428- 
470, 530-562; Das hebraische Klagelied, in Zeit- 
schrift fur die alttest. Wissenschaft, 1882, pp. 1-52; 
Die Capitel 27 und 28 des Buches Hiob, do., pp. 
193-274 ; Gen. 48 : 7 und die benachbarten Ab- 
schniite, do., 1883, pp. 56-86; Ein althebrdisches 
Klagelied, do., pp. 299-306; Die hebraische Leichen- 
klage, in Zeitschr. d. deutschen Palastina-Vereins, 
Bd. VI., pp. 180-194; " Selh und die Sethiten," 
Berichtiqunq, in Zeitschrift f d. alttest. Wissen- 
schaft, 1884, pp. 298-302, 1885, pp. 155-160; Gen. 
3:17 ; 5:29; 8:21, ein Beitrag zur Quellenkritik 
der Biblischen Urqeschichte, do., 1886, pp. 30-43. 

BUDER, Paul,' D.D. (Tubingen, 1880), German 
Protestant theologian ; b. at Leutkirch, Wiirtem- 



BUEL. 



29 



BURNBY. 



berg, Feb. 15, 1836; studied at Tubingen, 1851- 
54 ; became repetent in the Evangelical Theo- 
logical Seminary at Tubingen, 1861 ; pastor at 
Backnang (Diakonus und Bezirksschul-inspector), 
Wiirtemberg, 1865 ; second court preacher at 
Stuttgart, 1868 ; professor extraordinary of theol- 
ogy, and ephorus of the theological seminary, 
Tubingen, 1872 ; ordinary professor there, 1877. 
In 1869 he received the gold medal for saving a 
child from drowning, at the risk of his own life. 
He is the author of Ueber die apologetische Auf- 
gahe der Theologie der Gegemuart, Tubingen, 1876. 

BUEL, Samuel, S.T.D. (Columbia College, 
N.Y., 1862 ; ad eundem General Theological Sem- 
inary of P. E. Church, New- York City, 1884), 
Episcopalian ; b. at Troy, N.Y., June 11, 1815 ; 
graduated at Williams College, 1833 ; was suc- 
cessively rector in Marshall, Mich., Schuylkill 
Haven, Penn., Cumberland, Md., and Pough- 
keepsie, N.Y. ; professor of ecclesiastical history, 
subsequently of divinity, in the Seabury Divinity 
School, Faribault, Minn., 1866; professor of sys- 
tematic divinity and dogmatic theology in the 
General Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal 
Church, New-York City, 1871. He has written, 
besides numerous articles in periodicals, and a 
translation from the German of the Report of the 
Union Conferences held from Aug. 10 to 16, 1875, 
at Bonn, New York, 1876 ; The Apostolical System 
of the Church defended in a Reply to Dr. Whately 
on the Kingdom of Christ, Philadelphia, 1844; 
Eucharistic Presence, Sacrifice, and Adoration, New 
York, 1874. 

BUELL, Marcus Darius, Methodist; b. at Way- 
land, N.Y., Jan. 1, 1851 ; graduated at New- York 
University, 1872 ; and at the School of Theology, 
Boston University, 1875; held pastorates at King 
Street, Conn., Great Neck, L.I., in Brooklyn, 
NY., and in Hartford, Conn. ; travelled in Europe 
and the Levant in 1S79-80; pursued his studies 
at the Universities of Cambridge and Berlin, 
1884-85 ; and in 1885 was appointed professor of 
New- Testament Greek and exegesis in the School 
of Theology, Boston University. 

BURGESS, Right Rev. Alexander, S.T.D. 
(Brown University, 1866 ; Bacine College, 1882), 
Episcopalian, bishop of Quincy, 111. ; b. in Provi- 
dence, R.I., Oct. 31, 1819; graduated at Brown 
University there, 1838; and at the General Theo- 
logical Seminary, New- York City, 1841 ; succes- 
sively rector of St. Mark's, Augusta, Me., 1843; 
St. Luke's, Portland, 1854 ; St. John's, Brooklyn, 
L.I., 1867; Christ Church, Springfield, Mass., 
1869 ; consecrated, 1878. In 1877 he was presi- 
dent of the House of Deputies. Besides sermons, 
addresses, carols, and hymns, he has written a 
memoir of his brother, Bishop George Burgess 
of Maine (d. April 23, 1866 ; see Encyclopaedia, I. 
341), Philadelphia, 1869. 

BURGESS, Henry, Ph.D. (Gottingen, 1852), 
LL.D. (Glasgow, 1851), Church of England; b. 
in the parish of St. Mary, Newington, London, 
Jan. 29, 1808 ; was educated at the Dissenting 
College at Stepney, and distinguished himself in 
Hebrew and the classical languages. After grad- 
uation (1830), he became Baptist minister at 
Suson. But after a time he thought best to alter 
his church relations (1849), and was ordained 
deacon 1850, and priest 1851, by the Bishop of 
Manchester ; became curate at Blackburn, 1851 ; 



perpetual curate of Clifton Reynes, Buckingham- 
shire, 1854 ; vicar of St. Andrew's, Whittlesey, 
near Peterborough, 1861 ; d. Tuesday, Feb. 16, 
1886. He edited The Clerical Journal, 1854-68; 
The Journal of Sacred Literature ; the second edi- 
tion of Kitto's Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature, 
Edinburgh, 1856, 2 vols. He is the translator from 
the Syriac of The Festal Letters of St. Athanasius, 
London, 1852 ; and Metrical Hymns and Homilies 
of St. Ephrem Syrus, 1853 ; and author of Luther, 
his Excellences and Defects, 1857 ; The Reformed 
Church of England hi its Principles and their Legit- 
imate Development, 1869 ; Essays, Biblical and 
Ecclesiastical, relating chiefly to the Authority and 
Inspiration of the Holy Scriptures, 1873 ; Disestab- 
lishment and Disendowment, 1875; The Art of 
Preaching and the Composition of Sermons, 1881. 

BURGON, Very Rev. John William, B.D., 
dean of Chichester, Church of England; b. at 
Smyrna, Asia Minor, Aug. 21, 1813 ; educated at 
Worcester College, Oxford, graduated B.A. (sec- 
ond-class classics), 1845, M.A. (Oriel), 1848, 
B.D., 1871; wrote the Newdigate prize poem, 
1845, the Ellerton theological essay, 1847, the 
Denyer theological' essay, 1851; was elected a 
fellow of Oriel College, 1846 ; ordained deacon, 
1848, priest, 1849 ; Gresham lecturer in divinity, 
1868; became vicar of St. Mary the Virgin, Ox- 
ford, 1863; dean of Chichester, 1876. He has 
written The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Gres- 
ham, London, 1839, 2 vols. ; Petra, a Poem, 1846; 
Oxford Reformers, 1854 ; A Plain Commentary on 
the Four Holy Gospels, 1855, 8 vols., new ed. 1877, 
4 vols., reprinted Philadelphia, 1868, 2 vols. ; 
Historical Notices of the Colleges of Oxford, 1857; 
Plain Commentary on the Book of Psalms (P.B. 
Version), 1857, 2 vols. ; Inspiration and Interpre- 
tation (answer to Essays and lievieius), 1861 ; Letters 
from Rome to Friends in England, 1862 ; A Treat- 
ise on the Pastoral Office, 1864; Ninety-one Short 
Sermons, 1867, 2 vols. ; Disestablishment, the Na- 
tion's Formal Rejection of God and Denial of the 
Faith, 1868 ; England and Rome. Three Letters to 
a Pervert, 1869 ; The Last Twelve Verses of the 
Gospel according to St. Mark vindicated against 
recent Critical Objectors and established, 1871 ; The 
Athanasian Creed to be retained in its integrity, and 
why, 1872 ; A Plea for the Study of Divinity in 
Oxford, 1875; The Revision revised. Three Articles 
from the Quarterly Review, 1883 ; Ten Lives of 
Good Men, 1885; Poems, 1885 

BURNEY, Stanford Guthrie, D.D. (Bethel Col- 
lege, Tenn., 1854), LL.D. (Waynesburg College, 
Penn., 1880), Cumberland Presbyterian; b. in 
Robinson County, Tenn., April 16, 1814; licensed 
by the Nashville Presbytery of the Cumberland 
Presbytei-ian Church, October, 1834; ordained, 
March, 1836 ; pastor at Franklin, Tenn., 1836-38 ; 
at Nashville, Tenn., 1841-43 ; financial agent of 
Cumberland University, Lebanon, Tenn. (former- 
ly Princeton College, Ky.) 1843; pastor at Mem- 
phis, Tenn., 1845; at Oxford, Miss., 1848-73 (presi- 
dent of Union Female College, 1852-62, professor 
of English literature, Mississippi State University, 
1865-73, both at Oxford) ; has been professor in 
the theological department of Cumberland Uni- 
versity since its re-organization in 1877, — ■ until 
1880 professor of biblical literature, since 1880 
of systematic theology. He has been a promi- 
nent member or chairman of most of the special 



BURNHAM. 



30 



BUTLER. 



committees of importance appointed by the Gen- 
eral Assembly of the Cumberland Presbyterian 
Church during the past thirty years, notably 
these three : on revision of form of government, 
1854 ; on union with Presbyterian Church in the 
United States, 1867; on revision of Confession of 
Faith, 1880. He was moderator of the General 
Assembly at Nashville, 1860, and has repeatedly 
declined re-election. He is the author of articles 
in periodicals, and The Doctrine of Election, Nash- 
ville, Tenn., 1879, and Baptismal Regeneration, 
1880. 

BURNHAM, Sylvester, D.D. (Bowdoin, 1885), 
Baptist; b. at Exeter, N.H., Feb. 1, 1842; grad- 
uated at Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., 1862, 
and from the Newton Theological Institution, 
Newton Centre, Mass., 1873; and since 1875 has 
been professor of Hebrew and Old-Testament 
exegesis in the Baptist Theological Seminary, 
Hamilton, N.Y. 

BURR, Enoch Fitch, D.D. (Amherst, 1868), 
Congregationalist ; b. at Green's Farms, West- 
port, Conn., Oct. 21, 1818; graduated at Yale 
College, 1839; carried on for several years in New 
Haven mingled scientific and theological studies ; 
since 1850 has been pastor in Lyme, Conn. ; and 
since 1868, lectui'er in Amherst College on the sci- 
entific evidences of religion. In 1874 he delivered 
by request, in New York and Boston, a course of 
lectures on " The Latest Astronomy against the 
Latest Atheism ; " and has since lectured on kin- 
dred themes at Williams College, the Sheffield 
Scientific School, and other institutions. He is 
the author of The Mathematical Theory of Nep- 
tune, New Haven, 1848; Spiritualism, New York, 
1859 ; Ecce Ccelum, Boston, 1867 ; Pater Mundi, 
1869; Ad Fidem, 1871; Evolution, 1873; Sunday 
Afternoons, New York, 1874; Thy Voyage (poem), 
1874 ; Toward the Strait Gate, Boston, 1876 ; Work 
in the Vineyard, 1876 ; From Dark to Day (poem), 
1877 ; Dio the A thenian, New York, 1880"; Tempted 
to Unbelief, 1882; Ecce Terra, Philadelphia, 1884; 
Celestial Empires, New York, 1885; Theism as a 
Canon of Science, London, 1886. 

BURRAGE, Henry Sweetser, D.D. (Brown 
University, 1883), Baptist ; b. at Fitchburg, 
Mass., Jan. 7, 1837 ; graduated at Brown Uni- 
versity, Providence, R.I., 1861, and at Newton 
Theological Institution, Newton Centre, Mass., 
1867; studied in Halle, Germany, 1868-69; was a 
Baptist pastor in Waterville, Me., 1869-73; since 
has been editor and proprietor of Zion's Advo- 
cate, a Baptist religious paper published at Port- 
land, Me. ; since 1876, recording secretary of the 
American Baptist Missionary Union ; and is also 
chancellor of the Maine Commandery of the Mili- 
tary Order of the Loyal Legion of the United 
States. While a student of theology at Newton 
he entered (1862), as private, the Thirty-sixth 
Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry ; was promoted 
sergeant, sergeant-major, second lieutenant, first 
lieutenant, captain, brevet major; was wounded 
at Cold Harbor, June 3, 1864 ; was assistant 
adjutant general on the staff of the first brigade, 
second division, Ninth Army Corps; was a pris- 
oner from Nov. 1, 1864, to Feb. 22, 1865; was 
mustered out of the service June 8, 1865, and re- 
turned to his studies at Newton, — a class having 
entered and graduated in his absence. He has 
written, besides numerous articles, The Act of 



Baptism in the History of the Christian Church, 
Philadelphia, 1879; A History of the Anabaptists 
in Switzerland, Philadelphia, 1882; and has edited 
Brown University in the Civil War, Providence, 
R.I., 1868; Henry Wadsworth Longfellow • Seventy- 
Fifth Birthday. Proceedings of the Maine Historical 
Society, Portland, 1882 ; History of the Thirty-sixth 
Regiment Massachusetts Volunteers, Boston, 1884. 

BURROWES, George, D.D. (Washington Col- 
lege, Washington, Penn., 1853), Presbyterian; 
b. at Trenton, N.J., April 3, 1811; graduated at 
Nassau Hall (College of New Jersey), Princeton, 
N.J., 1832, and at Princeton Theological Sem- 
inary, 1S35; was pastor at West Nottingham, 
Md., 1836-50; professor of Latin and Greek, 
Lafayette College, Easton, Penn., 1850-55 ; pastor 
of Newtown Presbyterian Church, Penn., 1857- 
59 ; built up the City College, San Francisco, Cal., 
1859, left it 1865 ; was principal of the University 
Mound boarding-school near San Francisco, 1870- 
73 ; has been, since its origin in 1872, professor 
of Hebrew and Greek in the San Francisco Pres- 
byterian Theological Seminary. He is the author 
of A Commentary on the Song of Solomon, Phila- 
delphia, 1853, 3d ed. 1861 ; Octorara, a Poem, and 
other Pieces, 1856; Advanced Growth in Grace, 
San Francisco, 1885. 

BURTON, Ernest De Witt, Baptist; b. at Gran- 
ville, O., Feb. 4, 1856; graduated at Denison 
University, Granville, O., 1876 ; and at Rochester 
(Baptist) Theological Seminary, N.Y., 1882; was 
instructor in New-Testament Greek in Rochester 
Seminary, 1882-83 ; and since has been associate 
professor of interpretation of the New Testament, 
Newton Theological Institution, Newton Centre, 
iVTass 

BURWASH, Nathaniel, S.T.D. (Garrett Bibli- 
cal Institute, 1876), Methodist ; b. at Argent- 
ueil, Quebec, Can., July 25, 1839 ; graduated at 
Victoria University, Cobourg, Can., B.A. (vale- 
dictorian), 1859 ; Yale College, 1866 ; Garrett 
Biblical Institute, Evanston, 111., B.D., 1871 ; was 
classical tutor in Victoria University, 1860 ; pas- 
tor, 1861-66 ; professor of natural science, Victoria 
University, 1867-72 ; dean of theological faculty, 
and professor of biblical and systematic theology, 
Victoria University, since 1873. He is the author 
of Genesis, Nature, and Results of Sin, Toronto, 
1878 ; Wesley's Doctrinal Standards, 1881 ; Rela- 
tion of Children to the Fall, the Atonement, and the 
Church, 1882. 

BUTLER, Clement Moore, D.D. (Kenyon Col- 
lege, O., 1847), Episcopalian; b. at Troy, N.Y., 
Oct. 16, 1810; graduated at Trinity College, 
Hartford, 1833 : and at the General Theological 
Seminary, New York, 1836. Between 1837 and 
1861 he was rector of Episcopal churches in New 
York, District of Columbia, Massachusetts, and 
Ohio; from 1861 to 1864, chaplain to the United- 
States Embassy at Rome, Italy ; from 1864 to 
1884, professor of church history in the Protestant 
Episcopal Divinity School, Philadelphia. While 
a pastor in Washington, D.C. (1846-54), he was 
chaplain of the United-States Senate (1S49-53), 
and in that capacity performed the funeral ser- 
vice and preached the sermon upon the death 
of Mr. Calhoun and Mr. Clay. These sermons 
were published by the Senate. He is the author 
of forty published occasional sermons, and of The 
Year of the Church : Hymns and Devotional Verse 



BUTLER. 



31 



BAUM. 



for the Sundays and Holy Days of the Ecclesias- 
tical Year. For Young Persons, Utica, 1839 ; The 
Book of Common Prayer interpreted by its History, 
Boston, 2d ed., enlarged, Washington, D.C., 1849 ; 
Old Truths and New Errors, New York, 1850; 
Addresses and Lectures on Public Men and Public 
Affairs, delivered in Washington City, Cincinnati, 
1856 ; Lectures on the Book of Revelation, New 
York, 1860 ; The Flock Fed : Catechetical Instruc- 
tion preparatory to Confirmation, 1862 ; St. Paul in 
Borne (lectures in Rome), Philadelphia, 1865; In- 
ner Borne : Political, Religious, and Social, 1866 ; 
The Ritualism of Law, 1867 ; A Manual of Eccle- 
siastical History (from the first to the nineteenth 
century), 1868-72, 2 vols. ; History of the Book of 
Common Prayer, 1880 ; History of the Reformation 
in Sweden, New York, 1883. 

BUTLER, Very Rev. Henry Montagu, D.D. 
(Cambridge, 1867), dean of Gloucester, Church of 
England; b. at Harrow in the year 1833; edu- 
cated at Harrow School (of which his father was 
then head master, afterward dean of Peterbor- 
ough), and Trinity College, Cambridge ; was elect- 
ed Bell University scholar, 1852, and Battie Uni- 
versity scholar, 1853 ; won Sir W. Browne's medal 
for the Greek ode, 1853 ; the Porson prize, the 
Greek ode, the Camden medal for Latin hexame- 
ters, and the members' prize for a Latin essay, 
1854; graduated B.A. (senior classic), 1855; 
M.A., 1858; was fellow of his college, 1855-59; 
ordained deacon and priest, 1859 ; head master 
of Harrow, 1859-85; honorary chaplain to the 
Queen, 1875-77 ; chaplain in ordinary, 1877-85 ; 
select preacher at Oxford, 1877, 1878, 1882 ; at 
Cambridge, 1879; examining chaplain to Arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, 1879-85; appointed dean, 
1885. He is the author of Sermoiis preached at 
Harrow, 1861-69, 2 vols. * 

BUTLER, James Glentworth, D.D. (Hamilton 
College, Clinton, N.Y., 1864), Presbyterian; b. 
in Brooklyn, N.Y., Aug. 3, 1821; studied in 
Union Theological Seminary, New-York City, 
1846-47, and at the New-Haven (Congregational) 
Theological Seminary, Conn., 1847-49 ; was resi- 
dent licentiate at the latter, 1849-50 ; Presby- 
terian pastor in West Philadelphia, Penn., 1852- 
68 ; secretary of the American and Foreign Chris- 
tian Union, New- York City, 1868-71 ; pastor in 
Brooklyn (E.D.), N.Y., 1871-73 ; has been with- 
out charge in Brooklyn since 1874. Besides nu- 
merous articles, he has issued The Bible Reader's 
Commentary, New Testament, New York, 1879, 2 
vols.; in 1883 title changed to Bible Work (5 vols. 
on Old Testament in preparation). 

BUTLER, William, D.D. (Dickinson College, 
Carlisle, Penn., 1862), Methodist 1 b. in Dublin, 



Ireland, Jan. 31, 1818; graduated at Didsbury 
College, near Manchester, Eng., 1844 ; same year 
became a member of the Irish Wesleyan Confer- 
ence; in 1850 joined the New-England Annual 
Conference ; in 1856 went to India to found a 
mission for the Methodist-Episcopal Church ; re- 
turned in 1865 ; succeeded Dr. Mattisdn as sec- 
retary of the American and Foreign Christian 
Union, 1869 ; resigned when appointed to found 
a mission for his denomination in Mexico in 1873 ; 
returned, 1879 ; revisited India, 1883-84. He is 
the author of Compendium of Missions, Boston, 
1852 ; The Land of the Veda, New York, 1872 ; 
From Boston to Bareilly, and back, 1885. 

BUTTZ, Henry Anson, D.D. (Princeton, 1875), 
LL.D. (Dickinson, 1885). Methodist; b. at Middle 
Smithfield, Penn., April 18, 1835; graduated at 
Princeton, 1858; studied theology in New-Bruns- 
wick Seminary; became Methodist-Episcopal min- 
ister, 1858 ; adjunct professor of Greek and He- 
brew (1870), and then George T. Cobb professor 
of New-Testament exegesis, in Drew Theological 
Seminary, Madison, N.J. ; president of the same, 
18S0. He edited The Epistle to the Romans in 
Greek, in which the Text of Robert Stephens, Third 
Edition, is compared with the Text of the Elzevirs, 
La.chm.ann, Alford, Tregelles, Tischendorf, and 
Westcott, and with the chief uncial and cursive Man- 
uscripts, together with references to the New-Testa- 
ment Grammars of Winer and Buttmann, New 
York, 1876, 3d ed. 1879 ; and, with a memoir, 
B. H. Nadal's Discourses, New York, 1873. 



BAUM, Henry Mason, Episcopalian; b. at East 
Schuyler, Herkimer County, N.Y., Feb. 24, 1848; 
educated at Hudson-river Institute, Claverack, 
Dutchess County, New York ; read law for three 
years ; entered the Protestant-Episcopal Divinity 
School of Philadelphia, 1869 ; was ordained dea- 
con 1870, priest 1S72; was rector of St. Peter's 
Church, East Bloomfield, N.Y., 1870-71; and 
missionary to Allen's Hill, Victor, Lima, and 
Honoye Falls, N.Y. ; rector of St. Matthew's 
Church, Laramie City, Wyoming Territory, 1S72- 
73 ; in charge of St. James's Church, Pauls- 
borough, N.J., 1873-74; rector of St. Matthew's 
Church, Lambertville, N.J., 1875-76 ; and of 
Trinity Church, Easton, Penn., 1876-80 ; trav- 
elled in Em-ope, 1879-SO ; since January, 1881, 
has been editor and proprietor of The Church 
Review. He is the author of Rights and Duties 
of Rectors, Church Wardens, and Vestrymen, in 
the American Church, Philadelphia, 1879 ; The Law 
of the Church in the United States, New York, 1886. 



CAIRD. 



32 



CAPBL. 



C. 



CAIRD, John, D.D. (University of Glasgow, 
1860), LL.D. (University of St. Andrew's, 1883), 
Established Church of Scotland; b. at Greenock, 
Dec. 15, 1820 ; graduated at the University of 
Glasgow, M.A., 1845; became minister of New- 
ton-on-Ayr, 1845 ; of Lady Yester's, Edinburgh, 
1847; of the parish of Errol, Perthshire, 1849; 
of Park Church, Glasgow, 1857; professor of di- 
vinity, University of Glasgow, 1862; principal 
and vice-chancellor of the University of Glasgow, 

1873. He is one of her Majesty's chaplains for 
Scotland. He is the author of Sermons, Edin- 
burgh, 1859 ; Introduction to the Philosophy of Re- 
ligion, Glasgow, 1880 ; The Philosophy of Spinoza, 
Edinburgh, 1886. 

CAIRNS, John, D.D., LL.D. (both of Edin- 
burgh, 1858 and 1884), United Presbyterian ; b. 
near Ayton, Berwickshire, Scotland, Aug. 23, 1818; 
entered at Edinburgh University, 1834; studied 
at Berlin, 1843 ; minister of the United Presby- 
terian Church, Berwick-on-Tweed, 1845-76. In 
1867 he became professor of apologetics in the 
United Presbyterian Hall, Edinburgh ; in 1876 
became professor of systematic theology also ; and 
since 1879 has been principal as well. He has writ- 
ten Life of John Brown, D.D., Edinburgh, 1860; 
Unbelief in the Eighteenth Century (Cunningham 
Lecture for 1880), ±881, New York 1881. He wrote 
the article Schottland, kirchliche Statistik, in the 2d 
ed. of Herzog's Real-Encyklopadie, and the article 
Infidelity in the Schaff-Herzog ; also in Present 
Day Tracts, London, 1882-84, those on Miracles; 
Christ the Central Evidence of Christianity ; Suc- 
cess of Christianity ; Argument from Prophecy. 

CALDERWOOD, Henry,' LL.D. (Glasgow, 
1865), F.R.S.E., United Presbyterian Church of 
Scotland; b. at Peebles, May 10, 1830; studied 
in the University of Edinburgh, 1847-53 ; then in 
the theological hall of the United Presbyterian 
Church, Edinburgh ; was licensed by the Edin- 
burgh Presbytery, January, 1856, and ordained 
in Glasgow the same year. He was second in 
the honor list of Sir William Hamilton's class, 
Professor John Veitch being first. For a time 
he taught English and classics in the Southern 
Institution, Edinburgh, and in the Edinburgh In- 
stitution. In 1861, elected examiner in mental 
philosophy to University of Glasgow. In 1868 
he was appointed professor of moral philosophy 
in the University of Edinburgh. He is the author 
of The Philosophy of the Infinite, London, 1854, 
3d ed. 1874; Handbook of Moral Philosophy, 1872, 
12th ed. 1885 ; On Teaching, its Means and Ends, 

1874, 3d ed. 1881 ; The Relations of Mind and 
Brain, 1879, 2d ed. 1884; The Parables of our 
Lord interpreted in View of their Relations to Each 
Other, 1880 ; The Relations of Science and Religion 
(Morse Lectures before Union Theological Sem- 
inary, New York, 1880), 1881. 

CAMERON, George Cordon, M.A., Free 
Church of Scotland ; b. at Pluscarden, near Elgin, 
Sept. 13, 1836 ; graduated with highest classical 
honors at Aberdeen in 1860 ; was minister of St. 



John's Free Church, Glasgow (Dr. Chalmers's 
congregation) from 1871 to 1882, when he was 
appointed professor of Hebrew and Oriental lan- 
guages in the Free Church College, Aberdeen. 

CAMPBELL, James Colquhon, D.D. (Cam- 
bridge, 1859), lord bishop of Bangor, Church of 
England ; b. at Stonefield, Argyleshire, Scotland, 
in the year 1813 ; educated at Trinity College,. 
Cambridge; graduated B.A. (senior optime and 
second-class classical tripos), 1836; M.A., 1839; 
was ordained deacon, 1837; priest, 1838; was 
rector of Merthyr-Tydfil, Glamorganshire, 1844- 
59 ; rural dean of the Upper Deanery of Llandaff, 
Northern Division, 1844-57 ; honorary canon of 
Llandaff Cathedral, 1852-57 ; archdeacon of Llan- 
daff, 1857-59; consecrated bishop, 1859. * 

CAMPBELL, John, Presbyterian Church in 
Canada; b. in Edinburgh, Scotland, June 18, 
1840; graduated at the University of Toronto, 
B.A., 1865; M.A., 1866; studied theology at 
Knox College, Toronto, and New College, Edin- 
burgh, 1865-68; has been minister of Charles- 
street Church, Toronto, since 1868 ; member of 
the senate and examiner in the University of To- 
ronto since 1871 ; was lecturer in Knox College, 
Toronto, and in the Presbyterian College, Mont- 
real, 1872-73; has been professor of church his- 
tory and apologetics in the latter since 1873. He 
received the Order of ' Merit, first class, Rou- 
mania; is a member of the Society of Biblical 
Archaeology (London) ; Canadian Institute ; De- 
legue general de l'lnstitution ethnographique de 
Paris (received bronze medal) ; honorary member 
della Lega Filellenica di Torino, etc., etc.; and 
has discussed various ethnographical, philological, 
and kindred matters in the transactions of these 
societies since 1869, and in various journals ; is 
now issuing decipherments of Etruscan and other 
Turanian inscriptions relating to the Canaanite 
population of Palestine. 

CAMPBELL, William Henry, D.D. (Union Col- 
lege, Schenectady, N.Y., 1844), Reformed (Dutch); 
b. at Baltimore, Md., Sept. 14, 1808; graduated at 
Dickinson College, Carlisle, Penn., 1828; studied 
at Princeton Theological Seminary, 1828-29 ; was 
pastor of the Reformed Dutch Church at Chit- 
tenango, N.Y., 1831-32; principal of Erasmus 
Hall, Flatbush, Long Island, N.Y., 1833-39; pas- 
tor in East New York, 1840-41 ; of the Third 
Church, Albany, 1841-48; principal of the Albany 
Academy, 1848-51 ; professor of Oriental litera- 
ture in the Reformed Dutch Theological Semi- 
nary, New Brunswick, N.tl., 1851-63 ; in Rutgers 
College, New Brunswick, professor of belles- 
lettres, 1851-63; of moral philosophy, 1S62-63; 
president of Rutgers College, and professor of 
biblical literature, moral philosophy, and evi- 
dences of Christianity, 1863-82. His publications 
consist of occasional sermons and discourses, and 
articles in periodicals. See list of the chief of 
these in Corwin's Manual of the Reformed Church 
in America, 3d ed., New York, 1879, p. 206. 

CAPEL, Thomas John, D.D,, Roman Catholic; 



CAPEN. 



33 



CASSEL. 



b. at Hastings, Eng., Oct. 28, 1836; ordained 
priest, 1860 ; established the English Catholic 
mission at Pau, and became its chaplain ; named 
private chamberlain to Pope Pius IX., 1868; and 
domestic prelate with title of Monsignor, 1873. 
He has been instrumental in the conversion to 
Romanism of several leading members of the 
English nobility, and as a proselyter figures in 
Disraeli's Lothair. In January, 1864, he became 
a founder and vice-principal of St. Mary's Normal 
College, Hammersmith, but retired in broken 
health in 1868. In February, 1873, he founded the 
Catholic Public School at Kensington ; the next 
year was the unanimous choice of the English 
Roman-Catholic bishops for rector of the College 
of Higher Studies at Kensington, but resigned 
the position in 1878. He visited the United States 
of America in 1884. He is the author of Catholic: 
an Essential and Exclusive Attribute of the True 
Church, New York, 1884. * 

CAPEN, Elmer Hewitt, D.D. (St. Lawrence 
University, 1879), Universalist ; b. at Stoughton, 
Mass., April 5, 1838; graduated at Tufts College, 
1860; admitted to the bar, 1863; was pastor of 
the Independent (Universalist) Christian Society 
of Gloucester, Mass., 1865-69 ; of the First Uni- 
versalist Church of Providence, R.I., 1870-75; 
and since 1875 has been president of Tufts Col- 
lege, Mass. He belongs to the school of Univer- 
salists who make the final triumph of good over 
evil a corollary of the nature of God, — a result to 
be wrought out through those moral processes 
which are seen in operation around us. He was 
member of the legislature from Stoughton, 1859- 
60. His publications consist of sermons, ad- 
dresses, reports, etc. 

CARPENTER, Right Rev. William Boyd, D.D. 
(hon., Cambridge, 1884), lord bishop of Ripon, 
Church of England; b. at Liverpool, March 26, 
1841 ; educated at St. Catherine's College, Cam- 
bridge; graduated B.A. (senior optime), 1864; 
M.A., 1867;, was ordained deacon 1864, priest 
1865; became curate of All Saints, Maidstone, 
1864; of St. Paul, Clapham, 1866; of Holy Trinity, 
Lee, 1867 ; vicar of St. James, Holloway, 1870 ; of 
Christ Church, Lancaster Gate, 1874 ; chaplain to 
the bishop of London, 1879 ; bishop of Ripon, 
1884. He was select preacher at Cambridge, 1875, 
1877; at Oxford, 1883-84; Hulsean lecturer at 
Cambridge, 1878; honorary chaplain to the Queen, 
1879-83 ; chaplain in ordinary, 1883-84 ; canon of 
Windsor, 1882-84. He is the author of Thoughts 
on Prayer, London, 1871 ; Narcissus . a Tale of 
Early Christian Times, 1879 ; The Witness of the 
Heart to Christ (Hulsean Lectures), 1879 ; District 
Visitor's Companion, 1881; My Bible, 1884 ; Truth 
in Tale, 1885 ; and the comments on Revelation in 
Bishop Ellicott-s New-Testament Commentary, 1879. 

CARSON, James Cillespy, D.D. (Monmouth 
College, 111., 1875), United Presbyterian; b. at 
Maryville, Blount County, Tenn., Feb. 11, 1833; 
graduated at Jefferson College, Canonsburg, 
Penn., 1849 ; and at the Associate Presbyterian 
Seminary there, 1855; became pastor of United 
Presbyterian churches at South Buffalo, Washing- 
ton County, Penn., 1856; at Canonsburg, Penn., 
1867; and at Xenia, O., 1869. Since 1874 he 
has been also professor of homiletics and pastoral 
theology in the United Presbyterian Theological 
Seminary, Xenia, O. 



CARY, George Lovell, A.M., Unitarian, lay- 
man; b. at Medway, Mass., May 10, 1830; grad- 
uated at Harvard College, 1852 ; became professor 
of ancient languages in Antioch College (Yellow 
Springs, O.), 1857 ; and professor of New- Testa- 
ment literature in the Meadville (Penn.) Theo- 
logical School, 1862. He is " in special sympathy 
with those who emphasize the doctrine of the 
immanence of God in nature and the human 
soul." He has published An Introduction to the 
Greek of the New Testament, Andover, 1878, 2d 
ed. 1881. 

CASPARI, Carl Paul, D.D. (hon., Erlangen, 
1860), Lutheran ; b. of Jewish parents, at Dessau, 
Anhalt, Germany, Feb. 8, 1814; studied at Leip- 
zig, 1834-38 ; and at Berlin, 1839-41 ; was bap- 
tized, 1838 ; received degree of Ph.D. at Leipzig, 
1842. He became professor of theology at Chris- 
tiania, Norway, 1847 ; refused calls to Rostock, 
1850, and Erlangen, 1857. His theological posi- 
tion is that of a simple evangelical Christian and 
theologian. Besides very numerous essays on 
biblical and ecclesiastical topics, in German and 
Norwegian, he has published an edition of Bor- 
han-eddini es Sernudji enchiridion studiosi (Arabic 
text, Latin version, notes, etc.), Leipzig, 1838 ; 
commentary on Obadiah (in Delitzsch and Cas- 
pari's Exegetisches Handbuch zu den Propheten 
des alten Bundes), 1842 ; Grarnmatica arabica, 
1844-48, 2 parts, 4th ed. by August Miiller, 
under title Arabische Grammatik, Halle, 1876 
(English trans, and ed. by William Wright, 
London, 1862, 2d ed. 1875-76, 2 vols. ; French 
trans, of 4th ed., by E. Uricochea, Brussels, 1879- 
80, 2 vols.); Beitrage zur Einleitung in das Buch 
Jesaia und zur Geschichte der jesaianischen Zeit, 
Berlin, 1848 (vol. ii. of Delitzsch and Caspari's 
Biblisch-theologische und apologetisch-kritische Stu- 
dien, 1846-48, 2 vols.); Ueber den syrisch-ephra- 
imitischen Krieg unter Jotham und Alias, Christi- 
ania, 1849 ; Ueber Micha den Morasthiten und 
seine prophetische Schrift, 1851-52, 2 parts ; Unge- 
druckte, unbeachtete, und wenig beachtete Quellen zur 
Geschichte des Taufsymbols und der Glaubensregel, 
1866, 1869, 1875, 3 vols. ; Zur Einfuhrung in das 
Buch Daniel, Leipzig, 1869; Alte und neue Quellen 
zur Geschichte des 'Taufsymbols und der Glaubens- 
regel, 1879 ; Martin von Bracara's Schrift " De 
correctione rusticorum," zum ersten Male vollstdndig 
und in verbessertem Text herausgegeben, 1883 ; Kir- 
chenhistorische Anecdota, nebst neuen Ausgaben 
patristischer und kirchlich-mittelalterlicher Schriften, 
1883 ; Eine pseudoaugustinische Homilia " De Sa- 
crilegiis," 1886 ; Bischof Fastidius' pelagianische 
Briefe, 1886. Besides these, he has written in 
Norwegian a translation of the Book of Concord, 
Christiania, 1861-66, 2d ed. 1882; an essay upon 
the Wandering Jew, 1862 ; a commentary upon 
the first six chapters of Isaiah. 1867 ; an histor- 
ical essay on the confession of faith at baptism, 
1871 ; on Abraham's trial, and Jacob's wrestling 
with God, 1871, 3d ed. 1876 ; on Abraham's call 
and meeting with Melchizedek, 1872, 2d ed. 
1876; Bible essays, 1884; and since 1857 he has 
edited the Theologisk Tidsskrift for den evangelisk- 
lutherske kirke i Norge. 

CASSEL, Paulus (Stephanus Selig), D.D. 
(Vienna, 1874), United Evangelical ; b. of Jewish 
parents, at Grossglogau, Silesia, Feb. 27, 1821 ; 
educated at the University of Berlin ; became a 



CATHCART. 



34 



CHAMBERLAIN. 



rabbi ; was baptized May 28, 1855, at Bussleben, 
near Erfurt; became licentiate of theology of 
Erlangen, 1856 ; professor at Erfurt, the same 
year ; since 1859 public lecturer in Berlin, and 
gymnasial Oberlelirer : and since Jan. 5, 1868, pas- 
tor of Christ Church. In early life he was a 
political journalist, and in 1866-67 was a mem- 
ber of the Prussian parliament. He is a member 
of the Erfurt Academy and other societies. Since 
1875 he has edited the Berlin weekly Sunem. His 
writing's are very numerous. Of the theological, 
may be mentioned article Geschichte der Juden in 
Ersch u. Gruber, II., t. 27 (1850) ; Der Prophet 
Elisa, 1860 ; Das Buck der Richter und Ruth, Biele- 
feld, 1865 (in Lange's Commentary, English trans., 
ed. Schaff, New York, 1871); Fiir ernste Stunden. 
Betrachtungen und Erinnerungen, 1868, 2d ed. 
1881 ; Altkirchlicher Festkalender nach Urspriingen 
und Brduchen, 1869; Sunem, 1. Hft., 1869; Das 
Evangelium der So/me Zebed'di (holds that the 
Fourth Gospel was composed by James and John), 
Berlin, 1870, 2d ed. 1881; Aus guten Stunden, 
Gotha, 1874 ; Die Gerechtigkeit aus dem Glauben, 
1874 ; Apologetische Briefe, Berlin, 1875 ; Hallelu- 
jah (189 hymns), 1878; Das Buch Esther (aus 
d. Hebr. iibersetzt, historisch u. theologisch erl'au- 
tert; 1 Abth. Im Anh. die Uebersetzg. d. 2. Tar- 
gum), 1878; Die Symbolik des Blutes und "der 
arme Heinrich" von Hartmann von Aue, 1882; 
Christliche Sittenlehre. Eine Auslegung des Briefes 
Pauli an Titus. Mit ein. Schlussbemerkung iiber 
Semitismus, 1882 ; Die Hochzeit von Cana, theolo- 
gisch und historisch, in Symbol, Kunst und Legende 
ausgelegt. Mit e. Einleitung in das Evangelium 
Johannis, 1883 ; Fredegunde, Eine Novelle in Brief- 
en, Leipzig, 1883; Aus Literatur und Symbolik, 
1884; Ahasverus, Die Sage vom ewiqen Juden, Ber- 
lin, 1885 ; Ueber die Probebibel, 1885 sq. 

CATHCART, William, D.D. (Lewisburg Uni- 
versity, 1873), Baptist; b. in County Londonderry, 
Ireland, Nor. 8, 1825 ; studied in Glasgow Uni- 
versity, and at Horton (now Rawdon) Baptist 
Theological College, Yorkshire, Eng., and grad- 
uated 1850 ; was pastor at Barnsley, near Shef- 
field, 1850-53 ; at Mystic River, Conn., 1853-57 ; 
in Philadelphia (Second Baptist Church), 1857- 
84; and is now living at Gwynedd, Penn. He 
was president of the American Baptist Historical 
Society, by annual election, from 1876-84. He 
has published The Papal System, from its Origin 
to the Present Time. An Historical Sketch of every 
Doctrine, Claim, and Practice of the Church of 
Rome, Philadelphia, 1872, 4th ed. 1S85; The Bap- 
tists and the American Revolution, 1876; The Bap- 
tism of the Ages and of the Nations, 1878, 3d ed. 
1884. He edited The Baptist Encyclopcedia, 1881 
(1 vol. bound in 2), revised ed. 1883. 

CATTELL, William Cassiday, D.D. (College of 
New Jersey, Princeton, 1864; also Hanover Col- 
lege, Ind., 1864), LL.D. (Wooster University, O., 
1878), Presbyterian; b. at Salem, N.J., Aug. 30, 
1827 ; graduated at Princeton College, 1848, and 
at the theological seminary there, 1852 ; resident 
licentiate, 1852-53 ; became professor of Latin 
and Greek, Lafayette College, Easton, Penn., 
1S55 ; pastor at Harrisburg (Pine-street Presby- 
terian Church), 1859 ; president of Lafayette Col- 
lege, 1863 ; resigned, 1883 ; emeritus professor of 
mental philosophy, 1883 ; corresponding secretary 
of the Presbyterian Board of Ministerial Relief, 



Philadelphia, Penn., 1883. He has published ser- 
mons, addresses, and various articles in reviews, 
etc., mostly on educational matters, and written 
the article Tunkers in tlje Religious Encyclopaedia. 

CAVE, Alfred, B.A., Congregationalist ; b. in 
London, Aug. 29, 1S47 ; educated at New College, 
London ; graduated at London University, 1872 ; 
was appointed professor of Hebrew and philosophy 
at Hackney College, London, 1880, and in 1881 
principal and professor of theology. He is the 
author of The Scriptural Doctrine of Sacrifice, 
Edinburgh, 1877; An Introduction to Theology, its 
Principles, its Branches, its Results, and its Litera- 
ture, 1886 ; The Inspiration of the Old Testament, 
its Data and its Doctrine, Congregational lecture 
for 1886. He was co-translator, with Rev. J. S. 
Banks, of Dorner's System of Christian Doctrine, 
Edinburgh, 1880-82, 4 vols. 

CAVEN, William, D.D. (Queen's University, 
Kingston, Ont., 1875), Presbyterian ; b. in parish 
of Kirkcolm, Wigtownshire, Scotland, Dec. 26, 
1830; graduated at Toronto, Ontario, Can., Semi- 
nary of United Presbyterian Church, 1852; be- 
came minister at St. Mary's, Ont., 1852 ; professor 
of exegetical theology and biblical criticism, Knox 
College, Toronto, 1866 ; and principal of the col- 
lege, 1873. He was moderator of the General 
Assembly of the Canada Presbyterian Church, at 
the union of the Presbyterian Churches in 1875; 
president of teachers' association of Ontario, in 
1877 ; and member of the General Councils of the 
Alliance of the Reformed Churches in Edinburgh 
(1877), Philadelphia (1880), and Belfast (1884). He 
has published pamphlets, articles, etc. 

CHADWICK, John White, Unitarian; b. at 
Marblehead, Mass., Oct. 19, 1840; graduated at 
the Harvard Divinity School, 1S64; and ever 
since has been minister of the Second Unitarian 
Society, Brooklyn, N.Y. He is a "radical Uni- 
tarian." His works are Life of N. A. Staples, 
Boston, 1870 ; A Book of Poems, 1876, 7th ed. 
1885; The Faith of Reason, 1879, 2d ed. 1880; 
The Bible of To-day, New York, 1879, 3d ed. 
1882 ; Some Aspects of Religion (16 discourses), 
1879; Belief and Life (do.), 1881; The Man 
Jesus, Boston, 1881, 2d ed. 1882 ; Origin and Des- 
tiny (16 discourses), 1883 ; In Nazareth Town, 
and other Poems, 1883; A Daring Faith (16 dis- 
courses), 1885 ; The Good Voices (poems), Troy, 
N.Y., 1885. 

CHALMERS, William, M.A., D.D. (Aberdeen, 
1867), Presbyterian; b. in Malacca, East Indies, 
April 12, 1812 ; graduated at Aberdeen, 1829 ; 
studied theology in Glasgow and in Edinburgh 
under Dr. Thomas Chalmers ; became minister 
of the Established Church' of Scotland at Aber- 
doui - , Fifeshire, 1836, and at Dailly, Ayrshire, 
1841; of the Free Church at Dailly, 1843; of 
Marylebone Presbyterian Churcn, London, 1845 ; 
professor of apologetic and dogmatic theology 
and church history in the Presbyterian Church of 
England, 1868 ; and principal of the Presbyterian 
Theological College, London, 1880. He has been 
a frequent contributor to periodicals. 

CHAMBERLAIN, Jacob, M.D., D.D. (Rutgers, 
Western Reserve, and Union, all in 1878), Re- 
formed (Dutch) ; b. at Sharon, Litchfield County, 
Conn., April 13, 1835; graduated at Western 
Reserve College, O., 1856, and at Reformed Theo- 
logical Seminary (New Brunswick, N.J.) and at 



CHAMBERS. 



35 



CHARTERIS. 



the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New 
York, in 1859 ; and that December sailed as med- 
ical missionary to India ; stationed in Madras 
Presidency, at Palamanair, 18C0-63, established 
new station at Madanapalli, 1863, and since has 
had charge of both. In 1868 he established a 
hospital and dispensary at the latter place, and 
the same in 1872 at the former. In 1873 he was 
appointed chairman of the committee for bring- 
ing out a new translation of the Old Testament 
from the Hebrew into the Telugu ; in 1879, chair- 
man of committee to revise the Telugu New 
Testament : both works are now (1886) going on. 
In 1878 he was elected vice-president for India, 
of the American Tract Society. Broken health 
compelled a long rest in America, 1874-78 ; revis- 
ited it 1881-86. He translated into Telugu the 
Reformed Church liturgy, Madras, 1873, 2d ed. 
1885; and the "Hymns for Public and Social 
Worship," 1884, 2d ed. 1885 (in all 3,000 copies); 
and has published in English, The Bible tested, 
New York, 1878, 7th ed. 1885 (in all 21,000 
copies) ; Native Churches and Foreign Missionary 
Societies, Madras, 1879 (2,000 copies) ; "Winding 
up a Horse," or Christian Giving, New Yoi'k, 1879, 
2d ed. same year (5,000 copies); "Break Cocoa- 
nuts over the Wheels," or, All pull for Christ, 1885 
(20,000 copies); besides frequent contributions 
to periodicals. 

CHAMBERS, Talbot Wilson, S.T.D. (Columbia 
College, 1853), LL.D. (Rutgers, 1885), Reformed 
(Dutch); b. at Carlisle, Penn., Feb. 25, 1819; 
graduated at Rutgers College, New Brunswick, 
N.J., 1834; studied theology in both the New- 
Brunswick and Princeton Theological Semina- 
ries ; became pastor of the Second Reformed 
Dutch Church, Somerville, N.J., 1839; and one 
of the pastors of the Collegiate Dutch Church of 
New-York City, 1849. He was the Vedder lec- 
turer at New Brunswick in 1875, is chairman of 
the Committee on Versions of the American Bible 
Society, and member of the American Bible Re- 
vision Committee, Old-Testament Company. He 
has published, besides numerous articles, ad- 
dresses, and sermons, The Noon Prayer Meeting 
in Fulton Street, New York, 1857 ; Memoir of 
Theodore Frelinghuysen, 1863; Exposition of Zech- 
ariah, in Scharf-Lange Commentary, 1874; The 
Psalter a Witness to the Divine Origin of the Bible 
(Vedder Lectures), 1875; Companion to the Revised 
Version of the Old Testament, 1885. 

CHANCE, Frank, Church of England, layman; 
b. at Highgate, London, June 22, 1826 ; graduated 
in arts and in medicine at Cambridge (6. A. 1854, 
M.B. 1855, licentiate in medicine 1857); became a 
member of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, 
1856 ; of the Royal College of Physicians, London, 
1859 ; fellow of the latter, 1863. He paid special 
attention to Hebrew while at Cambridge, and 
was Tyrwhitt's University Hebrew scholar in 
1854. Since 1864 his health has prevented his 
continued practice of medicine. He became a 
member of the Old-Testament Company of Bible 
Revisers in 1875. He has translated Virchow's 
Cellular Pathology, London, 1860 ; edited H. H. 
Bernard's Commentary on Job, 1864, re-issued (with 
appendix), 1884; and written many philological 
notes in Notes and Queries. 

CHANN1NC, William Henry, Unitarian, neph- 
ew of William Ellery Channing; b. in Boston, 



May 25, 1810 ; d. in London, Dec. 23, 1884. He 
graduated at Harvard College, 1829, and at the 
Cambridge Divinity School, 1833 ; and was or- 
dained at Cincinnati, May 10, 1839. After hold- 
ing various pastorates in America, he went to 
England in 1857, and succeeded Rev. Dr. James 
Martineau as minister of the Hope-street Unita- 
rian Chapel in Liverpool. He returned to Amer- 
ica in 1866, and became minister of the Unitarian 
Church in Washington, D.C. ; but for the last 
fourteen years of his life he lived in England. 
He was an earnest social reformer and eloquent 
preacher. Besides numerous contributions to 
periodical literature, he published a translation 
of Jouffroy's Introduction to Ethics, Boston, 1840, 
2 vols. ; Memoirs of William Ellery Charming, 
1848, 3 vols. ; Memoirs of Rev. James H. Perkins, 
1851, 2 vols. ; (with R. W. Emerson and J. F. 
Clarke) Memoirs of Margaret Fuller Ossoli, 1851, 
2 vols. ; The Christian Church and Social Reform: 
(edited) W. E. Channing's The Perfect Life (ser- 
mons), 1872. * 

CHANTRE, Daniel Auguste, Lie. Theol. (Ge- 
neva, 1860), French Swiss Protestant ; b. at Gene- 
va. Dec. 21, 1836; educated at the university there, 
1856-60; pastor in the city, 1862; in charge of 
the course of historical theology in the university, 
1881 ; ordinary professor, 1882. He is a "liberal 
theologian." He was one of the founders of L' Alli- 
ance libe'rale, 1869, and Etrenne chre'tienne, 1873; 
and has written much for them, also a few books 
and pamphlets^ 

CHAPONNIERE, Jacques Francois (called 
Francis), Lie. Theol. (Geneva, 1867),' Swiss Prot- 
estant theologian ; b. at Geneva, April 6, 1842 ; 
graduated M.A. at University of Geneva 1862; 
studied theology there until 1866 ; was ordained, 
1867 ; continued his studies in Paris, Germany, 
England, and Scotland, until 1869; returned to 
Geneva in 1870, and, while auxiliary pastor in the 
National Church, lectured in the theological fac- 
ulty of the university nearly every year upon 
New-Testament exegesis or ecclesiastical statis- 
tics, until in 1880 he became chief editor of the 
Semaine Religieuse, the organ of the evangelical 
party in the National Church. From 1873 to 
1875 he was the Genevan correspondent of the 
Paris Christianisme au xix e sfecle. Besides numer- 
ous articles, he has written La question des confes- 
sions de foi au sein du protestantisme coniemporain, 
Geneva, 1867 ; Affirmations religieuses de quelques 
physiciens et naturalistes modernes, 1874 ; Rendez 
a Cesar ce qui est a Cesar, et a Dieu ce qui est a 
Dieu (sermon), 1875 ; Quel doit etre, dans la crise 
actuelle, notre programme eccle'siastique ? 1876 ; La 
revision constitutionnelle et la lutte protestante, 1878; 
L'F^glise nationale evangelique au lendemain de la 
separation, 1880; and has translated Christlieb's 
L'incredulite moderne et les meilleurs moyens de la 
combattre, 1874, and Orelli's L ' immutabilite de 
I'Evangile apostolique, 1880. * 

CHARTERIS, Archibald Hamilton, D.D. (Edin- 
burgh, 1863), Church of Scotland; b. at Wam- 
phray, Dumfriesshire, Dec. 13, 1835 ; graduated 
at Edinburgh University, B.A. 1853, M.A. 1854; 
he became associate and successor minister of St. 
Quivox, 1858 ; minister of New Abbey, 1859 ; of 
the Park Parish, Glasgow, 1863 ; professor of 
biblical criticism, University of Edinburgh, 1868. 
He was the originator and first convener of the 



CHASE. 



36 



CHENERY. 



General Assembly (Church of Scotland) Commit- 
tee on Christian Life and Work (1868), which 
established and edited Life and Work, a journal of 
now 100,000 circulation, and which also founded 
the "Church of Scotland's Young Men's Guild." 
He is one of her Majesty's chaplains, and a dean 
of the Chapel Royal. He has written, besides 
lectures and pamphlets, Life of Professor James 
Robertson, D.D., Edinburgh, 1863; Canonicity : 
a Collection of Early Testimonies to Ike Canonical 
Books of the New Testament, based on Kirchhofer's 
Quellensammlung, 1881 ; The Neiv-Testament Scrip- 
tures, London, 1883. 

CHASE, Thomas, LL.D. (Harvard, 187S), Litt.D. 
(Haverford, 1880), Friend ; b. at Worcester, Mass., 
June 16, 1827 ; graduated at Harvard, 1848 ; stud- 
ied at Berlin, 1854, and at College de France, 
Paris, 1855 ; has been successively tutor and act- 
ing professor of Latin at Harvard, 1850-53; pro- 
fessor of Greek and Latin at Haverford College, 
Penn., 1855, and president since 1875. He was 
a member of the New-Testament Revision Com- 
pany. He has edited Cicero on Immortality, Cam- 
bridge, 1851 ; Vergil's JEneid, Philadelphia, 1868; 
Horace, 1869; First Six Books of ^Eneid, 1870; 
Four Books of Lioy, 187*2 ; Juvenal and Persius, 
1876 (new editions of all these in 1886) ; and has 
written besides articles, pamphlets, etc., Hellas: 
her Monuments and Scenery, Cambridge, 1863 ; A 
Latin 6'?-a?n?Har v Philadelphia, 1882, new ed. 1886. 

CHASTEL, Etienne (Louis), Litt.D. (Geneva, 
1879), D.D. (hon., Strasbourg, 1882), French Swiss 
Protestant ; b. in Geneva, July 11, 1801 ; studied 
theology, particularly church history, at Geneva, 
1819-23 ; in Paris, 1825, 1830; in Italy, 1826-27; 
and in England, 1830; became a pastor in Ge- 
neva, 1832; professor of church history in the 
theological faculty of the city's university, 1839 ; 
emeritus, 1881 (director of the city library, 1845- 
49) ; received the cross of the Legion of Honor, 
1879. He is the author of Conferences sur I'his- 
toire du Christianisme, Geneva, 1839-47, 2 vols. ; 
Histoire de la destruction du paganisme dans I' em- 
pire d'Orient ("couronne par l'Acaddmie des in- 
scriptions et belles-lettres "), 1850 ; Etudes histo- 
riques sur I'influence de la charile durant les premiers 
siecles Chretiens ("couronne par l'Academie fran- 
chise"), Paris, 1853 (German trans., Die chrisl- 
liche Barmherzigkeit, preface by Dr. Wichern, 
Leipzig, 1854; English trans, by G. A. Matile, 
The Charity of the Primitive Church, Philadelphia, 
1857) ; L'lZglise romaine considere'e dans ses rapports 
avec le developpement de I'humanite, Geneva, 1856; 
Desline'es de I'e'cole d'Alexandrie, 1856; Trois con- 
ciles reformateurs au XV e siecle, 1858; Le Chris- 
tianisme et I'Eglise au moyen age, 1859 ; Le Christian- 
isme dans I'dge moderne, i864; Le .Christianisme dans 
les six premiers siecles, 1865; Le Christianisme au 
dix-neuvihne siecle, 1874 (English trans, by Rev. 
John R. Beard, D.D., Christianity in the Nineteenth 
Century, London, 1875) ; new edition of these vol- 
umes chronologically arranged, under the title, 
Histoire du Christianisme depuis son origine jusqu'a 
nos jours, Paris, 1881-83, 5 vols. ; La France et le 
pape (reply to Count de Montalembert), 1860 ; Un 
historien catholique et un critique ultramontain (De 
BrogHe" and Gueranger) ; Le martyre dans les 
premiers siecles de I'Eglise, 1861 ; Les catacombes 
et les inscriptions chre'tiennes de Rome, 1867 ; Le 
cimetiere de Calliste a Rome, 1869 ; J. James Tay- 



lor. Notice biographique, 1873; Lettres ine'dites de 
Madame de Maintenon au lieutenant de Baville, 
1875 ; Fenelon et Bossuet en instance aupres de la 
cour de Rome, 1883. Died Feb. 24, 1886. 

CHEETHAM, Ven. Samuel, D.D. (Cambridge, 
18S0), archdeacon of Rochester, Church of Eng- 
land ; b. at Hambleton, County of Rutland, 
March 3, 1827 ; educated at Christ's College, 
Cambridge; graduated B.A. (first-class in class- 
ics, senior optiine in mathematics) 1850, M.A. 
1853, B.D. 1880; ordained deacon 1851, priest 
1852. He was vice-principal of the Collegiate 
Institute, Liverpool, 1851-53; fellow (1850-66) 
and assistant tutor (1853-58) of Christ's College, 
Cambridge ; vice-principal of the Theological 
College, Chichester, 1861-63 ; professor of pas- 
toral theology in King's College, London, 1863- 
82 ; chaplain of Dulwich College, 1866-84 ; arch- 
deacon of Southwark 1879-82, and of Rochester 
since 1882 ; and since 1883 has been canon of 
Rochester, and honorary fellow of Christ's College, 
Cambridge. He is also honorary fellow of King's 
College, London, and since 1880 examining chap- 
lain to the bishop of Rochester. He has written, 
besides numerous articles, e.g., on Barrow, Jer- 
emy Taylor, and South, in The Quarterly Review, 
The Law of the Land and the Law of the Mind, 
London, 1866; Colleges and Tests, 1871; and 
edited, with Dr. William Smith, Dictionary of 
Christian Antiquities, 1875-80, 2 vols., for which 
he wrote largely himself. 

CHEEVER, George Ban-ell, D.D. (New-York 
University, 1844), Congregatioualist ; b. at Hallo- 
well, Me., April 17, 1807; graduated at Bowdoin 
College, Brunswick, Me., 1825, and at Andover 
Theological Seminary, 1830. He was pastor of the 
Howard-street (Congregational) Church, Salem, 
Mass., 1833-36; in Europe, 1836-38; pastor of 
the AJlen-street Presbyterian Church, New-York 
City, 1839-44 ; editor of The New- York Evangel- 
ist, 1845; pastor of the (Congregational) Church 
of the Puritans, New York, 1846-70 ; since 1871 
has lived in Englewood, N.J., without pastoral 
charge. He distinguished himself by the advo- 
cacy of total abstinence and of the abolition of 
slavery. Of his numerous writings may be men- 
tioned, Inquire at Amos Giles's Distillery, Salem, 
1835 (this attack upon drink led to his being tried 
for libel, and imprisoned for thirty days) ; God's 
Hand in America, New York, 1841 ; Lectures on 
Hierarchical Despotism, 1842 ; Lectures on The Pil- 
qrim's Progress, 1843 ; Journal and Diary of the 
'Pilgrims of Plymouth, 1848 ; The Hill Difficulty, 
with other Miscellanies, 1849 ; Punishment by Death : 
its Authority and Expediency, 1849; Windings of 
the River of the Water of Life, 1849 ; Wanderings 
of a Pilgrim in the Alps, 1S50; A Reel in a Bottle, 
for Jack in the Doldrums, 1850 (revised ed. under 
title, The Log-Book of a Voyage to the Celestial 
Country, 1885); Voices of Nature to her Foster- 
Child, the Soul of Man, 1852; Powers of the World 
to Come, 1853, 2d ed. 1856 ; Discipline of Time 
for Life and Immortality, 1854 ; Life, Genius, and 
Insanity of Cowper, 1856; God against Slavery, 
1857; Right of the Bible in our Public Schools, 1858; 
Guilt of Slavery demonstrated from the Hebrew 
and Greek Scriptures, 1860 ; Faith, Doubt, and 
Evidence, 1881 ; God's Timepiece for Man's Eter- 
nity, 1883. 

CHENERY, Thomas, b. in Barbadoes in the 



CHENEY. 



37 



CHRISTLIEB. 



year 1826 ; d. in London, Feb. 11, 1884. He was 
educated at Eton and at Caius College, Cam- 
bridge ; practised law for a while ; became lord 
almoner's professor of Arabic at Oxford, 1868 ; 
made member of the second class of the Imperial 
Order of the Medjedie by the Sultan, 1869 : 
appointed an Old- Testament reviser by the Con- 
vocation of Canterbury, 1870 ; resigned his pro- 
fessorship, and became editor of the London 
Times, 1877. He was honorary secretary to the 
Royal Asiatic Society. He translated The Assem- 
blies of Al Hariri, with notes, London, 1867; and 
edited the Machberoth Ithiel, by Yehudah ben 
Shelomo Alkharizi, 1872. 

CHENEY, Charles Edward, D.D. (Iowa College, 
1871), Reformed Episcopalian, b. at Canandai- 
gua, Ontario County, N.Y., Feb. 12, 1836; grad- 
uated at Hobart College, Geneva, 1857, and at 
the Protestant-Episcopal Theological Seminary of 
Virginia, 1859 ; was assistant minister St. Luke's 
Church, Rochester, N.Y., 1858-59; in charge St. 
Paul's Church, Havana, N.Y., 1859-60; since 
1860 has been rector of Christ Church, Chicago. 
He was consecrated a bishop of the Reformed 
Episcopal Church, Dec. 14, 1873. In theology he 
is " distinctively evangelical, endeavoring to hold 
and teach all that was characteristic of the old- 
fashioned Low-Church element in the Protestant- 
Episcopal Church." He has published sermons, 
addresses, etc., and a volume of Sermons, Chicago, 
1880. 

CHEYNE, Thomas Kelly, D.D. (Edinburgh, 
18S4), Church of England, b. in London, Sept. 
18, 1841 ; educated at Worcester College, Oxford ; 
graduated B.A., 1862; was Kennicott Hebrew 
scholar 1863, Ellerton theological prizeman 1863, 
Pusey and Ellerton Hebrew scholar 1864, chan- 
cellor's English essayist 1864, M.A., 1865; or- 
dained deacon 1864, priest 1865; and in 1868 
gained a fellowship in Balliol College, Oxford, on 
the ground of Shemitic and biblical attainments. 
From 1870 to 1881 he was Hebrew and divinity 
lecturer, also chaplain and librarian, in Balliol 
College. He was a member of the Old-Testament 
Revision Company. In January, 1881, he became 
rector of Tendring, Essex, near London, thus 
vacating his fellowship ; in 1885 was appointed 
Oriel professor of the interpretation of Holy 
Scripture at Oxford. Pie is the author of Notes 
and Criticisms on the Hebrew Text of Isaiah, Lon- 
don, 1869 ; The Book of Isaiah, chronologically 
arranged, 1870; (with Dr. Driver) The Variorum 
Bible, 1876, 2d ed. 1880 (remarkable for its "mi- 
nute acquaintance with critical literature ") ; The 
Prophecies of Isaiah (a new translation with com- 
mentary and appendices), 1880-81, 2 vols., 3d 
ed. 1884 ; Micah (1882) and Hosea (1884) in The 
Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges; Jere- 
miah (1883-84), in The Pulpit Commentary ; The 
Book of Psalms (1884), a new translation, in The 
Parchment Library. He has also contributed to 
the ninth edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica 
the articles on Cosmogony, Daniel, Deluge, Isaiah, 
Jeremiah, etc. 

CHINIQUY, Charles, Presbyterian, b. of Roman- 
Catholic parents at Kamoraska, Province of Que- 
bec, Can., July 30, 1809 ; educated at the college 
of Nicolet, Can., 1822-29 ; professor of belles- 
lettres there till 1833 ; ordained a Roman-Cath- 
olic priest, Sept. 21, 1833 ; was vicar in Quebec 



till 1838; curate of Beauport till 1842; curate 
of Kamoraska till 1846 ; officially called " apostle 
of temperance of Canada" till 1851, when called 
by Bishop Vandevelde of Chicago to direct the 
tide of Roman-Catholic emigration towards the 
prairies of Illinois ; in 1858 left the Church of 
Rome, with his entire congregation at St. Anne, 
Kankakee County, 111., and joined the Canadian 
Presbyterian Church. He has been called three 
times to lecture in England (1860, 1874, 1882), 
and in Australia (1S78-80). He is the author of 
Manual of Temperance, in French, Quebec, 1843 
(2d and 3ded., Montreal, 1849 ; in English, Mont- 
real, 1849) ; The Priest, the Woman, and the Con- 
fessional, in English, St. Anne, Kankakee County, 
111., 1874 (six editions in the United States, five 
in England, four in Canada, four in Australia ; 
in French, by author, 1876, three editions in Can- 
ada, two in Paris, one in Brussels ; in Italian, 
Rome, 1879 ; in Spanish, 1880 ; in Danish, 1884) ; 
Fifty Years in the Church of Rome, Chicago, 1st 
and 2d ed., 1885; besides minor treatises, all of 
which have been widely circulated. 

CHINNERY-HALDANE, Right Rev. James 
Robert Alexander, lord bishop of Argyll and 
the Isles, Episcopal Church of Scotland; b. in 
the year 1841 ; educated at Trinity College, 
Cambridge, where he took the degree of LL.B. 
1864; was ordained deacon 1866, priest 1867; 
curate of Calne, 1866-69 ; of All Saints, Edin- 
burgh, 1867-76 ; incumbent of St. Bride's, Nether 
Lochaber, 1876 ; of St. John, Ballachulish, and 
of St. Mary, Glencoe, 1879 ; honorary canon of 
the Cathedral of Argyll and the Isles, 1879 ; dean 
of Argyll and the Isles, 1881-83 ; consecrated 
bishop, 1883. * 

CHRISTLIEB, Theodor, Ph.D. (Tubingen, 
1857), D.D. (hon., Berlin, 1870), German Evangel- 
ical theologian, b. at Birkenfeld, Wiirtemberg, 
March 7, 1833; studied at Tubingen, 1851-55; 
became pastor of the German congregation in 
Islington, London, N., 1858, where he built the 
first German United Church (comprehending 
Lutherans and Reformed) ; town-pastor at Fried- 
richshafen, Lake of Constance, 1865, being called 
thither by the King of Wiirtemberg, who resides 
there during the summer ; professor of practical 
theology and university preacher at Bonn, 1868. 
He is a Kiright of the Red Eagle. In 1873 he 
attended the Evangelical Alliance Conference in 
New York, and read a paper (Monday, Oct. 6, 1873) 
upon The Best Methods of counteracting Modern 
Infidelity, subsequently separately issued in Eng- 
lish, New York, 1873; in German, Gutersloh, 
1874 ; in French, Paris, 1874 ; in Dutch, Swedish, 
Danish, Italian, and Greek. He has written, 
tracts, etc., Leben und Lehre des Johannes Scotus 
Erigena, Gotha, 1860 ; Moderne Zweifel am christ- 
lichen Glauben, St. Gall, 1868; 2d ed. Bonn, 1870 
(English trans., Modern Doubt and Christian Belief, 
Edinburgh and New York, 1874, 4th ed. 1879); 
Dr. Karl Bernhard Hundeshagen ; eine Lebensskizze, 
Gotha, 1873 ; (editor) Hundeshagens ausgewdhlte 
kleinere Schriften und Abhandlungen, 1874-75, 2 
vols. ; Der Missionsberuf des eeangelischen Deutsch- 
lands nach Idee und Geschichte, Gutersloh, 1876 ; 
Der indobritische Opiumhandel und seine Wirkungen, 
1878 (English trans., The Indo-British Opium Trade 
and its Effects, London, 1879, 2d ed. 1881 ; French 
trans., Paris, 1879); Der gegenwartige Stand der 



CHURCH. 



38 



CLARK. 



evangelischen Heidenmission : eine Weltiiberschau, 
1879, 4th ed. 1880 (English trans., Protestant For- 
eign Missions, their Present State, London, 1880, 
3d ed. 1881 ; Boston, 1st and 2d ed. 1880, Protes- 
tant Missions to the Heathen, a General Survey, Cal- 
cutta, 1st to 3d ed. 1882; French trans., Lausanne, 
1880; Swedish, Stockholm, 1880; Norwegian, 
Kristiania, 1881) ; Zur method istischen Frage in 
Deutschland, Bonn, 1st and 2d ed., 1882; Die reli- 
giose Gleichgilltigkeit und die besten Miltel zu Hirer 
Bekampfung, Magdeburg, 1st and 2d ed., 1885. 
Since 1874 he has been co-editor of the Allge- 
meine Missionszeitschrift, Giitersloh. He is pres- 
ident of the West German Branch of the Evan- 
gelical Alliance, and attended as delegate the 
General Conferences of New York (1873), Basel 
(1879), and Copenhagen (1884). 

CHURCH, Pharceflus, D.D. (Madison Univer- 
sity, N.Y., 1847), Baptist; b. at Seneca, near 
Geneva, Ontario County, N.Y., Sept. 11, 1801; 
educated for the ministry at Hamilton, N.Y. ; 
became pastor at Poultnev, Vt., 1825; in Provi- 
dence, R.I. (Central Church), 1828; in New 
Orleans, La., 1834; of the First Church, Roches- 
ter, N.Y., 1835; of the Bowdoin-square Church, 
Boston, Mass., 1848; resigned in consequence of 
disease induced by many years of exciting evan- 
gelistic labors, 1852 ; was occasional supply of 
destitute churches in Montreal and Williams- 
burg; from 1855 to 1865 was editor and propri- 
etor of The New-York Chronicle, merged in The 
Examiner (1865) ; since 1870 he has lived in 
retirement at Tarrytown, N.Y. He was baptized 
in Lake Ontario, June, 1815. During 1848 he 
devoted himself to the movement which gave be- 
ing to the Rochester University and Theological 
Seminary. In 1846 he attended the Evangelical 
Alliance meeting in London, and was shipwrecked 
on his way home, on the coast of Ireland, and 
compelled to return to Liverpool. He is the 
author of The Philosophy of Benevolence, New 
York, 1836 ; Religious Dissensions, their Cause and 
Cure (prize essay of $200), 1838; Address at 
the dedication of Mount Hope Cemetery, Roches- 
ter, N.Y., 1838; Antioch, or the Increase of Moral 
Power in the Church, 1842 ; Pentecost (sermon to 
the Missionary Union at Albany), 1843 ; Memoir 
of Theodosia Dean (wife of Dr. William Dean, 
missionary to China), Boston, 1850; Mapleton, or 
More Work for the Maine Law (a temperance 
tale), Montreal, 1853 ; Seed Truths (written in 
Bonn on the Rhine), 1870 ; and of many articles 
in periodicals. 

CHURCH, Very Rev. Richard William, dean of 
St. Paul's, London, Church of England ; b. at 
Cintra, April 25, 1815; educated at Wadham 
College, Oxford; graduated B.A. (first-class in 
classics) 1836, M.A. 1839, Hon. D.C.L. 1875. 
He was fellow of Oriel College, 1838-53 ; junior 
proctor, 1844-45 ; was ordained deacon 1838, 
priest 1850; rector of Whatley, near Frome-Sel- 
wood, 1853-71 ; select preacher at Oxford, 1869, 
1875, 1881 ; on Sept. 6, 1871, appointed dean of 
St. Paul's ; elected honorary fellow of Oriel Col- 
lege, 1873. He has published, beside single lec- 
tures and sermons, The Catechetical Lectures of 
St. Cyril, translated with Notes (Library of the 
Fathers), London, 1841 ; Essays and Reviews, 
1854; Sermons preached before the University of 
Oxford, 1868, 2d ed. 1869; Life of St. Anselm, 



1871, 2d ed. 1877; The Beginnings of the Middle 
Ages, 1877; Human Life and its Conditions : Ser- 
mons preached before the University of Oxford in 
1876-78, with three Ordination Sermons, 1878; 
Dante : an Essay (with translation of De Mo- 
norchia by F. J. Church), 1878 (first issued, 
without the translation, in 1850); Spenser, 1879 ; 
Gifts of Civilization, and other Sermons and Lec- 
tures, 1880 (includes the separately published lec- 
tures, Civilization before and after Christianity, 
1872 ; On some Influences of Christianity upon Na- 
tional Character, 1873; On the Sacred Poetry of 
Early Religions, 1874) ; Bacon, 1884 ; The Disci- 
pline of the Christian Character, 1885. 

CHURCHILL, John Wesley, Congregational- 
ist; b. at Fairlee, Vt., May 26, 1839; graduated 
at Harvard College, 1865 ; and at Andover Theo- 
logical Seminary, 1868, in which he has been 
since 1869 Jones professor of pulpit delivery, and 
co-pastor of the chapel church. He is co-editor 
of The Andover Review. 

CLAPP, Alexander Huntington, D.D. (Iowa 
College, 1868), Congregationalist ; b. at Worth- 
ington, Mass., Sept. 1, 1818; graduated at Yale 
College, 1842, and at Andover Theological Sem- 
inary, 1845 (studied 1842-44 at Yale Theological 
Seminary); was pastor at Brattleborough, Vt., 
1846-53 ; of the Beneficent Church, Providence, 
R.I., 1855-65; secretary of the American Home 
Missionary Society, New- York City, 1865-78 ; 
since 1878 its treasurer ; and since 1875 New- York 
editor of The Congregationalist, Boston, Mass. 
He has published occasional sermons, etc. 

CLARK, George Whitfield, D.D. (Rochester 
University, 1872), Baptist; b. at South Orange, 
N.J., Feb. 15, 1831 ; graduated at Amherst Col- 
lege 1853, and' at Rochester Theological Semi- 
nary 1855; became pastor at New Market, N.J., 
1855 ; at Elizabeth, N.J., 1859 ; at Ballston, N.Y., 
1868; at Somerville, N.J., 1873; retired broken 
in health, 1877; since 1880 has been doing mis- 
sionary, collecting, and literary work for the Amer- 
ican Baptist Publication Society. He is the 
author of History of the First Baptist Church, Eliz- 
abeth, N.J., Newark, N.J., 1863; New Harmony 
of the Four Gospels in English, New York, 1870, 
Philadelphia, 1873 ; Notes on Matthew, New York, 
1870, Philadelphia, 1873 ; do. on Mark, Philadel- 
phia, 1873; do. on Luke, 1876; do. on John, 1879; 
Harmonic Arrangement of the Acts, 1S84; Brief 
Notes on the Gospels, 1884. 

CLARK, Joseph Bourne, D.D. (Amherst Col- 
lege, 1884), Congregationalist; b. at Sturbridge, 
Mass., Oct. 7, 1836; graduated at Amherst Col- 
lege, Mass., 1858, and at Andover Theological 
Seminary, 1861 ; became pastor at Yarmouth, 
Mass., 1861 ; Newton, 1868; Jamaica Plain (Cen- 
tral Church), Boston, 1872 ; secretary of the Mas- 
sachusetts Home Missionary Society, 1879 ; secre- 
tary of the American Home Missionary Society, 
1S82. He is the author of seven occasional ser- 
mons, printed by request while pastor at Yar- 
mouth, Newton, and Boston ; twelve sermons in 
the Monday Club volumes, Boston, 1878-80 ; three 
papers read before the Annual Meetings of the 
American Home Missionary Society at Saratoga, 
18S3, 1884, 1885. 

CLARK, Nathaniel George, D.D. (Union Col- 
lege, New York, 1866), LL.D. (University of Ver- 
mont, 1875), Congregationalist; b. at Calais, Vt., 



CLARK. 



39 



COE. 



Jan. 18, 1825 ; graduated at University of Ver- 
mont 1845, and at Auburn Theological Semi- 
nary 1852 ; studied in Germany, 1852-53 ; was 
tutor in the University of Vermont, 1819 ; became 
professor of Latin and English literature there, 
1853 ; of logic, rhetoric, and English literature, 
Union College, Schenectady, N.Y., 1863; one of 
the secretaries of the American Board of Com- 
missioners for Foreign Missions, 1865. He has 
written upon The English Language, New York, 
1861 ; occasional articles in reviews, papers be- 
fore the American Board on various missionary 
themes, etc. 

CLARK, Right Rev. Thomas March, D.D. 
(Union College, 1851), S.T.D. (Brown University, 
1860), LL.D. (Cambridge University, 1867), Epis- 
copalian ; b. at Newburyport, Mass., July 4, 1812 ; 
graduated at Yale College, 1831 ; studied two 
years in Princeton Theological Seminary (1833- 
35) ; was licensed by Presbytery at Newbury- 
port, 1835 ; ordained priest in the Episcopal 
Church, 1836 ; became rector of Grace Church, 
Boston, Mass., 1836 ; of St. Andrew's Church, 
Philadelphia, Penn., 1843 ; assistant minister of 
Trinity Church, Boston, Mass., 1847; rector of 
Christ Church, Hartford, Conn., 1851; bishop 
of Rhode Island, 1854. He has published Early 
Discipline and Culture, Hartford, 1852, Providence, 
1855 ; Lectures on the Formation of Character, 
Hartford, 1853, revised ed. under title Dew of 
Youth, Boston ; Primary Truths of Religion, New 
York and London, 1869. 

CLARKE, James Freeman, D.D. (Harvard Col- 
lege, 1863), Unitarian ; b. at Hanover, N.H., April 
4, 1810 ; graduated at Harvard College 1829, and 
at the Cambridge Divinity School 1833 ; pastor at 
Louisville, Ky., 1833-40; and of the Church of 
the Disciples, Boston, 1841-50, and from 1853 to 
the present time. He has published, besides nu- 
merous sermons, poems, and articles in periodi- 
cals, a translation of De Wette's Theodore, Bos- 
ton, 1840, 2 vols. ; and of Hase's Life of Jesus, 
1881 ; and also Service-Book and Hymn-Book for 
the Church of the Disciples, 1844, revised ed. 1856 ; 
Life and Military Services of Gen. William Hull, 
1848 ; Christian Doctrine of Forgiveness, 1852 ; 
Eleven Weeks in Europe, 1852 ; Memoir of the 
Marchioness d' Ossoli, 1852 ; Christian Doctrine of 
Prayer, 1854, 2d ed. 1856, new ed. 1874 ; The 
Hour which Cometh and Now Ls (sermons), 1864, 
3d ed. 1877 ; Orthodoxy : its Truths and its Errors, 
1866, 8th ed. 1885; The Ten Great Religions, 
1870-83, 2 vols., 1st vol. 22d ed. 1886, 2d vol. 5th 
ed. 1886 ; Steps of Belief, 1870 ; Common Sense in 
Religion (essays), 1874 ; Exotics, Translations in 
Verse, 1876 ; Go up Higher, or Religion in Com- 
mon Life, 1877 ; Essentials and Non-Essentials in 
Religion, 1878; How to Find the Stars, 1878; 
Memorial and Biographical Sketches, 1878 ; Self- 
Culture, Physical, Intellectual, Moral, and Spirit- 
ual, 1880, 11th ed. 1886; Events and Epochs in 
Religious History, 1881 ; Legend of Thomas Didy- 
mus, the Jewish Sceptic, 1881; Anti-Slavery Days: 
Sketch of the Struggle which ended in the Abolition 
of Slavery in the United States, New York, 1883 ; 
Ideas of the Apostle Paul, translated into their Mod- 
ern Equivalents, Boston, 1884 ; Manual of Unita- 
rian Belief, 1884; Every-day Religion, 1886. 

CLARKE, William Newton, D.D. (Madison Uni- 
versity, N.Y., 1878), Baptist ; b. at Cazenovia, 



N.Y., Dec. 2, 1841; graduated at Madison Uni- 
versity, N.Y., 1861, and at Hamilton Theological 
Seminary 1S63 ; became pastor at Keene, N.H., 
1863; Newton Centre, Mass., 1869; Montreal, 
Can., 1S80 ; professor of New-Testament inter- 
pretation in the Toronto Baptist (theological) 
College, Can., 1883. He is the author of the 
commentary on Mark in The Complete Commen- 
tary on the New Testament, edited by Dr. Hovey, 
Philadelphia, 1881 sq. 

CLAUCHTON, Right Rev. Thomas Legh, D.D. 
(Oxford, 1867), lord bishop of St. Albans, Church 
of England ; b. at Haydock Lodge, Lancashire, 
Nov. 6, 1808 ; educated at Trinity College, Ox- 
ford ; won the prize for Latin verse, and the 
Newdigate prize, 1829; graduated B.A. (first- 
class classics) 1831, M.A. 1834; was public ex- 
aminer at Oxford, 1835-36 ; ordained deacon 
1834, priest 1836 ; vicar of Kidderminster, 1841- 
67 ; honorary canon of Worcester, 1845-67 ; pro- 
fessor of poetry at Oxford, 1852-62 ; consecrated 
bishop of Rochester, 1867 ; translated to St. Al- 
bans, 1877. * 

CLIFFORD, John, D.D. (Bates College, O., 
U.S.A., 1883), F.C.S. (1875), General Baptist 
(New Connection) ; b. at Sawley, near Derby, 
Eng., Oct. 16, 1836 ; educated at the Nottingham 
General Baptist Theological College, 1855-58, 
and at University College, London, 1858-66, tak- 
ing the London University degrees of B.Sc. (1862) 
with honors in geology, logic, and moral philoso- 
phy; M.A. (1864) with first honor ; LL.B. (1866) 
with honors in principles of legislation. Since 
1858 he has been pastor of the Westbourne-park 
Church, Paddington, London. He was president 
of the General Baptist Association, 1872; and 
secretary, 1876-78, of the London Baptist Asso- 
ciation ; president, 1879 ; and from 1870 to 1883 
(inclusive), edited The General Baptist Magazine. 
He is the author of Familiar Talks, London, 1872 ; 
George Mostyn, 1874; Is Life icorth Living? an 
Eightfold Answer, 1880, 5th ed. 1886; English 
Baptists : Who they are, and what they have done 
(edited), 1883, 2d ed- 1884 ; Daily Strength for 
Daily Living, Expositions of Old-Testament Themes, 
1885; The Dawn of Manhood : a Book for Young 
Men, 1886. 

COBB, Levi Henry, D.D. (Dartmouth College, 
N.H., 1881), Congregationalist ; b. at Cornish, 
Sullivan County, N.H., June 30, 1827 ; graduated 
at Dartmouth College 1854, and at Andover The- 
ological Seminary, Mass., 1857; became pastor at 
North Andover, Mass., 1857; superintendent of 
schools, Memphis, Tenn., 1864; instructor in nat- 
ural sciences and Latin in Kimball Union Acad- 
emy, Meriden, N.H., 1865; pastor at Springfield, 
Vt., 1867 ; superintendent of home missions in 
Minnesota, 1874 ; in the Rocky-Mountain district, 
1881 ; secretary of the American Congregational 
Union, New- York City, 1882. He was invited to 
the pastorate of Congregational churches at Fari- 
bault, Minn., 1873, and Lawrence, Kan., 1876. 
Besides numerous articles in The Congregational- 
ist, The Advance, etc., he has written Biography 
ofE. Adams Knight, M.D., Springfield, Vt., 1872 ; 
Biography of Deacon Oren Locke, 1872 ; since 1883 
has edited The Church Building Quarterly of the 
American Congregational Union. 

COE, David Benton, D.D. (Middlebury Col- 
lege, Vt., 1857), Congregationalist ; b. at Gran- 



COIT. 



40 



CONANT. 



ville, Mass., Aug. 16, 1814; graduated at Yale 
College, New Haven, Conn., 1837, and at Yale 
Divinity School, 1810 ; was tutor in Yale Col- 
lege, 1839-40; pastor (Congregational) at Milford, 
Conn., 1S40-44; of Allen-street Presbyterian, 
New- York City, 1844-49 ; district secretary of the 
A. B. C. F. M. 1849-51 ; corresponding secretary 
of the American Home Missionary Society, 1851- 
82, and since has been honorary secretary. He 
is a moderate Calvinist. 

COIT, Thomas Winthrop, D.D. (Columbia Col- 
lege, New- York City, 1834), LL.D. (Trinity Col- 
lege, Hartford, Conn., 1853), Episcopalian ; b. at 
New London, Conn , June 28, 1803 ; d. at Mid- 
dletown, Conn., June 21, 1885. He graduated 
at Yale College, 1821 ; was rector of St. Peter's 
Church, Salem, Mass., 1827-29 ; of Christ Church, 
Cambridge, Mass., 1829-34; president and pro- 
fessor of moral philosophy, Transylvania Univer- 
sity, Lexington, Ky., 1834-37; rector of Trinity 
Church, New Rochelle, N.Y., 1837-49; professor 
of ecclesiastical history in Trinity College, Hart- 
ford, Conn., 1849-54 ; rector of St. Paul's Church, 
Troy, N.Y., 1854-72; professor of ecclesiastical 
history in the Berkeley (Episcopalian) Divinity 
School, Middletown, Conn., 1872 till his death. 
He edited The Bible in Paragraphs and Parallel- 
urns, Boston, 1831 ; Townsend' s Chronological Bible 
(with notes), 1837-38, 2 vols. ; and wrote The 
Theological Commonplace Book, Boston, 1832, re- 
vised ed. 1857 ; Remarks on Norton's " Statement 
of Reasons," 1833 ; Puritanism : or, a Churchman's 
Defence against its Aspersions, 1844; Exclusiveness 

(a lecture), Troy, 1855, 3d ed. ; Lectures on 

the Early History of Christianity in England, with 
Sermons on Several Occasions, 1S60 ; Necessity of 
preaching Doctrine : Sermons, 1860 ; Sameness of 
Words no Hinderance to Devotion (a sermon), 3d 
ed. . * 

COLLIER, Robert Laird, D.D. (Iowa State Uni- 
versity, 1865), Unitarian; b. at Salisbury, Md., 
Aug. 7, 1837; graduated at Boston University, 
1858 ; was pastor of the Church of the Messiah, 
Chicago, 1861-74; Second Church, Boston, 1876- 
80; supplied pulpits at Leicester, Bradford, and 
Birmingham, Eng., 1880-85; and since has been 
pastor in Kansas City, Mo. He is " a Channing, 
or conservative, Unitarian, holding to free reason- 
ing in religion and in the use of the evangelical 
spirit and methods." For the past twenty years 
has lectured on literary and social topics in the 
United States and Great Britain, and has written 
for the press and periodicals of these countries. 
He is the author of Every-day Subjects in Sunday 
Sermons, Boston, 1874, several editions; Medita- 
tions on the Essence of Christianity, 1878, several 
editions ; English Home Life, 1885. 

COLLYER, Robert, Unitarian; b. at Keighly, 
Yorkshire, Eng., Dec. 8, 1823; educated in the 
country-school of Fewston, Yorkshire ; was a mill- 
hand at eight years, and a blacksmith at fourteen ; 
emigrated to America in 1850; was a hammer- 
maker at Shoemakertown, Montgomery, Penn., 
all the while, however, making good use of his 
leisure time in study. From 1849 to 1859 he was 
a Methodist local preacher ; but converted to 
Unitarian views, he went to Chicago, 111., and took 
charge of a Unitarian mission among the poor, 
but soon after was chosen pastor of the Unity 
Church there, and so remained until in September, 



1879, he came to his present charge, the Church 
of the Messiah, New- York City. He has pub- 
lished Nature ami Life (sermons), Boston, 1865, 
11th ed. 1S82 ; A Man in Earnest (a biography of 
Rev. A. H. Conant), 1868 ; The Life that Now Is 
(sermons), 1871, 10th ed. 1882 ; The Simple Truth, 
1877 ; History of Ilkley, Ancient and Modern, 
London, 1886. 

COMBA, Emilio, D.D. (St. Andrew's, Scotland, 
1885), Waldensian ; b. at San Germano, Walden- 
sian Valleys, Province of Turin, Italy, Aug. 31, 
1839 ; studied at Torre-Pellice and Geneva (under 
Merle d'Aubigne) ; ordained in 1863, and until 
1872 was an evangelist, chiefly at Venice. In 
September, 1872, he entered upon his present po- 
sition, professor of historical theology and homi- 
letics in the Waldensian College, Florence. He 
has published, besides an Italian translation from 
the German of Luthardt's Fundamental Truths, 
and from the English of Killen's Old Catholic 
Church, Storia della Riforma in Ltalia, Florence, 
vol. i., 1881; and edits Biblioteca della Riforma 
Italiana, Sec. XVI., 1883 sqq. (reprints of books 
and manuscripts of Italian reformers of the six- 
teenth century), in which have appeared Trattatelli 
di P. P. Vergerio, e sua storia di Francesco Spiera, 
1883, 2 vols. ; II credo di P. M. Vermigli ed il 
catechismo di Eidelberga, 1883; Istruzione Christiana 
e comparazioni di Giovanni Valdes e trattato della 
Vera Chiesa di P. M. Vermigli, 1884 ; Dialoghi sette 
del Rev. Padre Frate Bernardino Occhino Senese, 
Generate dei Frati Cappuccini, 1884. 

COMPTON, Right Rev. Lord Alwyne Spen- 
cer, D.D. (Cambridge, 1879), lord bishop of Ely, 
Church of England; b. in England in the year 
1825; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, 
graduated M.A. (wrangler) 1848; ordained dea- 
con 1850, priest 1851; was rector of Castle Ashby, 
Northamptonshire, 1852-79; honorary canon of 
Peterborough, 1856-79 ; proctor of the diocese 
of Peterborough, 1857-74 ; rural dean of Preston 
Deanery, 1874-75 ; archdeacon of Oakham, 1875- 
79; dean of Worcester, 1879-85; appointed bishop, 
1885. * 

CONANT, Thomas Jefferson, D.D. (Middle- 
bury, 1844), Baptist; b at Brandon, Vt., Dec. 13, 
1802; studied at Middlebury College, Vt. (Hebrew 
and German in addition to usual course), grad- 
uated 1823 ; took a post-graduate course of two 
years in Greek and Hebrew with Professor Robert 
B. Patton ; was tutor in Columbian College (now 
Columbian University), Washington, D.C., 1825- 
27 ; successively professor of the Latin, Greek, 
and German languages in Waterville College 
(now Colby University), Waterville, Me., 1827- 
33; of languages and biblical literature in Ham- 
ilton Literary and Theological Institution (now 
Madison University and Theological Seminary), 
Hamilton, N.Y., 1835-51; and of the Hebrew 
language and biblical exegesis in Rochester (N.Y.) 
Theological Seminary, 1851-57. In 1857 he re- 
signed his professorship in order to revise the 
English Version of the Bible for the American 
Bible Union, and in this work was engaged many 
years. He was a member of the American Old- 
testament Revision Company. He is the author 
of a translation of the eleventh edition of Gese- 
nius' Hebrew Grammar, Boston, 1839 ; and of the 
seventeenth edition (by Rodiger) with grammat- 
ical exercises and a chrestomathy by the trans- 



CONRAD. 



41 



COOK. 



lator, New York, 1S51, latest and revised edition 
1877 ; Defence of the Hebrew Grammar of Gese- 
nius against Professor Stuart's Translation, by the 
Original Translator, New York, 1847 ; Job, Revised 
Version and Notes (with and without Hebrew 
text), 1856; Matthew, Revised Version (Greek text 
with critical and philological notes), 1860 ; Bapti- 
zein, its Meaning and Use philologically and histor- 
ically investigated, 1860 (quarto), 1864 (8vo); Gen- 
esis, Introduction, a Revised Version, and Explana- 
tory Notes, 1868 and 1873; The New Testament, 
Common Version revised, 1871 ; Psalms, Introduc- 
tion, Common Version revised, with occasional Notes, 
1871 ; Proverbs, Introduction, Revised Version, and 
Notes (with and without Hebrew text), 1872; Greek 
Text of the Apocalypse, as edited by Erasmus, 1873; 
Prophecies of Isaiah, chapters i.-xiii. 22. Transla- 
tion, Explanatory Notes, and Notes Critical and 
Philological on the Hebrew Text, 1874 ; Historical 
Books oj the Old Testament, Joshua to 2 Kings; 
Introduction, Common Version revised, and occa- 
sional Notes, Philadelphia, 1884. 

CONRAD, Frederick William, D.D. (Witten- 
berg College, Springfield. O., 1864), Lutheran; b. 
at Pinegrove, Schuylkill County, Penn., Jan. 3, 
1816; studied at Mount Airy College, German- 
town, 1828-31 ; was collector of tolls on the 
Union Canal and Railroad at Pinegrove, 1834- 
41 ; student of theology at Gettysburg, 1837-39 ; 
pulpit supply in and around Pinegrove, 1839-41 ; 
pastor at Waynesboro, 1841-44 ; at Hagerstown, 
Md. (St. John's), 1844-50; professor of modern 
languages in Wittenberg College, and of church 
history and homiletics in the theological depart- 
ment, 1850-55 ; associate editor, with his brother 
Professor V. L. Conrad, of The Evangelical Lu- 
theran, 1851-55; pastor at Dayton, O. (Zion's 
English Lutheran Church), 1855-62 ; at Lancaster, 
Penn. (Holy Trinity), 1862-64 (joint owner and 
editor Lutheran Observer, Baltimore, Md., 1862- 
66) ; at Chambersburg, 1864-66 ; pastor of Mes- 
siah Lutheran Church, Philadelphia, 1866-72 ; 
editor-in-chief of The Lutheran Observer, Philadel- 
phia, since 1867. Through his exertions he in- 
creased the endowments of Pennsylvania College, 
and of the theological seminary at Gettysburg, and 
of Wittenberg and Carthage Colleges, by $200,000. 
He has frequently lectured in these colleges, con- 
tributed to The Evangelical Review and The Lu- 
theran Quarterly. Several of these latter contri- 
butions have been republished: e.g., The Lutheran 
Doctrine of Baptism, 1874; An Analysis of Luther s 
Small Catechism, 1875 ; The Evangelical Lutheran 
Church, 1883; The Call to the Ministry, 18S3, The 
Liturgical Question, 1884. 

CONVERSE, Francis Bartlett, Presbyterian 
(Southern Church); b. in Richmond, Va., June 
23, 1836 ; graduated at the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, Philadelphia, 1856 ; studied for two years 
(1859) in Princeton Theological Seminary : was 
stated supply of Olivet Church, New Kent County, 
Va., 1861-62 ; became associate editor of The 
Christian Observer, now published at Louisville, 
Ky., 1857; since 1873 editor-in-chief. 

CONVERSE, Thomas Edwards, Presbyterian 
(Southern Church); b. in Philadelphia, Penn., 
Oct. 25, 1S41 ; graduated at Princeton College, 
1862, and at Union Theological Seminary, Hamp- 
den Sidney, Va., 1868; was missionary at Hang- 
chow, China, 1869-70 ; pastor at Woodstock, Va., 



1871-75 ; at Bardstown, Ky., 1875-79 ; since 1879 
has been joint editor of The Christian Observer, 
published at Louisville, Ky. 

CONWAY, Moncure Daniel, Liberal, b. in 
Stafford County, Va., March 17, 1832 ; graduated 
at Dickinson College, Penn., 1849 ; studied law, 
then entered the Baltimore (M.E.) Conference, 
1851 ; became a Unitarian ; graduated at Harvard 
Divinity School, 1854; was pastor in Washing- 
ton, D.C., 1854-56; Cincinnati, O., 1857-62 ; Lon- 
don, Eng., 1863-84. He is the author of Tracts 
for To-day, Cincinnati, 1858; The Rejected Stone, 
Boston, 1861 ; The Golden Hour, 1862 ; Testimonies 
concerning Slavery, London, 1864, 2d ed. 1865; 
The Sacred Anthology, 1870, 5th ed. 1877; The 
Earthward Pilgrimage, 1870, 2d ed. 1877 ; Republi- 
can Superstitions, 1872; Christianity, 1876; Idols 
and Ideals (with essay on Christianity), 1877, 2d 
ed. 1880; Demonoloqy and Devil Lore, 1878, 2 
vols. ; A Necklace of Stories, 1880 ; The Wander- 
ing Jew, 1881 ; Thomas Carlyle, 1882 ; Emerson at 
Home and Abroad, 1882; Travels in South Ken- 
sington, 1882 ; Farewell Discourses, 1884. 

COOK, Frederic Charles, Church of England, 
b. at Milbrook, Dec. 1, 1804; educated at St. 
John's College, Cambridge ; graduated B. A. (first- 
class classics) 1828, M.A. 1840; was ordained 
deacon 1839, priest 1840 ; one of her Majesty's 
inspectors of schools ; prebendary of St. Paul's 
Cathedral, 1856-65 ; preacher at Lincoln's Inn, 
1860-80; prebendary in Lincoln Cathedral, 1861- 
64 ; became chaplain in ordinary to the Queen, 
1857 ; canon residentiary of Exeter, 1864 ; chap- 
lain to the bishop of London, 1869 ; precentor of 
Exeter, 1872. He is the author of Acts of the 
Apostles with Commentary, London, 1849, new ed. 
1866 ; Sermons at Lincoln's Inn, 1863 ; Church 
Doctrine and Spiritual Life (sermons), 1879 ; The 
Revised Version of the First Three Gospels consid- 
ered in its Bearings upon the Record of our Lord's 
Words and of Incidents in his Life, 1882 ; Deliver 
us from Evil, 1883 ; The Origins of Religion and 
Language, 1884; Letters addressed to Rev. H. 
Wace and Rev. J. Earle (relating to Origins), 
1885; and was the editor of the Bible (Speaker's) 
Commentary, 1871-82, 10 vols, (in which he wrote 
the introductions to Exodus, Psalms, and Acts, 
and the commentary on Job, Habakkuk, Mark, 
Luke, and First Peter, and partly that on Exodus, 
Psalms, and Matthew). 

COOK, Joseph, Congregational licentiate, b. at 
Ticonderoga, N.Y., Jan. 26, 1838; graduated at 
Harvard College 1865, and at Andover Theologi- 
cal Seminary 1868 ; supplied vacant pulpits, and 
continued studies, 1868-70 ; acting pastor First 
(Congregational) Church, Lynn, Mass., 1870-71 ; 
not ordained; studied under Tholuck and Miiller, 
and travelled in Europe, 1871-73; began lectur- 
ing, 1874; delivered the Monday Lectures upon 
scientific, philosophic, religious, and social topics, 
in Boston during the winter of each successive 
year from 1875 till 1880 ; in England, Italy, India, 
Japan, and Australia, as lecturer, 1880-82 ; re- 
sumed his Monday Lectures in 1883. His publi- 
cations consist of his lectures, and these have 
been widely circulated : Biology, Boston, 1877 
(16th ed.) ; Transcendentalism, 1877 (13th ed.) ; 
Orthodoxy, 1877 (7th ed.); Conscience, 1878 ; Hered- 
ity, 1878; Marriage, 1878; Labor, 1879; Socialism, 
1880 ; Occident, 1884 ; Orient, 1886. 



COOPER. 



42 



COUSSIRAT. 



COOPER, Thomas, Baptist, b. at Leicester, 
Eng., March 28, 1805 ; was in youth a shoe- 
maker at Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, and em- 
ployed his leisure time to acquire Latin, Greek, 
Hebrew, and French. When twenty-three, he 
taught a school, then was a reporter for several 
country newspapers. In 1841 he led the Chartists 
of Leicester, lectured in the Potteries during the 
"riots "of August, 1842; was convicted of con- 
spiracy and sedition, and for two years was con- 
fined in Stafford Jail, where he began his literary 
career, and on his release became a journalist. 
In 1818 he first appeared prominently in London 
as political and historical lecturer; in 1849 edited 
The Plain Speaker, a weekly penny journal of rad- 
ical politics ; and in 1850 started Cooper's Journal, 
a sceptical weekly penny periodical. In 1855 he 
renounced infidelity, and has since defended and 
preached Christian truth with the same energy 
with which he formerly attacked it. In 1859 he 
was immersed, and ordained as a Baptist preacher. 
In 1866 he retired in broken health, upon an an- 
nuity of one hundred pounds purchased for him 
by friends. He has published, besides fiction and 
poetry, The Triumphs of Perseverance and Enter- 
prise, London, 1847, new ed. 1879 ; The Bridge of 
History over the Gulf of 'Time : a Popular View 
of the Historical Evidence for the Truth of Chris- 
tianity, 1871, 3d ed. 1872, reprinted, N.Y. 1876 ; 
Plain Pulpit Talk, London, 1872, 2d ed. 1873 ; Life, 
written by himself, 1872, 2d ed. 1880 ; God, the Soul, 
and a Euture State, 1873; The Verity of Christ's 
Resurrection from the Dead: an Appeal to the Com- 
mon Sense of the People, 1875, new ed. 1884 ; The 
Verily and Value of the Miracles of Christ, 1877 ; 
Evolution: the Stone Book and the Mosaic Record 
of Creation, 1878 ; The Atonement, 1880 ; Thoughts 
at Fourscore and Earlier, 1885. * 

CORNISH, George Henry, Methodist, b. at 
Exeter, Eng., June 26, 1834; educated at Victoria 
University, Cobourg, Can., 1855-58 ; began his 
ministry June, 1858 ; was journal secretary of 
Wesleyan Methodist Conference from 1872 to 
1874, and of the London Conference of the Meth- 
odist Church of Canada from 1874 to 1877 ; was 
elected secretary of London Conference in 1879, 
and of the Guelph Conference in 1884, in which 
year he became superintendent of Wingham Dis- 
trict ; has been twice elected delegate to the Gen- 
eral Conference. He is now (1S86) pastor of the 
Central Methodist Church, Stratford, Ontario. 
He is the author of Handbook of Canadian Meth- 
odism, Toronto, 1807 ; Cyclopaedia of Methodism 
in Canada, 1881 (supplement preparing) ; Pastor's 
Pocket Record, 1883; Pastor's Pocket Ritual, 1884. 

CORRICAN, Most Rev. Michael Augustine, 
D.D. (Propaganda College, Rome, 1864), Roman 
Catholic, archbishop of New York ; b. at New- 
ark, N. J., Aug. 13, 1839 ; graduated at Mount 
St. Mary's College, Emmittsburg, Md., 1859 ; was 
one of thirteen students with whom the American 
College in Rome was opened (1S59); ordained 
priest by Cardinal Patrizi, Rome, Sept. 19, 1863; 
appointed by Archbishop Bayley professor of 
dogmatic theology and Sacred Scripture in the 
ecclesiastical seminary of Seton Hall College, 
1864 ; succeeded to the presidency, 1868 ; resigned, 
1876 ; appointed by the Pope bishop of Newark, 
N.J., 1873; made titular archbishop of Petra, 
and appointed coadjutor to the archbishop of 



New York, with the right of succession, 1880 ; 
succeeded the late Cardinal McCloskey, 1885. 

CORWIN, Edward Tanjore, D.D. (Rutgers Col- 
lege, 1871), Reformed (Dutch); b. in New- York 
City, July 12, 1834 ; graduated in the first class 
of the New- York Free Academy (since 1866, the 
College of the City of New York) 1853, and at 
the theological seminary of the Reformed Dutch 
Church, New Brunswick, N.J., 1856; was resi- 
dent licentiate, 1856-57 ; became pastor at Para- 
mus, N.J., 1857, and at Millstone 1863. He is 
the author of Manual and Record of Church of 
Paramus, New York, 1858, 2d ed. 1859 ; Manned 
of the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church in North 
America, 1859, 3d ed. 1879 ; Millstone Centennial, 
1866 ; Corwin Genealogy, 1872 ; and of sundry 
sermons and articles. 

COTTERILL, Right Rev. Henry, D.D. (Cam- 
bridge, 1856), lord bishop of Edinburgh, Episco- 
pal Church in Scotland ; b. at Ampton, Suffolk, 
Eng., Jan. 6, 1812; educated at St. John's Col- 
lege, Cambridge; graduated B.A. (first Smith's 
prize senior wrangler, and first-class classical 
tripos) 1833, and was elected a fellow; M.A. by 
royal mandate, 1836 ; was ordained deacon 1835, 
priest 1836 ; was successively chaplain in the 
Honourable East-India Company's service, in 
the Madras Presidency, 1836 ; vice-principal of 
Brighton College, 1847 ; principal, 1851 ; bishop 
of Grahamstown, South Africa, 1856; bishop co- 
adjutor of Edinburgh, Scotland, 1871 ; bishop, 
1872. He is the author of The Seven Ages of the 
Church, London, 1849; On Polygamy among Can- 
didates for Baptism, 1861 ; The Epistle to the Gala- 
tians, with Explanatory Notes, 1862 ; The Genesis 
of the Church, 1872 ; Does Science aid Faith in 
Regard to Creation? 1883 ; wrote the introduction 
to the Pentateuch in The Pulpit Commentary, 1880. 

COULIN, Frank, French Swiss Protestant; b. 
in Geneva, Nov. 17, 1828, the son of one of the 
most distinguished Swiss preachers; was ordained 
1851, and since 1853 has been pastor of the parish 
of Genthod, on the shores of the Lake of Geneva; 
was delegate to the Evangelical Alliance Confer- 
ence in New- York City, 1873; made D.D. by the 
University of St. Andrew's, Scotland, 1862. He 
is an admired preacher, and has published sev- 
eral volumes of sermons and other edifying works, 
e.g., Les (Euvres chre'tiennes, Geneva, 1863 ; Le Fits 
de I'homme, 1866 (English trans., Son of Man, Lon- 
don, 1869); Homelies,lS72-7i,2 series, — which 
have passed through successive editions, and been 
translated into German, Dutch, Swedish, Russian, 
and English. 

COUSSIRAT, Daniel, Canadian Presbyterian; 
b. at Nerac, France, March 5, 1841 ; graduated at 
Toulouse 1859, and in theology at Montauban 
1864; became suffragant at Bellocq (Basses-Pyre- 
nees), 1864 (ordained in the Reformed Church of 
France, 1864) ; pastor of the Evangelical Church 
in Philadelphia, Penn., 1865; professor of divin- 
ity, Montreal, Can., 1867 ; pastor of the Reformed 
Church at Orthez, Basses-Pyrenees, France, 1875; 
French professor of divinity, Presbyterian Col- 
lege, Montreal, Can., 1880. Since 1882 he has 
been lecturer in Oriental languages, McGill Uni- 
versity, Montreal. He was one of the revisers of 
the French translation of the Old Testament un- 
der the auspices of the Socie'te Biblique de France, 
Paris, 1881. He published a thesis on Election, 



COWIB. 



43 



CRAFTS. 



Rom. ix.-xi., Toulouse, 1864; and has contributed 
to the Revue theologique, Montauban, and the 
Revue chretienne, Paris (1870-77). He became 
an officier d'Academie, Paris, 1SS5. 

COWIE, Very Rev. Benjamin Morgan, D.D. 
(Cambridge, 1880), dean of Exeter, Church of 
England ; b. in England upon June 8, 1S16 ; edu- 
cated at St. John's College, Cambridge: graduated 
(senior wrangler) 1839, M.A. 1842, B.D. 1S55 ; 
ordained deacon 1841, priest 1842; was elected 
fellow of his college 1839, moderator 1843 ; prin- 
cipal of the Engineers' College, Putney, 1844-51 ; 
select preacher, Cambridge, 1852, 1856 ; Hulsean 
lecturer, 1853-54; minor canon of St. Paul's, Lon- 
don, 1856-73 ; vicar of St. Lawrence-Jewry with 
St. Mary Magdalene, Milk Street, London, 1857- 
73; one of her Majesty's inspectors of schools, 
1857-72; Warburtonian lecturer, 1866; dean of 
Manchester, 1872-83; prolocutor of the Lower 
House of Convocation of York, 1880-82 ; became 
chaplain in ordinary to the Queen, 1871 ; dean of 
Exeter, 1883. Since 1854 he has been professor of 
geometry at Gresham College. He is the author 
of Catalogue of MSS. and Scarce Books in St. 
John's College, Cambridge Library, Cambridge, 
1842 ; Scripture Difficulties (Hulsean Lectures), 
London, 1854, 2 vols. ; Sacrifice and Atonement 
(five Cambridge University sermons), 1856 ; On 
" Essays and Revieios," 1861 ; Reminiscences of a 
City Church, 1867; The Voice of God : Chapters on 
Foreknowledge, Inspiration, and Prophecy, 1870 ; 
Ministerial Work, Manchester, 1872. * 

COX, Samuel, D.D. (St. Andrew's, 1882), Bap- 
tist theologian; b. in London, Eng., April 19, 
1826; graduated at the Stepney Baptist Theo- 
logical College, London, 1851, and was ordained 
pastor of St. Paul's Square Baptist Church, South- 
sea ; was pastor at Ryde, 1855-59 ; and pastor 
of the General Baptist Church, Mansfield Road, 
Nottingham, 1863, where he still remains. He 
was president of the British General Baptist Asso- 
ciation in 1873, and the founder and first editor 
of The Expositor (1875 to 1884), a monthly jour- 
nal devoted to biblical exposition, and in it wrote 
copiously. His principal separate publications 
are The Quest of the Chief Good: Expository Lec- 
tures on the Book of Ecclesiastes, luith a new transla- 
tion, London, 1865 ; The Private Letters of St. Paul 
and St. John, 1867 ; The Resurrection (expository 
lectures on ] Cor. xv.), 1869 ; An Expositor's Note- 
Book, 1872; Biblical Expositions, 1874; The Pil- 
grim Psalms (exposition of the Songs of Degrees), 
1874 ; The Book of Ruth : a Popular Exposition, 
1875; A Day with Christ, 1876 ; Salvator Mundi, 
1877; Expository Essays and Discourses, 1877; 
Commentary on the Book of Job, 1880; Genesis of 
Evil, and other Sermons, 1880; The Larger Hope: 
a sequel to Salvator Mundi, 1883; Miracles: an 
Argument and a Challenge, 1884; Balaam, 1884; 
Expositions, vol. i. 1885, vol. ii. 1886. 

COXE, Right Rev. Arthur Cleveland, D.D. 
(St. James College, Hagerstown, Md., 1856), 
S.T.D. (Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., 1868), 
LL.D. (Kenyon College, Gambier, O., 1868), Epis- 
copalian, bishop of AVestern New York; b. at 
Mendham, N.J., May 10, 1818; graduated at the 
University of the City of New York, 1838, and 
at the General Theological (Episcopal) Seminary, 
1841; became rector at Hartford, Conn., 1842; 
Baltimore, Md., 1854; and of Calvary Church, 



New- York Citv, 1S63 ; bishop of Western New 
York, 1865. From 1872 to 1874 he was provis- 
ional bishop of the church in Haiti, which he 
visited officially. Pie was prominent in the forma- 
tion of the Anglo-Continental Society (1853), and 
gave it its name. He vigorously and successfully 
opposed the attempt of the American Bible Society 
to make slight alterations in the text and punctu- 
ation of the Bible issued (see art. Bible Socie- 
ties, vol. i. p. 263 sq.) and, consistently, also the 
work of the Revision Committee, but was among 
the first to advocate the revision of the Prayer 
Book. He has taken great interest in all that 
concerns Gallicanism and Anglo-Catholicism. He 
attended the second Lambeth Conference, 1878. 
He has written much on behalf of the many 
interests which have claimed his attention. In 
collaboration with the late Bishop Wilberforce 
he began in 1873 the issue of a serial in de- 
fence of Anglo-Catholicism as against Romanism. 
Among his separate publications may be men- 
tioned his volumes of poetry, Advent, a Mystery, 
New York, 1837; Athwold, 1838; Christian Bal- 
lads, 1840; Athanasion, and other Poems, 1842; 
Halloween, 1844; Saul, a Mystery, 1845. In prose, 
Sermons on Doctrine and Duty, 1854; Impressions 
of England, 1856 ; The Criterion, 1866 (in which 
he defines his position in the Oxford movement);. 
Moral Reforms, 1869 ; An Open Letter to Pius IX... 
(in answer to his brief convoking the Vatican 
Council), 1869 (widely circulated, and translated 
into various European languages) ; L'Episcopat 
de V Occident, Paris, 1872 (widely circulated by 
the Anglo-Continental Society) ; Apollos, or the 
Way of God, New York, 1874 ; Covenant Prayers, 
1875; The Penitential, 1882. He is the editor 
of the American reprint of Clark's Ante-Nicene 
Library, Buffalo, 1885-86, 8 vols. 

CRAFTS, Wilbur Fisk, B.D., Presbyterian; b. 
at Fryeburg, Me., Jan. 12, 1850 ; graduated at 
Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., 1869, 
and at the School of Theology, Boston (Mass.) 
University, 1872 ; was Methodist minister until 
1880, his last pastorate in that denomination 
being Trinity, Chicago, 111. ; became pastor of the 
Lee Avenue Congregational Church, Brooklyn, 
N.Y., 1880; and pastor of the First Union Presby- 
terian Church of New- York City, 1883. He has 
paid particular attention to Sunday-school work, 
and conducted the " Sunday-school Parliament " 
in Thousand Island Park, 1876-77; spoke in many 
cities of Great Britain in connection with the 
centennial of Sunday schools (1880). He is a vice- 
president of the National Temperance Society. 
Besides numerous articles he has written Through 
the Eye to the Heart, New York, 1873 ; Childhood 
the Textbook of the Age, Boston, 1875 (Mrs. Crafts 
joint author of both ; the latter appeared in en- 
larged form as a subscription-book under the title, 
The Coming Man is the Present Child, Chicago, 
1879) ; The Bible and the Sunday School, Toronto, 
1876, Chicago, 1878; The Rescue of Child Soul, 
London, 1880 ; Plain Uses of the Blackboard, 1880, 
New York, 1881 ; Teachers' Edition of the Revised 
Version of the New Testament, New York, 1881 ; 
Talks to Boys and Girls about Jesus, 1881 ; Must 
the Old Testament go ? Boston, 1883 ; Successful 
Men of To-day, New York, 1883 (38th thousand, 
1885) ; Rhetoric made Racy, Chicago, 1884 (Prof. 
H. F. Fisk joint author) ; The Sabbath for Man, 



CRAIG. 



44 



CROOKS. 



New York, 1885 (3d thousand in second month) ; 
What the Temperance Century has made Certain, 
1885 ; Pocket Lesson Notes, 1886 (Mrs. Crafts joint 
author) . 

CRAIG, Willis Green, D.D. (Centre College, 
1873), Presbyterian ; b. near Danville, Ky., Sept. 
27, 1834 ; graduated at Centre College, Danville, 
1851, studied at the Danville Theological Semi- 
nary until 1861 ; became pastor at Keokuk, Io., 

1862 ; professor of biblical and ecclesiastical his- 
tory, of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary 
of the North- West, Chicago, 111., 1882. 

CRAMER, Michael John, D.D. (Syracuse Uni- 
versity, N.Y., 1873), Methodist; b. at Schaff- 
hausen, Switzerland, Feb. 6, 1835 ; emigrated to 
the United States of America, 1847; graduated 
at the Ohio Wesleyan University, I860; became 
pastor in Cincinnati, O., 1860 ; in Nashville, 
Tenn., 1864; chaplain U.S.A., 1864; consul at 
Leipzig, 1867 ; attended lectm - es in theology and 
philosophy at Leipzig and Berlin, 1867-70; United- 
States minister at Copenhagen, Denmark, 1870 
(appointed by Gen. Grant, his brother-in-law) ; 
at Bern, Switzerland, 1881 ; professor of systematic 
theology, School of Theology, Boston University, 
1885. He has published a large number of essays 
of an isogogical, exegetical, and biblico-critical 
character, in Methodist peiiodicals. 

CRARY, Benjamin Franklin, D.D. (Iowa Wes- 
leyan University, 1858, Indiana State University, 
1866), Methodist; b. in Jennings County, Ind., 
Dec. 12, 1821 ; educated at Pleasant Hill Acad- 
emy, Cincinnati, 1839-41 ; admitted to the bar in 
Indiana, 1844 ; was successively pastor in Indiana 
Conference, 1845; president Hamline University, 
Minn., 1857; superintendent of public instruc- 
tion, Minnesota, 1861 ; chaplain in the army, 
1862-63; editor Central Christian Advocate, St. 
Louis, Mo., 1864; presiding elder in Colorado, 
1872 ; editor California Christian Advocate, San 
Francisco, 1880. He was in the campaign against 
the Sioux Indians after the massacre, 1862 ; in 

1863 visited- the soldiers in every hospital from 
Keokuk, Io., to Memphis, Tenn.; was in every 
General Conference from 1856-1880. He has 
written addresses, etc. 

CRAVEN, Elijah Richardson, D.D. (Princeton, 
1859), Presbyterian; b. at Washington, D.C., 
March 2S, 1824; graduated at the College of New 
Jersey, Princeton, N.J., 1842; studied law, then 
theology, and graduated at Princeton Seminary, 
1848; was tutor in Princeton College, 1847-49; 
became Reformed Dutch pastor at Somerville, 
N.J., 1850; pastor of the Third Presbyterian 
Church, Newark, N.J., 1854. He was elected a 
trustee of Princeton College, 1859 ; a director of 
Princeton Seminary in 1865; was chairman of 
the committee of the General Assembly on re- 
vision of the Book of Discipline, 1878-84; and 
moderator of the General Assembly, 1885. He 
prepared part of the American additions to the 
commentary on John in the American Lange 
series, and all of those on The Revelation ; and has 
written many review articles. He is particularly 
familiar with Presbyterian Church law, and is an 
advocate of pre-millenarianism. 

CREIGHTON, Mandell, LL.D. (hon., Glasgow, 
1884), Chui-ch of England ; b. at Carlisle, County 
of Cumberland, Eng., July 5, 1843; educated at 
Merton College, Oxford; graduated B.A. (first- 



class classics, second-class law and modern his- 
tory) 1867, M A. 1870; was fellow and tutor of 
his college, 1867-75 ; public examiner in modern 
history, 1869-70, 1875-76, 18S3-84; was ordained 
deacon 1870, priest 1873; select preacher in the 
university, 1875-77, 1883 ; vicar of Embleton, 
Northumberland, 1875-84; rural dean of Alnwick, 
1882-84. In 1884 he became Dixie professor of 
ecclesiastical history in the University of Cam- 
bridge, hon. M.A.; and fellow of Emanuel Col- 
lege; in 1885canonof Worcester, andhon. D. C.L., 
Durham. He has published Primer of Roman His- 
tory, London, 1875 ; The Age of Elizabeth, 1876 ; 
Life of 'Simon de Montfort, 1876 ; The Tudors and. 
the Reformation, 1876 ; Short History of England, 
1879 ; History of the Papacy during the Period of the 
Reformation, vols. 1 and 2, 1882. He is founder 
and editor of The Historical Review, 1886, sqq. 

CREMER, August Hermann, Lie. Theol. (Tu- 
bingen, 1858), D.D. {hon., Berlin, 1873), Lutheran 
(United Evangelical) ; b. at Unna, Westphalia, 
Germany, Oct. 18, 1834; studied at Halle 1853- 
56, and at Tubingen 1856-59; became pastor at 
Ostonnen, near Soest, Westphalia, 1859 ; ordinary 
professor of systematic theology at Greifswald, 
and pastor of St. Mary's there, 1870. He is the 
author of Die eschatologische Rede Jesu Christi, 
Matthdi 21+. 25. Versuch einer exegetischen Erorle- 
rung derselben, Stuttgart, 1860; Ueber den biblisch- 
en Begriff der Erbauung, Barmen, 1863 ; Ueber 
die Wunder im Zusammenhang der gottlichen Offen- 
barung, 1865 ; Biblisch-theologisches Worterbuch der 
neutestamentlichen Grdcildt, Gotha, 1866-67, 2d ed. 
1872, 3d ed. 1883, 4th ed. 1886 (English trans, 
by Rev. William Urwick, Biblico-theological Lexi- 
con of New-Testament Greek, Edinburgh, 1872, 2d 
ed. 1878, 3d ed. 1886); Ueber Luthers Schrift 
" dass unser Heiland ein geborner Jude sei," Cologne, 
1867; Jenseits des Grabes, Giitersloh, 1868; Ver- 
nunft, Geivissen und Offenbarung, Gotha, 1869 ; Die 
Auferstehung der Todten, Barmen, 1870; Der Gott 
des Alien Bundes, 1872 ; Die kirchliche Trauung 
hislorisch, ethisch und liturgisch, Berlin, 1875; Auf- 
gabe und Bedeutung der Predigt in der gegenwar- 
tige.n Krisis, 1876 ; Ueber die Befahigung zum geist- 
liclien Amte, 1878; Die Bibel im Pfarrhaus und in 
der Gemeinde, 1878, 3d ed. 1879 ; Die Wurzeln der 
Anselmischen S at isfactionslehre (in Studien u. Kriti- 
ken, 1880) ; Unterweisung im Christentum nach der 
Ordnung des kleinen Katechismus, Giitersloh, 1883 ; 
Reformation und Wissenschaft (Rectoralsrede zur 
Lutherfeier), Gotha, 1883 ; Ueber den Zustand nach 
dem Tode, nebst einigen Andeutungen ilber das Kin- 
dersterben und iiber den Spiritismus, 1883 (Swedish 
trans., Jorrkdping, 1885; English trans, by Rev. 
Dr. S. T. Lowrie, Beyond the Grave, New York, 
1885). He was a delegate to the General Confer- 
ence of the Evangelical Alliance at Basel, 1879, and 
read a paper on the state of religion in Germany. 

CROOKS, George Richard, D.D. (Dickinson 
College, 1857), Methodist; b. in Philadelphia, 
Penn., Feb. 3, 1822 ; graduated at Dickinson Col- 
lege, Carlisle, Penn., 1840; was teacher and ad- 
junct professor of Latin and Greek in the college, 
1841-48; pastor of various Methodist churches 
in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New York, 1848- 
80; editor of The Methodist, 1860-75; since 1880 
has been professor of church history in Drew 
Methodist-Episcopal Theological Seminary, Mad- 
ison, N.J. He published, with Dr. McClintock, 



CROSBY. 



45 



CURCI. 



The First Book in Latin, New York, 1846 (numer- 
ous editions) ; with Professor Scheni, Latin-Eng- 
lish School Lexicon, Philadelphia, 1S58, last ed. 
1882 ; with Dr. Hurst, an adaptation of Hagen- 
bach's Theological Encyclopaedia and Methodology, 
New York, 1884; and separately, an edition of 
Butler's Analogy, with a life of Butler, and Emory's 
Analysis completed, New York, 1852 ; Life and 
Letters of the Rev. Dr. John McClintock, 1876 ; 
Sermons of Bishop Matthew Simpson, edited from 
short-hand Reports, 1885. 

CROSBY, Howard, S.T.D. (Harvard, 1859), 
LL.D. (Columbia College, 1872), Presbyterian ; 
b. in New- York City, Peb. 27, 1826 ; graduated 
at the University of the City of New York, 1844 ; 
became professor of Greek in this institution, 
1851 ; went in the same capacity to Rutgers Col- 
lege, New Brunswick, N.J., 1859. He was pres- 
ident of the Young Men's Christian Association 
of the city, 1852-55; licensed by North Berk- 
shire Association, Mass. (Congregational), 1859 ; 
received as licentiate by Classis of New Bruns- 
wick (Reformed Dutch), Oct. 16, 1860; dismissed 
to presbytery of New Brunswick, and by it 
ordained, April 16, 1861 ; was pastor of the First 
Presbyterian Church of New Brunswick, in con- 
nection with his professorship, 1861-63 ; since 
1863 pastor of the Fourth-avenue Presbyterian 
Chmxh, New- York City. He was chancellor of 
the New- York University, 1870-81 ; member of 
the American Bible Revision Committee, 1870- 
81 ; moderator of the General Assembly at Balti- 
more, Md., 1873 ; since 1877 he has been pres- 
ident of the Society for the Prevention of Crime, 
and takes an active part in temperance and other 
moral reforms in New- York City. Besides occa- 
sional pamphlets, articles, etc., he has written 
Lands of the Moslem (travels), New York, 1851 ; 
CEdipus 1'yrannus, 1852; New-Testament Scholia, 
1863; Social Hints for Young Christians, 1866; 
Bible Manual, 1870 ; Jesus, his Life and Work, 
1871 ; Healthy Christian, 1872 ; Thoughts on the 
Decalogue, Philadelphia, 1873 ; Expository Notes 
on the Book of Joshua, New York, 1875; Nehemiah 
(in American Lange series), 1877; The Christian 
Preacher (Yale Lectures), 1880; True Humanity 
of Christ, 18S0; Commentary on the New Testament, 
1885. 

CROSKERY, Thomas, D.D. (Derry and Belfast 
Presbyterian Colleges, 1883), Presbyterian ; b. at 
Carrowdore, County Down, Ireland, May 26, 
1830 ; graduated at Belfast College, 1848 ; became 
a minister, 1860 (served in various places) ; pro- 
fessor of logic and rhetoric in Magee College, 
Londonderry, 1875, and of systematic theology, 
1879. He wrote Treatise on the Doctrines of the 
Plymouth Brethren, Belfast, 1880. 

CROSS, Joseph, D.D. (Carolina University, 
Chapel Hill, N.C., 1854), LL.D. (North -Western 
College, 111., 1875), Episcopalian ; b. at East 
Brent, Somersetshire, Eng., July 4, 1813 ; studied 
in Oneida Conference Seminary, Cazenovia, N.Y., 
1832-33 ; entered Methodist ministry, became an 
Episcopalian, was chaplain in Confederate army; 
rector at Houston, Tex., 1867; at Buffalo, N.Y., 
1868-70; St. Louis, Mo., 1872-73; Jacksonville, 
111., 1874-77; afternoon preacher in the Church 
of the Heavenly Rest, New-York City, 1884-85. 
Besides articles in periodicals, he has written 
Hebrew Missionary, Nashville, Tenn., 1855; Head- 



lands of Faith, 1856; A Year in Europe, 1857; 
Knight Banneret, New York, 1882; Edens of Italy, 
1882; Evangel, 1883; Coals from the Altar, 1883; 
Pauline Charity, 1884 ; Old Wine and New, 1884 ; 
Alone with God, 1884; Church Reader for Lent, 1885 
(most of these have been republished, London). 

CUNITZ, August Eduard, D.D., German Prot- 
estant; b. at Strassburg, Aug. 29, 1812; studied 
in its university ; became privat-docent in the 
Protestant Seminary, 1837 ; professor extraor- 
dinai - y, 1857; oi'dinary professor, 1864; and since 
1872 has held a similar position in the re-organ- 
ized theological faculty. With Reuss, he edited 
Beitrage zu den theologischen Wissenschaften, Jena, 
1847-55, 6 vols. ; since 1863, with Baum and 
Reuss, Calvin's Opera, Braunschweig, 1863 sag. 
(vol. 30, 1885) ; and with G. Baum, the Histoire 
ecclesiastique, attributed to Beza, Paris, 1883, 
sqq. He is the author of De Nicolai II. Decreto 
de electione pontificum, Strassburg, 1837 ; Consi- 
derations historiques sur le developpement du droit 
eccl. prot. en France, 1840 ; Historische Darslellung 
der Kirchenzucht unter den Protestanten, 1843 ; Ein 
Katharisches Ritual, Jena, 1852. * 

CURCI, Carlo Maria, Roman Catholic; b. at 
Naples, Sept. 4, 1809 ; and was educated at Naples 
and Rome, among the Jesuits. He entered the 
company Sept. 14, 1826 ; was expelled Oct. 17, 
1877, for having refused to recognize as a Cath- 
olic doctrine the necessity of the temporal power 
of the popes. He has held no dignity, either 
within or without his order. He taught literature 
and philosophy in .Naples, and has preached in 
almost all the great cities of Italy, — permanently 
for six years in Naples, in Rome for twenty years 
at different times, and in Florence since 1877. 
He is strictly Catholic, and peculiarly devoted to 
the Church of Rome, whose doctrines and inter- 
ests he has for half a century strenuously defended, 
deploring at the same time its decadence. Of 
this decadence he saw a symptom and an effect 
in the attitude of the Vatican towards United 
Italy, and publicly invoked a reform on this 
point. This idea of reform, to which he thought 
the abolition of the temporal power might be an 
aid, caused him to be expelled from the order 
of the Jesuits, and persecuted accordingly. His 
polemical book, La nuova Italia e i vecchi zelanti, 
1881, was prohibited by the Congregation of the 
Index, and to this judgment he submitted him- 
self. His II Vaticano Regio, tarlo superstile della 
Chiesa Catlolica, 1883, brought upon him an in- 
junction from the Pope, "simply and purely to 
condemn his book ; " and as he, according to the 
teaching of his conscience, declined to do so, by 
the order of the Congregation of the Inquisition 
he was suspended from his sacerdotal functions, 
and also prohibited from receiving the sacraments. 
Having declined to obey this order, Leo XIII., in 
a letter to the archbishop of Florence, lamented 
his audacity in a general manner, and it was then 
that Father Curci submitted to the pontiff a 
general declaration of obedience to the Church, 
which was sufficient to induce Pope Leo to relieve 
him from the order of the Inquisition. Notwith- 
standing this release, Father Curci continues to 
be persecuted by those of the Catholic clergy who 
are under the influence of the Jesuits. 

In the last half-century there have been few 
writers among the Catholic clergy who like Fa- 



CURCI. 



46 



CURRY. 



ther Curci have distinguished themselves by the 
abundance of their writings. In 1850 he founded, 
in Naples, the Civilta Callolica, a religious and 
political review, which soon became the organ of 
the Society of Jesus, and of the Vatican. As 
the Review upheld the rights of the Pope over 
kings and emperors, it soon fell under the ban of 
Ferdinand II., the despot-king of Naples, and 
Father Curci was forced to remove it to Rome. 
But the Civilta Cattoiica still pursuing its course, 
Ferdinand urged upon Pope Pius IX. the neces- 
sity of stopping its publication ; and as the Pope 
was reluctant to take this course, the King threat- 
ened to expel the Jesuits from his kingdom if 
his request was not complied with ; whereupon 
the Review was suppressed, and Curci went to 
Bologna, but only for a year (1855-56), and on 
the death of the King (1859) he returned to Rome 
to continue his work. With the beginning of the 
national movement in 1859, Father Curci seemed 
to have somewhat changed his opinions, and to 
have taken a more liberal direction; and as his 
associates continued to hold the old anti-national 
doctrines of the Church, he gradually separated 
himself from the Review, becoming more recon- 
ciled with the progress of the times, so far at 
least as it involved the reconciliation of the 
Church with the new Kingdom of Italy. He 
remains, however, entirely devoted to the interests 
of the Church ; and even when he urges the rec- 
onciliation of the papacy with Italy, he does so 
more as a matter of political necessity than as a 
moral obligation. 

The following are the works of Father Curci : 
La questione romana nell' Assemblea francese, Rome, 
1849 ; La demagogia ilaliana et il Papa, 1849 ; La 
natura e la grazia, 1865, 2 vols. ; Lezioni esegetiche 
e morali sopra i quattro Evangeli, dette in Firenze 
dal 1 Novembre 1873 al 29 'Giugno 1874, Flor- 
ence, 1874-76, 5 vols, [these lectures attracted a 
good deal of attention, for in them he expressed 
his progressive view, e.g., he urged the priests to 
take part in the elections] ; Le virtu domestiche : 
il libro di Tobia esposto in lezioni, 1877 ; II moderno 
dissidio tra la Chiesa e lo Stato, considerate per 
occasione di un fatto particolare (" The modern 
dissension between Church and State, examined 
on the occurrence of a personal affair"), Decem- 
ber, 1877 [it escaped being put upon the Index, 
was widely circulated in original and translation, 
e.g., in German, Vienna, 1878, and brought the 
author before the world as an enlightened priest] ; 
II Nuovo Testamento volgarizzato ed esposto in note 
esegetiche e m:rali, Naples, 1879-80, 3 vols. ; La 
Nuova Italia ed i vecchi zelanti (" The New Italy 
and the old zealots"), Florence, 1881, German 
trans., Leipzig, 1882, 2 vols, [in this work, 
promptly put upon the Index, he attempts to 
mediate between Church and State in Italy, and 
to re-organize the parliamentary parties] ; II Sal- 
terio volgarizzato dall' Ebreo ed esposto in note 
esegetiche e morali, Rome, 1883 ; II Vaticano 
Regio, tarlo superstite della Chiesa Cattoiica, Flor- 
ence, 1883; Lo scandalo del Vaticano Regio, 1884; 
Di un socialismo cristiano nella questione operaia c 
nel conserto selvaggio degh stall civili, 1885. 

[Advanced in the study of the Scriptures more 
than the common clergy of Italy, he still moves 
within the narrow limits of Catholic criticism. 
His mind, logically trained, is more in sympathy 



with scholastic theology than with modern phi- 
losophy. Hence his writings, which are prolix 
and heavy in style, lack the strength, freshness, 
and breadth of truly scholarly compositions, and 
have neither artistic nor scholarly qualities. His 
biblical works have no originality, but are sub- 
stantially only repetitions of mediasval notions ; 
and his polemical books have only a personal 
interest, simply expressing a conscientious pro- 
test against old abuses in the Church, which 
neither in strength nor in influence can be com- 
pared with the protests of Arnaldo da Brescia, 
of Savonarola, and in more modern times, of 
Gioberti or Rosmini. Yet as an example of a 
noble self-sacrifice, renouncing the favors of a 
powerful association, and condemning himself to 
poverty, rather than bend his knee before the idol 
of papal temporal authority, Father Curci deserves 
to be revered by all who hold in honor truth and 
independence. — V. B.] 

CURREY, George, D.D. (Cambridge, 1862), 
Church of England ; b. in London, April 7, 1816 ; 
d. there, April 30, 1885. He was educated at 
St. John's College, Cambridge; graduated B.A. 
(wrangler and first-class classical tripos) 1838, 
M.A. 1841, B.D. 1850. He was elected fellow of 
his college, 1839 ; appointed lecturer, 1840; tutor, 
1844 ; Whitehall preacher, 1S45 ; preacher at the 
Charterhouse, 1849-71 ; Hulsean lecturer, 1851- 
52 ; Boyle lecturer, 1851 ; master of the Charter- 
house, London, 1871, until his death; since 1872, 
prebendary of Brownswood in St. Paul's Cathe- 
dral ; and since 1877, examining chaplain to the 
bishop of Rochester. He edited Tertullian's De 
Spectaculis, de idololalria, et de corona mililis, Cam- 
bridge, 1854; and prepared the commentary upon 
Ezekiel in the Bible (Speaker's) Commentary, and 
that on Ecclesiastes and The Revelation in the 
S. P. C. K. Commentary. * 

CURRIER, Albert Henry, D.D. (Bowdoin Col- 
lege, 1883), Congregationalist ; b. at Skowhegan, 
Me., Nov. 15, 1837; graduated from Bowdoin 
College, Brunswick, Me., 1857, and from Andover 
Theological Seminary, 1862 ; became pastor of 
Congregational churches of Ashland (1862) and 
Lynn, Mass. (1865), and professor of homiletics 
and pastoral theology in Oberlin Theological 
Seminary, Oberlin, O., 1881. He contributed to 
the successive volumes of the Monday Club Ser- 
mons upon the International Sunday-school Les- 
sons (Boston), from 1876 to 1882, and articles to 
The Boston Review, 1865-67. 

CURRY, Daniel, D.D. (Wesleyan University, 
1852), LL.D. (Syracuse University, 1878), Meth- 
odist ; b. near Peekskill, N.Y., Nov. 26, 1809; 
graduated from the Wesleyan University, 1837; 
became principal of the Troy Conference Acad- 
emy, West Poultney, Vt., 1S37; professor in the 
Georgia Female College at Macon, Ga , 1839 ; 
member of the Georgia Conference, and pastor 
at Athens, Savannah, and Columbus, 1841 ; in 
similar work in the New- York Conference, 1844; 
was president of the Indiana Asbury University, 
Greencastle, Ind , 1854 ; member of New- York 
East Conference, 1857; was editor of the Chris- 
tian Advocate, 1864-76; of the National Reposi- 
tory, 1876-80; pastor, 18S0-84; since 1884 editor 
of the Methodist Revieiu, New York. He has 
written A Life of Wycklij, New York, 1846; The 
M^etropolitan City of America, 1S52 ; Life Story of 



CURRY. 



47 



CUYLBR. 



Bishop D. W. Clark, 1873 ; Fragments, Religious 
and Theological, 1880; Platform Papers, Cincinnati, 
1880. He also edited the works of Rev. Dr. 
James Floy, New York, 1863, 2 vols. ; Southey's 
Life of Wesley, 1852, 2 vols. ; and Clark's Com- 
mentary on the New Testament, 1882-84, 2 vols. 

CURRY, Jabez Lamar Monroe, D.D. (Roches- 
ter University, 1871), LL.D. (Mercer University, 
1867), Baptist; b. in Lincoln County, Ga., June 5, 
1825 ; graduated from the University of Georgia, 
1843, and the Harvard Law School, Mass.; 1845; 
was representative in Alabama legislature, 1847- 
48, 1853-54, 1855-56; Buchanan elector, 1856; 
member of 35th and 36th United-States Congress, 
and of the Confederate Congress; president of 
Howard College, Alabama, 1866-68; professor 
of English and mental philosophy in Richmond 
College, Va , 1868-81 ; general agent of Peabody 
Education Fund, 1881-85. In October, 18S5, he 
was appointed by President Cleveland, envoy 
extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the 
United States of America to Spain. He never has 
accepted a pastoral charge, although he has been 
ordained, and has preached frequently. He has 
issued numerous addresses on political, educa- 
tional, literary, and religious topics ; and one on 
the Evils of a Union of Church and State, before 
the General Conference of the Evangelical Alli- 
ance in New- York City, 1873 (cf. Proceedings, 
pp. 544 sqq.). 

CURTIS, Edward Lewis, A.B., Presbyterian; 
b. at Ann Arbor, Mich., Oct. 13, 1853; graduated 
at Yale College, 1874, and at the Union Theo- 
logical Seminary, New- York City, 1879 ; was 
appointed fellow of the seminary; spent two 
years in study abroad, chiefly at Berlin ; in 1881 
was appointed instructor, and in 1884 associate 
professor of Old- Testament literature, in the Pres- 
byterian Seminary of the North- West, Chicago, 
111. 

CURTISS, Samuel Ives, Ph.D. (Leipzig, 1876), 
Lie. Theol. (hon., Berlin, 1878), D.D. (Iowa Col- 
lege, 1878, Amherst, 1881), Congregationalist ; 
b. at Union, Conn., Feb. 5, 1844; graduated at 
Amherst College, 1867, and at Union Theological 
Seminary, New- York City, 1870 ; was pastor of 
the Alexander Mission, King Street, New York, 



connected with the Fifth-avenue Presbyterian 
Church, 1870-72 ; and of the American Chapel, 
Leipzig, 1874-78. In 1872 he went to Germany, 
studied nine months in Bonn (1872-73), and then 
at Leipzig (1873-78), and received private in- 
struction from Prof. Franz Delitzsch (four years) 
and Dr. J. H. R. Biesenthal. From 1878-79 he 
was New-England professor of biblical literature 
in Chicago (Congregational) Theological Semi- 
nary, and since 1879 has been New-England pro- 
fessor of Old-Testament literature and interpre- 
tation. He is the translator of Bickell's Out- 
lines of Hebrew Gramma); Leipzig, 1877 ; and of 
Delitzsch's Messianic Prophecies, Edinburgh, 1880, 
and Old-Testament History of Redemption, 1881; 
and author of The Name. Machabee, Leipzig, 
1876 (his doctor's thesis) ; The Levitical Priests, 
Edinburgh, 1877; De Aaronitici sacerdotii atque 
thorce Elohisticaz origine, Leipzig, 1878 (his licen- 
tiate thesis) ; Ingersoll and Moses, Chicago, 1879 ; 
and of contributions to Current Discussions in 
Theology, 1883 sqq. and in periodicals. He is 
associate editor of the Bibliotheca Sacra. 

CUYLER, Theodore Ledyard, D.D. (Princeton, 
1866), Presbyterian; b. at Aurora, Cayuga County, 
N.Y., Jan. 10, 1822; graduated at the College of 
New Jersey, 1841, and at Princeton Theological 
Seminary, 1846 ; became stated supply at Bur- 
lington, N.J., 1846 ; pastor of the Third Presby- 
terian Church, Trenton, 1849 ; of the Market- 
street Reformed Church, New- York City, 1853 ; 
and of the Lafayette-avenue Presbyterian Church, 
Brooklyn, N.Y., I860. His church reported in 
1885 a membership of 2,012. He has contrib- 
uted 2,700 articles to leading religious papers of 
America and Europe,- and been active in temper- 
ance work. He is the author of Stray Arrows, 
New York, 1852, new ed. 1880 ; The Cedar Chris- 
tian, 1858, new ed. 1881; The Empty Crib: A 
Memorial, 1868; Heart Life, 1871; Thought Hives, 
1872 ; Pointed Papers for the Christian Life, 1879 ; 
From the Nile to Norway, 1881 ; God's Light on 
Dark Clouds, 1882 ; Wayside Springs from the 
Fountain of Life, 1883; Right to the Point, 1884; 
Lafayette-avenue Church, 1885 (exercises connected 
with the celebration of the 25th anniversary of 
his pastorate, April 5 and 6, 1885). 



DABNEY. 



48 



DALTON. 



D. 



DABNEY, Robert Lewis, D.D. (Hampden-Sid- 
ney College, 1853), LL.D. (do., 1872), Presbyte- 
rian (Southern) ; b. in Louisa County, Va., March 
5, 1820 ; after studying in Hampden-Sidney Col- 
lege, Va., to the beginning of senior year, he 
entered the University of Virginia, Charlottes- 
ville, took the whole M.A. course, then the full 
theological course in Union Theological Seminary, 
Va., and graduated in 1846; became missionary 
in Virginia, 1846; pastor of Tinkling- Spring 
Church, Augusta County, Va., 1847; professor of 
church history in the Union Theological Semi- 
nary, Va., 1853, and of theology in the same 
institution, 1869 ; professor of philosophy, men- 
tal, moral, and political, in the State University 
of Texas, Austin, 1883 (his health requiring a 
milder climate). From 1858 till 1874 he was 
co-pastor of the Hampden-Sidney College Church. 
In 1861 he was a chaplain in the Confederate 
army, with the Virginia troops ; in 1862, chief of 
staff of the Second Corps under Gen. T. J. Jack- 
son. In 1870 he was moderator of the Southern 
General Assembly. He has published Memoir of 
Dr. F. S. Sampson, Richmond, 1854; Life of Gen. 
Thomas J. Jackson, New York, 1866 ; Defence of 
Virginia and the South, 1867 ; Treatise on Sacred 
Rhetoric, Richmond, 1870, 3d ed. 1881 ; Sensualistic 
Philosophy of the Nineteenth Century examined, 
New York, 1875 ; Theology, Dogmatic and Polemic, 
Richmond, 1874, 3d ed. 1885. 

DALE, Robert William, D.D. (Yale, 1877), 
LL.D. (Glasgow, 1883), Congregationalist ; b. in 
London, Dec. 1, 1829 ; educated at Spring Hill 
College, Birmingham (1847-53), graduated M.A. 
(with gold medal) at the University of London, 
1853 ; and in June of that year was ordained and 
installed as co-pastor with John Angell James of 
the Carr's-lane (Congregational) Church, Bir- 
mingham, and since Mr. James's death in 1859 
sole pastor. In 1869 he was chairman of the 
Congregational Union of England and Wales. 
In 1877 he was lecturer at Yale Seminary on the 
Lyman Beecher foundation. He is governor of 
King Edward VI. 's School, Birmingham, on ap- 
pointment of the Senate of the University of 
London. He takes an active part in religious, 
political (radical), and educational matters. As 
for his theology, he is in "general agreement with 
evangelical theologians, but claims freedom in 
relation to inspiration of the Scriptures, and dif- 
fers widely from the traditional evangelical school 
in principles of criticism and exegesis." His 
views are most fully set forth in his Epistle to 
the Ephesians. He " assigns a fundamental posi- 
tion to the relations of the human race to the 
Eternal Son of God, in whom the race was cre- 
ated. Only by the free consent of the individual 
man to God's eternal election of him in Christ 
can he actually realize union with God and the 
possession of eternal life. The potency of im- 
mortality is in the race, and all men survive death 
and will be judged ; but that only those who 
consent to find the root of their life in Christ 



will live forever : the rest of the race will sooner 
or later cease to exist." Besides many articles of 
importance, addresses separately published, and 
an edition of Reuss's History of Christian Theol- 
ogy in the Apostolic Age (translated by Annie Har- 
wood, London, 1872-74, 2 vols.), he has issued Life 
and Letters of the Rev. J. A. James, London, 1861, 
5th ed. 1862 ; The Jewish Temple and the Christian 
Church, 1865, 7th ed. 1886; Discourses delivered 
on Special Occasions, 1866 ; Week-day Sermons, 
1S67, 4th ed. 1883 ; The Ten Commandments, 1871, 
5th ed. 1885; Protestantism: its Ultimate Princi- 
ple, 1874, 2d ed. 1875; The Atonement (the Con- 
gregational Union lecture for 1875), 1875, 9th 
ed. 1883 (German trans, from 7th ed., Gotha, 
1880, also French trans, and New-Y r ork reprint) ; 
Nine Lectures on Preaching (Lyman Beecher lec- 
tures, referred to above), 1877, 5th ed. 1886 ; The 
Evangelical Revival, and other Sermons, 1880, 2d 
ed. 1881; Epistle to the Ephesians : its Doctrine 
and Ethics, 1882, 3d ed. 1884 ; The Laws of Christ 
for Common Life, 1884, 2d ed. 1885; Manual of 
Congregational Principles, 1884. He edited The 
English Hymn-book, Birmingham, 1875, contain- 
ing 1,260 hymns. For a time he was joint editor 
of The Eclectic Revieiv, and for seven years sole 
editor of The Congregationalist. 

DALES, John Blakely, D.D. (Franklin College, 
O., 1853), United Presbyterian; b. at Kortright, 
Delawai-e County, N.Y., Aug. 6, 1815; graduated 
at Union College, Schenectady, N.Y., 1835, and 
at the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Theo- 
logical Seminary, Newburgh, N.Y., 1839 ; has 
been pastor of the First Associate Reformed 
(now Second United) Presbyterian Church, Phila- 
delphia, Penn., since June 4, 1840, and held the 
following positions : editor in part of Christian 
Instructor (1846-79) ; professor of church history 
and pastoral theology in Newburgh Theological 
Seminary (1867-76) ; moderator of the General 
Assembly (1867) ; recording secretary of the 
Presbyterian Historical Society (Philadelphia) 
since 1851 ; corresponding secretary of the Board 
of Foreign Missions of the United Presbyterian 
Church, since its organization in 1859 ; stated 
clerk of the United Presbyterian Synod of New 
York since 1863. He is the author of Roman 
Catholicism, Philadelphia, 1842 ; Introduction to 
Lectures on Odd Fellowship, 1S51; The Dangers 
and Duties of Young Men, 1857 ; History of the 
Associate Reformed Church and its Missions (in 
the Church Memorial), Xenia, O., 1859; A Memo- 
rial Discourse on the fortieth anniversary of his 
pastorate, Philadelphia, 1882; a Church Manual, 
1884. 

DALTON, Hermann, D.D. (hon., Marburg, 1883), 
German Reformed; b. at Offenbach, near Frank- 
furt-am-Main, Aug. 20, 1833 (his father was an 
Englishman) ; studied at the universities of 
Marburg, Berlin, and Heidelberg, 1853-56; has 
been since 1858 pastor of the German Reformed 
Church in St. Petersburg, Russia, and member of 
the ecclesiastical council of the Reformed Church 



DALVIELLA. 



49 



DAVIDSON. 



in Russia; since 1S76 founder and chairman of 
the evangelical city mission. He has published, 
besides minor works, Nathanael, Vortrage iiber das 
Christenthum, St. Petersburg, 1861, 3d ed. 1S86; 
Geschichte der reformirten Kirche in Russland, 
Gotha, 1865 ; Das Gebet des Herrn in den Sprachen 
Russlands, Linguistische Studie mit Text in 108 
Sprachen, St. Petersburg, 1870 ; Immanuel, Der 
Heidelberger Katechismus als Bekenntniss- u. Erbau- 
ungsbuch, der evangel. Gemeinde erkldrt und ans 
Herz gelegt, Wiesbaden, 1870, 2d ed. 1883 (trans- 
lated into Dutch) ; Reisebilder aus dem Orient, St. 
Petersburg, 1871 ; Die evangelisclie Bewegung in 
Spanien, Wiesbaden, 1872 (translated into Dutch); 
Johannes Gossner, Berlin, 1874, 2d ed. 187S (trans- 
lated into Dutch) ; Reisebilder aus London und Hol- 
land, Wiesbaden, J875 ; Johannes von Muralt, 1876; 
Die evangelischen Stromungen in der russischen 
Kirche der Gegenwart, Heilbronn, 1881 (translated 
into Dutch, French, and English) ; Johannes a 
Lasco, Gotha, 1881 (translated into Dutch and 
English) ; Reisebilder aus Griechenland und Klein- 
asien, Randzeichnungen zu einigen Stellen des Neuen 
Testamenles, Bremen, 1884; Ferienreise eines evan- 
gelischen Predigers, 1885 (with an account of the 
Belfast Council of the Reformed Churches, and 
the Copenhagen Conference of the Evangelical 
Alliance, 1884, which the author attended as a 
delegate). Besides these may be mentioned his 
edifying and devotional writings which are all 
published in Basel, and have been widely circu- 
lated : Der verlorne Sohn, Die Familie (1865, 2d 
ed. 1870), Die sieben Worte am Kreuze (1871), 
Bethanien (1875), Die Heilung des Blindgebornen 
(1882). 

D'ALVIELLA, Count Goblet; b. in Brussels, 
Aug. 10, 1846 ; educated at the University of 
Brussels, 1865-69 ; became " conseiller provincial " 
in Brabant, 1872 ; member of Parliament, 1878 ; 
professor of the history of religion in the Uni- 
versity of Brussels, 1884. He has received from 
this university doctorates in political and admin- 
istrative science 1866, in law 1869, and in philos- 
ophy and letters 1884. His theological standpoint 
is that of "Free Religion." He accompanied the 
Prince of Wales in India as special correspondent 
of the Inde'pendance Beige (1875-76). He has 
written L'e'tablissement des Cobourg en Portugal, 
Brussels, 1869 ; De'sarmer ou De'choir (" ouvrage 
couronne par la Ligue de la Paix "), Paris, 1871 ; 
Sahara et Laponie, 1873, 2d ed. 1876 (English 
trans, by Mrs. Cashel Hoey, Sahara and Lapland, 
London, 1874); Le catholicisme liberal aujourd'hui et 
autrefois, Brussels, 1875; Inde et Himalaya, Paris, 
1877, 2d ed. 1880 ; Parlie perdue, 1877 ; Souvenirs 
d'un voyage dans V Atlantique, Verviers, 1881; De 
la ne'cessite d'introduire I'histoire des Religions dans 
notre enseignement public, Brussels, 1882 ; Harrison 
contre Spencer, etude sur la valeur religieuse de I'ln- 
connaissable, Paris, 1884 ; L 'evolution religieuse 
contemporaine chez les Anglais, les Ame'ricains et les 
Hindous, 1884 (English trans, by Rev. J. Hoden, 
The Contemporary Evolution of Religious Thought 
in England, America, and India, New York, 1885). 
Besides these he has written articles upon the 
history of religion in the Revue des Deux Mondes, 
Revue de Belgique, Revue de UHistoire des Religions, 
etc. 

DAVIDSON, Andrew Bruce, D.D., Free Church 
of Scotland ; b. in Scotland about 1840; received 



a university education ; was ordained in 1863, and 
the same year was appointed professor of Hebrew 
and Old- Testament exegesis in New College, 
Edinburgh, which position he still holds. He was 
a member of the Old-Testament Company of 
Revisers. He is the author of A Commentary on 
Job, Edinburgh, vol. i., 1862; An Lntroductory 
Hebrew Grammar, 1874, 4th ed. 1881 ; The Epistle 
to the Hebrews, with Introduction and Notes, 1882 
(in Clark's Handbooks for Bible Classes); Job, 
Cambridge, 1884 (in Cambridge Bible for Schools, 
edited by Dean Perowne). * 

DAVIDSON, Very Rev. Randall Thomas, dean 
of Windsor, Church of England; b. in Scotland 
in the year 1848; educated at Trinity College, 
Oxford; graduated B.A., 1871, M.A. 1875; or- 
dained deacon 1874, priest 1875; was curate of 
Dartford, Kent, 1874-77; resident chaplain to 
Archbishop of Canterbury (both Tait and Ben- 
son), 1877-83; examining chaplain to the bishop 
of Durham, 1881-83 ; sub-almoner and honorary 
chaplain to the Queen, 1882; one of the six 
preachers of Canterbury Cathedral; appointed 
dean, 1883; Queen's domestic chaplain, 1883. 

DAVIDSON, Samuel, D.D. (hon., Halle, 1848), 
LL.D. (hon., Marischal College, Aberdeen, 1838); 
b. at Kellswater, near Ballymena, County An- 
trim, Ireland, Sept. 23, 1807; educated at the 
Royal Academical Institution, Belfast, completing 
the course in 1832. From 1835 to 1841, when he 
l'esigned, he was professor of biblical criticism at 
Belfast to the Presbyterian body called the Gen- 
eral Synod of Ulster. In 1842 he became profes- 
sor of biblical literature and ecclesiastical history 
in the Lancashire Independent College at Man- 
chester. In 1857 he resigned this position in 
consequence of an adverse vote of the managing 
committee, apparently founded upon the view of 
inspiration expressed in the second volume of the 
tenth edition of Home's Introduction (see below). 
Dr. Davidson enjoyed the friendship of Tholuck, 
Hupfeld, Roediger, Erdmann, Bleek, Liicke, 
Gieseler, Neander, Ewald, Tischendorf, and other 
distinguished German theologians. His own 
theological standpoint is rationalistic. His bib- 
lical scholarship is evinced by the following 
works : (1) Lectures on Biblical Criticism, Edin- 
burgh, 1839; (2) Sacred Hermeneutics, 1843; (3) 
Gieseler's Compendium of Ecclesiastical History, 
translated from the German, 1846-47, 2 vols. ; (4) 
Ecclesiastical Polity of the New Testament, London, 
1848, 2d ed. 1854; (5) Introduction to the New 
Testament, 1848, 1849, 1851, 3 vols. ; (6) A Treat- 
ise on Biblical Criticism (superseding No. 1), Edin- 
burgh, 1852, 2 vols.; (7) The Hebrew Text of the 
Old Testament revised from Critical Sources, Lon- 
don, 1855 ; The Text of the Old Testament consid- 
ered; loith a Treatise on Sacred Interpretation, and a 
brief Introduction to the Old-Testament Books and 
the Apocrypha (forming vol. 2 of the tenth edition 
of Home's Introduction to the Scriptures), 1856, 
2d ed. 1859 ; (9) An Introduction to the Old Testa- 
ment, critical, historical, and theological, 1S62-63, 3 
vols. ; (10) Fiirst's Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon, 
translated from the German, 1865, 4th ed. 1871 ; 
(11) An Introduction to the New Testament (super- 
seding No. 5), 1868, 2 vols., 2d ed. 1882 ; (12) On 
a Fresh Revision of the English Old Testament, 
1873; (13) The New Testament, translated from the 
Critical Text of Von Tischendorf, with an Introduc- 



DA VIES. 



50 



DBANE. 



lion on the Criticism, Translation, and Interpretation 
of the Book, 1875, 2d ed. 1876; (14) The Canon of 
the Bible, 1876, 3d ed. 1880; (15) The Doctrine of 
Last Things contained in the New Testament, com- 
pared with the Notions of the Jews and the Statements 
of the Church Creeds, 1882. 

DAVIES, John Llewelyn, Church of England; 
b. at Chichester, Feb. 26, 1826; educated at Trin- 
ity College, Cambridge; graduated B.A. (senior 
optime and fifth in first-class classical tripos) 
1848, M. A. 1851 ; elected fellow of his college in 
1850; was ordained deacon 1851, priest 1852; 
from 1853 till 1856, incumbent of St. Mark's, 
Whitechapel, and since has been rector of Christ 
Church, Marylebone, London. In 1881 he was 
appointed a chaplain in ordinary to the Queen, 
and select preacher at Oxford, and the next year 
rural dean of St. Marylebone. He was a con- 
tributor to Smith's Dictionary of the Bible, and to 
Smith and Wace's Dictionary of Christian Biogra- 
phy. Besides five volumes of sermons, he has 
published (with Rev. D. J. Vaughan) a transla- 
tion of Plato's Republic, London, 3d ed. 1866 ; 
The Epistles to the Ephesians, Colossians, and 
Philemon, with Introduction and Notes, and an 
Essay on the Traces of Foreign Elements in the 
Theology of these Epistles, London, 1866, 2d ed. 
1884; Theology and Morality, 1873; Social Ques- 
tions from the Point of View of Christian Theology, 
1885. 

DAVIS, Peter Seibert, D.D. (Franklin and Mar- 
shall College, Penn., 1874), Reformed (German) ; 
b. at Funkstown, Md., March 21, 1828; gradu- 
ated at Marshall College, Mercersburg, 1849 ; 
studied in Mercersburg Seminary, and at Prince- 
ton ; became pastor at Winchester, Va., 1853; 
teacher at Mount Washington College, 1857 ; 
pastor at Norristown, Penn., 1859, and at Cham- 
bersburg, Penn., 1864 ; editor of The Messenger 
(official organ of the Reformed Chui-ch), Phila- 
delphia, 1875. He is the author of The Young 
Parson, Philadelphia, 1862, 7th ed. 1885, and of 
review and magazine articles. 

DAWSON, Sir John William, C.M.G.(i.e , Com- 
panion of the Order of St. Michael and St. 
George, 1881), M.A. (Edinburgh, 1856), LL.D. 
(McGill 1857, and Edinburgh 1884), F.R.S. (1862), 
F.G.S. (1854), etc., Presbyterian layman ; b. at 
Pictou, Nova Scotia, Oct. 13, 1820 ; studied at 
the College of Pictou, and at the University of 
Edinburgh, finishing in 1846 ; became superin- 
tendent of education for Nova Scotia, 1851 ; 
principal, and professor of geology, McGill Uni- 
versity, 1855. In 1881 he received the Lyell 
medal of the Geological Society of London for 
eminent geological discoveries ; in 1882 was the 
first president of the Royal Society of Canada ; 
in 1883, president of the American Association ; 
in 1883 travelled in Egypt and Syria ; in 1884 
was knighted; in 1885 was president-elect of the 
British Association for 1886. He became corre- 
spondent of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural 
Sciences, 1846 ; fellow of Boston Academy Arts 
and Sciences 1860, of Philadelphia American 
Philosophical Society 1862 ; honorary member 
Boston Natural History Society 1867, and of the 
New-York Academy of Sciences 1876. He is the 
author of Acadian Geology, London, 1855, 3d ed. 
1868; Archaia, or Studies of Creation in the Bible, 
1860; Story of the Earth and Man, 1873; Nature 



and the Bible (Morse lectures before Union Theo- 
logical Seminary, New- York City), 1875; Dawn 
of Life, 1875; Origin of the World, 1877, 4th ed. 
1886 ; Fossil Man, 1880 ; Chain of Life in Geolo- 
gical Time, 1883; Egypt and Syria, Physical Fea- 
tures in Relation to the Bible, 1885; besides many 
scientific memoirs in proceedings of societies, etc. 

DAY, George Edward, D.D. (Marietta College, 
1856), Congregationalist; b. at Pittsfield, Mass., 
March 19, 1815; graduated at Yale College 1833; 
was instructor two years in the New- York Insti- 
tution for the Deaf and Dumb; graduated at the 
Yale Divinity School 1838, in which he was as- 
sistant instructor in sacred literature from 1838 
to 1840. For the next ten years he was a Con- 
gregational pastor, first in Marlborough, and then 
Northampton, Mass. From 1851 to 1866 he was 
professor of biblical literature in Lane (Presby- 
terian) Theological Seminary, Cincinnati, O. ; and 
since then has been professor of the Hebrew lan- 
guage and biblical theology in the Yale Divinity 
School (Congregational), New Haven, Conn.; 
was secretary, from its organization, of the Ameri- 
can Bible Revision Committee, in which he served 
as a member of the Old-Testament Company. He 
published two extended reports of his personal 
examination of the condition of deaf-mute in- 
struction in Europe, especially in regard to me- 
chanical articulation, 1845 and 1861 ; established 
and edited The Theological Eclectic, a repertory of 
foreign theological literature, 1863-70, for which 
he translated from the Dutch, and also published 
separately, Van Oosterzee's Biblical Theology of the 
New Testament, 1871. He also translated, with 
additions, Van Oosterzee on Titus, for Dr. Schaff's 
edition of Lange's Commentary, New York ; and 
edited the American issue of Oehler's Biblical 
Theology of the Old Testament, with an introduc- 
tion and additional notes, 1883. 

DAY, Right Rev. Maurice Fitzgerald, D.D. 
(Trinity College, Dublin, 1867), Lord Bishop of 
Cashel, Emly, Waterford, and Lismore, Church 
of Ireland; b. at Kiltullagh, County Kerry, Ire- 
land, in the year 1816; educated at Trinity Col- 
lege, Dublin; graduated B.A. 1838, M.A. 1858, 
B.D. 1867; was vicar of St. Matthias, Dublin, 
1843-68 ; dean of Limerick, 1S68-72 ; prebendary 
of Glankeel in Cashel Cathedral since 1872 ; con- 
secrated bishop, 1872. He is the author of The 
Gospel at Philippi: Sermons preached in St. Mat- 
thias Church, Dublin, 1865, 3d ed. 1876; The 
Church: Sermons preached in Limerick Cathedral, 
1870. * 

DEANE, Henry, Church of England; b. at 
Gillingham, Dorset, July 27, 1838; was scholar 
of Winchester College, 1851 ; fellow of St. John's 
College, Oxford, 1856; graduated B.A. (first- 
class mathematics) 1860,-M.A. 1864, B.D. 1869; 
was ordained deacon 1863, priest 1866 ; was curate 
of St. Thomas, Salisbury, 1863-67 ; of St. Giles, 
Oxford, 1867-74; mathematical public examiner 
at Oxford 1868-69, theological 1873-74; senior 
proctor of the university, 1870-71; vicar of St. 
Giles, Oxford, since 1874 ; since 1874 has been assist- 
ant lecturer to the regius professor of Hebrew; 
since 1883, lecturer on Shemitic languages in 
Wadham College; and since 1885, examiner in 
theology at the University of Durham. He is a 
fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. He edited 
the third book of Irenseus, Oxford, 1874 ; contrib- 



DEANB. 



51 



DELITZSCH. 



uted to Blunfc's Dictionary of Theology, London, 
1868; Cassell's Bible Educator, 1875; a commen- 
tary on Jeremiah (1879) to the S. P. C. K. com- 
mentary, and one on Daniel (1883) to Bishop 
Ellicott's. 

DEANE, William John, Church of England; 
b. at Lymington, Hants, Oct. 6, 1823 ; educated 
at Oriel College, Oxford; graduated B.A. 1847, 
M.A. 1872; was ordained deacon 1847, priest 
1849; was curate of Rugby 1847-49, of Wyck- 
Ryssington 1849-52; rector of South Thoresby, 
Lincolnshire, 1852-53 ; and since 1853 has been 
rector of Ashen, Essex. Besides various articles, 
he has published Catechism of the Holy Days, 
London, 1850, 3d ed. 1886 ; Lyra Sanctorum, Lays 
for the Minor Festivals of the English Church, 
1850; Manual of Household Prayer, 1857; Proper 
Lessons from the Old Testament, with a Plain 
Commentary, 1864 ; The Book of Wisdom, with 
Introduction, Critical Apparatus, and Commentary, 
Oxford, 1881. 

DE COSTA, Benjamin Franklin, D.D. (Will- 
iam and Mary College, 1881), Episcopalian ; b. at 
Charlestown, Mass., July 10, 1831 ; graduated at 
Wilbraham Seminary and Biblical Institute, 
Concord, N.H. (now part of Boston University), 
1856; studied aiid travelled three years on the 
Continent ; was rector in Massachusetts ; chaplain 
of the 5th and 18th Mass. Vol. Infantry, 1861- 
62 ; became rector of St. John Evangelist's, New- 
York City, 1880. He edited The Christian Times, 
1863, and The Magazine of American History, 
1882-83, both published in New-York City. He 
was first secretary of the Church Temperance 
Society, 1881; inaugurated the White Cross move- 
ment, 1884 ; and belongs to many learned societies 
at home and abroad. He is a quite voluminous 
author, mostly in American history. Among his 
publications in book form may be mentioned 
Pre-Columbian Discovery of America by the North- 
men, Albany, 1869 ; The Moabite Stone, New York, 
1870 ; The Rector of Roxburgh (a novel under nom 
de plume of William Hickling), 1873 ; edited 
White's Memoirs of the Protestant- Episcopal Church, 
1881 ; contributed to Bishop Perry's History of 
the American Episcopal Church 1587-1883, Boston, 
1885, 2 vols. ; and to The Narrative and Critical 
History of America, 1886, sqq., 8 vols. 8vo. 

DEEMS, Charles Force, D.D. (Randolph-Macon 
College, Ashland, Va., 1S50), LL.D. (University 
of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1877) ; b. at 
Baltimore, Md., Dec. 4, 1820 ; graduated from 
Dickinson College, Carlisle, Penn., 1839; entered 
the ministry of the Methodist Church (South) ; 
was general agent of the American Bible Society 
for North Carolina, 1840-41 ; professor of logic 
and rhetoric in the University of North Carolina, 
1842-45; and of chemistry in Randolph-Macon 
College, Va., 1845-46; president of Greensborough 
Female College, 1850-55 ; and since 1866 pastor 
of the Church of the Strangers, an Independent 
congregation, in New- York City. He edited The 
Southern Methodist-Episcopal Pulpit from 1846-51, 
and The Annals of Southern Methodism, 1S49-52; 
The Sunday Magazine, published by Frank Les- 
lie, 1876-79; and since 1S83 Christian Thought, 
the organ of the American Institute of Christian 
Philosophy, of which he was principal founder, 
and has been from the beginning (1881) president. 
He has published Triumph of Peace, and other- 



Poems, New York, 1840; Life of Adam Clarke, 
LL.D., 1840; Devotional Melodies, Raleigh, N.C., 
1842; Twelve College Sermons, Philadelphia, 1844; 
The Home Altar, New York, 1850, 3d ed. 1881; 
What Now? New York, 1853; Hymns for all 
Christians, 1869, new ed. 1881 ; Forty Sermons 
preached in the Church of the Strangers, 1871 ; 
Jesus, 1872, new ed. (with title, The Light of the 
Nations), 1880; Weights and Wings, 1872, new 
ed. 1878 ; Sermons, 1885. 

DE HOOP SCHEFFER. — See Hoop Schef- 

FER. 

DELITZSCH, Franz, D.D., German Lutheran 
theologian ; b. at Leipzig, Feb. 23, 1813 (of He- 
brew descent) ; studied there, took degree of Ph.D., 
and became privat-docent ; went thence as ordinary 
professor to Rostock 1846, thence to Erlangen 
1850, and back to Leipzig in 1867, and has since 
been of that faculty. By reason of his pre- 
eminent attainments in biblical and post-biblical 
Hebrew, he has been styled " the Christian Tal- 
mudist." His writings are of great value, espe- 
cially his commentaries, — Der Prophet Habakuk, 
Leipzig, 1S43 ; in the Keil and Delitzsch series, Job, 
1864, 2d ed. 1876 (English trans., Edinburgh, 1866, 
2 vols.) ; Die Psalmen, 1869, 3d ed. 1874 (English 
trans. 1871, 3 vols.) ; Das Salomonische Spruch- 
buch, 1873 (English trans. 1875, 2 vols.) ; Hohe- 
lied und Koheleth, 1875 (English trans. 1877); 
Jesaia, 1866, 3d ed. 1879 (English trans. 1867, 
2 vols.) ; independently, Genesis, 1852, 4th ed. 
1S72; Hebrews, 1857 (English trans. 1870, 2 vols.). 
His other publications include Zur Gesch. d. jiid. 
Poesie v. Absclduss d. A. B. bis auf die neuste Zeit, 
1836 ; Jesurun sive prolegomenon in Concordantias 
V. T. a Fuerstio, Grimma, 1838; Anekdota zur 
Geschichte der mittelalterlichen Scholastik unter 
Juden und Moslemen, Leipzig, 1841 ; Das Sacra- 
ment des wahren Leibes und Blules Jesu Christi, 
Dresden, 1844, 7th ed. Leipzig, 1886 ; Die biblisch- 
prophetische Theologie, Leipzig, 1845 ; Vier Bucher 
von der Kirche, Dresden, 1847; Neue Untcrsuch- 
ungen uber Entstehung und Anluge der kanonischen 
Evangelien, Leipzig, 1853 (only first part, on 
Matthew, has appeared) ; System der biblischen 
Psychologic, 1855, 2d ed. 1861 (English trans., A 
System of Biblical Psychology, Edinburgh, 1867) ; 
Jesus und Hillel, Erlangen, 1867, 3d ed. 1879 ; 
Handwerketieben zur Zeit Jesu, 1868, 3d ed. 1878 
(English trans, of the two, by Mrs. P. Monk- 
house, Jewish Artisan Life in the Time of our Lord; 
to which is appended a critical comparison between 
Jesus and Hillel, London, 1877, and of the Artisan 
Life alone, from 3d ed. by Croll, Philadelphia, 
1883, and by Pick, New York, 1883) ; Sehet welch 
ein Mensch ! Leipzig, 1869, 2d ed. 1872 ; System 
der chrisilichen Apologetik, 1869 ; Paulus des Apos- 
tels Brief an die Romer aus d. Griech. ins Hebr. 
ubersetzt u. aus d. Talmud u. Midrasch erlautert, 
1870 ; Ein Tag in Capernaum, 1871 ; Complulen- 
sische Varianten zum A. T. Texte, 1878; Rohling's 
Talmudjude beleuchtet, 1881 (7th ed. same year); 
Was D. Aug. Rohling beschworen hat und be- 
schworen will, 1883 (2d ed. same year); Schachmatt, 
den Blutlugnern Rohling u. Justus entboten, Erlang- 
en, 1883 ; Die Bibel und der Wein, Leipzig, 1885 
(pp. 18), cf. Expositor, January, 1886. In connec- 
tion with S. Baer, he has issued revised Hebrew 
texts of Genesis, Ezra, Nehemiah, Job, the Psalms, 
Proverbs, Isaiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, and the minor 



DELITZSCH. 



52 



DEUTSCH. 



prophets, Leipzig, 1861-84. Dr. Delitzsch's ex- 
cellent translation of the entire New Testament 
into Hebrew (1877, 4th ed. 1882) is circulated by 
the British and Foreign Bible Society. See art. 
Curtiss, p. 47. His son is * 

DELITZSCH, Friedrich, Ph.D. (Leipzig); b. at 
Erlangen, Sept. 3, 1850; became professor of 
Assyriology at Leipzig, 1877. He is the author 
of Assyrische Studien, Leipzig, 1874; Assyrische 
Lesestuckei, 1878 ; Wo lag das Paradies ? 1881 ; The 
Hebrew Language viewed in the Light of Assyrian 
Research, London, 1883; Die Sprache der Kossder, 
1884 ; Studien uber indogermanisch-semitische Wurz- 
elverwandtschaft, 1884. * 

DEMAREST, David D., D.D. (College of New 
Jersey, 1857), Reformed (Dutch) ; b. in Harring 
ton township, Bergen County, N. J., July 30, 1819 ; 
graduated from Rutgers College, New Bruns- 
wick, N.J., 1837, and from the Reformed Dutch 
Theological Seminary there, 1840; became pastor 
of the Reformed Dutch Church of Flatbush, Uls- 
ter County, N.Y., 1841; (the Second) of New 
Brunswick, N.J., 1843; of Hudson, N.Y., 1852; 
professor of pastoral theology and sacred rhetoric 
in the Theological Seminary of New Brunswick, 
1865. He has published, besides occasional ad- 
dresses, History and Characteristics of the Reformed 
Dutch Church, New York, 1856, 3d ed. n. d. ; Prac- 
tical Catechetics, 1882. 

DEMAREST, John Terheun, D.D. (Rutgers 
College, N.J., 1851), Reformed (Dutch); b. at 
Teaneck, near Hackensack, N.J., Feb. 20, 1813; 
graduated at Rutgers College 1834, and at the 
New Brunswick Theological Seminary 1837 ; 
was pastor at New Prospect, N.Y., 1837-49, 1869- 
71, 1873-85 (emeritus, April 21, 1885) ; at Mini- 
sink, N.J., 1850-52; at Pascack, N.J., 1854-67; 
principal of Harrisburg Academy, 1852-54. He 
is a Calvinistic premillenarian. He has written 
Exposition of the Efficient Cause of Regeneration, 
the Duty and Manner of Preaching to the Unre- 
newed, and the Doctrine of Election, New Bruns- 
wick, N. J., 1842 ; Translation and Exposition of 
the First Epistle of Peter, New York, 1851; Com- 
mentary on the Second Epistle of Peter, 1862 ; (with 
W. R. Gordon) Christocracy, or Essays on the 
Coming and Kingdom of Christ, with Answers to the 
Principal Objections of Post-M illenarians, 1867, 2d 
ed. 1878; A Commentary on the Catholic Epistles, 
1879. 

DENIO, Francis Brigham, Congregationalist ; 
b. at Enosburg, Franklin County, Vt., May 4, 
1848; graduated at Middlebury College, Vt., 
1871, and at Andover Theological Seminary, 
1879 ; became instructor in New-Testament Greek 
in Bangor Theological Seminary, Me., 1879, and 
professor of Old-Testament language and litera- 
ture in the same institution, 1882. 

DENISON, Ven. George Anthony, archdeacon 
of Taunton, Church of England; b. at Ossington, 
Nottinghamshire, Eng., Dec. 11, 1805; educated 
at Christ Church, Oxford; graduated B.A (first- 
class in classics) 1826 ; M. A., fellow of Oriel, and 
Latin essayist (University prize), 1828; English 
essayist (do.), 1829 ; was ordained deacon and 
priest, 1832; from 1832 till 1838 was curate to the 
bishop of Oxford; in the latter year he resigned 
his fellowship, and became vicar of Broadwinsor, 
Dorset, and so remained until 1845, when he be- 
came vicar of East Brent, and also examining 



chaplain to the bishop of Bath and Wells, who in 
1851 made him archdeacon of Taunton, and these 
two positions he has held ever since. The arch- 
deacon is an " English Catholic," or, as such are 
commonly called, an "ultra High Churchman." 
From 1839 to 1870 he was prominent as a Church 
champion in the school controversy as between 
the Church of England and the civil power, which 
resulted in the Elementary Education Act, the 
final and decisive victory of the latter ; was from 
1854 to 1858 publicly prosecuted for maintaining 
the real presence, but the prosecution ultimately 
failed. His publications consist of a large num- 
ber of pamphlets, sermons, charges, letters, etc., 
and the following volumes : Proceedings against 
the Archdeacon of Taunton, London, 1854, 1855, 
1856 ; Defence of the Archdeacon of Taunton, 1856 ; 
Final Paper put in in Defence, October, 1856; 
Church Rate a National Trust, 1861 ; Notes of my 
Life, 1805-78, 1878, 3d ed. 1879. He translated 
from the manuscript in the British Museum Sara- 
via on the Holy Eucharist, 1855. 

DENTON, 'William, Church of England; b. at 
Carisbrook, Isle of Wight, March 1, 1815 ; edu- 
cated at Worcester College, Oxford ; graduated 
B.A. 1844, M.A. 1848; was ordained deacon 1844, 
priest 1845 ; curate from 1844-50, and since 1850 
vicar of St. Bartholomew, Cripplegate, London. 
His writings upon the condition of the Christian 
people of Servia and Montenegro, the result of 
personal investigations, won him the recognition 
of the Servian king, who gave him the grand 
cross of the Order of St. Saba (Servia), and 
cross of the Saviour of Takova (Servia). He has 
published Commentary on the Sunday and Saints'- 
Daij Gospels in the Communion Office, London, 
1861-63,3 vols., 3d ed. 1875-80; Servia and the 
Servians, 1862 ; The Christians under Mussulman 
Rule, 1&63, 3d ed. 1877 ; Commentary on the Lord's 
Prayer, 1864 ; Commentary on the Sunday and 
Saints'-Day Epistles in the Communion Office, 1869- 
71, 2 vols., 2d ed. 1873-77; Commentary on the 
Acts of the Apostles, 1874-76, 2 vols. ; Montenegro: 
its People and their History, 1877; Records of St. 
Giles's, Cripplegate, 1883; The Antient Church in 
Egypt, 1883. 

DE PUY, William Harrison, D.D. (Union Col- 
lege, Schenectady, N.Y., 1869), LL.D. (Mount 
Union College, Ohio, 1884), Methodist; b. at 
Penn Yan, N.Y., Oct. 31, 1821; graduated at 
Genesee College, Lima, N.Y. ; taught in several 
institutions ; was professor of mathematics and 
natural philosophy in Genesee Wesleyan Semi- 
nary 1851-55, being before and after a pastor; 
was associate editor of The Christian Advocate, 
New York, 1865-84. He edits The Methodist Year 
Book, and has published Threescore Years and 
Beyond, or Experiences of the Aged, New York, 
1872; and the valuable Methodist Centennial Year 
Book, 1784-1884, 1884. He is also the author of 
Home and Health and Home Economics, 1880 
(170,000 copies sold up to 1886); editor of The 
People's Cyclopedia of Universal Knowledge, 3 
vols., super royal 8vb, 1882 (100,000 sets sold 
up to 1886) ; and The People's Atlas of the 
World, 18S6. 

DESCHWEINITZ. — See Schweinitz. 

DEUTSCH, Samuel Martin, Lie. Theol. (Jena, 
1866), United Evangelical; b. at Warsaw, Feb. 
19, 1837 ; studied at Erlangen 1854-56, Rostock 



DE WITT. 



53 



DIECKHOFF. 



1856-57 ; became gymnasial teacher in Berlin, 
1857 ; professor extraordinary of theology in Ber- 
lin University, 1885. He is the author of Des 
Ambrosius Lehre von der Stinde und der Siind- 
entilgung, Berlin, 1867 ; Drei Actenstiicke zur Ge- 
schichte des Donatismus, 1875; Die Synode zu Sens 
(11J/.1) und die Verurteilung Abalards, 1880 ; Peter 
Abalard, ein kritischer Theologe des 12. Jahrhun- 
derts, Leipzig, 1883 ; Luthers These vom Jahre 1519 
iiber die p'dpslliche Gewall, Berlin, 1884. 

DE WITT, John, D.D. (Rutgers College, 1860), 
Reformed (Dutch) ; b. at Albany, N.Y., Nov. 29, 
1S21 ; graduated at Rutgers College 1838, and at 
the Reformed Dutch Theological Seminary, both 
in New Brunswick, N. J., 1842 ; pastor of the 
Reformed Dutch Church at Ridgeway, Lenawee 
County, Mich., 1842-44 (he was its first pastor); 
at Ghent, N.Y., 1844-49 ; at Canajoharie, N.Y., 
1849-50; at Millstone (Hillsborough), N.J., 1850- 
63 ; professor of Oriental literature at New Bruns- 
wick, 1863-84; and since 1S84 of Hellenistic Greek 
and New-Testament exegesis. He was one of the 
Old-Testament Revision Company from its forma- 
tion. He is the author of The Sure Foundation, 
and How to Build on it, New York, 1848, new ed. 
1SG0; The Praise Songs of Israel, a New Rendering 
of the Book of Psalms, 1884, 2d and revised ed. 
1885. 

DE WITT, John, D.D. (Princeton, 1877), Pres- 
byterian; b. at Harrisburg, Penn., Oct. 10, 1842; 
graduated at the College of New Jersey, 1861 ; 
studied at Princeton and Union Theological Semi- 
naries, 1861-65; became pastor of Presbyterian 
Church, Irvington, N.Y., 1865; of Congregational 
Central Church, Boston, 1869 ; of Tenth Presby- 
terian Church, Philadelphia, 1876 ; professor of 
church history in Lane Theological Seminary 
(Presbyterian), Cincinnati, O., 1882. He is the 
author of Sermons on the Christian Life, New 
York, 1885. 

DEXTER, Henry Martyn, D.D. (Iowa College, 
1865), S.T.D. (Yale, 1880), Congregationalist ; b. 
at Plympton, Mass., Aug. 13, 1821 ; graduated at 
Yale College 1840, and at Andover Theological 
Seminary 1844; became pastor at Manchester, 
N.H., 1844; in Boston, 1849 (also editor of The 
Congregationalist 1S51-66, and of The Congrega- 
tional Quarterly, 1859-66) ; resigned pastoral 
charge to be editor of The Congregationalist and 
Recorder, 1867. From 1877 to 1880 he was lec- 
turer on Congregationalism at Andover Theo- 
logical Seminary; since 1869 he has been member 
of the American Antiquarian and Massachusetts 
Historical Societies, since 1884 of the American 
Historical Association. Besides contributions to 
The New-Englander, The New-England Historic- 
Genealogical Register, The British Quarterly, the Me- 
morial History of Boston, the Encyclopaedia Britan- 
nica, the Schaff'-Hei-zog, etc., he has written The 
Moral Influence of Manufacturing Towns, An- 
dover, 1848; The Temperance Duties of the Tem- 
perate, Boston, 1850 ; Our National Condition and 
its Remedy, 1856; The Voice of the Bible the Ver- 
dict of Reason, 1858; Street Thoughts, 1859; 
Twelve Discourses, 1860 ; What Ought to be Done 
with the Freedmen and the Rebels'? 1865; Congrega- 
tionalism: What it is, Whence it is, How it Works, 
Why it is better than any other Form of Church 
Government ; and its Consequent Demands, 1865, 
5th ed. 1879 ; The Verdict of Reason upon the 



Question of the Future Punishment of Those who 
Die Impenitent, 1865; Mauri's Relation, 1865; 
Church's Philip's War (both edited with notes), 
1865; The Spread of the Gospel in the City among 
the Poor toho habitually neglect the Sanctuary, 1866; 
Church's Eastern Expeditions (edited with notes), 
1867 ; A Glance at the Ecclesiastical Councils of 
New England, 1867; The Church Polity of the 
Pilgrims the Polity of the New Testament, 1870; 
Pilgrim Memoranda, 1870 ; As to Roger Williams, 
and his " Banishment " from the Massachusetts Col- 
ony, 1876, 2d ed. 1877; The Congregationalism of 
the last Three Hundred Years, as seen in its Liter- 
ature : with Special Reference to Certain Recondite, 
Neglected, or Disputed Passages : with a Bibliograph- 
ical Appendix, New York, 1880 ; A Handbook of 
Congregationalism, Boston, 1880 ; Roger Williams's 
Christenings make not Christians : a Long-lost Tract 
recovered and exactly reprinted, and edited, Provi- 
dence, 1881 ; The True Story of John Smyth, the 
Se-Baptist, as told by himself and his Contempo- 
raries , with an Inquiry whether dipping were a new 
Mode of Baptism in England in or about 1641 .' 
and some consideration of the historical value of 
certain extracts from the alleged " Ancient Records" 
of the Baptist Church of Epworth, Crowle and But- 
terwick, England, lately published, and claimed to 
suggest important modifications of the history of the 
seventeenth century ; with collections toward a bibli- 
ography of the first two generations: of the Baptist 
controversy, 1881 ; Common Sense as to Woman 
Suffrage, 1885. 

DICKSON, William Purdie, D.D. (St. Andrew's, 
1865), LL.D. (Edinburgh, 1885), Church of Scot- 
land ; b. at Pettinain Manse, Lanarkshire, Scot- 
land, Oct. 22, 1823 ; graduated at the University 
of St. Andrew's, 1851 ; became minister of the 
parish of Cameron, Fife, 1851 ; professor in the 
University of Glasgow, of biblical criticism 1863, 
and of divinity 1873. Since 1874 he has been 
convener of the Education Committee of the 
Church of Scotland, having charge of the train- 
ing colleges in Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Aber- 
deen ; and since 1866 the curator of the university 
library of Glasgow, and hence superintendent of 
the preparation of the new printed catalogue, 
of which the alphabetic form was completed in 
1885, in twenty volumes, and of the seventeen 
volumes of the subject catalogue already issued. 
Besides various articles in Fairbairn's Imperial 
Bible Dictionary, Smith's Dictionary of Christian 
Biography, The Academy, The Expositor, etc., he 
has published a translation of Mommsen's History 
of Rome, London, 1862-66, 4 vols., revised ed. 
1868 ; and of Meyer's Commentary on the New 
Testament, Edinburgh, 1873-80, 16 vols, (of which 
ten were revised by him throughout) ; St. Paul's 
Use of the Terms Flesh and Spirit (Baird lecture 
for 1883), Glasgow, 1883. 

DIECKHOFF, August Wilhelm, Lie. Theol. 
(Gottingen, 1850), D.D. Qion., Greifswald, 1856), 
a strict Lutheran theologian ; b. at Gottingen, 
Germany, Feb. 5, 1823; studied at Gottingen, 
where he became ordinary professor of theology, 
1854; since 1860 he has held the same position, 
together with the directorship of the homiletical 
and catechetical seminary at Rostock ; since 1882 
he has been Consistorial-Rath. From 1860 to 1864 
he edited (with Kliefoth) the Theolog. Zeitschrift; 
in Berlin, 1864, he issued Dieterici's Instiluliones 



DIKE. 



54 



DIX. 



catecheticce. He is the author of Die Waldenser 
im Mittelalter, Gbttingen, 1851 ; Die evangelische 
Abendmahlslehre im Reformationszeitalter geschicht- 
lich davgestellt. 1. Bd. 1854; Die evangelisch- 
lutheriscne Lehre von der heiligen Schrift gegen v. 
Hofmann's Lehre von der heiligen Schrift und vom 
kirchlichen Wort Gotten vertheidigt, Schwerin, 1858; 
Der Sieg des Christen/hums iiber das Heidenthurn 
unter Constantin d. Gr., 1863; Luthers Lehre von 
der kircldichen Gewalt, Berlin, 1864 ; Schrift und 
Tradition. Eine Widerlegung der romischen Lehre 
vom, unfehlbaren Lehramte und der romischen Ein- 
wiirfe gegen das evangel. Schriftprincip, mit besond. 
Beziehung auf die Schrift des Freiherrn v. Ketteler, 
Bischop von Mainz: "Das allgemeine Condi und 
seine Bedeutung fiir unsere Zeit," Rostock, 1870; 
Der Schlusssalz der Marburger Arlikel und seine 
Bedeutung fiir die richtige Beurtheilung des Verhd.lt- 
nisses der Confessionskirchen zu einander, 1872; 
Slaat und Kirche. Principielle Belrachtungen iiber 
das Verhdlt7iiss beider zu einander aus dem Gesichls- 
punkte des christlichen Slaats nebst einer Anhang 
iiber das neue preuss-Schulaufsichtsgesetz, Leipzig, 
1872; Die obligatorische Civilehe, 1873; Die kircli- 
liche Trauung, ihre Geschichte im Zusammenhange 
mit der Entwickelung des Eheschliessungsrechts und 
ihr Verhaltniss zur Civilehe, Rostock, 1878; Civ- 
ilehe und kirchliche Trauung. Das Gegensatzver- 
hdltniss zwischen beiden dargelegt, 1880 ; Justin, 
Augustin, BernJtard und Luther. Der Entwickel- 
ungsgang christlicher Wahrheitserfassung in der 
Kirche als Beweis fiir die Lehre der Reformation 
(five lectures), Leipzig, 1882 ; Die Mensclucerdung 
des Sohnes Gottes. Ein Volum iiber die Theologie 
RitscM's, 1882 ; Die Stellung der iheologischen 
Fakultdten zur Kirche, 1883 ; Die Stellung Luthers 
zur Kirche und Hirer Reformation in der Zeit vor 
dem Ablassstreit, Rostock, 1883; Luthers Recht 
gegen Rom, 1883 ; Der missourische Prddeslinalian- 
ismus und die Concordienformel. Eine Entgeg- 
nung auf zwei Gegenschriften gegen das Erachten 
der iheologischen Facultdt zu Rostock, 1885 ; Der 
Ablassstreit dogmengeschichtlich dargestellt, Gotha, 
1886. 

DIKE, Samuel Fuller, D.D. (Bowdoin, 1872), 
Swedenborgian ; b. at North Bridgewater (now 
Brockton), Mass., March 17, 1815; graduated at 
Brown University, Rhode Island, 1838; has been 
pastor of the Society of the New Jerusalem, Bath, 
Me., since 1840; is teacher of church history in 
the Theological School of the General Convention 
of the New Church, Boston, and has always taken 
a prominent part in Maine educational interests. 
He has published Doctrine of the L.ord in the Pritn- 
itive Christian Church, Boston, 1870, and various 
occasional and fugitive pieces. 

DIKE, Samuel Warren, Congregationalist ; b. 
at Thompson, Conn., Feb. 13, 1839; graduated at 
Williams College 1863, and at Andover 1866 ; 
■was pastor of the Congregational churches at 
West Randolph (1868-77) and at Royalton, Vt. 
(1880-83) ; since 1881 secretary first of the New- 
England, then of the National Divorce Reform 
League. He lectured at Andover Theological 
Seminary in 1885, upon the family and social 
problems. He is the author of Some Aspects of 
the Divorce Question, in The Andover Review, ISSi- 
85 ; The Family in the History of Christianity, N. Y. 
1885 ; and in charge of the department of " Socio- 
logical Notes " in the Andover Review, 1886, sqq. 



DILLMANN (Christian Friedrich) August, Ph.D. 
(Tubingen, 1846), D.D. (hon., Leipzig, 1862), 
Evangelical Lutheran ; b. at Illingen, Wurtemberg, 
April 25, 1823 ; studied in the seminary at Schon- 
thal, 1836-40; at Tubingen, 1840-45; was assist- 
ant pastor at Sersheim, Wurtemberg, 1845-46 ; 
travelled and studied, especially Ethiopic, at Paris, 
London, and Oxford, 1846-48 ; became repetent 
(i.e., tutor for three years) at Tubingen, 1848; 
privat-docent for Old-Testament exegesis in the 
theological faculty, 1852 ; professor extraordinary 
of theology, 1853 ; professor of the Oriental lan- 
guages in the philosophical faculty at Kiel, 1854; 
professor of theology at Giessen, 1864; and at 
Berlin, 1869. He has published Catalogus codi- 
cum orientalium MSS. qui in Museo Britannico 
asservantur. P. LIL. Codices JEthiopicos amplec- 
tens, London, 1847 ; Catalogus codicum manuscrip- 
lorum Bibliothecoz Bodleianoz Oxoniensis. P. VIL. 
Codices JEthiopici, digessit A. Dillmann, Oxford, 
1848; Liber Henoch, JEthiopice, Leipzig, 1851; 
Das Bitch Henoch iibersetzt u. erkldrt, 1853; Das 
christliche Adambuch des Morgenlandes, aus dem 
JEthiopischen iibersetzt (reprinted from Ewald's 
Jahrbiicher), 1853 ; Biblia Veteris Testamenti JEthi- 
opica, Tomus I. Octateuchus. Fasc. 1, Genesin, 
Exodum, Leviticum (1853). Fasc. 2, Numeros et 
Deuteronomium. (1854). Fasc. 3, Josua, Judicum 
et Ruth (1855). Tomus II Fasc. 1 et 2, Libri 
Regum (1861 and 1871); Grammalik der cethio- 
pischen Sprache, 1857 ; Liber Jubilceorum, JEthiopice, 
1859; Lexicon Ungues JEthiopicos, 1865; Chresto- 
mathia JElhiopica cum glossario, 1866; Erkldrung 
des B. Hiob (1869), Genesis (1875, 3d ed. 1886), 
Exodus u. Leviticus (1880), and Numeri, Deute- 
ronomium u. Josua (1886), — these commentaries 
are all in the Kurzgefassten exegetischen Handbuch 
series; Ascensio Isaicc, JEthiopice et Latine, 1877; 
Verzeichniss d. abessinischen Hdschr. d. k. Bibliothek 
zu Berlin, Berlin, 1878; Verhandlungen des V.ten 
intemationalen Orientalistcn Congresses in Berlin, 
1881 ; Das Buch der Jubilden oder die Heine Gene- 
sis, aus dem Aethiopischen iibersetzt (in Ewald's Jahr- 
biicher der bibl. Wissenschaft, Gbttingen, 1849-51); 
numerous articles, academical addresses, etc. 

DITTRICH, Franz, D.D. (Munich, 1865), Roman 
Catholic ; b. at Thegsten near Heilsberg, East 
Prussia, Jan. 26, 1839; studied philosophy and 
theology at Braunsberg; became priest, 1863; 
continued his theological studies at Rome and 
Munich; became privat-docent at Braunsberg 1866, 
professor extraordinary 1868, ordinary professor 
of theology 1873. He is the author of Dionysius 
der Grosse von Alexandrien, Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 
1867. 

DIX, Morgan, S.T.D. (Columbia, 1862), D.C.L. 
(University of the South, 1885), Episcopalian; b.' 
in New- York City, Nov. 1, 1827; graduated at 
Columbia College, N.Y., 1848, and at the General 
Theological Seminary, 1852 ; became assistant 
minister of St. Mark's Church, Philadelphia, 
1853, and of Trinity Church, New York, 1855; 
assistant rector of Trinity 1859, and rector 1S62. 
He is president of the Standing Committee of the 
Diocese of New York; deputy to General Con- 
vention ; trustee {ex officio) of Sailors' Snug Har- 
bor, and of Leake and Watts Orphan House, and 
president of the board ; trustee of General The- 
ological Seminary (and chairman of Standing 
Committee) of Columbia College, of the Society 



DIXON. 



55 



DOEDBS. 



for promoting Religion and Learning, of House 
of Mercy, Church Orphan Home, Home for In- 
curables, St. Stephen's College (Annandale, N.Y.), 
Hobart College (Geneva, N.Y.), Corporation for 
Relief of Widows and Orphans of Clergymen, 
Home for Old Men and Aged Couples ; vice-pres- 
ident of N. Y. P. E. Public School; executor of 
three estates and two private trusts, etc. He has 
published, besides many single sermons, lectures, 
and articles, Manual of the Christian Life, New 
York, 1857, new ed. (16th thousand) 1884; Com- 
mentary on Romans, 1864; on Galatians arid Colos- 
sians, 1866 ; Lectures on the Pantheistic Idea of an 
Impersonal- Substance Deity, as contrasted with the 
Christian Faith concerning Almighty God, 1S65; 
Book of Hours, 1865, new ed. 1881 ; Manual for 
Confirmation Classes, 18th thousand, 1885 ; Lec- 
tures on the Two Estates, that of the Wedded in the 
Lord, and that of the Single for the Kingdom of 
Heaven's Sake, 1872 ; Historical Lectures on the 
First Prayer Book of King Edward VI., 1881, 4th 
ed. 18S5; Sermons, 1878 (two American and two 
English editions) ; Lectures on the Calling of a 
Christian Woman, and her Training to fulfil it, 
1883, 6th thousand 1885 ; Memoir of John A. 
Dix (his father), 1883, 2 vols. 

DIXON, Richard Watson, Church of England; 
b. at Islington, London, May 5, 1833 ; educated 
at Pembi-oke College, Oxford; graduated B.A. 
(third-class in classics) 1857, M. A. 1860; won the 
Arnold prize essay, 1858, and the Cramer prize 
sacred poem, 1863 ; was ordained deacon 1858, 
priest 1859 ; became curate of St. Mary the Less, 
Lambeth, 1858; of St. Mary, Newington-Butts, 
1861 ; second master of Carlisle high school, 1863; 
minor canon and honorary librarian of Carlisle 
Cathedral, 1868 ; vicar of Hayton with Talkin, 
Cumberland, 1875; of Warkworth, 1883; since 
1874 an honorary canon of Carlisle ; and from 
1879 to 1883 was rural dean of Brampton ; and 
since 1885 rural dean of Alnwick. He is the 
grandson of Richard Watson , the famous Wesleyan 
theologian. At Oxford he associated with Wil- 
liam Morris and Edward Burne Jones in issuing 
The Oxford and Cambridge Magazine, in 1856, 
which advocated pre-Raphaelite principles. He 
is the author of Christ's Company, and other Poems, 
London, 1861 ; Historical Odes, and other Poems, 
1863 ; Second Peak Prize Essay on the Maintenance 
of the Church of England as an Established Church, 
1873 ; Life of James Dixon, D.D. (his father), 
Wesleyan Minister, 1874; History of the Church of 
England from the Abolition of the Roman Jurisdic- 
tion, vol. i. (1529-37) 1877, vol. ii. (1538-48) 
1880, vol. iii. (1549-53) 1885; Mano, a Poetical 
History, 1883 ; Odes and Eclogues, Oxford, 1884. 

DOANE, Right Rev. William Croswell, S.T.D. 
(Columbia College, New- York City, 1869), LL.D. 
(Union College, New York, 1880), the son of 
Bishop G. W. Doane of New Jersey, Episco- 
palian, bishop of Albany; b. in Boston, Mass., 
March 2, 1832 ; graduated at Burlington College, 
N.J., 1850 ; was professor in the college, 1850-63; 
rector of St Mary's, Burlington, 1859-63; of St. 
John's, Hartford, Conn., 1863-67; of St. Peter's, 
Albany, N.Y., 1867-69; consecrated bishop 1869. 
Besides many sermons and pamphlets, he has 
issued The Life and Writings of Bishop Doane of 
New Jersey, New York, 1860, 4 vols. ; Questions 
on Collects, Epistles, and Gospels of the Chwch's 



Year ; and their Connection, Philadelphia, 18 — ; 
Songs by the Way (poems by Bishop G. W. Doane), 
Albany, 1875 ; Mosaics ; or, The Harmony of Col- 
lect, Epistle, and Gospel for the Christian Year, 
New York, 18S2. 

DODD, Thomas John, D.D. (Centre College, 
Danville, Ky., 187-), Methodist; b. at Harper's 
Ferry, Va., Aug. 4, 1837 ; graduated at Transyl- 
vania University, Lexington, Ky., 1857; became 
Methodist pastor, 1860 ; president Kentucky 
Wesleyan College, 1875 ; professor of Hebrew, 
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn., 1S76; 
resigned in 1885, and took charge of a select high 
school of collegiate course in that city. 

DODGE, Ebenezer, D.D. (Brown University, 
1861), LL.D. (University of Chicago, 1869), Bap- 
tist; b. at Salem, Mass., April 22, 1819; gradu- 
ated at Brown University, Providence, R.I., 1840, 
and at Newton Theological Institute, Mass., 1845; 
became pastor at New London, N.H., 1846; pro- 
fessor of biblical criticism in Hamilton Theo- 
logical Seminary, 1853, of Christian theology 
1861, president since 1871 ; professor of evidences 
of Christianity in Madison University, Hamilton, 
N.Y., 1853-61, president since 1868. He has 
published Evidences of Christianity, Boston, 1869, 
last ed. 1876 ; Christian Theology, Hamilton, N.Y., 
last ed. 1884. 

DODS, Marcus, D.D. (Edinburgh University, 
1872), Free Church of Scotland; b. at Belford, 
Northumberland, Eng., April 11, 1834; graduated 
M.A. at Edinburgh University, 1854; studied 
theology at New College, Edinburgh, 1854-58; 
was licensed to preach the same year, and for the 
next six years preached in various places, but 
was not settled or ordained until he came to his 
present charge, the Renfield Free Church, Glas- 
gow, August, 1864. He has been nominated for 
chairs of systematic theology and of apologetics 
in Free Church College, Edinburgh. He has 
published The Prayer that teaches to pray, Edin- 
burgh, 1863, 5th ed. 1885; The Epistles to the 
Seven Churches, 1865, 2d ed. 1885; Israel's Iron 
Age, London, 1874, 4th ed. 1885; Mohammed, 
Buddha, and Christ, 1877, 4th ed. 1886; Handbook 
on Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi, Edinburgh, 
1879, last ed. 1885; Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph, 
London, 1880, last ed. 1884; Handbook on Gen- 
esis, Edinburgh, 1882; Commentary on Thessa- 
lonians (in vol. iii. Schaff's Popular Commentary), 
1882; The Parables of our Lord, 1st series 1883, 
2d ed. 1884, 2d series 1885. He edited the Eng- 
lish translation of Lange's Life of Christ, Edin- 
burgh, 1864 sq., 6 vols., and of Augustin's works, 
1872-76 ; and Clark's series of Handbooks for 
Bible Classes, 1879 sqq. ; contributed translation 
of Justin Martyr's Apologies, and other portions 
of Greek writers, to Clark's Ante-Nicene Christian 
Library, and the articles Pelagius and Predestina- 
tion to the 9th ed. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 

DOEDES, Jacobus Izaac, D.D. (Utrecht, 1841), 
Reformed ; b. at Langerak, Zuid Holland, Neder- 
land, Nov. 20, 1817 ; educated at the Latin 
school of Amsterdam, 1830-34 ; and at the Uni- 
versity of Utrecht, 1834-41 ; graduated as doctor 
of theology, June 16, 1841 ; became preacher in 
the Reformed Church at Hall, near Zutfen, 1843; 
at Rotterdam, 1847 ; professor of theology in the 
University of Utrecht, 1859. He teaches New- 
Testament exegesis, hermeneutics, and encyclo- 



DOEDES. 



56 



DOELLINGER. 



psedia. He is a theistic and supernaturalistic 
theologian ; and has vigorously opposed the the- 
ological school of Groningen, and the so-called 
"modern theology." In 1843 he received the 
prize of the Teyler Society, for his essay upon 
the textual criticism of the New Testament (see 
below). With Dr. J. J. Van Oosterzee and two 
other scholars, he issued the Jaarboeken voor We- 
tenschappelijke Theologie, 1845-57; with Dr. N. 
Beets and Dr. D. Chantepie de la Saussaye, 
the Ernst en Vrede. Maandschrift voor de Neder- 
landsche Hervormde Kerk, 1853 sqq. ; and alone, 
the Evangeliebode (religious weekly), 1849-55; 
the Kerklijke Bijdragen (essays on church law 
questions), Harderwijk, 1872, two parts. In 1867 
he made the report upon the religious condition 
of Holland, to the Amsterdam (fifth) Confer- 
ence of the Evangelical Alliance. He is the 
author of Diss, theol. Je.su in vitam reditu, Utrecht, 
1841 ; Verhandeling over de Tekstfo-itiek van de 
Schriften des Nieuwen Verbonds (the Teyler prize 
essay), Haarlem, 1844 ; De Leer van den Doop 
en het Avondmaal, op nieuw onderzochl, 1st part, 
Het Avondmaal, Utrecht, 1847; Wat dunkt u van 
uzelven? 1849; Avondmaalsgids, 1850, 4th ed. 
1879; De Groninger School in haren strijd, 1851; 
Drie Brieven aan Dr. L. S. P. Meijboom, 1852 ; 
De Allocutie van Paus Pius IX. Over de Hier- 
archic in de Nederlanden, 1853; Hebt gij de kosten 
berekend ? Een woord tot leden der Christ. Kerk, 
1855 ; Handleiding bij het onderwijs in de bijbelsche 
geschiedenis, 1855, 10th ed. 1880 (German trans- 
lation by L. M., Handleitung beim Unterricht in 
der biblischen Geschichte, Kaiserslautern, 1861); 
De Leer der Zaligheid, 1858, 9th ed. 1880 (Malay 
trans. 1860, Javan trans. 1867) ; Verkorte Hand- 
leiding bij het Onderwijs in de Bijb. Geschiedenis, 
1858, 6th ed. 1880; Oratio de critica, studiose a 
Theologis exercenda, 1859 ; Modern of Apostolisch 
Christendom ? 1860 ; De zoogenaamde Moderne The- 
ologie eenigszins toegelicht, 1861 ; Oratio de liber late 
cum Theologiw, turn eliam Ecclesiai Chrisliance, 
strenue vindicanda, 1865 ; De Leer der Zaligheid. 
Verkorte Leiddraad voor katechetisch onderwijs, 
ten behoeoe van mingeoefenden, 1865, 4th ed. 1882 ; 
Oud en Nieuw ! De leus der Christ. Orlhod. Theol- 
ogie, 1865 ; De gelijktijdige eerbiediging van de 
welbegrepen vrijheid der Theologie en der Kerk, 
1865 ; Hermeneutiek voor de Schr. des N. Verbonds, 
1866, 3d enlarged ed 1878 (English trans., by 
Stegman, Manual of Hermeneutics for the Writ- 
ings of the New Testament, Edinburgh, 1867); 
De T heologische Studiengang geschetst, 1866, 2d 
ed. 1882 ; 1517-1867, Onze voorlzetling van de 
Kerkhervorming na drie honderd en vijftig jaren, 
1867 ; De Heidelbergsche Catechismus in zijne 
eerste levensjaren (1563-67), 1867 ; Inleiding tot de 
Leer van God, 1870, 2d ed. 1880; De Leer der 
Zaligheid volgens het Evangelic in de Schriften des 
N. Verbonds, 1870, 2d ed. 1876; De Leer van 
God, 1871; Geschiedenis van de eerste Uitgaven 
der Schriften des N . Verbonds in de Nederl. Taal 
'1522-23), 1872 ; De toepassing van de ontwikke- 
Ungslheorie, niet aantebevelen voor de Geschiedenis 
der Godsdiensten, 1S74 ; De aanval van een Mate- 
rialist (Dr. Ludwig Biichner), 1874 ; Nieuwe bibli- 
ographisch-hislorische onldekkingen. Bijdragen tot 
de kennis v. d. geschiedenis der eerste Uitgaven v. 
A. N. Testament in de Nederl. Taal ; van de eerste 
lolgevallen des Heidelb. Catechismus in het Neder- 



landsch, en van de oudste drukken v. h. Doopsge- 
zinde martelaarsboek " Het Offer des Heeren," 1876 ; 
Encyclopedic der Christ. Theologie, 1876, 2d ed. 
1883 ; De Nederlandsche Geloofsbelijdenis en de 
Heidelbergsche Catechismus, als Belijdenisschriften 
der Nederl. Herv. Kerk in de 19' le eeuw ; getoelst en 
beoordeeld, 1880-81, two parts ; Ter N agedachtenis 
van D r - J. J. van Oosterzee, 1883; De Heidelb. 
Catechismus op nieuw overgezet en volgens de vcrta- 
ling van Datheen [Heidelberg, 1563J op nieuw uit- 
gegeven, 1881 ; Eene christelijke samenspreking vit 
Gods Woord (Over het onderscheid tusschen Wet 
en Evangelie) door Petrus Dathenus. Op nieuw 
uilgegeven naar den eersten druk door J. I. D. met 
een naschrift v. d. uitgever, 1st and 2d ed. 1884; 
lectures, sermons, miscellaneous articles. 

DOELLINGER, Johann Joseph Ignaz, Ph.D. 
(hon., Vienna, Marburg, 1873), D.D. (Oxford, 
1881), LL.D. (Oxford and Edinburgh, 1873), Old 
Catholic; b. at Bamberg, Bavaria, Feb. 28, 1799; 
became chaplain in the diocese of Bamberg, 
1822 ; teacher in the Lyceum at Aschaffenburg, 
1823 ; and since 1826 has been professor of church 
history in the University of Munich, except from 
1847 to 1849, to which position has been added 
those of Propstoi St. Cajetan, Reichsrath, member 
of the Academy of Sciences, 1835 (president since 
1873on nomination of the king, which makes him 
chief keeper of the Bavarian scientific collections). 
He represented the University of Munich in the 
Bavarian Parliament of 1845 and 1849, and a 
Bavarian election district in the Frankfort Diet 
in 1848. After 1S48 he gradually became an anti- 
Ultramontane. In 1857 he made a journey to 
Rome; and what he saw then, and subsequently 
learned in the Italian war, 1859, had the effect 
of confirming him in the views to which his his- 
torical studies had brought him. In 1861 he 
delivered three lectures in Munich, in which he 
advocated the abandonment by the Pope of all 
temporal power. The lectures were published 
as an appendix to Kirche und Kirchen (see list). 
He obtained world-wide fame by his vigorous 
attack, before and during the Vatican Council, 
upon the infallibility dogma. He, with his fel- 
low-professor Johannes Huber, wrote Janus, Leip- 
zig, 1869, and Romische Briefe vom Concil, von 
Quirinus, originally in the Augsburg Allgemeine 
Zeitung. When the dogma was passed, he refused 
to accept it, and was in consequence excommuni- 
cated April 17, 1871. On July 29, 1873, he was 
elected rector of the University of Munich, by a 
vote of fifty-four to six, nor has his excommuni- 
cation decreased his popularity in Bavaria. He 
presided over the Munich Old-Catholic congress 
(1871), and was at that of Cologne (1872), but 
has taken no part in the movement, since he op- 
poses the formation of a separate church. He 
was president of the Bonn Conferences of 1875 
and 1876. Among his numerous books may be 
mentioned, L,ehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte, Re- 
gensburg, vol. i. 1836, vol. ii. 1st pt. 1838 (Eng- 
lish trans, by E. Cox, London, 1839, 2 vols.) ; 
Die Reformation, 1846-48, 3 vols., vol. i. 2d ed. 
1851 ; Luther, eine Skizze, Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 
1851 ; Hippolylus u. Kallistus, Regensbur$, 1853 
(English translation by Alfred Plummer, Edin- 
burgh, 1876); Heidenlhum und Judenthum. Vorhalle 
zur Geschichte des Christenthums, 1857 (English 
translation, The Gentile and the Jew in the Courts 



DONALDSON. 



57 



DORNER. 



of the Temple of Christ, London, 1862, 2 vols.) ; 
Chrislenthum und Kirche in der Zeit der Grundle- 
gung, 1860, 2d ed. 1868 (English trans., The First 
Age of Christianity, London, 1866, 2 vols., 3d ed. 
1877) ; Kirche u. Kirchen, Papstthum u. Kirchen- 
staat, Munich, 1861 (the book referred to above) ; 
Die Papstfabeln des Mittelalters, 1863 (English 
trans, by Alfred Plummer, Fables respecting the 
Popes in the Middle Ages, London, 1871 ; with 
Dbllinger's Essay on the Prophetic Spirit, New 
York, 1872, edited by Prof. H. B. Smith) ; Vor- 
trage iiher die Wiedervereinigung der christlichen 
Kirch., 1872 (English trans., Lectures on the Re- 
union of the Churches, London and New York, 
1S72) ; Sammlung von Urkunden zur Geschichte des 
Konzils von Trient, Bd. 1., Ungedruckte Berichte 
und Tagebucher, 1876, 2 parts; and many impor- 
tant essays, addresses, etc. * 

DONALDSON, James, LL.D. (Aberdeen Uni- 
versity, 1865), layman ; b at Aberdeen, April 26, 
1831 ; graduated at Marischal College, Aberdeen, 
1849; studied theology at New College, London, 
1849-51 ; and philology at Berlin, 1851 ; was suc- 
cessively assistant to professor of Greek in the 
University of Edinburgh, 1852; rector of the 
grammar school of Stirling, 1854 ; classical master 
in the high school of Edinburgh, 1856 ; rector, 1S66 ; 
in Aberdeen University, professor of humanity, 
1881 ; principal of the United College of St. Sal- 
vator and St. Leonard, 1886. Author of A Modem 
Greek Grammar, Edinburgh, 1853 ; Lyra Grceca 
(Greek anthology), 1854; Critical History of Chris- 
tian Literature and Doctrine from the Death of the 
Apostles to the Nicene Council, London, 1864-66, 3 
vols., 2d ed. of the 1st vol. under title, The Apos- 
tolical Fathers: A Critical Account of their Genuine 
Writings, and of their Doctrines, 1874; and in con- 
nection with Rev. Prof. Dr. Alexander Roberts, 
edited The Ante-Nicene Christian Library, Edin- 
burgh, 1867-72, 24 vols, reprinted, ed. by Bishop 
Coxe, Buffalo, 1884-86, 8 vols. ; Lectures on the 
History of Education in Prussia and England, and 
on Kindred T'opics, 1874 ; Education, 1874 ; On 
the Expiatory and Substitutionary Sacrifices of the 
Greeks, 1875 ; Elementary Latin Grammar (on en- 
tirely new plan), 1S80. 

DORNER, August Johannes, Ph.D., Lie. Theol. 
(both Berlin, 1867 and 1869), D.D. (hon., Halle, 
18S3), Protestant (son of the late I. A. Dorner) ; 
b. at Schiltach, Baden, May 13, 1846; studied 
at Berlin ; was repetent in Gottingen, 1870-73 ; 
since then has been professor of theology and 
co-director of the theological seminary at Wit- 
tenberg. He is the author of De Baconis philo- 
sophia, Berlin, 1867; Auguslinus, sein theologisches 
System und seine religions-philosoph. Anschauung, 
1873 ; Predigten vom Reiche Gotles, 1880 ; Kirche u. 
Reich Gottes, 1883, besides minor publications and 
review articles. 

DORNER, Isaac August, D.D., one of the 
greatest modern divines and teachers of Ger- 
many ; b. at Neuhausen, in the kingdom of Wiir- 
temberg, June 20, 1809 ; d. at Wiesbaden, July 
8, 1884; buried, July 27, in the family vault at 
Neuhausen, where a plain monument is erected 
to his memory. He was the sixth of twelve 
children born to the pastor of Neuhausen, and 
was educated first by a private tutor, then in the 
Latin school at Tuttlingen. In 1823 he entered 
the collegiate seminary at Maulbronn; in 1827, 



the University of Tiibingen, where he studied 
philosophy and theology. He visited England 
and North Germany. In 1834 he became repetent 
(teaching tutor, or fellow, in the theological de- 
partment of the university), having two years pre- 
vious acted as assistant to his father ; and in 
1837, professor extraordinary of theology in Tii- 
bingen. In 1835 David Friedrich Strauss, a col- 
league of Dorner, published his Life of Jesus, 
and Dorner issued the first pages of his work of 
directly opposite tendency, History of the Devel- 
opment of the Doctrine of the Person of Christ, 
in which the historical Christ of the Gospels is 
traced through the ages of the Church as the 
greatest fact in Christian thought and experience. 
His teacher, Christian Friedrich Schmid, had 
incited him to take up the work, into which he 
put his thought and study until its completion 
in 1839. This work determined Dorner's place 
among theologians and doctrinal historians, and 
was a most effectual, though indirect, answer to 
Strauss and his mythical theory. The work was 
afterwards greatly enlarged and improved by an 
exhaustive study of the sources from the apos- 
tolic age down to the recent Kenosis controversy. 
In 1839 he was called to the University of Kiel 
as ordinary professor, and there remained until 
1843. He formed an intimate friendship with 
Bishop Martensen, the greatest theologian of 
Denmark ; and even the Schleswig-Holstein diffi- 
culty did not disturb it. His principal writing 
during his Kiel residence is his dogmatic treatise 
upon the Foundation Ideas of the Protestant Church, 
in which he maintained that the so-called mate- 
rial and formal principles of the Reformation — 
i.e., justification by faith, and the supreme author- 
ity of Scripture, respectively — were to be consid- 
ered as two pillars inseparably joined, so that 
each stands with and through the other. This 
was his word of comfort to those distressed by 
Strauss : No criticism can alter the fact that the 
primitive Church did record in the New Testa- 
ment, by means of the Spirit proceeding from 
Christ, its impressions and experiences of Christ's 
salvation. On the other hand, faith holds fast 
to the written word. For the Christ whom faith 
experiences is the Christ of Scripture, which alone 
enables the Christian to understand and assert 
faith and the mystery of his new personality. 
Justification, he used to say, is the only completed 
fact in the Chi-istian : every thing else is growth. 

In 1843 he became professor of theology at 
Kbnigsberg, in 1847 at Bonn, in 1853 at Gotting- 
en, and finally in 1862 at Berlin. Here, besides 
being professor in the university, he was superior 
consistorial councillor (Oberkirchenrath), and from 
here for twenty-two years he exerted a quiet but 
mighty influence on the Evangelical Church of 
Prussia, and on students from all parts of the 
world. 

In 1873 he visited, with his son August, the 
United States, as a delegate to the Sixth Gen- 
eral Conference of the Evangelical Alliance in 
New York, and read a thoughtful paper on the 
Infallibilism of the Vatican Council, which is pub- 
lished in the Proceedings, New York, pp. 427- 
436. He travelled in New England, and as far 
south as Washington, and was deeply impressed 
with the religious and literary activity of Amer- 
ica. He carried back with him the most favora- 



DORNER. 



58 



DOUEN. 



ble recollections, and heartily welcomed American 
students in his hospitable home. The last years 
of his life were clouded by a painful cancerous 
affection of his face, and the incurable malady 
of one of his sons, a promising youth, who lost 
his mind while studying at college. He bore his 
trial with meek resignation, and never complained. 
He continued to work on his Christian Ethics 
till the last weeks of his life, which he spent at 
Wittenberg, in view of the Luther house. Then, 
feeble as he was, he set out with his wife on a 
journey to Switzerland for rest, and proposed 
visiting, on the way, the national monument of 
Germania on the Niederwald, by the Rhine; but 
was seized with a hemorrhage, and died suddenly 
at Wiesbaden. His wife followed him a few 
months afterwards to his eternal rest. 

Dr. Dorner was one of the profoundest and 
most learned theologians of the nineteenth cen- 
tury, and ranks with Schleiermacher, Neander, 
Nitzsch, Julius Mtiller, and Richard Rothe. He 
mastered the theology of Schleiermacher and the 
philosophy of Hegel, appropriated the best ele- 
ments of both, infused into them a positive evan- 
gelical faith and a historical spirit. The central 
idea of his system was the divine-human person- 
ality of Christ, as the highest revealer of God, 
the perfect ideal of humanity, and the Saviour 
from sin and death. His theology is pre-eminently 
christological, and his monumental history of 
christology will long remain the richest mine of 
study in that department. He lectured on exege- 
sis, on New- Testament theology, on symbolics, 
and especially on dogmatics and ethics, in which 
he excelled all his contemporaries. He was one 
of the revisers of the Luther Bible, and proposed 
a correspondence with the Anglo-American Revis- 
ion Committee, while in. New York, 1873, which 
was carried on for a short time. He was alive to 
all the practical church questions, and labored in 
the Oberkirchenrath for synodical church govern- 
ment, and the development of the lay agency and 
the voluntary principle. He had a deep interest 
in the work of " inner missions," and was one of 
its directors. 

He was, with Wichern and von Bethmann-Holl- 
weg, one of the founders of the German.. Church 
Diet, in the revolutionary year 1848, and one of 
the leading speakers and managers at its annual 
sessions. His catholicity went beyond the limits 
of the German churches, and was in full sympa- 
thy with the principles and aims of the Inter- 
national Evangelical Alliance. He was a most 
devoted and conscientious teacher, and a favor- 
ite among students. The Johanneum and the 
Melanchthon House in Berlin are memorials of 
his active interest in indigent students. The lead- 
ing traits in his personal character were purity, 
simplicity, courtesy, gentleness, humility, and love. 
Decan Jiiger and Diaconus Knapp paid noble testi- 
monies to his virtues, at the funeral (Zur Erin- 
nerung an D r Isaak August Dorner, Tuttlingen, 
1881:) ; and Dr. Kleinert, as dean of the theological 
faculty, delivered a eulogy before the University 
of Berlin, July 26, 1884 (Zum Geddchtniss I. A. 
D.'s, Berlin, 1884), in which he places him next 
to Schleiermacher, and calls him "a leader and 
prophet in the highest questions of theology;" 
adding, that, "great as were his merits in theo- 
logical science, the noblest thing in him was his 



personality, which reflected the image of Christ, 
and impressed itself indelibly on all who knew 
him." His son has given a good account of his 
theological system in Dem Andenken von D r I. A. 
Dorner von D r Dorner, Prof, in Wittenberg, Gotha, 
1885. 

The following is a list of Dorner's publications: 
Entwicklungsgeschichte der Lehre von der Person 
Christi von den altesten Zeiten bis auf die neueste 
dargestellt, Stuttgart, 1S39 ; 2d ed., more than 
doubled in size, 1st part, Die Lehre von der Person 
Christi in den ersten vier Jahrhunderten, Stuttgart, 
1845 ; 2d part, Die Lehre von der Person Christi 
vom Ende des vierten Jahrliunderts bis zur Gegen- 
wart, 3 divisions (bis zur Refonnation, 1853 ; in 
dem Reformationszeital/er, 1854; bis zur Ge gen- 
wart, 1856), Berlin, 1S53-56 (English trans., by 
W. L. Alexander and D. W. Simon, History of 
the Development of the Doctrine of the Person of 
Christ, Edinburgh, 1S61-63, 5 vols.); Der Pietismus, 
inbesondere in Wiirtemberg, und seine speculatioen 
Gegner, Binder und Mdrklin, mit besonderer Bezie- 
hung auf das Verhdltniss des Pietismus und der 
Kirche, Hamburg, 1840; Das Princip unserer Kirche 
nach dem innern Verhdltniss seiner zwei Seiten be- 
trachtet, Kiel, 1841; De oratione Christi eschatologica 
Matt. xxiv. 1-36 (Luc. xxi. 5-86, Marc. xiii. 1-32) 
asservata, Stuttgart, 1844 ; Das Verhdltniss zwisclien 
Kirche und Staat, aus dem Gesichtspunkte evange- 
lischer Wissenschaft, Bonn, 1847; Sendschreiben 
uber Reform der evangelischen Landeskirchen im 
Zusammenhang mil der Herslellung einer evangelisch- 
deutschen Nationalkirche ; an Herrn C. I. Nitzsch 
in Berlin und Herrn Julius Miiller in Halle, Bonn, 
1848 ; Ueber Jesu siindlose Vollkommenheit, Gotha, 
1862 (translated into English by H. B. Smith, 
New York); Geschichte der protestantischen Theolo- 
gie, Munich, 1867 (English trans., History of Prot- 
estant Theology, particularly in Germany, viewed 
according to its fundamental movement, and in con- 
nection with the religious, moral, and intellectual 
life, Edinburgh, 1871, 2 vols.); System der christ- 
lichen Glaubenslehre, Berlin, 1879-80, 2d ed. 1886, 
2 vols. (English trans., by Rev. Profs. Alfred 
Cave and J. S. Banks, A System of Christian Doc- 
trine, Edinburgh, 1880-82, 4 vols.); Gesammelte 
Schriften auf dem Gebiet der systematischen Theo- 
logie, Exegese und Geschichte, Berlin, 1883 (con- 
tains his valuable metaphysical essays on the 
unchangeability of God, and criticism of the 
Kenosis theory of the incarnation) ; System der 
christlichen Sittenlehre (560 pp., edited by August 
Dorner, his son), Berlin, 1885. He founded and 
edited, with Liebner, the valuable theological 
quarterly, Jahrbucher fur deutsche Theologie, Gotha, 
1856-1878. PHILIP SCHAFF. 

DOUEN, Emmanuel Orentin, Reformed 
(" Liberal " school) ; b. at Templeux le Guerard 
(Somme), France, June 2, 1830 ; studied theology 
at Strassburg, 1849-53; was pastor at Quincy- 
Segy, near Meaux (Seine et Marne), 1853-61 ; 
and since has been agent of the " Societe bi- 
blique protestante de Paris," and since 1866 a 
member of the committee of the " Societe d'his- 
toire du protestantisme." He is the author of 
Histoire de la Societe biblique protestante de Paris, 
Paris, 1868; Notes sur les alterations catholiques et 
proteslantes du N. T. traduit en francais (in 
Revue de theologie, Strassburg, 1868) ; Intolerance 
de Fenelon, d'apres les documents pour la plupart 



DOUGLAS. 



59 



DRUMMOND. 



inedits, 1872, 2d ed. 1875; Clement Marot et le 
Psautier huguenot (published at state expense), 
Paris, 1878-79, 2 vols. ; Les premiers pasteurs du 
Desert, 1879, 2 vols. (" couronne par l'Academie 
f rancaise ") ; Etienne Dolet, Ses opinions religieuses, 
1881 ; La Revocation de I' Edit de Nantes, 1886 ; 
edited a new edition of Jean Bion's Relations des 
tourments qu'on fait souffrir aux Protestants qui 
sont sur les qaleres de France, 1881. 

DOUGLAS, Hon. and Right Rev. Arthur Gas- 
coigne, D.D. (Durham, 1883), lord bishop of 
Aberdeen and Orkney, Episcopal Church of Scot- 
land ; son of the nineteenth Earl of Morton ; b. 
in Scotland, Jan. 5, 1827; educated at University 
College, Durham University; graduated B.A. 
1849, Lie. theol. and M.A. 1850; was ordained 
deacon 1850, priest 1852; curate of Kidderminster, 
1850-52 ; rector of St. Olave, Southwark, 1855- 
56 ; of Scaldwell, Northamptonshire, 1856-72 ; 
vicar of Shapwick, 1872-83 ; consecrated bishop, 
1883. 

DOUGLAS, George, LL.D. (McGill University, 
Montreal, 1869), D.D. (Victoria University, Onta- 
rio, 1881), Wesleyan Methodist ; b. near Abbots- 
ford, Roxburghshire, Scotland, Oct. 14, 1825 ; 
educated in Scotland and Canada; entered the 
ministry of British Conference, 1848; went as 
missionary to the West Indies, 1848 ; entered 
Methodist Church of Canada, 1854 ; has been 
principal of the Wesleyan Theological College, 
Montreal, since its foundation in 1873. He was 
president of the General Conference, 1878-82 ; 
delegate to Evangelical Alliance Conference in 
New- York City, 1873, and the OEcumenical Coun- 
cil of Methodism in London, 1881. He has pub- 
lished various sermons and addresses. 

DOUGLAS, George Cuningham Monteath, 
D.D. (University of Glasgow, 1867), Free Church 
of Scotland; b. at Kilbarchan, Renfrewshire, 
Scotland, March 2, 1826; graduated B.A. at the 
University of Glasgow ; entered the ministry of 
the Free Church ; and after being pastor at Bridge 
of Weir, Renfrewshire (1852-57), he was appointed 
professor of Hebrew and Old- Testament exegesis, 
later also principal, in the Free Church College, 
Glasgow. He was one of the Old- Testament re- 
visers, 1870-84. Besides articles in Fairbairn's 
Imperial Bible Dictionary (London, 1866, 2 vols.), 
and in The Monthly Interpreter (Edinburgh, 18S5, 
sqq.), and a translation with notes of Keil's Intro- 
duction to the Old Testament, in Clark's Library 
(1869-70, 2 vols.), he has published, Why I still 
believe that Moses wrote Deuteronomy, 1878 ; and 
notes on Judges and Joshua, in Dods and Whyte's 
Handbook for Bible Classes, 1881, 1882. 

DOW, Neal, layman; b. of Quaker parents at 
Portland, Me., March 20, 1804; educated at 
Friends' Academy, New Bedford, Mass. ; was 
chief engineer of the Portland Fire Department 
1839-44, mayor of the city 1851-54 ; and in 1851 
drew up the bill " for the suppression of drinking- 
houses and tippling-shops," since widely known 
as the "Maine Law." He presented it in a public 
hearing before the committee of the legislature, 
•" which unanimously adopted it, without change. 
It was printed during the night; and the next 
day, Saturday, May 31, 1851, being the last day of 
the session, it was passed without change through 
all its stages ; and on Monday, June 2, it was ap- 
proved by the governor, and took effect by special 



provision from that day." It has since been up- 
held as the settled policy of the State. He was 
subsequently, for two terms, a member of the 
Maine Legislature, 1858-59. "In September, 1884, 
by a popular vote, the prohibition of the liquor- 
traffic was incorporated into the Constitution of 
the State by a very large majority, the affirmative 
vote being nearly three times larger than the 
negative." He has been three times in Great 
Britain as the guest of the United-Kingdom Alli- 
ance, the largest and most influential temperance 
society in the world, and has advocated the cause 
in all parts of the kingdom. He was commis- 
sioned by Gov. Washburn colonel of the Thir- 
teenth Maine Volunteers in September, 1861 ; 
went immediately to the Department of the Gulf, 
where he had three separate commands at differ- 
ent times, having been commissioned brigadier- 
general by President Lincoln soon after his arrival 
at the Gulf of Mexico, April, 1862. He was twice 
wounded at Port Hudson, and, being taken to a 
plantation-house in the rear of the army, was 
captured in the night by a detachment of Logan's 
cavalry (June 30, 1863), and was taken by many 
successive stages to Richmond, Va., where he was 
confined six months in Libby Prison. He was 
also confined two months at Mobile, being ex- 
changed afterwards for Fitz Henry Lee, March 
14, 1864. His health was so far broken down by 
his experiences at Richmond, that he was not 
able to resume his duties in the field until the 
war was practically closed. Since the war he has 
advocated publicly all over the country " the policy 
of prohibition of the liquor-traffic as a political 
necessity and a public duty." 

DRIVER, Samuel Rolles, D.D. (by decree of 
Convocation, 1883), Church of England; b. at 
Southampton, Oct. 2, 1846 ; was scholar of New 
College, Oxford; Pusey and Ellerton Hebrew 
scholar, 1866 ; graduated B.A. (first-class in clas- 
sics), 1869; Kennicott Hebrew scholar, 1870; fellow 
of New College 1870-82, and tutor 1875-82 ; Hall 
and Houghton senior Septuagint prizeman, 1871 ; 
Houghton Syriac prizeman, and M.A., 1872; or- 
dained deacon 1881, priest 1882; succeeded Dr. 
Pusey as regius professor of Hebrew and as a 
canon of Christ Church, Oxford, 1882. In 1884 he 
was appointed examining chaplain to the bishop 
of Southwell. In 1875 he became a member of 
the Old- Testament Revision Company. He has 
published the following papers : in The Philologi- 
cal Journal (Cambridge), On the Linguistic Affin- 
ities of the Elohist (1882), On Gen. xlix. 10, an 
Exegetical Study (1885); in Studia Biblica (Oxford, 
1885), On Recent Theories of the Origin and Na- 
ture of the Tetragrammaton ; and the following 
books ': A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in He- 
brew, Oxford, 1874, 2d ed. improved and enlarged 
1881 ; (jointly with Ad. Neubauer) The Fifty- 
third Chapter of Isaiah according to Jewish Inter- 
preters, London, vol. ii. 1877 (translations); (jointly 
with T. K. Cheyne) The Holy Bible, with Various 
Readings, 1876, 2d ed. under title Variorum Bible 
1880 ; (as editor) A Commentary on Jeremiah and 
Ezekiel by Mosheh ben Shesheth, with Translation 
and Notes, 1871 ; A Rabbinical Commentary on the 
Book of Proverbs attributed to Abraham ben Ezra, 
Oxford, 1880. 

DRUMMOND, Henry, B.Sc, F.G.S., F.R.S.E., 
Free Church of Scotland; b. at Stirling, Scot- 



DRUMMOND. 



60 



DUCKWORTH. 



land, in the year 1852 ; educated at Edinburgh 
and Tubingen ; in 1879 appointed professor of 
natural history and science in the Free Church 
College, Glasgow. He is the author of Natural 
Law in the Spiritual World, London and New York, 
1883, numerous editions. 

DRUMMOND, James, LL.D. (University of 
Dublin, 1882), Liberal Christian ; b. in Dublin, 
May 14, 1835 ; educated at Trinity College, Dub- 
lin ; graduated B.A. (first gold medal in classics), 
1855; studied theology at Manchester New Col- 
lege, London, under Revs. J. J. Tayler and J. 
Martineau; became minister of the Cross-street 
Unitarian Chapel, Manchester, 1860; professor of 
(chiefly New-Testament) theology in Manchester 
New College, 1870 (as successor of J. J. Tayler, 
d. 1869) , principal, 1885 (on retirement of James 
Martineau). He is the author of Spiritual Reli- 
gion : Sermons on Christian Faith and Life, Lon- 
don, 1870 ; The Jewish Messiah : a Critical History 
of the Messianic Idea among the Jews from the rise 
of the Maccabees to the closing of the Talmud, 1877; 
Introduction to the Stud;/ of Theology, 1884 ; and 
articles and addresses, e.g , Philo and the Prin- 
ciples of the Jewish Alexandrine Philosophy, 1877; 
Religion and Liberty, 1882 ; Retrospect and Prospect, 
1885; On the reading (lovoyevf/c Qeoc, in John i. 18, 
Justin Martyr and the Fourth Gospel (in Theological 
Jleview, October, 1871, and October, 1875, April 
and July, 1877, respectively). 

DRURY, Augustus Waldo, United Brethren in 
Christ; b. in Madison County, Ind., March 2, 
1851; graduated at Western College, 1872, and 
"at Union Biblical Seminary, Dayton, O., 1877; 
became professor of Latin and Gi - eek, Western 
College, 1872 ; pastor, 1877 ; professor of church 
history, Union Biblical Seminary, 1880. He has 
published Life of Rev. Philip William Ollerbein, 
Dayton, O., 1884. 

DRURY, John Benjamin, D.D. (Rutgers Col- 
lege, 1880), Reformed (Dutch) ; b. at Rhinebeck, 
N.Y., Aug. 15, 1838; graduated at Rutgers Col- 
lege, New Brunswick, N.J., 1858, and at the theo- 
logical seminary there, 1861 ; was missionary at 
Davenport, Io., 1861-62 ; has been since 1S64 pas- 
tor of First Reformed Church, Ghent, N.Y. ; was 
a superintendent of New-Brunswick Theological 
Seminary, 1874-76, 1883-85 ; president particular 
synod of Albany, 1881; Vedder lecturer, 1883; 
lecturer in summer school of American Institute 
of Christian Philosophy, 1885. He has written 
extensively for the periodical press, and the vol- 
umes, Historical Sketch of the First Church of 
Ghent, 1876 ; Reformed (Dutch) Church of Rhine- 
beck, N.Y., 1881; Truths and Untruths of Evolu- 
tion (Vedder lectures), New York, 1884. 

DUBBS, Joseph Henry, D.D. (Ursinus College, 
Penn., 1878), Refoi'med (German); b. at North 
White Hall, Lehigh County, Penn., Oct. 5, 1838; 
graduated at Franklin and Marshall College, 
Penn., 1856, and at the Mercersburg Theological 
Seminary, 1859 ; became pastor of Zion Church, 
Allentown, Penn., 1859; Trinity Church, Potts- 
town, 1863 ; and Christ Church, Philadelphia, 
1871; professor of history and archaeology in 
Franklin and Marshall College, 1875. In 1872 
he was elected an honorary member of the His- 
torical Society of Pennsylvania ; in 1879, a cor- 
responding member of the Ethnographic Society 
of France; in 1885, a fellow of the Royal Histor- 



ical Society of Great Britain. From 1882 to 1886 
he edited The Guardian. Besides numerous ar- 
ticles in prose and verse, he has published 
Historic Manual of the Reformed Church in the 
United States, Lancaster, Penn., 1885 (the fruit 
of much original research). 

DU BOSE, William Porcher, S.T.D. (Columbia 
College, New- York City, 1875), Episcopalian ; b. 
at Winnsborough, S.C., April 11, 1836 ; graduated 
M.A. at the University of Virginia, Charlottes- 
ville, Va., 1859 ; and studied at the theological 
School, Camden, S.C , 1859-61; was rector at 
Winnsborough, S.C, 1865-67; at Abbeville, S.C., 
1868-71 ; chaplain of the University of the South, 
Sewanee, Term., 1872-83; and since 1872 profess- 
or of moral science and also of New-Testament 
exegesis in the same institution. 

DUCHESNE, Louis, Roman Catholic; b. at St. 
Servan (Ille-et-Vilaine), Sept. 13, 1843; studied 
at Paris, and then, devoting himself particularly 
to church history, continued his studies in the 
French school at Rome under teachers for three- 
years (1873-76), during which time, however, he 
made two journeys, — in 1874 to the Epirus, 
Thessaly, and Macedonia, and for a time lived on 
Mount Athos; and in 1876 to Asia Minor. In 
1877 he was made a doctor of letters by the 
Faculty of Paris; and has been since professor 
of ecclesiastical history in the Catholic Institute 
at Paris; and since 1880 editor of the Bulletin 
critique, which he founded. Besides numerous 
learned articles, he has published the following 
important books : Mission au Mt. Athos et en 
Macedoine (with Bayet), Paris, 1875; De Maca- 
rio Magnele et scriptis ejus, 1877 ; Etude sur le Liber 
Pontificalis, 1877; De codicibus MSS. grozcis Pii 
II, 1880 ; Vita S. Polycarpi auctore Pionio, 1881 •> 
Les origines chretiennes, 1882. He is now (1885) 
issuing an edition of the Liber Pontif calls, with 
introduction and a commentary, in 2 vols. Of 
his review articles may be mentioned : in Revue 
des questions historiques, La question de la Pdque au 
concile de Nice'e (July, 1880), Virgile et Pelage 
(October, 1884) ; in Revue des sciences eccle'sias- 
tiques, Les te'/noins antenice'ens du dogma de la 
Trinite (December, 1882) ; in Melanges d'archeo- 
logie et d'histoire de I'Ecole francaise de Rome, La. 
succession du pape Felix IV. (1883), L'historio- 
graphie pontificate au VHP siecle (1884), Les sources 
du martyrologe hieronymiers (1885) ; in Bulletin de 
correspondance helle'nique, Une inscription chre'tienne 
de Bithynie (1878), Les inscriptions chretiennes de 
I'lsaurie (1879-80) ; in Memoire de la societe des 
Antiquaires de France, t. xliii. (1883), La civitas 
Riqomaqensium et Veveche de Nice. 

DUCKWORTH, Robinson, D.D. (Oxford, 1879), 
Church of England ; b. at Liverpool, Eng., in 
the year 1834 ; was scholar and exhibitioner of 
University College, Oxford, where he graduated 
B.A. (first-class in classics) 1857, M.A. 1859, B.D. 
1879 ; was ordained deacon 1858, priest 1859 ; 
assistant master at Marlborough College, 1858— 
60; fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, 1860-76; 
tutor of the same, 1860-66 ; master of the schools, 
1860-62 ; examining chaplain to the bishop of 
Peterborough, 1864; instructor to his Royal High- 
ness Prince Leopold, 1866-70, and governor to 
him, 1867-70; since 1870 he has held the crown 
living of St. Mark's, Marylebone, London, and 
been chaplain in ordinary to the Queen; since 



DUDLEY. 



61 



DUNS. 



1875, chaplain to the Prince of Wales, and canon 
of Westminster (in succession to Charles Kings- 

ley). 

DUDLEY, Charles Densmore, Freewill Baptist; 
b. at Agency, Wakello County, Io., June 14, 1852; 
graduated at Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, Mich., 
1873, and from the Bates Theological School, 
Lewiston, Me., 1877; was pastor of Freewill Bap- 
tist churches at Scituate, R.I., 1877-78 ; Ashland, 
N.H., 1878-80; Great Falls, N.H., 1881-83; since 
June, 1883, has been Burr professor of systematic 
theology, Hillsdale College, Mich. 

DUDLEY, Right Rev. Thomas Underwood, 
D.D. (St. John's College, Annapolis, Md., 1874, 
and University of the South, Sewanee, Tenn., 
1883), Episcopalian, bishop of Kentucky; b. in 
Richmond, Va., Sept. 26, 1837 ; graduated M.A. at 
the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 1858; 
became assistant professor of Latin in it ; during 
the war was major in the commissary department 
of the Confederate Army; was rector of Christ 
Church, Baltimore, Md., 1869; consecrated assist- 
ant bishop of Kentucky, 1875; became bishop on 
the death of Bishop Smith, May 31, 1884; was 
Bohlen lecturer, 1881. 

DUFF, David, LL.D. (Glasgow, 1872), United 
Presbyterian; b. at Greenock, Scotland, Jan. 29, 
1824; graduated M.A. at Glasgow, 1843; studied 
theology, first at Relief, and after the union of 
Relief and Secession Churches, in United Pres- 
byterian Hall, Edinburgh ; became master of 
grammar school at Greenock, 1847; minister 
of the United Presbyterian Church, Helensburgh, 
1856 ; professor of church history in the denom- 
ination's theological hall, Edinburgh, 1876. He 
was chairman of the first school board of Row, 
1873-76; and since 1882, of that of Edinburgh. 

DUFFIELD, George, D.D. (Knox College, 111., 
1872), Presbyterian ; b. at Carlisle, Penn., Sept. 
12, 1&18; graduated at Yale College, 1837, and 
at the Union Theological Seminary, New- York 
City, 1840 ; was successively pastor at Brooklyn, 
N. Y, 1840; Bloomfield, N.J., 1847; Philadel- 
phia, Penn., 1852; Adrian, Mich., 1861; Gales- 
burg, 111., 1865 ; Saginaw City, Mich., 1869 ; evan- 
gelist, Ann Arbor, 1874; pastor at Lansing, 1S77- 
80; since 18S4 without charge at Detroit. He is 
one of the regents of the University of Michigan. 
He lias written many hymns, among them the 
familiar Blessed Saviour, thee I love (1851), and 
Stand up, stand up for Jesus (1858). 

DUFFIELD, Samuel (Augustus) Willoughby, 
Presbyterian; b. at Brooklyn, L.I., N.Y., Sept. 
24, 1843; graduated at Yale College, 1863; be- 
came pastor of Tioga-street Church, Philadelphia, 
1867; Claretnont, Jersey City, N.J., 1870; Ann 
Arbor, Mich., 1871; Chicago (Eighth Church), 
1874; (pastor-elect) Auburn (Central Church), 
N.Y., 1876; Altoona (Second Church), Penn., 
1878; Bloomfield, N.J., 1882. He has contrib- 
uted frequently in prose and verse to the religious 
press and to magazines, and is the author of The 
Heavenly Land (a translation of Bernard of Clu- 
ny's De contemptu mundi), New York, 1867 ; Warp 
and Woof: a Book of Verse, 1868; (with his 
father, Rev. Dr. George Duffield, jun.) The Burial 
of the Dead (a funeral manual), 1882; English 
Hymns: their Authors and History, 1886; Latin 
Hymn-writers and their Hymns, 1887. 

DUHM, Bernhard, German Protestant; b. at 



Bingum, East Frisia, Oct. 10, 1847; studied at 
Gbttingen, 1867-70; became repetent there 1871, 
privat-docent 1873, professor extraordinary 1877. 
He is the author of Pauli apostoli de Judozorum 
lege judicia, Gbttingen, 1873; Die Theologie der 
Propheten, 1875. 

DULLES, John Welsh, D.D. (College of New 
Jersey, 1872), Presbyterian ; b. in Philadelphia, 
Penn., Nov. 4, 1823; graduated at Yale College, 
1844, and at Union Theological Seminary, New- 
York City, 1848 ; was a missionary of the Amer- 
ican Board at Madras, India, 1848-53 ; secretary 
American Sunday-school Union, Philadelphia, 
1853-57; of the Presbyterian Publication Commit- 
tee (New School), 1857-70; since 1870 he has been 
editorial secretary of the Board of Publication 
of the re-united Presbyterian Church. He has 
published Life in India, Philadelphia, 1854 ; Ride 
through Palestine, 1881. 

DUNLOP, Right Rev. George Kelly, S.T.D. 
(Racine College, Wis., 1880), Episcopalian, mis- 
sionary bishop of New Mexico and Arizona; b. 
in County Tyrone, Ireland, Nov. 10, 1830 ; grad- 
uated at Queen's University, Gal way, 1852, taking 
the second classical scholarship ; became rector 
of Christ Church, Lexington, Mo., 1856 ; and of 
Grace Church, Kirkwood, Miss., 1863 ; was con- 
secrated bishop, 1880. 

DUNN, Ransom, D.D. (Bates College, Lewiston, 
Me., 1873), Freewill Baptist; b. at Bakersfield, 
Vt., July 7, 1818 ; was home missionary in Ohio, 
1837-43; pastor at Dover and Great Falls, N.H., 
and in Boston, Mass. ; became professor of men- 
tal and moral philosophy in Michigan Central 
College, which was soon after removed to Hills- 
dale, Mich., 1852 ; professor of theology in Hills- 
dale College 1863, and president of the same 
1884. He has been corresponding editor of The 
Morning Star, the denominational organ, since 
1876. 

DUNNING, Albert Elijah, Congregationalist ; 
b. at Brookfield, Conn., Jan. 5, 1844; graduated 
at Yale College 1867, and at Andover Theologi- 
cal Seminary 1870 ; became pastor of Highland 
Church, Boston, 1870; national superintendent of 
Sunday-school work for Congregational churches, 
18S1 ; general secretary of the Congregational 
Sunday-school and Publishing Society, 1884 ; also 
in same year a member of the International Les- 
son Committee. He is the author of The Sunday 
School Library, Boston, 1883, republished New 
York, 1884 ; Normal Outlines for Sunday-school 
Teachers, Boston, 1885 ; since 1876 has contrib- 
uted to the Sermons by the Monday Club ; since 
1885 edited the Pilgrim Teacher (monthly). 

DUNS, John, D.D. (Amherst, U S. A., 1863), 
F.R.S.E., F.S.A., Scot. Free Church; b. at Duns, 
Berwickshire, Scotland, July 11, 1820; educated 
at Edinburgh University, 1843; became pastor 
of the Free Church, 1844; professor of natural 
science, New College, Edinburgh, 1864. He has 
been editor of the North British Review since 1S57 ; 
was elected a fellow of the Royal Physical Soci- 
ety, Edinburgh, 1864, and president 1868; a fel- 
low of the Royal Society of Antiquaries, Scotland, 
1874, and a vice-president 1879 ; corresponding 
member of the New- York and of the Philadel- 
phia Academies of Science, 1877. He is the author 
of Memoirs of Rev. Samuel Martin Bathgate 
and of Professor Fleming, D.D., F.R.S.E. (both 



DURNFORD. 



62 



DYKES. 



Edinburgh, 1857) ; Things New and Old, London, 
1857 ; Biblical Natural Science, 1863-66, 2 vols. ; 
Science and Christian Thought, 1866; and of 
numerous scientific articles and contributions. 

DURNFORD, Right Rev. Richard, D.D. (Ox- 
ford, 1870), lord bishop of Chichester, Church of 
England ; b. at Sandleford, Berkshire, in the year 
1802; educated at Magdalen College, Oxford; 
graduated B.A. (first-class classics) 1826, M.A. 
1829 ; was elected fellow of his college ; ordained 
deacon 1830, priest 1831 ; was rector of Middleton, 
Lancashire, and also rural dean of Manchester, 
and surrogate of the diocese, 1835-70 ; honorary 
canon of Manchester, 1854-68; archdeacon of 
Manchester, 1867-70; canon residentiary, 1868- 
70 ; consecrated bishop, 1870. He is a leader in 
educational and philanthropic movements in the 
Church of England, 

DURYEA, Joseph Tuthill, D.D. (College of New 
Jersey, 1866), Congregationalist; b. at Jamaica, 
L.I., N.Y., Dec. 9, 1832; graduated at the Col- 
lege of New Jersey 1856, and at Princeton The- 
ological Seminary, 1859 ; became pastor of the 
Second Presbyterian Church, Troy, N.Y., 1859; 
of the Collegiate Reformed Dutch Church, New- 
York City, 1862 ; of the Classon-avenue Presby- 
terian Church, Brooklyn, N.Y., 1867 ; and of the 
Central Congregational Church, Boston, Mass., 
1879. In 1873 he was elected a director of Prince- 
ton Theological Seminary. In 1885 he declined 
the presidency of Union College, Schenectady, 
N. Y. * 

DWIGHT, Timothy, D.D. (Chicago Theologi- 
cal Seminary, 111., 1869), Congregationalist; b. 
at Norwich, Conn., Nov. 16, 1828; graduated at 
Yale College, 1849; studied in the Divinity School 
of the college ; was tutor in the college, 1851-55 ; 
studied at Bonn and Berlin, 1856-58 ; became pro- 
fessor of sacred literature in Yale College, 1858 ; 
president of Yale College, 1886. He was a mem- 
ber of the New-Testament Bible Revision Com- 
pany. He has published a good many articles on 
various topics ; annotated the English translation 
of Meyer on Romans (New York, 1884), Philippians- 
Philemon, Timothy-Hebrews : translated and anno- 
tated Godet on the Gospel of John (1886, 2 vols.). 

DWINELL, Israel Edson, D.D. (University of 
Vermont, 1864), Congregationalist; b. at East 
Calais, Vt., Oct. 24, 1820; graduated at the Uni- 
versity of Vermont, Burlington, 1843, and at 



Union Theological Seminary, New- York City, 
1848 ; associate pastor of South (Congregational) 
Church, Salem, Mass., 1849-63 ; pastor in Sacra- 
mento, Cal., 1863-83; since 1884 has been pro- 
fessor of homiletics and pastoral theology in the 
Pacific (Congregational) Theological Seminary, 
Oakland, near San Francisco, Cal. He has pub- 
lished various articles in different reviews. 

DYER, Heman, D.D. (Trinity College, Hart- 
ford, Conn., 1843), Protestant Episcopal ; b. at 
Shaftesbury, Vt., Sept. 24, 1810; graduated at 
Kenyon College, Gambier, O., 1833; tutor there, 
1832-34; principal of Milnor Hall, 1835-40; pro- 
fessor in the Western University of Pennsylvania 
1844-45, and chancellor 1845-49; since 1854 
secretary and editor of " The Evangelical Knowl- 
edge Society," and since 1865 corresponding sec- 
retary of " The American Church Missionary 
Society," both of which have their headquarters 
in New-York City. During the war he was 
actively engaged in the Christian Commission. 

DYKES, James Oswald, D.D. (Edinburgh, 1873), 
Presbyterian ; b. at Port Glasgow, near Greenock, 
Scotland, Aug. 14, 1835; graduated at University 
of Edinburgh, M.A., 1854; and studied theology 
at New College, Edinburgh, 1854-58, and at 
Heidelberg and Erlangen 1856. In 1859 he was 
ordained, and installed minister of the Free 
Church at East Kilbride, County Lanark, Scot- 
land. In 1861 he became colleague of the Rev. 
Dr. R. S. Candlish, in the pastorship of Free St. 
George's, Edinburgh ; but compelled to resign 
(1864) by reason of his health, he was from 1864 to 
1867 in Australia, and in Victoria delivered theo- 
logical lectures, and filled other temporary posts in 
the Presbyterian Church. In 1869 he became min- 
ister of the Regent-square Presbyterian Church, 
London, which position he still holds. He is the 
author of On the Written Word, London, 1868; 
The Beatitudes of the Kingdom, 1872 ; The Laws 
of the Kingdom, 1873 ; The Relations of the King- 
dom, 1874 (these three were collected in one vol., 
under title, The Manifesto of the King : an Expo- 
sition of the Sermon on the Mount, 1881) ; From 
Jerusalem to Antioch: Sketches of the Primitive 
Church, 1875, 2d ed. 1880; Abraham, the Friend 
of God : a Study from Old- Testament History, 1877, 
3d ed. 1878 ; Sermons, 1882 ; The Law of the Ten 
Words, 1884. 



EBRARD. 



63 



EDERSHEIM. 



E. 



EBRARD, (Johannes Heinrich) August, Ph.D., 
Lie. Theol. (Erlangen, 1841, 1842), D.D. (Basel, 
1847), Reformed; b. at Erlangen, Jan. 18, 1818; 
studied at Erlangen and Berlin, 1835-39 ; became 
tutor in a family, 1839 ; privat-docent and repetent 
at Erlangen, 1841 ; professor of theology at Zurich 
1844, the same at Erlangen 1847; consistorial 
councillor at Speyer, 1853; retired at Erlangen, 
1861 ; pastor of the French Reformed Church at 
Erlangen, 1875. His theological standpoint is 
" Reformed orthodox, in the sense of the Loudun 
Synod of 1660, which declared Amyraldism to be 
'highly orthodox.'" He has published Wissen- 
schaflliche Kritik d. evang. Geschichte, Erlangen, 
1842, 3d ed. 1868 (Eng. trans., The Gospel History, 
Edinburgh, 1863) ; -Das Dor/ma uom he'd. A bendmahl 
u. s. Geschichte, Frankfurt-a.-M., 1845-46, 2 vols.; 
Christliche Dogmatik, Kdnigsberg, 1851, 2 vols., 
2ded. 1862; Vorlesungen iiber praktische Theologie, 
1864 ; Das Buch Hiob als poetisches Kunstwerk 
ubersetzt u. erklart, Landau, 1858 ; Handbuch d. 
christl. Kirchen- u. Dogmengeschichte, Erlangen, 
1865-66, 4 vols. ; Die iroschottische Missionskirche 
d. 6. 7. u. 8. Jahrh., Giitersloh, 1873 ; Apologetik, 
1874-75, 2 parts (2d ed., 1st part, 1878; 2d part, 
1881); Bonifatius, der Zerstorer d. columbanischen 
Kirchentums aufd. Festlande, 1882 ; Christian Ernst, 
1885. Besides these, he has published sermons, 
edited and completed Olshausen's Commentary 
(Eng. trans., revised by Professor A. C. Kendrick, 
N.Y., 1856-58, 6 vols.) by writing on Der Brief 
an die Hebraeer (Kdnigsberg, 1850), Die Offenba- 
runq Johannis (1853), and Die Briefe Johannis 
(1859),..(Eng. trans., Edinburgh, 1860; Swedish 
trans., Orebro, 1862) ; and under the pseudo- 
nymes, Gottfried Flammberg, Christian Deutsch, 
Sigmund Sturm, Schliemann d. j., a long series 
of Christian bellettristic productions. 

EDDY, Richard, S.T.D. (Tufts, 1883), Univer- 
salist; b. at Providence, R.I., June 21, 1828; was 
pastor at Rome, N.Y., 1851-54; Buffalo, 1854 ; 
Philadelphia, Penn., 1855-56; Canton, N.Y., 1856- 
61 ; chaplain of the Sixtieth Regiment, New-York 
State Vol unteers, 1861-63; pastor in Philadelphia, 
Penn., 1863-68 (librarian State Historical Society 
1864-68); Franklin, Mass., 1868-70; Gloucester, 
Mass., 1870-77 ; Akron, O., 1880 ; Melrose, Mass., 
since 1881. Since 1878 he has been president of 
the Universalist Historical Society. He is the 
author of History of the Sixtieth Regiment New -York 
State Volunteers from July, 1861, to January, 186^, 
Philadelphia, 1864; Unioersalism in America, A 
.History, Boston, 1884-86, 2 vols. 

EDDY, Zachary, D.D. (Williams College, Wil- 
liamstown, Mass., 1858), Congregatioualist ; b. 
at Stockbridge, Vt., Dec. 19, 1815; educated 
privately; ordained by Pennsylvania Presbytery 
(Cumberland Presbyterian), Pennsylvania, 1835 ; 
was missionary in Pennsylvania and Ohio, 1835- 
38 ; pastor (Presbyterian), Springville, N.Y., 1838- 
43; Mineral Point, Wis., 1844-50; Warsaw, N.Y., 
1850-56; Birmingham, Conn., 1856-58; Northamp- 
ton, Mass., 1858-67 ; Brooklyn Heights (Reformed 



Dutch Church), Brooklyn, N.Y., 1867-71; First 
Congregational Church, Detroit, Mich., 1873-84; 
until 1886 at Atlanta, Ga. (Congregational Church 
of the Redeemer). He is a Conservative Congre- 
gationalist. He is the editor of Hymns of the 
Church, compiled for the General Synod of the Re- 
formed Church in America, New York, 1869; of 
Hymns and Songs of 1 'raise (with Rev. Drs. Roswell 
Dwight Hitchcock and Philip Schaff), 1874; and 
of Carmina Sanctorum (with Rev. Dr. Roswell 
Dwight Hitchcock and Lewis Ward Mudge), 
1886 ; author of Immanuel, or the Life of Christ 
(Springfield, Mass., 1868), and several occasional 
sermons. 

EDEN, Right Rev. Robert, D.D. (Oxford, 1851), 
lord bishop of Moray, Ross, and Caithness, 1851 ; 
elected Primus of Scottish Church, 1862 ; Episco- 
pal Church in Scotland ; b. in London, Sept. 2, 
1804 ; educated at Christ Church, Oxford ; gradu- 
ated B.A. 1827, M.A. 1829, B.D. 1851; was 
ordained deacon and priest, 1828; became suc- 
cessively curate of Weston-sub-Edge 1828 ; Mes- 
sing, Essex, 1829; Peldon, 1832; rector of Leigh, 
1837; consecrated bishop, 1851. He was ap- 
pointed rural dean of Rochford, 1837 ; was justice 
of the peace for the county of Essex, and inspector 
of schools. During his episcopate the episcopal 
residence has been removed from Elgin to Inver- 
ness (1853), and an official residence (1879) and 
new cathedral built (begun 1866, opened 1869, 
consecrated 1873). He has published various 
sermons, charges, pamphlets, etc. 

EDERSHEIM, Alfred, Ph.D. (Kiel, 1855), D.D. 
(Vienna, Berlin, and New College, Edinburgh), 
Church of England ; b. of Jewish parents at 
Vienna, March 7, 1825. He studied in the gym- 
nasium and university at Vienna; was baptized 
in Pesth, Hungary; pursued his studies at Berlin ; 
in 1843 entered New College, Edinburgh ; and in 
1849 became minister of the Free Church, Old 
Aberdeen. Being compelled by ill health to seek 
a warmer climate, he went to Torquay, South- 
western England, in 1861, where he gathered a 
congregation, which built him a chirrch (St. An- 
drew's). His health again obliging him tempor- 
arily to give up preaching, he lived for a while 
in literary retirement at Bournemouth. In 1875 
he was ordained deacon and priest of the Church 
of England, and for a year was the (unsalaried) 
curate of the Abbey Church, Christchurch, Hants, 
near Bournemouth. In 1876 he became vicar of 
Loders, Dorsetshire; resigned in 1883, and re- 
moved to Oxford, where he is still living. From 
1880 to 1884 he was W r arburtonian lecturer at 
Lincoln's Inn, London. In 1881 he was made 
honorary M.A. of Christ Church, Oxford; in 1883 
M.A. by decree of Convocation of the University 
of Oxford ; and 1884-86 was select preacher to 
the university. He has also been lecturing in its 
" Honours School of Theology," upon prophecy. 
His publications as author, translator, editor, and 
contributor to dictionaries and serial works, are 
very numerous (cf. list in Crockford's Clerical 



EDKINS. 



64 



EKMAN. 



Directory for 1885). Perhaps the best-known and 
most valuable are, The History of the Jewish Na- 
tion from A.D. 70-312, 2d ed. Edinburgh, 1857; 
The Jubilee Rhythm of St. Bernard, and other Hymns, 
chiefly from the Latin, London, 1866 ; The Golden 
Diary of Heart-Converse with Jesus in the Psalms, 
1874, 2d ed. 1877; The Temple: its Ministry and 
Services as they were in the Time of Jesus Christ, 
1874 ; Sketches of Jewish Social Life in the Days of 
■Christ, 1876 ; The Exodus, and the Wandering in the 
Wilderness, 1876; The Life and Times of Jesus the. 
Messiah, 1883 (November), 2 vols., 3d ed, 1886 
(April) ; Prophecy and History in relation to the 
Messiah (Warburtonian lectures, 1880-84), 1885; 
The History of Israel from the Sacrifice on Carmel 
to the Death of Jehu, 1885. 

EDKINS, Joseph, D.D. (Edinburgh Universi- 
ty, 1875), Congregationalist ; b. at Nailsworth, 
Gloucestershire, Eng., Dec. 19, 1823; studied at 
Coward College and University College, London ; 
graduated at London University, B. A., 1843 ; was 
missionary of London Missionary Society in China, 
1848-80 ; translator of scientific and other books 
into the Chinese language, in the Chinese Impe- 
rial Maritime Customs service, 1880-85. He was 
a member of the committee for translating the 
New Testament into Chinese. He is the author 
of the following works in Chinese : Refutation of 
the Principal Errors of Buddhism; General View 
of Western Knowledge, 1885 ; sixteen scientific and 
historical primers rendered into Chinese. In Eng- 
lish : Grammar of the Shanghai Dialect, Shanghai, 
1853 ; Grammar of the Mandarin Colloquial Lan- 
guage, 1857, 2d ed. 1863; Religious Condition of 
the Chinese, London, 1859 (2d ed., entitled Religion 
in China, 1878; 3d ed. 1884); Progressive Lessons 
in the Chinese Language, 1862, 4th ed. 1886 ; Vo- 
cabulary of the Shanghai Dialect, Shanghai, 1869 ; 
China's Place in Philology, London, 1870 ; Intro- 
duction to the Study of the Chinese Characters, 1876 ; 
Chinese Buddhism, 1880. 

EDMOND, John, D.D. (Glasgow University, 
1861), Presbyterian; b. at Balfron, Stirlingshire, 
Scotland, Aug. 12, 1816 ; studied in Glasgow 
University, 1832-35, and in Anderson's Univer- 
sity, Glasgow, 1836 ; was ordained as colleague 
of Dr. James Stark, Dennyloanhead, 1841 ; in- 
ducted to Regent Place, Glasgow, 1850 ; to Isling- 
ton (now Highbury), London, 1860. He was 
moderator of the United Presbyterian Synod, 
1871 ; and of the Synod of the Presbyterian 
Church of England, 1883 ; with Dr. Norman 
McLeod, represented the United Presbyterian 
Synod at the First General Assembly of the re- 
united Presbyterian Church in the United States, 
at the General Assembly of the United Presbyte- 
rian Church of America, Pittsburgh, and the first 
General Assembly of the Canada Presbyterian 
Church, Toronto, — all in 1870. He is a " liberal 
Calvinist, — a disciple of the Marrow school." He 
is the author of The Children's Charter, Glasgow, 
1859 ; The Children's Church at Home, London, 
1861-63, 2 vols., 4th ed. 1872, 1 vol. ; Scripture 
Stories in Verse, with Sacred Songs and Miscella- 
neous Pieces, Edinburgh, 1871. 

EDWARDS, Lewis, D.D. (Edinburgh, 1865), 
Welsh Calvinistic Methodist; b. at Pwllcenawon, 
near Aberystwyth, Wales, Oct. 27, 1809 ; gradu- 
ated M.A. at the University of Edinburgh, 1836; 
has been principal of the Welsh Calvinistic Meth- 



odist College, Bala, Wales, since its foundation 
in 1837 ; was moderator of the General Assembly 
of the denomination, 1866 and 1876. 

EELLS, James, D.D. (New- York University, 
1861), LL.D. (Marietta College, O., 1881), Presby- 
terian ; b. at Westmoreland, Oneida County, N.Y., 
Aug. 27, 1822 ; graduated from Hamilton College, 
1844, and from Auburn Theological Seminary, 
1851; pastor (N. S.), Penn Yan, N.Y., 1851-54; 
Cleveland (Second Church), O., 1855-59,1870-74 ; 
Brooklyn (Reformed Dutch Church, Brooklyn 
Heights), N.Y., 1859-67; San Francisco, Cal. 
(Presbyterian Church), 1867-70 ; Oakland, Cal., 
1874-79 ; professor of practical theology and apol- 
ogetics in San-Francisco Theological Seminary, 
1877-79 ; and of practical theology and church 
polity in Lane Theological Seminary, Cincinnati, 
O., from 1879 till his death, March 9, 1886. He 
was moderator of the Presbyterian General Assem- 
bly in 1877, at Chicago. He has written Memorial 
of Samuel Eells, 1872, occasional sermons, etc. 

EGLI, Emil, Lie. Theol. {lion., Zurich, 1884), 
Swiss Protestant; b. at Flaach, Canton Zurich, 
Jan. 9, 1848; studied theology at Zurich, 1866- 
70; was curate at Cappel, 1870-71; pastor at 
Dynhard, 1871-76; Aussersihl, 1876-85 ; Mettmen- 
stetten, since 1885 (all these places are in Can- 
ton Zurich) ; since 1880 he has been privat-docent 
of church history in the University of Zurich. 
Since 1873 he has been a member of the Volkmar 
Theological and Historical Society at Zurich. He 
is the author of Feldziige in Armenien, Beitrag zur 
Kritik des Tacitus (in Budinger's Untersuchungen 
zur Rom. Kaiser geschichte, Leipzig, 1868); Schlacht 
von Cappel, Zurich, 1873 ; Les origiues du Nouveau 
Testament, Geneva, 1874; Zilricher Wiedertaufer 
zur Reformationszeit, Zurich, 1878; Actensammlung 
zur Zilricher Reformationsgeschichte, 1879; Marty- 
rium des Polycarp und seine Zeit (in Hilgenfeld's 
Zeitschrift f. icissenschaftl. Theol., 1881) ; Lucian 
und Polycarp (ib., 1883) ; (edited) Zwinglis Lehr- 
buchlein, Zurich, 1884 ; Luther und Zwingli in Mar- 
burg (in the Theol. Zeitschrift a. d. Schweiz, 1884). 

EHRENFELD, Charles Lewis, Ph.D. (Witten- 
berg College, 1877), Evangelical Lutheran ; b. 
near Milroy, Mifflin County, Penn., June 15, 1832; 
graduated at Wittenberg College (1S56) and Sem- 
inary (1860), Springfield, O. ; was tutor in Wit- 
tenberg College, 1857-59 ; pastor at Altoona, 
Penn., 1860-63; Shippensburg, 1863-65; Holli- 
daysburg, 1865-71; principal S.W. Pennsylvania 
State Normal School, 1871-77 ; financial secretary 
State (Penn.) department of public instruction, 
1S77-78; State librarian, 1878-82; and since has 
been professor of English literature and Latin at 
Wittenberg College. 

EKMAN, Erik Jakob, Swedish Congregation- 
alist ; b. at Strbmsbro, a suburb of Gefle, Sweden, 
Jan. 8, 1842; graduated at Upsala, 1862; ordained 
minister in the Lutheran State Church, 1864; 
was promoted to komminister at Ogkelbo, 1868; 
passed pastoral examination at the University of 
Upsala, 1871 ; resigned his office in the State 
Church, Sept. 1, 1879, and became director of the 
Mission Institute at Kristinehamm, and president 
of the Swedish Mission Association. He is the 
author of the following works in Swedish : The 
Lord is my Light, Stockholm, 1877, 3d ed. 1881 ; 
God has done it, 1878, 3d ed. 1881 ; The Obedience 
of Faith, Gefle, 1878; The Suffering and Crucified 



ELLICOTT. 



65 



ELLIS. 



Christ, Stockholm, 1S79 ; The Lioing Way, Gefle, 
1880; Christian Baptism, 1880; A Word in Season, 
1880 ; The Perfect Prince of our Salvation, Stock- 
holm, 1881 ; The Sin against the Holy Spirit, 1881 ; 
The Strong and the Stronger, 1881 ; The Work 
of the Holy Spirit, 1881 ; The Lord's Supper, 1882 ; 
The Tabernacle, 18S3; The Trumpet of Peace 
(hymn-book), 1883 ; A Commentary on Ephesians, 
1884; The Last Things, 1886. 

ELLICOTT, Right Rev. Charles John, lord 
bishop of Gloucester and Bristol, Church of Eng- 
land; b. at Whitwell, near Stamford, April 25, 
1819; studied at St. John's College, Cambridge; 
graduated B.A. (senior optime and second-class 
classical tripos) 1841 ; became members' prize 
1842, and Hulsean prize essayist (see below) 1843; 
M.A. 1844; fellow of St. John's; was ordained 
deacon 1846, priest 1847 ; was rector of Pilton, 
Rutlandshire, 1841-48 ; professor of divinity, 
King's College, London, 1848-60; Hulsean pro- 
fessor of divinity, Cambridge, 1860-61; dean of 
Exeter, 1861-63 ; in 1863 consecrated bishop of 
Gloucester and Bristol. He was chairman of the 
British New-Testament Revision Company, 1870- 
81. He has published, besides sermons, lectures, 
and charges, the following : The History and Obli- 
gation of the Sabbath (Hulsean prize essay), Cam- 
bi'idge, 1844; Treatise on Analytical Statics, 1851; 
Critical and Grammatical Commentary on Gala- 
tians, London, 1854, 2d ed. 1859 ; Ephesians, 1855, 
5th ed. 1884 ; Philippians, Colossians, and Phile- 
mon, 1857, 2d ed. 1861 ; Thessalonians, 1858, 4th 
ed. 1880 ; Pastoral Epistles, 1858, 5th ed. 1883 ; 
Life of our Lord (Hulsean lectures for 1859), 
1860, 6th ed. 1876 ; Considerations on the Revision 
of the English Version of the New Testament, 1870, 
reprinted in volume with Lightfoot and Trench, 
by Dr. Schaff, New York, 1873; Modern Unbe- 
lief, 1876 ; The Present Dangers of the Church of 
England, 1878; The Being of God, 1880; Are we 
to modify Fundamental Doctrine ? Bristol, 1885. 
He edited A New-Testament Commentary for Eng- 
lish Readers, by Various Writers, 1877-82, 3 vols. ; 
Handy Commentary, 1883, 13 vols, (revised from 
preceding); Old-Testament Commentary for Eng- 
lish Readers, 1882-84, 5 vols. * 

ELLINWOOD, Frank Fields, D.D. (University 
of the City of New York, 1865), Presbyterian; 
b. at Clinton, N.Y., June 20, 1826 ; graduated 
at Hamilton College, 1849 ; studied theology at 
Auburn (1851-52) and Princeton (1852-53, grad- 
uated) theological seminaries ; was pastor of 
Belvidere, N.J., 1853-54; Central Church, Roches- 
ter, N.Y., 1854-65; secretary of the Presbyterian 
Committee of Church Erection, 1866-70 ; of the 
Memorial-Fund Committee, 1870-71 ; of the Pres- 
byterian Board of Foreign Missions, since 1871. 
He is the author of The Great Conquest, New 
York, 1876. * 

ELLIOT, Very Rev. Gilbert, D.D. (by Arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, 1850), dean of Bristol, 
Church of England ; b. in Dresden, Saxony, March 
17, 1800; educated at St. John's College, Cam- 
bridge ; graduated B.A. 1822, M.A. 1824 ; ordained 
deacon 1823, priest 1824 ; became rector of Holy 
Trinity, Newing-Butts, 1824; of Kirkby Thore, 
Westmoreland, 1833; of Wivenhoe, Essex, 1845; 
of Holy Trinity, Marylebone, London, 1846 ; dean, 
1850. He was prolocutor of the Lower House of 
Convocation, 1857-64 ; is a member of the Low- 



Church party. He is the author of Sermons on 
Subjects of the Day, Loudon, 1850. 

ELLIOTT, Charles, D.D. (Ohio University, 
Athens, O., 1861), Presbyterian; b. at Castleton, 
Roxburghshire, Scotland, March 18, 1815 ; grad- 
uated at Lafayette College, Easton, Penn., 1840; 
studied for a year at Princeton Theological Semi- 
nary; taught in the academy at Xenia, O , 1843- 
45; became professor of belles-lettres in the West- 
ern University of Pennsylvania, Pittsburg, 1847 ; 
of Greek, in Miami University, Oxford, O., 1849 ; 
of biblical literature and exegesis, in the Presby- 
terian Theological Seminary of the North-west, 
Chicago, 111., 1863; professor of Hebrew in Lafay- 
ette College, 1882. He is a member of the Ameri- 
can Oriental Society. He translated and edited 
Kleinert's commentary on Jonah, Nahum, Hab- 
akkuk, and Zephaniah, and wrote the introduc- 
tion to the prophetical writings in the American 
Lange series, and has published independently, 
The Sabbath, Philadelphia, 1866 ; A Treatise on 
the Inspiration of the Scriptures, Edinburgh, 1877 ; 
(with Rev. W. J. Harsha) Biblical Hermeneu/ics 
(a translation of Cellerier, Manuel d'herme'neu- 
tique, 1852), New York, 1879; Mosaic Authorship 
of the Pentateuch, Cincinnati, 1884. 

ELLIOTT, Right Rev. Robert Woodward Barn- 
well, D.D. (University of the South, Sewanee, 
Tenn., 1874), Episcopalian, missionary bishop of 
Western Texas; b. at Beaufort, S.C., Aug. 16, 
1840; graduated at South-Carolina College, Co- 
lumbia, 1861; was missionary in Georgia, 1868; 
assistant minister in Church of the Incarnation, 
New York, 1870; rector of St. Philip's, Atlanta, 
Ga., 1871 ; consecrated, 1874. He was aide-de- 
camp to Gen. A. R. Lawton, C.S.A., 1861-63; 
wounded at second battle of Manassas, Aug. 28, 
1862 ; promoted to be assistant adjutant-general 
of division, October, 1863 ; surrendered at Greens- 
borough, N.C., with Gen. J. E. Johnston's forces, 
May 10, 1865. 

ELLIS, George Edward, D.D. (Harvard Uni- 
versity, 1857), LL.D. (the same, 1883); b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., Aug. 8, 1814; graduated at Harvard 
College, Cambridge, Mass., 1833, and at the Har- 
vard Divinity School 1836 ; pastor of the Harvard 
Church, Charlestown, Mass., 1840-69 ; professor of 
doctrinal theology in Harvard Divinity School, 
1857-63. He is the president of the Massachu- 
setts Historical Society. He edited for many 
years the Christian Register and Christian Examiner. 
He has delivered several courses of lectures before 
the Lowell Institute. He has published The Half- 
Century of the Unitarian Controversy, Boston, 1857 ; 
Aims and Purposes of the Founders of Massachusetts, 
1869; Memoir of Jared Sparks (1869), of Count 
Rumford (1871), of Jacob Bigelow, M.D. (1881), and 
of Nathaniel Thayer ; History of the Battle of Bun- 
ker's Hill, 1875; Introduction to the History of the 
First Church in Boston, 1630-1880, 1882 ; The Red 
Man and the White Man in North America, 1882 ; 
Lives of Anne Hutchinson, John Mason, and Wil- 
liam Perm, in Sparks's American Biographies ; Ad- 
dress at the Consecration of Woodlawn Cemetery, 
1851 ; Oration before the City Government, on the 
Centennial, of the Evacuation of Boston by the British 
Army, 1876; Address at the Unveiling of the Statue 
of John Harvard, Cambridge, 1884; Address on a 
Memorial of Chief Justice Sewall, in Old South 
Church, Boston, 1884 ; and several chapters in the 



ELMSLIE. 



66 



EVERETT. 



Memorial History of Boston, and in the Narrative 
and Critical History of America, etc. 

ELMSLIE, William Gray, M.A., English Pres- 
byterian ; b. at Insch, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, 
Oct. 5, 1848 ; graduated with first-class honors at 
the University of Aberdeen, 1868; studied the- 
ology at New College, Edinburgh, Berlin, and in 
Paris ; became assistant professor of natural phi- 
losophy at Aberdeen, 1869; minister of Willesden 
Church, 1875 ; and professor of Hebrew in Lon- 
don Presbyterian College, 1883. 

EMERTON, Ephraim, Ph.D. (Leipzig, 1876), 
Unitarian ; b. at Salem, Mass., Feb. 18, 1S51 ; 
graduated at Harvard College, 1871 ; became in- 
structor in history in Harvard University, 1876 ; 
and Winn professor of ecclesiastical history, 1882. 

ENDERS, Ernst Ludwig, D.D. (Erlangen, 1883), 
Lutheran ; b. at Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany, 
Dec. 27, 1833; studied at Heidelberg, Erlangen, 
and Tubingen, 1852-55; has been pastor at Ober- 
rad, near Frankfurt-am-Main, since 1863. He is 
the editor of the second edition of the Erlangen 
edition of Luther's works (1. Predigten, 1862-81, 
21 vols.; 2. Reformations- historische und polemische 
deutsche Schriften, 1883-85, 3 vols. ; 3. Briefwechsel, 
vol. i., 1507-March, 1519), 1884, all published at 
Frankfurt-am-Main, except the first six vols. 

ENGLISH, John Mahan, Baptist; b. at Tully- 
town, Bucks County, Penn., Oct. 20, 1845; grad- 
uated at Brown University, Providence, ll.L, 1870, 
and at Newton Theological Institution, 1875 ; be- 
came pastor in Gloucester, Mass., 1875; in Boston, 
1882 ; and professor of homiletics, pastoral duties, 
and church polity, in Newton Theological Institu- 
tion, Mass., 1882. 

ERDMANN, (Christian Friedrich) David, D.D., 
German Protestant theologian ; b. at Gustebiese, 
July 28, 1821 ; studied at Berlin, 1843-47; became 
privat-docent there of theology 1853, ordinary pro- 
fessor at Konigsberg 1856, and general superin- 
tendent and honorary professor at Breslau 1864. 
He is the author of Lieben und Leiden der ersten 
Christen, Berlin, 1854 ; Prima Joannis epistoloz ar- 
gumentum nexus et consilium, 1855 ; Die Reforma- 
tion und Hire Martyr er in Itulien, 1855; Der Brief 
des Jakobus, erkldrt, 18S1 ; Luther und die Hohen- 
zollem, Breslau, 1883, 2d ed. 18S4. * 

ERRETT, Isaac, M.A. (lion., Bethany College, 
Bethany, W. Va , 1867), Disciple; b. in New- 
York City, Jan. 2, 1820; self-educated since his 
tenth year ; has labored as farmer, miller, lumber- 
man, bookseller, printer, school-teacher, pastor, 
preacher, and editor ; became pastor of the Church 
of the Disciples at Pittsburg, Penn., 1840; New 
Lisbon, O., 1844; North Bloomfield, 1849; War- 
ren, 1851; Muir and Ionia, Mich., 1856; Detroit, 
1S63; Muir and Ionia, 1865; Cleveland, 1866; 
retired, 1868; Chicago, 1870-71. He was corre- 
sponding secretary of Ohio Christian Missionary 
Society 1853-56, and president 1868-71 ; corre- 
sponding secretary of the American Christian 
Missionary Society 1857-60, and president 1874- 
76; president of the Foreign Christian Missionary 
Society since 1875. He was president of Alliance 
College, Alliance, O., 1868-69; declined elections 
to the presidency of Agricultural and Mechani- 
cal College, Kentucky University, Lexington, Ky. 
(1869), the professorship of biblical literature in 
Bethany College, Bethany, W. Va. (1869), and 
to the professorship of homiletics in the College 



of the Bible, Kentucky University, Lexington, Ky. 
(1880). In 1884 he became a member of the Inter- 
national Sunday-school Committee ; in 1885, one- 
of the Council of the American Congress of 
Churches ; in 1886, one of the executive commit- 
tee of the Law and Order League of Cincinnati,. 
O., where he has resided since 1869. He was asso- 
ciated with Alexander Campbell (d. 1866) in edit- 
ing The Millennial Harbinger ; since 1866 he has 
been editor-in-chief of The Christian Standard, the 
denominational organ. He is the author of Modern 
Spiritualism compared with Christianity : a Debate 
between Joel Tiffany, Esq., of Painesville, 0., and 
Rev. Isaac Errett of Warren, 0. (a Phonor/raphic- 
Report by J. D. Cox, Esq.), Warren, O., 1855; Brief 
View of Christian Missions, Ancient and Modern, 
Cincinnati, 1857; First Principles; or, The Ele- 
ments of the Gospel, 1867 (twenty thousand copies 
issued) ; Walks about Jerusalem ; a Search after 
the Landmarks of Primitive Christianity, 1872, 5th 
ed., St. Louis, Mo., 1884; Talks to Bereans: a 
Series of Twenty-three Sermons to Inquirers iclw 
acknowledge the Divine Inspiration of the Scriptures, 
Cincinnati, 1875, 4th ed., St. Louis, Mo., 1884; 
Letters to a Young Christian, Cincinnati, 1881 (two- 
editions) ; Evenings with the Bible, vol. i., Studies 
in the Old Testament, 1885, 2d ed. 1885; Life and 
Writings of George Edward Floiver, 1885; Our 
Position : a Brief Statement of the Plea urged by 
the People known as Disciples of Christ, 1885 (about 
seventy-five thousand have been issued). 

EVANS, Llewelyn loan, D.D. (Wabash College,. 
O., 1872), Presbyterian ; b. at Treuddyn, near 
Mold, North Wales, June 27, 1833 ; studied at. 
Welsh Presbyterian College, Bala, 1846-49 ; grad- 
uated at Racine College, Wis., B.S. 1854, B.A. 
1856, and at Lane Theological Seminary, Cincin- 
nati, O., 1860; became successively pastor of the 
Seminary Church, 1860; professor of church his- 
tory, 1S63 ; of biblical literature and exegesis,. 
1867 ; of New-Testament Greek and exegesis, 
1875. He was a member of the Wisconsin legis- 
lature, 1856-57 ; and corresponding editor of The 
Central Christian Herald, 1863-66. He translated 
and edited Zbckler's commentary on Job, in the 
American Lange series, New York, 1874 ; and has- 
published sermons, pamphlets, etc. 

EVANS, Thomas Saunders, D.D. (Edinburgh, 
1885), Church of England; b. at Belper, Derby- 
shire, March 8, 1816 ; entered St. John's College, 
Cambridge; received Porson prize 1838; gradu- 
ated B.A. 1839, M.A. 1845; was ordained deacon 
1844, priest 1846 ; was assistant master of Rugby 
School; since 1862 canon residentiary of Durham, 
and professor of Greek and classical literature in 
the University of Durham. He has contributed 
to the Sabrinw Corolla and to The Expositor (1882— 
83, on the Revised Version of the New Testa- 
ment); and published Tennyson's CEnone trans- 
lated into Latin Hexameters, Cambridge, 1873; 
Commentary on 1st Corinthians, in The Speaker's 
Commentary, London, 1881 ; The Nihilist in the- 
Hay field : a Latin poem, 1882. 

EVERETT, Charles Carroll, D.D. (Bowdoin, 
1870, Harvard, 1874), Unitarian; b. at Bruns- 
wick, Me., June 19, 1829 ; graduated at Bowdoin 
College 1850, and at the Harvard Divinity School 
1859 ; tutor (1853-55) and professor of modern 
languages at Bowdoin (1855-57) ; minister of 
Unitarian Church, Bangor, Me., 18C9-69; since: 



EWALD. 



67 



EYRE. 



1869 has been Bussey professor of theology 
in Harvard University, and since 1878 dean of 
the Harvard Divinity School. He has published 
The Science of Thought, Boston, 1869; Religions 
before Christianity : a Manual for Sunday Schools, 
1883; Fichte's Science of Knowledge, Chicago, 
1S84. 

EWALD, (Heinrich August) Paul, Ph.D. (Leip- 
zig, 1881), Lie. Theol. (Leipzig, 1883), German 
Protestant; b. at Leipzig, Jan. 13, 1857; studied 
at Leipzig and Erlangen, 1875-79 ; member of 
the Prediger Collegium of St. Paul's, Leipzig, 
1880-82 ; became privat-docent of theology at 
Leipzig, 1883. He is the author of Der Einfluss 
der stoisch ciceronianischen Moral auf die Darstell- 
ung der Ethik bei Ambrosius, Leipzig, 1881; De 
vocis ovvudr/eeoc apud scriptores novi teslamenti vi ac 
potestate, commentatio el biblico-philologica et biblico- 
theologica, 1883; edited the 4th ed. of Winer's 
Comparative Darstellung des Lehrbegriffs der ver- 
schiedenen christlichen Kirchenparteien, 1882. 

EXELL, Joseph Samuel, M.A., Church of Eng- 
land ; b. at Melksham, Wilts, May 29, 1849 ; edu- 
cated at Taunton and Sheffield Colleges ; was 
ordained deacon 1881, priest 1882 ; was curate 
of Weston-super-Mare, 1881-84 ; and since vicar of 



Townstall with St. Saviour, Dartmouth, Devon- 
shire. He is, with Canon Spence, joint editor 
of The Pulpit Commentary, London, 1880 sqq.,. 
and of The Homiletical Library, 1882 sqq. ; and, 
with Canon Spence and Rev. C. Neil, of Thirty 
Thousand Thoughts, 1883 sqq. ; sole editor of The 
Homilelical Quarterly since 1880 ; of Heart Chords, 
1883 sq. ; and of The Monthly Interpreter, 1885- 
sqq. He has independently published Practical 
Readings in the Book of Jonah, and Homiletical 
Commentary on the Book of Exodus, 1879 ; with 
T. H. Leate, Homiletical Commentary on the Book 
of Genesis, 1885. 

EYRE, Most Rev. Charles, archbishop of Glas- 
gow, Roman Catholic; b. at Askam Bryan Hall, 
York, in the year 1817 ; educated at Ushaw Col- 
lege, Durham, and at Rome ; was senior priest 
at St. Mary's Cathedral, Newcastle, 1847-68 ; ap- 
pointed in 1868 archbishop for the western district 
and delegate apostolic for Scotland ; consecrated 
at Rome, Jan. 31, 1869, by the title of Archbishop 
of Anazarba in partibus infidelium ; but when the 
Roman-Catholic hierarchy was restored in Scot- 
land, March 4, 1878, he was appointed archbishop 
of Glasgow. He published History of St. Cuthbert r 
London, 1849, 3d ed. 1886. 



FAIRBAIRN. 



68 



PARRAR. 



F. 



FAIRBAIRN, Andrew Martin, D.D. (Edinburgh, 
1878), Congregation alist; b. in the neighborhood 
•of Edinburgh, Nov. 4, 1838; graduated from 
Edinburgh University, 1860 ; studied theology at 
the Evangelical Union Theological Hall, Glas- 
gow, 1856-61, and at Berlin under Dorner, 1866- 
67; became pastor of Independent Church at 
Bathgate, Scotland, 1861 (during 1866 and 1867 
absent in Berlin to study under Dorner) ; at 
Aberdeen, 1872; principal and professor of the- 
ology in the Congregational Theological Institu- 
tion, Airdale College, Bradford, Eng., 1877 ; prin- 
cipal of Mansfield College, Oxford, 1886. He 
was Muir lecturer on the science of religion in 
the University of Edinburgh, 1878-83. He is the 
author of Studies in the Philosophy of Religion 
•and History, London, 1876, New York, 1877 ; 
Studies in the Life of Christ, 1880, 4th ed. 1885, 
New York, 1882 ; The City of God, a Series of 
Discussions in Religion, 1883, 2d ed. 1885 ; Religion 
in History and in Life of To-day, 1884, 2d ed. 
1885; and since 1871 has constantly contributed 
to the Contemporary Review on philosophical and 
theological subjects, his special field of work 
being the philosophy and history of religion. 

FAIRCHILD, James Harris, D.D. (Hillsdale 
College, Mich., 1864), Congregationalist ; b. at 
Stockbridge, Mass., Nov. 25, 1817 ; graduated at 
Oberlin College, O., 1838, and has been con- 
nected with it since 1839, — as professor of lan- 
guages, 1842-47; of mathematics, 1847-58; of 
moral philosophy and theology, 185S-66, which 
chair has since 1866 been held by him along with 
the presidency. He has published Moral Philoso- 
phy, New York, 1869 ; Oberlin, the College and the 
Colony, 1833-83, Oberlin, 1883 ; and edited Mem- 
oirs of Rev. C. G. Finney, New York, 1876, and 
Finney's Systematic Theology, Oberlin, 1878. 

FALLOWS, Right Rev. Samuel, D.D. (Lawrence 
University, Wis., 1873), Reformed Episcopalian, 
bishop; b. at Pendleton, near Manchester, Eng., 
Dec. 15, 1835; graduated at Lawrence University, 
Wis., and at the University of Wisconsin, Madi- 
son, Wis., graduating as valedictorian at the 
latter, 1859 ; was vice-president of Galesville Uni- 
versity, Wis., 1859-61; chaplain of the 32d Regi- 
ment Wis. Vols., 1862 ; professor elect of natural 
sciences, Lawrence University, Wis., 1863 ; lieu- 
tenant-colonel 40th Wis. Vol. Infantry, and colonel 
49th, 1864-65 ; promoted brevet-brigadier-general 
for meritorious services ; was State superintendent 
of public instruction for the State of Wisconsin, 
1870-73 ; professor elect of logic and rhetoric in 
the University of Wisconsin, 1873 ; president of 
Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, 111, 
1874-75. From 1857 to 1875 he was a minister 
of the Methodist-Episcopal Church ; in 1875 he 
became rector of St. Paul's Reformed Episcopal 
Church, Chicago; in 1876 was elected bishop, and 
given the missionary jurisdiction of the West, 
and still unites this with his rectorship. While 
superintendent of public instruction of Wisconsin 
he devised, and carried out through legislative 



action, the plan of bringing all the high and com- 
mon schools of the State into direct connection 
with the University of Wisconsin. He also per- 
fected the institute plan of instruction for teach- 
ers, now in operation in that State. While pres- 
ident of the Illinois Wesleyan University, he 
inaugurated in America the plan of conferring 
collegiate degrees, especially the higher ones, 
upon non-resident students and graduates, based 
upon a thorough written as well as oral examina- 
tion on a prescribed course of study, akin to the 
plan pursued by the London University. He 
delivered, as the representative of the West, one 
of the addresses before the American Bible Soci- 
ety in Philadelphia, 1872 ; as fraternal delegate, 
addressed the General Conference of the Method- 
ist-Episcopal Church at Cincinnati, O., 1880; 
delivered the annual oration before the Society 
of the Army of the Tennessee, at Cleveland, 
O., 1883. In theology he is an Arminian. He 
founded in 1876, and for four years edited, The 
Appeal, the first distinctively Reformed Episcopal 
Church paper, published in Chicago, 111. (now 
incorporated with The Episcopal Recorder, New 
York). He is the compiler and editor of Bright 
and Happy Homes, Chicago, 111., 1881 (several 
editions); Synonyms and Autonyms, 1883; Abbre- 
viations and Contractions, 1883; Briticisms, Amer- 
icanisms, Colloquial and Provincial Words and 
Phrases, 1883 (all three in the Standard Hand- 
book Series'); Liberty and Union, Madison, Wis., 
1883 ; The Home Beyond, Chicago, 111., 1884, last 
ed. 1886 ; The Progressive Dictionary (a supplement 
to all the standard dictionaries of the English 
language), 1885; Past Noon, Cincinnati, O., 1886. 

FARRAR, Adam Storey, D.D. (Oxford, 1864), 
F.C.S., F.R.A.S., Church of England; b. in Lon- 
don, April 20, 1826 ; educated at St. Mary's Hall, 
Oxford; graduated B.A. (first-class classics and 
second-class mathematics), 1850 ; Arnold histori- 
cal prizeman, Denver's theological prizeman, 1850; 
M.A. (Queen's College), 1852; B.D., 1864. He 
was ordained deacon 1852, and priest 1853 ; was 
Michel fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, 1852- 
63 ; public examiner in classics and mathematics, 
1854-56; tutor of W^adham College, 1855-64; 
select preacher at Oxford, 1856-57, 1869-70; 
preacher at Whitehall, 1858-60 ; Bampton lec- 
turer, 1862; select preacher at Cambridge, 1875 
and 1881. Since 1864 he has been professor of 
divinity and of ecclesiastical history in the Uni- 
versity of Durham ; since 1868 an examining chap- 
lain to the bishop of Peterborough; since 1878 
a canon of Durham. He has published Science 
in Theology (university sermons), London, 1859 ; 
Critical History of Free Thought (Bampton lec- 
tures), 1862 ; and miscellaneous sermons and 
lectures. 

FARRAR, Ven. Frederic William, D.D. (Cam- 
bridge, 1873), F.R.S., archdeacon of Westminster, 
Church of England ; b. in Bombay, India, Aug. 
7, 1831 ; educated at King William's College, Isle 
of Man, and at King's College, London ; gradu- 



FARRAR. 



69 



PPOULKES. 



ated B.A. from University of London, and was 
appointed university scholai-, 1852. He went to 
Cambridge, entered Trinity College, took the 
chancellor's prize for English verse (see below), 
1852; graduated B.A. (fourth in first-class clas- 
sical tripos, and junior optime in mathematics), 
1851 ; was elected fellow ; was Le Bas classical 
prizeman 1856, and Norrisian prizeman 1857 ; 
graduated M.A. 1857, B.D. 1872. He was or- 
dained deacon 1854, and priest 1857; was assist- 
ant master in Harrow School, 1851-71 ; and head 
master of Marlborough College, 1871-76. He 
was select preacher at Cambridge, 1868-69, 1872, 
1874, and frequently since ; honorary chaplain to 
the Queen, 1869-73, and since 1873 chaplain in 
ordinary; Hulsean lecturer (Cambridge) 1S70, 
and Bampton lecturer (Oxford) 1885. In 1876 
he was installed rector of St. Margaret, West- 
minster, London, and canon of Westminster; and 
on April 24, 1883, was appointed archdeacon of 
Westminster, and rural dean of St. Margaret and 
St. John the Evangelist, Westminster. Arch- 
deacon Farrar has done much to improve public- 
school instruction and to promote total abstinence. 
He is the author of the following works : The 
Arctic Regions (chancellor's prize poem), Cam- 
bridge, 1852; Christian Doctrine of the Atonement 
(Norrisian prize), 1857 ; the three works of fiction 
for boys : Eric, or Little by Little, 1857, 20th ed. 
1882 ; Julian Home, 1859, 10th ed. 1882 ; and St. 
Winifred's, or the World of School, 1863, 13th ed. 
1882; The Origin of Language, 1860 ; T lie Fall of 
Man, and other Sermons, i865, 3d ed. 1876 ; Chap- 
ters on Language, 1865, and Families of Speech, 
1870 (the two were combined in revised form 
under title Language and Languages, 1878); Essays 
on a Liberal Education, 1866, 2d ed. 1868 ; Seekers 
after God, 1869, new ed. 1877; The Witness of 
History to Christ (Hulsean lectures), 1871, 3d ed. 
1875; The Silence and Voices of God (university 
and other sermons), 1873, 3d ed. 1875; The Life 
of Christ, 1874, 2 vols. (12th ed. same vear, 24th 
ed. 1876, 38th ed. 1880, illustrated "ed. 1878, 
popular ed. in 1 vol. without illustrations 1881, 
cabinet ed. 5 vols. 32mo 1883) ; In the Dags of 
thy Youth (Marlborough sermons), 1876, 4th ed. 
1877 ; Eternal Hope (Westminster sermons on 
eschatology), 1878, 12th ed. same year; Saintly 
Workers (Lent lectures), 1878; The Life and Work 
of St. Paul, 1879, 2 vols. (18th thousand, 1881 ; 
popular ed., 1 vol., 1884) ; Gospel according to St. 
Luke {Cambridge Bible for Schools), 1880, 2d ed. 
1884; Ephphath a, or the Amelioration of the World 
(sermons), 1880; Mercy and Judgment: Last 
Words on Christian Eschatology, 1881, 2d ed. 1882 ; 
Early Days of Christianity, 1882, 2 vols, (new ed. 
1883, in 1 vol. 1884) ; Hebrews, with Notes and In- 
troduction, 1883 ; My Object in Life (Heart-Chords 
Series), 1883; With the Poets: a Selection of Eng- 
lish Poetry, 1883; Messages of the Books: Discourses 
and Notes on the New Testament, 1884 ; Sermons 
and Addresses delivered in America, 1886 ; The 
History of Interpretation (Bampton lectures), 1886. 
For school use he has written, Greek Grammar 
Rules (6th ed. 1865) and Brief Greek Syntax (3d 
ed. 1867). The above list presents only a portion 
of his literary activity ; for he has contributed to 
Smith's Dictionaries, The Pulpit Commentary, En- 
cyclopaedia Britannica, besides to various journals, 
etc. 



FAUSSET, Andrew Robert, Church of Eng- 
land; b. at Silverhill, County Fermanagh, Ireland, 
Oct. 13, 1821 ; was scholar of Trinity College, 
Dublin, 1841 ; took the vice-chancellor's prize for 
Latin verse (fourth) and for Greek verse (third), 
1841; Bei'keley gold medal, 1842; vice-chancellor's 
prize for Greek verse (second) 1842, and for Latin 
prose (first) 1843-44; divinity testimonium (sec- 
ond-class), 1845; graduated B.A. (senior moderator 
classics), 1843, M.A. 1846. He was ordained dea- 
con 1847, priest 1848; became curate of Bishop 
Middleham, County Durham, 1847 ; and rector of 
St. Cuthbert's, York, his present charge, 1859. 
He was chaplain at Bex, Switzerland, 1870, and 
at St. Goar on the Rhine, 1873 (both under the 
Church Colonial and Continental Society). He 
is evangelical, of the Church-of-England type of 
orthodoxy. He has edited Terence, with notes, 
Dublin, 1844; Homer's Iliad, I. -VIII., 1846; Livy, 
I.-IIL, 1849; Bengel's Gnomon of the New Testa- 
ment, Edinburgh, 1857, 5 vols. ; Vinet's Homiletics, 
toith Notes, London, 1858 ; The Greek Testament 
(for the British and Foreign Bible Society), 1877 ; 
written, Scriptures and the Prayer-Book in Har- 
mony, 1854 ; Ireland and the Irish, 1854 ; Faculties 
of the Lower Animals, 1858; vols. ii. and iv. of the 
Critical and Explanatory Pocket-Bible, Glasgow, 
1862, 4 vols. ; vols, iii., iv., and vi. of the Critical, 
Experimental, and Practical Commentary (Jamie- 
son, Fausset, and Brown's), 1868 ; Horoz Psalmicce, 
London, 1877, 2d ed. 1885; The Church and the 
World, 1878; The Englishman's Bible Cyclopaedia, 
1879; The Millennium, 1880; The Signs of the 
Times, 1881 ; Prophecy a Sure Light, i882 ; The 
Latter Rain, 1883 ; True Science confirming Genesis, 
1884; The Personal Antichrist, 1884; Spiritual- 
ism, 1885; Expository Commentary on the Book of 
Judges, 1885. 

FERGUSON, Right Rev. Samuel D., Episco- 
palian, missionary bishop of West Africa; b. in 
Charleston, S.C., Jan. 1, 1842 ; emigrated to Libe- 
ria, 1848; educated in the mission schools ; became 
rector of St. Mark's, Harper, 1868 ; bishop, 1885. * 

FERRIS, John Mason, D.D. (Rutgers College, 
New Brunswick, N.J., 1867), Reformed (Dutch); 
b. at Albany, N.Y., Jan. 17, 1825; graduated at 
the University of the City of New York, 1843, 
and at the theological seminary of the Reformed 
Dutch Church, New Brunswick, N.J., 1849; be- 
came pastor of Reformed Churches, at Tarry- 
town, N.Y., 1849; Chicago (Second), 111., 1854; 
and at Grand Rapids (First), Mich., 1862; cor- 
responding secretary of the Board of Foreign 
Missions of the Reformed Church in America, 
1865; editor of The Christian Intelligencer, New 
York (the denominational organ), 1883. 

FFOULKES, Edmund Salusbury, Church of 
England; b. at Eriviatt, Denbigh, Jan. 12, 1819; 
educated at Jesus College, Oxford; graduated 
B.A. (second-class classics) 1841, M.A. 1844, B.D. 
1851 ; was appointed fellow and tutor of his col- 
lege ; entered the Roman-Catholic Church, 1855 ; 
returned to Church of England, 1870 ; was select 
preacher at Oxford, 1875-76 ; became rector of 
Wigginton, 1876 ; and then vicar of St. Mary 
the Virgin, Oxford, 1878. He is the author of 
A Manual of Ecclesiastical History, London, 1851; 
Christendom's Divisions, 1865-67, 2 vols. ; The 
Athanasian Creed, by whom written and by xohom 
published, 1871, 2d ed. 1872. 



FIELD. 



70 



FOOTMAN. 



FIELD, Frederick, Church of England; b. in 
London, in the year 1801; d. at Norwich, April 
19, 1885. He was educated at Trinity College, 
Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. (Tyrwhitt's 
Hebrew scholar, tenth wrangler, and chancellor's 
medallist) 1823, M.A. 1826, hon. LL.D. 1875; 
was fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1824- 
43 ; rector of Reepham, Norfolk, 1842-63 ; elected 
honorary fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, 
1875. He was a member of the Old-Testament 
Revision Company. He edited the Greek text 
of Chrysostom's Homilies on Matthew, Cam- 
bridge, 1839, 3 vols., and all the Pauline Epistles, 
1849-62, 7 vols. ; Barrow's Treatise on the Pope's 
Supremacy, London, 1851 ; Grabe's text of the 
Septuagint, Oxford ; Otiura Norvicense (I., Tenta- 
men de reliquiis Aquilw, Symmachi, T heodotionis e 
lingua Syriaca in Grozcam convertendis : II., Ten- 
tamen de quibusdam vocabulis Syro-Grwcis ; III., 
Notes on Select Passages of the Greek Testament), 
3 parts, 1864, 1876, 1881 ; Origenis Hexaplorum qua 
supersunt, 1867-74, 2 vols. ; Sermons, 1878. * 

FIELD, Henry Martyn, D.D. (Williams College, 
1862), Presbyterian ; b. at Stockbridge, Mass., 
April 3, 1822 ; graduated at Williams College, 
Williamstown, Mass., 1838, and at East Windsor 
Hill (now Hartford) Theological Seminary, Conn., 
1841 ; studied at Yale Divinity School, New 
Haven, Conn., 1841-42; was pastor in St. Louis, 
Mo., 1842-47 ; at West Springfield, Mass., 1850- 
54 ; from 1854 has been an editor and proprietor 
of The Evangelist, a Presbyterian denominational 
weekly, published in New- York City ; since 1870, 
sole editor and proprietor. He has been an exten- 
sive traveller, having been five times in Europe, 
twice in the East, and once round the world. He 
has written The Irish Confederates, and the Re- 
bellion of 1798, New York, 1851; Summer Pictures 
from Copenhagen to Venice, 1859 ; History of the 
Atlantic Telegraph, 1866; From the Lakes of Kil- 
larney to the Golden Horn, 1876 ; From Egypt to 
Japan, 1877 (of the two last named, fifteen edi- 
tions have been issued) ; On the Desert ; with Re- 
view of Events in Egypt, 1883; Among the Holy 
Hills (Palestine), 1884; The Greek Islands and 
Turkey after the War, 1885. 

FISHER, George Park, D.D. (Brown Univer- 
sity, 1866 ; the same degree was given him by 
Edinburgh University, 1886), LL.D. (College of 
New Jersey, Princeton, 1879), Congregationalist ; 
b. at Wrentham, Mass., Aug. 10, 1827 ; graduated 
at Brown University, Providence, R.I., 1847, and 
at Andover Theological Seminary, Mass., 1851 ; 
became professor of divinity (college preacher) in 
Yale College, New Haven, Conn., 1854; professor 
of ecclesiastical history, 1861. He has published 
Essays on the Supernatural Origin of Christianity, 
New York, 1865, 3d ed. (enlarged/1877 ; Life of 
Benjamin Silliman, 1866, 2 vols., new ed., Phila- 
delphia, 1877, 1 vol. ; The Reformation, New York, 
1873 ; The Beginnings of Christianity, 1877 ; Faith 
and Rationalism, 1879 ; Discussions in History and 
Theology, 1880; The Christian Religion, 1882; 
Grounds of Theistic and Christian Belief, 1883 ; 
Outlines of Universal History, 1885. 

FISK, Franklin Woodbury, D.D. (Olivet Col- 
lege, Mich., 1865), Congregationalist; b. at Hop- 
kinton, N.H., Feb. 16, 1820; graduated at Yale 
College, New Haven, Conn., 1849, and at the Yale 
Divinity School, 1852 ; tutor in Yale College, 



1851-1853; became professor of rhetoric and 
English literature, Beloit College, Wis., 1854 ; 
professor of sacred rhetoric in Chicago (Congre- 
gational) Theological Seminary, 1859. Besides 
articles, and contributions to Current Discussions 
in Theology (Chicago, 1884 sqq.), prepared annually 
by the professors of the seminary, he has pub- 
lished Manual of Preaching, New York, 1884. 

FITZGERALD, Oscar Penn, D.D. (Southern 
University, Greensborough, Ala., 1868), Method- 
ist (Southern branch) ; b. in Caswell County, 
N.C., Aug. 24, 1829; was missionary in the Cali- 
fornia mines, 1855-57 ; editor of Pacific Methodist, 
Christian Spectator, and California Teacher, in San 
Francisco ; was superintendent of public instruc- 
tion of California, 1867-71, and under his admin- 
istration the State University was founded, and 
the Normal School fully organized and perma- 
nently located; president of Pacific Methodist 
College, Santa Rosa, Cal., 1872; editor of the 
Nashville Christian Advocate, since 1878. He 
is the author of California Sketches, Nashville, 
Tenn., 1879, 2 vols., 2d ed. 1879 ; The Class Meet- 
ing, 1880, 2d ed. 1880; Christian Growth, 1881, 
2d ed. 1881; Glimpses of Truth, 1883, 2d ed- 
1885; Dr. Summers; a Life-study, 1884, 2d ed. 
1885; Centenary Cameos, 1885. 

FLICK1NGER, Daniel Kumler, D.D. (Otterbein 
University, Westerville, O., 1875), United Brethren 
in Christ; b. at Sevenmile, O., May 25, 1824;. 
educated in common schools and Germantown 
Academy ; elected corresponding secretary of the 
United-Brethren Church Missionary Society, 1857, 
and quadrennially re-elected until 1885, when he 
was elected foreign missionary bishop. He has 
been to Africa eight times, and to Germany five 
times, on missionary business ; has done much 
work upon the frontiers of the United States, and 
also among the Chinese. He is the author of 
Off-hand Sketches in Africa, Dayton, O., 1857 ? 
Sermons (jointly with Rev. W. J. Shuey), 1859 ; 
Ethiopia, or Twenty-six Years of Missionary Life 
in Western Africa, 1877, 3d ed. 1885 ; The Church's- 
Marching Orders, 1879. 

FLIEDNER, Fritz, German pastor; b. at Kai- 
serswerth on the Rhine, June 10, 1845; studied at 
Halle 1864-66, and at Tubingen 1866-67; became 
professor in the boarding school for young ladies 
at Hilden, 1868 ; chaplain to the legation of the 
German Empire at Madrid, and evangelist in 
Spain, 1870. Since 1870 he has edited Leaves 
from Spain, a German periodical devoted to evan- 
gelization in Spain ; has written articles in differ- 
ent reviews, newspapers, and encyclopaedias (Her- 
zog and Brockhaus), and Blatter und Bluten, 
Gedichte, Heidelberg, 1885. 

FLINT, Robert, D.D., LL.D., Church of Scot- 
land ; b. near Dumfries, Scotland, in the year 1838 ; 
studied at Glasgow ; was pastor from 1859 until 
1864, when he became professor of moral philos- 
ophy and political economy at the University of 
St. Andrew's, and in 1876 professor of divinity in 
the University of Edinburgh. He is the author of 
The Philosophy of History in France and Germany r 
Edinburgh, 1874; Theism (Baird lectures for 
1876), 1877, 5th ed. 1886; Anti-Theistic Theories 
(Baird lectures for 1877), 1879, 2ded. 1880. 

FOOTMAN, Henry, M.A., Church of England; 
b. at Ipswich, Feb. 10, 1831 ; educated at St. 
Peter's College, Cambridge, where, after having 



FORBES. 



71 



FRANK. 



taken a second-class in the moral science tripos, 
1870, he graduated B.A. 1871, M.A. 1874; or- 
dained (both deacon and priest) 1871, standing 
first in the examination for orders; vicar of Lam- 
bourne, Hungerford, 1875-78; in charge of St. 
George's, Campden Hill, 1878-80 ; select preacher 
at Cambridge, 1880-81 ; vicar of Shoreditch, 
1880-81 ; and since 1881 has been vicar of Nocton 
Lincoln. Although from early years a student of 
theology, he pursued a commercial career, and 
prior to entering Cambridge was partner in a 
large firm. He is the author of Life, its Friends 
and Foes (Lent lectures), London, 1873; From 
Home and Back (Lenten sermons), 1876 ; The 
Eloquence of the Cross, 1S77 ; Nature and Preva- 
lence of Modern Unbelief, 1880; Reasonable Appre- 
hensions and Re-assuring Hints, 1883, 2d ed. 1884, 
reprinted, New York, 1885. 

FORBES, John, LL.D. (King's College, 1837), 
D.D. (Edinburgh, 1873), Church of Scotland; b. 
at Boharm, Banffshire, July 5, 1802 ; graduated 
A.M. at Marischal College, 1819 ; studied theol- 
ogy for four years at Marischal and King's Col- 
leges, and later at Gottingen, 1828-29 ; became 
successively head master and governor of John 
Watson's Institution, Edinburgh, 1840, and of 
Donaldson's Hospital, 1850; professor of Oriental 
languages at Aberdeen University, 1869. He is 
the author of Symmetrical Structure of Scripture, 
or Principles of Scripture Parallelism exemplified 
in an Analysis of the Decalogue, Sermon on the 
Mount, etc., Edinburgh, 1854; Analytical Com- 
mentary on the Romans, tracing the Train of Thought 
by the Aid of Parallelism, 1868; Predestination and 
Free Will reconciled ; or Calvinism and Arminian- 
ism united in the Westminster Confession, 1878, 2d 
ed. 1879. 

FOSS, Cyrus David, D.D. (Wesleyan University, 
1870), LL.D.(Cornell College, Iowa, 1879), Method- 
ist-Episcopal bishop; b. at Kingston, N.Y., Jan. 
17, 1834 ; graduated at Wesleyan University, Mid- 
dletown, Conn., .1854; became teacher 1854, and 
principal 1856, of Amenia Seminary, N.Y. ; pas- 
tor (in Chester, N.Y., Brooklyn, and New York), 
1857; president of Wesleyan University, 1875; 
bishop, 1880. 

FOSTER, Frank Hugh, Ph.D. (Leipzig, 1882), 
Congregationalist ; b. at Springfield, Mass., June 
18, 1851 ; graduated at Harvard College, Cam- 
bridge, Mass., 1873; from 1873 to 1874 was 
assistant professor of mathematics in the United- 
States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Md. ; gradu- 
ated at Andover Theological Seminary, Mass., 
1877 ; from 1877 to 1879 was Congregational pas- 
tor at North Reading, Mass. ; from 1879 to 1882 
in Germany, studying at Gottingen (1879-80) 
under Lotze, and at Leipzig (1880-82) under 
Luthardt, Delitzsch, and Kahnis; from 1882 to 
1S84, professor of philosophy at Middlebury Col- 
lege, Vt. ; and since 1884 has been professor of 
church history in Oberlin Theological Seminary. 
He translated Grotius' Defence of the Catholic 
Faith concerning the Satisfaction of Christ, and has 
contributed other articles to the Bibliotheca Sacra, 
of which since 1S84 he has been one of the editors. 

FOSTER, Randolph Sinks, D.D. (Ohio Wes- 
leyan University, Delaware, O., 1853), LL.D. (the 
same, 1858), Methodist-Episcopal bishop; b. at 
Williamsburg. Claremont County, O., Feb. 22, 
1820 ; studied at Augusta College, Millersburg, 



Ky., 1835-37, but did not graduate; entered the 
ministry of the Methodist-Episcopal Church, 1837; 
served in the Ohio Conference until 1850, when 
he was transferred to New York ; in 1856 became 
president of the North-western University, Evans- 
ton, Bl. ; resigned in 1860, and returned to the 
pastorate ; in 1868 became a professor in Drew 
Theological Seminary, Madison, N.J. (succeeded 
Dr. McClintock in the presidency of the same, 
1870), and in 1872 a bishop. He was delegate 
to the Wesleyan body in England, 1870 ; visited 
the Methodist-Episcopal missions in South Amer- 
ica, 1874; Europe (Germany and Scandinavia), 
1874; India, 1882; Italy, Germany, and Scandi- 
navia, 1883; Mexico, 1886. He is the author of 
Objections to Calvinism as it is (letters to Rev. Dr. 
N. L. Rice), Cincinnati, 1848 (many editions to 
date) ; Christian Purity, New York, 1851 (many 
editions to date); Ministry for the Times, 1852; 
Beyond the Grave, 1879 (many editions) ; Centen- 
ary Thoughts for the Pew and Pulpit of Methodism 
in 1884, 1884; Studies in 'Theology, 1886. 

FOSTER, Robert Verrell, D.D. (Trinity Uni- 
versity, Texas, 1884), Cumberland Presbyterian; 
b. in Wilson County, Tenn., Aug. 12, 1845; grad- 
uated A.B. and A.M. from Cumberland Univer- 
sity, Lebanon, Tenn. ; studied theology under 
Rev. Dr. Richard Beard ; graduated from Union 
Theological Seminary, New-York City, in 1877; 
and has been ever since professor of Hebrew and 
biblical theology and exegesis in the theological 
school of Cumberland University. In 1S81 he 
declined the chief editorship of The Cumberland 
Presbyterian, the principal denominational organ, 
and later the presidency of Trinity University, 
Tehuacana, Tex., and the professorship of Greek 
and Latin in Lincoln University, 111. He is a fre- 
quent contributor to his denominational papers. 

FOWLER, Charles Henry, D.D. (Garrett Bibli- 
cal Institute, 186-), LL.D. (Wesleyan University, 
Middletown, Conn., 1875), Methodist-Episcopal 
bishop ; b. at Burford, Canada, Aug. 11, 1837 ; 
graduated at Genesee College, N.Y., 1859, and 
at the Garrett Biblical Institute, Evanston, 111., 
1861; entered the ministry; became president 
North-western University, Evanston, 111., 1872; 
editor of The Christian Advocate, 1876 ; mission- 
ary secretary, 1880 ; bishop, 1884. 

FOX, Norman, Baptist; b. at Glens Falls, N.Y., 
Feb. 13, 1836; graduated at the University of 
Rochester, N.Y., 1855, and at Rochester Baptist 
Theological Seminary 1857 ; was pastor at White- 
hall, N.Y., 1859-62; chaplain of the 77th Regi- 
ment N.Y. Vols., 1862-64; professor in the theo- 
logical department of William Jewell College, 
Liberty, Mo., 1869-72. He has been editorially 
connected with the Central Baptist, National Bap- 
tist, and Independent, and also given voluntary 
service to different churches. He is the author 
of George Fox and the Early Friends, republished 
from Baptist Quarterly Review, 1878 ; Rise of the 
Use of Pouring and Sprinkling for Baptism, from 
the same, 1882 ; Inspiration of Apostles in Speak- 
ing and Writing, do., 1885; A Layman's Ministry : 
Notes on the Life and Services of the Hon. Nathan 
Bishop, LL.D., New York, 1883. 

FRANK, Franz Hermann Reinhold, Ph.D., Lie. 
Theol. (both Leipzig, 1851), D.D. (from Erlangen, 
1859), German Evangelical Lutheran theologian; 
b. at Altenburg, March 25, 1827 ; studied at Leip- 



FRANK. 



72 



FRBPPEL. 



zig, 1845-51 ; was sub-rector at Ratzeburg, 1851- 
53; professor in the gymnasium, at Altenburg, 
1853-57; extraordinary professor in 1857, and 
since 1858 ordinary professor of theology in Er- 
langen. He is the author of Evangelische Schul- 
reden, Altenburg, 1856 ; Die Theologie der Con- 
cordienformel, Erlangen, 1858-65, 4 vols. ; System 
der christlichen Gewissheit, 1870-73, 2 vols., 2d ed. 
2d vol. 1881, 2d ed. 1st vol. 1884; Aus dem Leben 
christlicher Frauen, Giitersloh, 1873 ; System der 
christlichen Walirheit, 1878-80, 2 vols., 2d ed. 
1885-86 ; System der christlichen Sittlichkeit, 1st vol. 
1884, and also of many long articles of dogmatic 
and ethical contents in Zeitschrift filr Protestant- 
ismus u. Kirche, 1869-76, which he edited. 

FRANK, Gustav (Wilhelm), Lie. Theol. (hon., 
Jena, 1858), D.D. {hon., Jena, 1867), German the- 
ologian ; b. at Schleiz, Germany, Sept. 25, 1832 ; 
studied at Jena, habilitated himself there 1859 ; 
became professor extraordinary of theology, 
1864; ordinary professor of dogmatics and sym- 
bolics and Christian ethics at Vienna, April 9, 
1867, and member of the superior ecclesiastical 
council, July 31, 1867 ; received the Austrian 
order of the Iron Crown, third class, 1882. He is 
the author of Memorabilia qucedam Flaciana cum 
brevi annotalione editoris, Schleiz, 1856 ; De Lulhero 
ralionalismi praicursore, Leipzig, 1857 ; De Acarle- 
mia Jenensi evangelical veritaiis altrice, Schleiz, 
1858 ; Die Jenaische Theologie in Hirer geschicht- 
lichen Entwickelung, Leipzig, 1858; De Malthice 
Flacii Illyrici in libros sacros meritis, 1859 ; Ge- 
schichte der protestanlischen Theologie, 1862-75, 3 
parts ; Johann Major, der Wittenberger Poet, Halle, 
1863; Carl Friedrich Bahrdt (in Raumer's His- 
torisches Taschenbuch), 1866 ; Die k. k. evangelisch- 
iheologische Facultdt in Wien von Hirer Griindung 
bis zur Gegenwart, Zur Feier Hires fiinfzigjdhrigen 
Jubiliiums, Vienna, 1871 ; Das Toleranzpatent Kaiser 
Joseph II., 1881 ; numerous articles in periodicals, 
and in the Allgemeine deutsche Biographic ; edited 
E. F. Apelt's Religionsphilosophie, Leipzig, 1860. 

FRANKE, August Hermann, Lie. Theol. (Bonn, 
1878), Lutheran; b. at Giitersloh, Westphalia, 
Prussia, Aug. 30, 1853 ; studied at the universi- 
ties of Leipzig and Bonn, 1872-76 ; was succes- 
sively domcandidat in Berlin (1878), inspector of 
Professor Tholuck's " Students' Home " in Halle 
(1879-84), and also a privat-docent in the univer- 
sity there (1881-84), and professor extraordinary, 
(1884); ordinary professor of theology at Kiel since 
July 6, 1885. He is the author of Leben und 
Wirken des Rev. Charles G. Finney, Cologne, 1879, 
Basel, 1880 ; Das alte Testament bei Johannes, 
Ein Beitrag zur E?-kldrung und Beurtheiligung der 
johanneischen Schriften, Gottingen, 1885. 

FRASER, Donald, D.D. (Aberdeen University, 
1872), English Presbyterian ; b. at Inverness, 
Scotland, Jan. 15, 1826; graduated M.A. at Uni- 
versity of Aberdeen, 1842, and pursued theologi- 
cal studies at Knox College, Toronto, and New 
College, Edinburgh ; was Presbyterian minister 
in Montreal, 1851-59; at Inverness, 1859-70; and 
since 1870 has been pastor of Marylebone Pres- 
byterian Chui-ch, London. He is vice-president 
of the British and Foreign Bible Society, honor- 
ary secretary of the Evangelical Alliance, and is 
prominent in church courts (twice moderator of 
the Supreme Court of the English Presbyterian 
Church) and in public meetings. He is the 



author of Synoptical Lectures on the Books of Holy 
Scripture, London, 1871-76, 3 vols., 4th ed. 1886, 
2 vols. (Italian trans, of lectures on New Testa- 
ment, Florence, 1878) ; Thomas Chalmers, D.D., 
London and New York, 1881 ; Speeches of the 
Holy Apostles, 1st and 2d ed., 1882; Metaphors in 
the Gospels, 1885 ; besides minor publications, and 
various contributions to reviews and magazines. 

FRASER, Right Rev. James, D.D. (Oxford, 
1870), lord bishop of Manchester, Church of 
England; b. at Prestbury, near Cheltenham, 
Aug. 18, 1818; d. at Manchester, Thursday, Oct. 
22, 1885. He was scholar of Lincoln College, 
Oxford, 1836-39 ; Ireland scholar, and in the first 
class in classics, 1839; graduated B. A. 1840, M.A. 
(Oriel) 1842. He was fellow of Oriel College, 
1840-60; tutor, 1842-47; ordained deacon 1846, 
priest 1847 ; was rector of Cholderton, Wiltshire, 
1847-60; select preacher, Oxford, 1854, 1862, 1872, 
1877; chancellor of Sarum Cathedral, 1858-60; 
rector of Uf ton-Nervet, Berkshire, 1 860-70 ; preb- 
endary of Bishopton, in Sarum Cathedral, 1861- 
70. In 1870 he was consecrated bishop of Man- 
chester. He is the author of Six Sermons preached 
before the University of Oxford, London, 1856; and 
of the special reports presented to Parliament 
on education (1860), on education in the United 
States and Canada (1867), and on the employ- 
ment of children, young persons, and women in 
agriculture (1868). He was a most faithful prel- 
ate, and hastened his death by overwork, for he 
had not taken adequate rest for several years. 

FREMANTLE, Rev. the Honorable William 
Henry ; b. at Swanbourne, Buckinghamshire, Dec. 
12, 1831 ; educated at Eton and at Balliol Col- 
lege, Oxford; graduated B.A. (first-class classics) 
1853; gained the prize for the English essay in 
1854; M.A. (All Souls' College) 1857; and was 
fellow of All Souls' College from 1854 to 1864; 
ordained deacon 1855, priest 1856 ; was curate of 
Middle Claydon, 1855-57; vicar of Lewknoi - , 
1857-65 ; chaplain to Dr. Tait while the bishop 
of London (1861-68), and archbishop of Canter- 
bury, 1868-82 ; rector of St. Mary's, Bryanston 
Square, London, 1866-83 ; select preacher at Ox- 
ford, 1878-80; canon of Canterbui-y, and fellow 
and tutor of Balliol College, Oxford, since 1882; 
Bampton lecturer in 1883. His theological stand- 
point is in the main similar to that of the late Dr. 
Arnold, Dean Stanley, and Richard Rothe. He is 
the author of Ecclesiastical Judgments of the Privy 
Council, London, 1S65; The Doctrine of Recon- 
ciliation to God, throuqh Jesus Christ, 1870; The 
Gospel of the Secular Life, 1882 ; Hie World as the 
Subject of Redemption (Bampton lectures), 1885; 
and various separate sermons, pamphlets, and arti- 
cles in the Contemporary and Edinburgh Reviews. 

FREPPEL, Right Rev. Charles Emile, Roman 
Catholic ; b. at Obernai (Bas Rhin), France, 
July 1, 1827 ; studied at Strassburg; was ordained 
priest, 1849 ; taught philosophy in Paris, 1850-53; 
was chaplain of St. Genevieve, 1853; dean, 1867; 
professor of sacred eloquence in the faculty of 
Catholic theology at Paris, 1854-70, and greatly 
distinguished himself by his eloquence. He was 
called in 1869 to Rome, to assist in the prelim- 
inary arrangements for the Vatican Council, and 
was pronounced in favor of the papal-infallibility 
dogma. He was consecrated bishop of Angers 
in 1870, and has made a vigorous prelate, being 



FRIBDLAENDER. 



73 



FRITZSCHE. 



active in organizing the pilgrimages to Paray-le- 
Monial, Puy, and elsewhere, in 1872 and 1873, 
and in founding a Catholic university at Angers. 
In 1880 he was returned as deputy from Brest, 
and attracted great notice by the frequency and 
violence of his opposition to the government, and 
by his outspoken ultramontanisra. His works 
are numerous. Among them are, Les Peres apos- 
toliques et leur e'poque, Paris, 1859, 2d ed. 1870; 
Les apologisles chretiens au deuxihne siecle, 1860, 
3d ed. 1886 ; St. Irene'e, 1861 ; Examen critique de 
la vie de Jesus, de M. Renan, 1863 (numerous 
editions) ; Conferences sur la divinite de Jesus 
Christ, 1863; Terlullien, 1864, 2 vols. ; St. Cyprien, 
1865, 3d ed. 1875; Clement d'Alexandrie, 1865, 2d 
ed. 1873 ; Examen critique des apotres de M. 
Renan, 1866; Origene, 1868; (Euvres pastorales 
oratoires, 1869-80, 4 vols. ; (Euvres polemiques, 
1874-80, 2 vols.; L'Eglise et les ouoriers, 1876; 
Les devoirs du chretien dans la vie civile, 1876 ; La 
vie chre'tienne, 1879 (Lenten sermons delivered in 
the chapel of the Tuileries, 1862). * 

FRICK.E, Gustav Adolf, Ph.D. (Leipzig, 1844), 
D.D. (hon., Kiel, 1851), Evangelical Lutheran theo- 
logian ; b. at Leipzig, Aug. 23, 1822 ; studied at 
the university there ; habilitated himself in both 
the theological and philosophical faculties, 1846 ; 
became professor extraordinary of theology, 1849; 
ordinary professor of theology at Kiel, 1851 ; ober- 
catechel in St. Peter's Church, Leipzig, 1865; 
ordinary professor of theology in the University 
of Leipzig, 1867. He is also pastor of St. Peter's, 
consistorialrath, member of the synodical commit- 
tee of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Sax- 
ony. He has received the royal Saxon Albrecht 
order second class, the Prussian crown order sec- 
ond class, the Swedish Masa order, is a knight 
of the Prussian Eagle order third class. Besides 
numerous sermons, of his writings may be men- 
tioned, Argumenta pro Dei existentia, Pars 1., Leip- 
zig, 1847 ; Die Erhebung zum Herrn im Gebete, 
Reichenbach, 1850, 2d ed. 1861 ; Lehrbuch der 
Kirchengeschichte, 1. Thl., Leipzig, 1850; Das 
exegetische Problem im Briefe Pauli an die Galater 
c. 3, 20, auf Grund v. Gal. 3, 15-25 gepriift, 1880; 
De menle dogmatica loci Paulini ad Rom. 5, 12 sq. 
Denuo et emendatius typis expressum, 1880 ; Meta- 
physik und Dogmatik in ihrem gegenseitigen Ver- 
hdltnisse, unter besond. Bezieh. auf die Ritschl'sche 
Theologie, 1882. 

FRIEDLAENDER, Michael, Ph.D. (Halle, 1862), 
Hebrew; b. at lutroschin, Prussia, April 29, 1833 ; 
studied at Berlin under Protestant and Hebrew 
teachers; was director of the Institute for Tal- 
mudic instruction, in Berlin, and since 1865 has 
been principal of the Jews' College, London ; 
and under the auspices of the Society of Hebrew 
Literature, he has published The Commentary of 
Ibn Ezra on Jesaiah, edited from MSS., and trans- 
kited, with Notes, Introductions, and Glossary, Lon- 
don, 1873-77, 3 vols. ; The Guide of the Perplexed 
of Maimonides, translated from the original text 
and annotated, 1882-85, 3 vols. ; and a revision of 
the Authorized Version with the Hebrew text, 
The Jewish Family Bible, 1882. 

FRIEDLIEB, Joseph Heinrich, Lie. Theol. 
(Bonn, 1840), D.D. (Breslau, 1848), Roman Cath- 
olic; b. at Meisenheim, Germany, Sept. 1, 1810; 
became priest 1837, repetent at Bonn 1839, and 
privat-docent 1840 ; professor extraordinary of 



ethics and of New-Testament exegesis at Breslau,. 
1845 ; ordinary professor, 1847. He is the author 
of Archdologie der Leidensgeschichte unsers Herrn 
Jesu Christi, Bonn, 1843 ; Synopsis Evangeliorum,. 
Breslau, 1847 ; De codicibus Sibyllinorum manusc. 
in usum criticum nondum adhibitis, 1847 ; Oracula 
Sibyllina rec: proleg. illustr. vers. germ, instruxit,. 
Leipzig, 1852 ; Schrift, Tradition und kirchliche 
Schriftauslegung, oder die katholische Lehre von 
den Quellen der christlichen Heilswahrheit an den 
Zeugnissen der fiinf ersten christlichen Jahrhun- 
derte gepriift, Breslau, 1854; Geschichte des Lebens 
Jesu Christi mil chronolog. u. andern histor. Unter-' 
suchungen, 1855, 3d ed. Minister, 1886; Erinnerung- 
en und Kritiken, Sendschreiben an Dr. Sepp, 1857;: 
Prolegomena zur bibl. Hermeneutik, 1868. 

FRIEDRICH, Johann, D.D. (Munich, 1862), 
Old Catholic, b. at Poxdorf, Upper Franconia, 
Bavaria, May 5, 1836 ; studied at Bamberg and 
Munich ; was ordained priest, June 4, 1859 ; be- 
came privat-docent 1862, and in 1865 professor 
extraordinary of theology in the University of 
Munich. In 1869 he accompanied Cardinal Ho- 
henlohe to the Vatican Council, in the capacity 
of "theologian ; " was there severely criticised be- 
cause he took Bollinger's position of hostility tc- 
the infallibility dogma, and left Rome before the 
council closed. He flatly refused to accept the- 
dogma ; and therefore, by archiepiscopal orders,, 
attendance upon his lectures was forbidden, April 
13, 1871, and he was excommunicated, April 17. 
Nevertheless, he continued to exercise priestly 
functions, kept his academic position, indeed was 
promoted, for in June, 1872, he became ordinary 
professor of doctrinal history, symbolics, patrol- 
ogy, Christian archaeology, and literatui-e ; but in 
1882 was removed to the philosophical faculty as 
professor of history, by request of the Ultramon- 
tanes. Although prominent in the organization 
of the Old Catholic Church, he has kept aloof 
from it since 1878, because opposed to its aboli- 
tion of enforced celibacy. His writings embrace 
Johann Wessel, Regensburg, 1862 ; Die Lehre des 
Johann Hus u. Hire Bedeutung fur die Entivicklung- 
der neueren Zeit, 1862 ; Astrologie und Preforma- 
tion, Munich, 1864 ; Das wahre Zeilalter des h. 
Rupert, Bamberg, 1866 ; Kirchengeschichte Deutsch- 
lands, Bamberg (1867, 1. Bd. 1 Thl., Die Romer- 
zeit; 1869, 2. Bd. 1 Thl., Die Merovingerzeit) ;. 
Drei (bisher unedirte) Concilien aus der Merovinger- 
zeit, 1867 ; Tagebuch wdhrend des Vatican. Concils 
gefdhrt, Nordlingen, 1871, 2d ed. 1873 ; Docununia 
ad illustrandum concilium Vaticanum anni 1870, 
1871, 2 vols. ; Joannis de Torrecremata, De potes- 
tate papa et concilii generalis traclatus, Innsbruck,. 
1871; Zur Verteidigung meines Tagebuch, 1872; 
Der Mechanismus der Vatican. Religion, 1st and 
2d ed. 1876 ; Beitrdge zur Kirchengeschichte des- 
18. Jahrh., Munich, 1876 ; Geschichte des Vatican. 
Concils, Bonn, 1. Bd. 1S77, 2. Bd. 1883, 3. Bd. 
1886 ; Zur dltesten Geschichte des Primates in der 
Kirche, 1879 ; Beitrdge zur Geschichte des Jesuiten- 
Ordens, Munich, 1881. 

FRITZSCHE, Otto Fridolin, Lie. Theol. (Halle, 
1836), D.D. {hon., Halle, 1841), Reformed; b. at 
Dobrilugk, Sept. 23, 1812; studied at the gymna- 
sium and university of Halle, 1826-35; became 
privat-docent at Halle 1836, and then professor 
extraordinary in 1837, and professor ordinary in 
1842, at Zurich, lie has also been chief librarian 



FROTHINGHAM. 



74 



FUNK. 



of the cantonal library since 1844. With his 
father C. F., and his brother K. F. A. Fritzsche, 
he issued Fritzschiorum opuscula academica, Halle, 
183S ; with C. L. W. Grimm, Kurzgefasstes exe- 
getisches Handbuch zu den Apokryphen des Alten 
Testaments, Leipzig, 1851-60, 6 parts; independ- 
ently he has written De Theodori Mopsuesteni vita 
■et scriptis, Halle, 1836 ; Vila J. J. Zimmermann, 
ZUrich, 1841 ; Catalog of the cantonal library, 
1859 ; edited the works of Lactantius, Leipzig, 
1842-44, 2 vols. ; of Theodore of Mopsuestia (New- 
Testament commentary, and fragments of book 
on the Incarnation), Zurich, 1847, 2 vols. ; Liber 
judicum secundum LXX. interpretes, Zurich, 1866; 
Anselm's Cur Deus Homo, 1868, 2d ed. 1886; 
Libfi apocrypld V. T. Grace, cum commentario 
■critico (containing also a few pseudepigraphical 
books), Leipzig, 1871. 

FROTHINGHAM, Octavius Brooks, A.M., Ra- 
tionalist; b. in Boston, Mass., Nov. 26, 1822; 
graduated at Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., 
1843; became clergyman at Salem, Mass., 1847; 
Jersey City, N.J., 1855; New- York City, 1859; 
resigned from ill health, 1879. He is the author 
of Stories from the Lips of the Teacher, Retold by 
•a Disciple, Boston, 1863, 2d ed. New York, 1875 ; 
Stories of the Patriarchs, Boston, 1864, 2d ed. New 
York, 1876 ; A Child's Book of Relit/ion, Boston, 
1866, 3d ed. New York, 1876; The Religion of 
Humanity, Boston, 1872, 3d ed. New York, 1875; 
Life of Theodore Parker, Boston, 1874 ; Safest 
Creed, and Twelve Other Discourses of Reason, 
New York, 1874; A History of Transcendentalism 
in New England, 1876; Knowledge and Faith, and 
other Discourses, 1876 ; The Cradle of the Christ, 
1877 ; Creed and Conduct, and other Discourses, 
1877 ; Spirit of the New Faith, 1877 ; The Rising 
•and the Setting Faith, and other Discourses, 1878 ; 
■ Gerrit Smith: a Biography, 1878; Visions of the 
Future, and other Discourses, 1879 ; George Ripley, 
Boston, 1882. 

FRY, Benjamin St. James, D.D. (Quincy, now 
Chaddock, College, 1871), Methodist; b. at Rut- 
ledge, Granger County, Tenn., June 16, 1824; 
.studied at Woodward College, Cincinnati, three 
years, but did not graduate ; entered the ministry, 
a,nd the Ohio Conference, 1847 ; was president of 
the Worthington Female College, O., 1856-60; 
•chaplain 63d Regiment Ohio Volunteers, 18(31— 
■64 ; in charge of St. Louis branch of the Western 
Methodist Book Concern, 1865-72 ; and since has 
been editor of The Central Christian Advocate, 
St. Louis. He was member of the London Meth- 
odist (Ecumenical Conference, and of the Cen- 
tennial Conference at Baltimore, and read an 
essay on the Methodist press. He is the author 
of Property Consecrated (prize essay on systematic 
beneficence), New York, 1856, last ed. 1884 ; Lives 
of Bishops Whatcoat, McKendree, George, and 
Roberts, 4 vols. ; besides articles in reviews, etc. 

FULLER, John Mee, Church of England; b. 
in London, Dec. 4, 1835 ; entered St. John's Col- 
lege, Cambridge; graduated B.A. and Crosse Uni- 
versity scholar, and was elected to a fellowship 
in his college, 1858 ; took a first-class in the the- 
ological tripos, 1859; was Tyrwhitt's University 
scholar, 1860; graduated M.A., 1862 ; took Kaye 
University prize, 1863 ; was ordained deacon 1860, 
priest 1861; curate in Ealing, 1860-62; South 
Audley Street, London, 1862-63; Piinlico, 1863- 



70 ; editorial secretary of the Society for the 
Promotion of Christian Knowledge (S.P.C.K.), 
1870-74; since 1874 he has been vicar of Bexley, 
Kent; and since 1883 professor of ecclesiastical 
history in King's College, London. Besides arti- 
cles in Smith and Wace's Did. Eccles. Biography, 
he has written or edited the following: An Essay 
on the Authenticity of the Book of Daniel (the 
Kaye prize essay), Cambridge, 1864; Harmony 
of the Gospels, 1872 ; The Book of Daniel, in The 
Speaker's Commentary, 1875, 2d ed. 1880; The 
Student's Commentary (founded on The Speaker's 
Commentary), 1879 sqq. 

FULLONTON, John, D.D. (Dartmouth College, 
Hanover, N.H., 1862), Free Baptist; b. at Ray- 
mond, N.H., Aug. 3, 1812; graduated at Dart- 
mouth College, 1840, and from the Biblical School, 
Whitestown, N.Y., 1849 ; became principal of 
North Parsonsfield Academy, Me., 1840 ; of the 
Whitestown Seminary, N.Y., 1843; professor in 
the Free Baptist Theological School since 1851 
(the school, then at Whitestown, in 1854 was 
removed to New Hampton, N.H., but since 1870 
has been a department of Bates College, Lewis- 
ton, Me.). He was chaplain of the New-Hamp- 
shire Legislature, 1863 ; a member of the House 
in that legislature, 1867. 

FUNCKE, Otto, German Protestant; b. at Wiilf- 
rath, near Elberfeld, Germany, March 9, 1836; 
studied at Halle, Tubingen, and Bonn; Mas pas- 
tor at Halpe, in the Rhine Mountains, 1862-68; 
and since 1868 has been pastor of the Friedens 
Kirche, Bremen. He is the author of Reisebilder 
■und Heimathklunge, Bremen, 3 series, 1869 (11th 
ed. 1886), 1871 (6th ed. 1886), 1872 (5th ed. 
1886) ; Die Schule des Lebens ; oder, christliche 
Lebensbilder im Lichte des Buches Jonas, 1871, 6th 
ed. 1885, reprinted New York (American Tract 
Society), 1879 (English trans., The School of Lije: 
Life Pictures from the Book of Jonah, 1885, 2d ed. 
1886) ; Christliche Fragezeichen, 1873, 11th ed. 
1885; Verwandlungen, 1873, 4th ed. 1885; Tag- 
liche Andachlen, 1875,4th ed. 1885; Gottes Weis- 
heit auf der Kinderstube, 1876, 5th ed. 1883 ; St. 
I J aulus zu Wasser und zu Lande, 1877, 5th ed. 
1884; Freud, Leid, Arbeit, 1879, 5th ed. 1886; 
Seelenkampfe und Seelenfrieden, 1881, 3d ed. 1885; 
Willst du gesund ioerden? 1882; Englische Bilder 
in deutscher Beleuchtung, 1883, 5th ed. 1886 ; Die 
Welt des Glaubens und die Alltagswelt, 1885. 

FUNK, Franz Xaver, Ph.D., Lie. Theol., D.D. 
(all Tubingen, 1863, 1871, 1875, respectively), 
Roman Catholic ; b. at Abtsgmiind, Wiirtemberg, 
Germany, Oct. 12, 1840; studied theology and 
philosophy at Tubingen, 1859-63, and theology 
in the priests' seminary at Rottenburg, 1863-64; 
was curate at Waldsee, 1864-65; studied politi- 
cal economy in Paris, 1865-66 ; became repetent 
in Tubingen, 1866; professor extraordinary of 
church history, patrology, and archajology, 1870; 
ordinary professor, 1875. He is the author of 
Zins und Wucher, eine moraltheologische Abhand- 
lung, Tubingen, 1868; Die nationalokonom, An- 
schauungen der mittelalterlichen T heologen , 1869 ; 
Geschichte des kirchlichen Zinsverbotes, 1876; Die 
Echtheit der Ignalianischen Briefe aufs neue vertei- 
digt. Mit e. literar. Beilage : Die alte Lateinische 
Uebersetzung der Usher'schen Sammlung der Igna- 
tiusbriefe u. d. Polykarpbriefes, 1883 ; Lehrbuch der 
Kirchengeschichle, Rottenburg, 1886; and many 



FUNK. 



75 



FURRBR. 



articles. He edited the 5th ed. of Hefele's Opera 
patrum apostolorum, 1878-81, 2 vols. 

FUNK, Isaac Kauffman, D.D. (Wittenberg Col- 
lege, Springfield, O., 1882), Lutheran (General 
Synod) ; b. at Clifton, Greene County, O., Sept. 
10, 1839; graduated at Wittenberg College, 1860; 
entered the ministry of the Lutheran Church, 
1861 ; was pastor at Carey, 0., 1862-64; in Brook- 
lyn, N.Y. (St. Matthew's Evangelical Lutheran), 
1865-72 ; resigned, and went to Europe, Egypt, 
and Palestine ; on return was associate editor 
of Christian Radical, Pittsburg, Penn., 1872-73; 
editor of The Union Advocate, N.Y., 1873-75; 
started The Metropolitan Pulpit, October, 1876; 
Complete Preacher, 1877; changed the name of 
the former to Homiletic Monthly, and combined 
it with the second, October, 1878; enlarged the 
Monthly, and called it Homiletic Review, January, 
1885; began book-publishing in 1877. 

FUNKHOUSER, George Absalom, D.D. (Otter- 
bein University^ 1879), United Brethren ; b. at 
Mount Jackson, Shenandoah County, Va., June 
7, 1841 ; graduated from Otterbein University, 
Westerville, O., 1868, and from Western (Presby- 
terian) Theological Seminary, Alleghany, Penn., 
1871 ; and since has been professor of New- Testa- 
ment exegesis in Union Biblical Seminary, Day- 
ton, O. 

FURMAN, James Clement, D.D., Baptist ; b. in 
Charleston, S.C., Dec. 5, 1809; was educated in 

Charleston College, ; studied medicine, but 

in 1828 was baptized, and began to preach ; con- 
ducted revival services ; was pastor at Society Hill, 

S.C., ; in 1843 became professor in Furman 

Theological Institution, now Furman University, 
Greenville, S.C., of which he was president many 
years, and is now professor of intellectual and 
moral philosophy, logic, and rhetoric. 

FURNESS, William Henry, D.D. (Harvard, 
1847), Unitarian ; b. in Boston, Mass., April 20, 
1802; graduated from Harvard College, 1820; 
studied theology, and was ordained pastor of the 
First Unitarian Congregational Church, Philadel- 
phia, Penn., Jan. 12, 1825, and held the office 
until his retirement in 1875. He was a leading 
abolitionist, and is the author of Remarks on the 
Four Gospels, Philadelphia, 1835, London, 1837 ; 
Jesus and his Biographers, 1838 ; Domestic Wor- 



ship (a volume of prayers), 1842, new ed. 1850 ; 
A History of Jesus, Philadelphia and London, 
1850, new ed. 1853; Discourses, 1855; Thoughts 
on the Life and Character of Jesus of Nazareth, 
Boston, 1859 ; Veil partly uplifted, 1864 ; The Un- 
conscious Truth of the Four Gospels, Philadelphia, 
1868 ; Jesus, 1871 ; The Power of Spirit manifest 
in Jesus of Nazareth, 1877 ; TJie Story of the 
Resurrection told once more, 1885; Verses: Trans- 
lations and Hymns, Boston, 1886 ; numerous dis- 
courses, mostly on abolition, both in pamphlet form 
and in the Pennsylvania Freeman and Anti-slavery 
Standard. He has also translated from the Ger- 
man Schubert's Mirror of Nature, 1849 ; Gems of 
German Verse, 1851 ; Julius, and other Tales, 1856 ; 
and Schenkel's Character of Jesus portrayed, Bos- 
ton, 1866, 2 vols. He edited The Diadem, an 
annual published in Philadelphia, 1845-47. 

FURRER, Konrad, D.D. (Bern, 1879), Swiss 
Protestant theologian ; b. at Fluntern, near 
Zurich, Nov. 5, 1838; studied at Zurich, 1857- 
62 ; was ordained, 1862 ; from 1864 to 1876, pas- 
tor in various places of the canton of Zurich ; 
since 1876, pastor of St. Peter's, Zurich. In 1863 
he made an exploring tour through Palestine ; in 
1869 he became privat-docent for biblical archae- 
ology in the University of Zurich, but did not 
lecture from 1871 until 1885, when on the death 
of Biedermann he resumed his position, and now 
lectures upon the history of religion. He is also 
a Kirchenrath of the canton (since 1885), and 
teacher of religion in the Zurich female seminary. 
In theology he is a liberal, right wing. He is 
the author of Rudolph Collin, cler Freund Zwing- 
lis, Halle, 1862 ; Wanderungen durch Palaestina, 
Zurich, 1865 (French trans., Geneva, 1886); Die Be- 
deutung der biblischen Geographie fiir die hiblische 
Exegese, Zurich, 1870 ; of the majority of the 
geographical, zoological, and botanical articles in 
Schenkel's Bibel-lexicon, Leipzig, 1869-75; of many 
essays, e.g , Die religionsgeschichtliche Bedeutung 
Jerusalems (in Zeitstimmen, 1866); Israel als Volk 
des Morgenlandes (in the same, 1867) ; Die Religion 
im Juqendalter der Menschheit (in Reform, 1 878) ; 
Die allgemeine Religionsgeschichte und die religiose 
Bilduny (in Meili's Theolog. Zeitschrift, 1884) ; 
has in preparation an entire reconstruction of 
Raumer's Palaestina. 



GABRIELS. 



76 



GARDINER. 



G. 



GABRIELS, Very Rev. Henry, Lie. Theol. (Lou- 
vain, 1864), D.D. (hon., Louvain, 1882), Roman 
Catholic; b. at Wannegem-Lede, Belgium, Oct. 
6, 1838 ; educated at the Episcopal Seminary of 
Ghent, and the Catholic University of Louvain ; 
became professor of dogmatic theology in St. 
Joseph's Seminary, Troy, N.Y., 1864; and presi- 
dent and professor of church history, 1871. 

GAILEY, Matthew, Reformed Presbyterian ; b. 
•at Rathdonnell, near Letterkenny, County Done- 
gal, Ireland, Dec. 16, 1835; graduated at Queen's 
College, Belfast, 1866 ; studied theology in Bel- 
fast and Edinburgh ; has been since 1868 pastor 
Third Reformed Presbyterian Church, Philadel- 
phia, U.S.A. ; and since 1876 professor of biblical 
literature in the Reformed Presbyterian Semi- 
nary, Philadelphia. He was moderator of the 
General Synod, 1885 ; and has published Christian 
Patriotism (a sermon), Philadelphia, 1875, 2 edi- 
tions; Wreaths and Gems (poems), 1882. 

CAILOR, Thomas Frank, Episcopalian; b. at 
•Jackson, Miss., Sept. 17, 1856; graduated at 
Racine College, Wis., 1876, and at the General 
(Episcopal) Theological Seminary, New-York 
City, 1879 ; became pastor of the Church of the 
.Messiah, Pulaski, Tenn., 1879; professor of eccle- 
siastical history in the University of the South, 
Sewanee, Tenn., 1882, and has been chaplain of 
the university since 1883. He is in hearty sym- 
pathy with the "Oxford movement" in the Eng- 
lish Church, as represented by Canon Liddon in 
England, and Dr. DeKoven in the United States. 
He is the author of occasional sermons, and 
articles in reviews ; and of Manual of Devotions 
for Schoolboys, New York, 1886. 

GALLEHER, Right Rev. John Nicholas, S.T.D. 
(Columbia College, New- York City, 1875), Epis- 
copalian, bishop of Louisiana; b. at Washington, 
3Cy., Feb. 17, 1839 ; educated at the University of 
Virginia, Charlottesville ; studied law, and grad- 
uated at the Brockenborough Law School at 
Lexington, Va. ; began practice at Louisville, 
Ky. ; was successively rector in New Orleans, 
La. ; Baltimore, Md. ; Zion Church, New- York 
City; consecrated, 1880. He served in the Con- 
federate Army during the war, enlisting as a 
private in 1861 ; was captured at Fort Donelson, 
and imprisoned several months ; when exchanged, 
he was made aide-de-camp to General Buckner, 
and first lieutenant, afterwards captain and lieu- 
tenant-colonel in the Adjutant General's depart- 
ment, and served until the final surrender. He 
has published occasional sermons, essays, and 
episcopal charges. 

GANDELL, Robert, Church of England; b. in 
London, Jan. 27, 1818; educated at St. John's 
and Queen's Colleges, Oxford; graduated B.A. 
(second-class classics) 1843, Kennicott scholar 
1844, Pusey and Ellerton scholar 1845, M.A. 
1846 ; was ordained deacon 1846, priest 1847 ; 
Michel fellow of Queen's College, 1845-50; tutor 
of Magdalen Hall, 1848-72; lecturer in Hebrew 
for Dr. Pusey, 1848-82 ; chaplain of Corpus 



Christi College, 1852-77; select preacher, 1859; 
Grinfield lecturer on the Septuagint, 1859 ; senior 
proctor, 1860-61 ; examiner in " Rud. Fid. et 
Relig.," 1881-82; since 1856 he has been one of 
the four city lecturers at St. Martin Carfax, 
Oxford; since 1861, Laudian professor of Arabic; 
since 1870, examining chaplain to the bishop of 
Bath and Wells ; since 1874, fellow of Hertford 
College, Oxford, and prebendary of Ashill in 
Wells Cathedral ; since 1880 canon of Wells 
Cathedral, since 1884 precentor. He is the author 
of The Prophecy of Joel, in Hebrew, poetically 
arranged, London, 1849; Jehovah Goalenu (ser- 
mon), 1853 ; The Greater Glory of the Second 
Temple (sermon), 1858 ; edited Lightfoot's Horas 
Hebra'icce et Talmudica, 1859, 4 vols. ; contributed 
commentary on Amos, Nahum, and Zephaniah to 
The Bible (Speaker's) Commentary, 1876. 

GANSE, Hervey Doddridge, Presbyterian; b. 
at Fishkill, Dutchess County, N.Y., Feb. 27, 
1822 ; studied at the New-York University, 1835- 
38 ; graduated at Columbia College in the same 
city, 1839, and at the Reformed Dutch Theo- 
logical Seminary, New Brunswick, N.J., 1843; 
became pastor of Reformed Dutch Church, Free- 
hold, N.J., 1843; of the North-west (afterwards 
Madison-avenue) Reformed Church, New- York 
City, 1856 ; of the First Presbyterian Church, 
St. Louis, Mo., 1875; corresponding secretary of 
the Presbyterian Board for colleges and acade- 
mies, 1883 (the year of its establishment). He is 
the author of printed sermons, addresses, review 
articles ; a pamphlet, Bible Slaveholding, New 
York, 1853 ; a discussion of The Sabbath's Claim 
on Christian Consciences (read before the General 
Council of the Reformed Churches, Philadelphia, 
1880), and of a number of hymns. 

GARDINER, Frederic, D.D. (Bowdoin College, 
Brunswick, Me., 1869), Episcopalian; b. at Gar- 
diner, Me., Sept. 11, 1822; graduated at Bowdoin 
College, Brunswick, Me., 1842; was rector of 
Trinity Church, Saco, Me., 1845-47; assistant min- 
ister, St. Luke's, Philadelphia, Penn., 1847-48; 
rector of Grace Church, Bath, Me., 1848-53 ;. and 
of Trinity Church, Lewiston, Me., 1855-56. In 
1865 he became professor of the literature and 
interpretation of Scripture in Protestant Episco- 
pal Theological Seminary, Gambier, O. ; in 1867, 
assistant rector at Middletown, Conn. ; and the 
next year a professor in the Berkeley (Episcopalian) 
Divinity School there (1868-82 of Old Testament 
and literature, and since 1883 of New-Testament 
literature and interpretation). He is the author 
of The Island of Life, an Allegory, Boston, 1851 ; 
Commentary on the Epistle of St. Jude, 1856 ; Har- 
mony of the Gospels in Greek, Andover, 1871, 7th 
ed. 1884; Harmony of the Gospels in English, 1871, 
3d ed. subsequently ; Dialessaron, The Life of our 
Lord in the Words of the Gospels, 1871, 2d ed. 
subsequently ; The Principles of Textual Criticism, 
1876 ; The Old and New Testaments in their Mutual 
Relations, New York, 1885. He wrote the com- 
mentary on Leviticus (incorporating that of 



GARLAND. 



77 



GAVAZZI. 



Lange) in the American Lange series, New York, 
1876 ; and that upon Second Samuel (1883) and 
Ezekiel (1S84) in Bishop Ellicott's Old-Testament 
Commentary for English Readers, London and 
New York. 

GARLAND, Landon Cabell, LL.D. (Transyl- 
vania University, Lexington, Ky., 1846), Meth- 
odist-Episcopal Church South, layman; b. in 
Nelson County, Va., March 21, 1810; graduated 
at Hampden - Sidney College, Prince Edward 
County, Va., 1829 ; became professor of chemistry 
and natural philosophy in Washington College, 
Lexington, Va., 1830; professor of the same in 
Randolph-Macon College, then in Mecklenburg 
County (since 1866 at Ashland), Va., 1833 ; presi- 
dent of the college, 1837 ; professor of mathe- 
matics and physics in the University of Alabama, 
at Tuscaloosa, 1847; president of the same, 1857; 
professor of physics and astronomy in the Uni- 
versity of Mississippi, at. Oxford, 1866 ; professor 
of physics and astronomy in Vanderbilt Univer- 
sity, Nashville, Tenn., and chancellor, 1875. He 
is the author of numerous pamphlets, and of a 
treatise on Plane and Spherical Trigonometry. 

GARRETT, Right Rev. Alexander Charles, 
D.D. (Nebraska College, Nebraska City, Neb., 
1872, Trinity College, Dublin, 1882), LL.D. (Uni- 
versity of Mississipj>i, Oxford, Miss., 1876), Epis- 
copalian, missionary bishop of Northern Texas ; 
b. at Ballymote, County Sligo, Ireland, Nov. 4, 
1832 ; graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, 1855, 
and took the divinity testimonium, Dec. 19, 
1855 ; was successively curate of East Worldham, 
Hampshire, Eng., 1857 ; missionary in British 
Columbia, 1859 ; rector in California, 1869 ; of 
Trinity Cathedral, Omaha, Neb., 1872; conse- 
crated, 1874. He has published occasional ser- 
mons, etc. * 

GARRISON, Joseph Fithian, D.D. (College of 
New Jersey, Princeton, 1879), Episcopalian ; b. 
at Fairton, Cumberland County, N. J., Jan. 20, 
1823 ; graduated from the College of New Jersey 
at Princeton, 1842, and M.D. from the University 
of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia, 1845; entered 
the Episcopal ministry in 1855, and became rector 
of St. Paul's Church, Camden, N. J. ; but since 
1884 has been professor of liturgies and canon 
law in the Episcopal Divinity School in Philadel- 
phia, Penn. He has published numerous ser- 
mons, also articles upon ecclesiastical history 
and canon law. He was a member of the com- 
mission for the revision of the Prayer Book. 

GARRUCCI, Raffaele, Roman Catholic; b. at 
Naples, Jan. 23, 1812; d. at Rome, May 5, 1885. 
He was a Jesuit, and a famous archaeologist, 
especially in iconography. He devoted himself 
almost entirely to the history of early Christian 
art, but at the time of his death he had just 
completed a history of Italian coinage from its 
origin to the present time. Of his other great 
works may be mentioned, Monumenia reipublicw 
Ligurum Bozbianorum, Rome, 1847 ; Monumenli del 
Museo Laterananse, 1861; Storia dell' Arte Cristiana 
nei primi otto secoli della Chiesa, Prato, 1872-80, 
6 vols. He wrote also many dissertations on 
minor subjects. See American Journal of Archae- 
ology, i. 309. * 

CASS, Friedrich Wilhelm Johann Heinrich, 
Ph.D. (Berlin, 1838), Lie. Theol. (Breslau, 1839), 
D.D.(Greifswald, 1854), German Protestant(United 



Evangelical Church); b. at Breslau, Nov. 28, 1813 
studied at Breslau, Halle, and Berlin, 1832-36 
became privat-docent of theology at Breslau, 1839 
professor extraordinary, 1846 ; the same at Greifs- 
wald, 1847 ; ordinary professor, 1855 ; at Giessen, 
1861 ; at Heidelberg, 1868. In 1885 he was made 
an ecclesiastical councillor. In theology he is 
a moderate Liberal. Besides numerous articles 
in reviews, etc., he has written Gennadius und 
Pletho, Aristotelis?nus u. Platonismus in d. griech- 
ischen Kirche, parts 1 and 2, Breslau, 1844; Georg 
Calixt u. d. Synkretismus, 1846 ; Die Mystik d. 
Nikola us Kabasilas vom Leben in Christo, Erste 
Ausgabe u. einleitende Darstellung, Greifswald, 
1 849 ; Schleiermachers Briefwechsel mit J. Chr. 
Gass herausgegeben, 1852 ; Geschichte d. prot. Dog- 
matik, Berlin, 1854-67, 4 vols. ; Zur Geschichte 
der Athoskloster, Giessen, 1865; Die Lehre vom 
Gewissen, Berlin, 1869 ; Symbolik der griechischen 
Kirche, 1872 ; Geschichte der christlichen Elhik, 
Berlin, Bd. 1. 1881, Bd. 2. 1886. In connection 
with A. Vial, he edited E. L. T. Henke's posthu- 
mous Neuere Kirchengeschichte (from the Reforma- 
tion to 1870), Halle, 1874-80, 3 vols. 

GAST, Frederick Augustus, D.D. (Waynesburg 
College, Waynesburg, Penn., 1877), Reformed 
(German); b. at Lancaster, Penn., Oct. 17, 1835; 
graduated from Franklin and Marshall College, 
in his native town, 1856 ; studied theology in the 
Mei'cersburg (Reformed) Theological Seminary 
(now at Lancaster), 1856-57 ; taught for a year, 
and from 1859 to 1865 was pastor of the New- 
Holland charge, Penn. ; chaplain 45th Penn. Vols., 
March-July, 1865 ; pastor of Loudon and St. 
Thomas charge, Penn., 1865-67; principal of 
academy of Franklin and Marshall College, 1867- 
71 ; assistant professor in the college, 1871-72 ; 
tutor in Lancaster Theological Seminary, 1872- 
74; and since 1874 has been professor of Hebrew 
and Old-Testament theology. He has written 
articles upon Old-Testament science, etc. 

GAVAZZI, Alessandro, Free Christian Church 
of Italy ; b. of Roman-Catholic parents, March 
21-, 1809, in Bologna, where his father was pro- 
fessor of law, a famous advocate, noted for his 
antipathy to the Jesuits ; entered the Barnabite 
Order in the Church of Rome, 1825; made rapid 
strides in knowledge ; became professor of rhet- 
oric and belles-lettres in the public college of 
Caravaggio, at Naples, 1829 ; entered the priest- 
hood, and for many years preached in different 
cities to large and enthusiastic audiences, before 
whom he appeared both as priest and patriot. 
None more rejoiced than he when Pius IX., in 
1846, began his pontificate; for, in common with 
many, he hailed him as a liberal and pi-ogressive 
pope. He hastened to Rome, and was welcomed 
by Pius, who appointed him almoner of the 
Roman legion which was despatched to Vicenza. 
The people called him " Peter the Hermit," the 
leader of the new crusade, the rebellion against 
Austria, 1848. But the change in the papal 
policy, through Jesuitical influence, compelled 
Gavazzi to break with him, and to flee to England 
when the French reinstated the Pope in Rome, 
July, 1849. He then renounced Roman Cathol- 
icism, and has since in Great Britain and America 
repeatedly lectured upon the evils of the papal 
system. In 1860 he went with Garibaldi to Sicily. 
In 1870 he was again in Italy ; in 1881 he made 



GEBHARDT. 



78 



GEROK. 



his last visit to America. He was one of the 
organizers of the Free Italian Church (1870), 
and of its theological college in Rome (1875), in 
which he is professor of dogmatics, apologetics, 
and polemics. He is the author of Memoirs, Lon- 
don, 1851 ; Orations, 1852 ; Recollections of the last 
Four Popes, 1859; No Union with Rome: an anti- 
eirenicon, 1871; The Priest in Absolution, 1877. 
See Father Gavazzi's Life and Lectures, New York, 
1853. * 

GEBHARDT, Oscar Leopold von, Ph.D. (Tu- 
bingen, 1873), Lie. Theol. (hon., Leipzig, 1883), 
D.D. (lion., Marburg, 1883), Lutheran ; b. at Wesen- 
berg in Estland, Russia, June 22, 1844; student 
at Dorpat, 1862-66, Tubingen, Erlangen, Got- 
tingen, and Leipzig, 1867-70; assistant in the 
library of the University of Leipzig, 1875-76 ; 
custos and sub-librarian of the University of 
Halle, 1876-79 ; sub-librarian of the University 
of Gbttingen, 1880-84; since 1884 has been libra- 
rian of the Royal Library, Berlin. His publica- 
tions are, Grcecus Venetus (the Pentateuch, Prov- 
erbs, Ruth, Canticles, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, 
and Daniel, edited from a Greek MS. discovered 
in the library of St. Mark's, Venice), Leipzig, 
1875; Novum Testamentum Greece (the 11th to 
14th ed. of Theile), 1875, 1878, 1883, 1885; Palrum 
Apostolicorum opera (in connection with A. Har- 
nack and Zahn), 1875-77, 3 vols. ; the same, edilio 
minor, 1877; Evangeliorum codex Grcecus pur pureus 
Rossanensis (2). Seine Enldeckung, sein icissen- 
scliafllicher u. kiinstlerisclier Werth dargestellt (with 
A. Harnack), 1880; Das N. T. griechisch nach 
Tischendorfs letzter Recension, u. deutsch nach dem 
renidirten Luthertext, 1881, 2d (stereotyped) ed. 
1884 ; N. T. Greece, Recensionis Tischendorfiance 
ullinue textum cum Tregellesiano et Westcoltio-Horli- 
ano contulit, 1881, 2d (stereotyped) ed. 1884 ; Texte 
u. Unlersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen 
Literatur (in connection with A. Harnack), since 
1882, Zur handschriftlichen Ueberlieferung der 
griechischen Apologeten : 1. Der Arethascodex, Bd. 
I. Heft 3 (1883) ; Die Evangelien d. Matthaeus u. 
d. Marcus aits d. Codex Ross, (see above), Bd. I. 
Heft 4 (1883); Ein iibersehenes Fragment der 
Aidaxw, in alter lateinischer Uebersetzung mitgelheilt, 
Bd. II. Heft 2 (1884); The Miniatures of the Ash- 
bumham Pentateuch, London, 18S3. 

CEDEN, John Dury, D.D. (St. Andrew's, Scot- 
land, 1885), Wesleyan ; b. at Hastings, Eng., 
May 4, 1822 ; educated at Kingswood School, 
near Bristol (1830-36), then privately ; was pro- 
bationer for the Wesleyan ministry, 1846 ; or- 
dained, 1850 ; was assistant classical tutor in the 
Wesleyan Theological College, Richmond, Surrey, 
1846-51 ; professor of Hebrew and biblical liter- 
ature in the Wesleyan Theological College, Dids- 
bury, near Manchester, 1856-83 ; resigned through 
failure of health, and died in the month of March, 
1886. He was a member of the British Old-Tes- 
tament Revision Company, 1870-85. He was the 
author of the Fernley lectures for 1874, The Doc- 
trine of a Future Life, as contained in the Old-Tes- 
tament Scriptures, 2d ed. 1877 ; and Didsbury Ser- 
mons: Fifteen Discourses preached in the Wesleyan 
College Chapel, 1878. 

GEIKIE, Cunningham, D.D. (Queen's Univer- 
sity, Kingston, Canada, 1871), Church of Eng- 
land ; b. in Edinburgh, Scotland, Oct. 26, 1824 ; 
educated at Queen's College, Toronto; and was 



pastor of Argyle-street Presbyterian Church, Hali- 
fax, N.S., 1851-54; Argyle-street, Sunderland,. 
Eng., 1860-67; Islington Chapel, London, 1867- 
73. In 1876 he was ordained deacon in the Church 
of England, and priest the following year. From. 
1876 to 1879 he was curate of St. Peter's, Lord- 
ship Lane, Dulwich, near London ; from 1879 to- 
1881, rector of Christ Church, Paris; from 1882 
to 1885, vicar of St. Mary Magdalene, Barnstaple ; 
and since has been vicar of St. Martin-at-Palace, 
Norwich. He holds the old "evangelical " views 
of Christianity, with the right to the fullest in- 
vestigation in every direction. He is the author 
of Entering on Life, a Book for Young Men, Lon- 
don, 1874, 4th ed. 1884; The Great and Precious 
Promises, or Light beyond, 1875, 4th ed. 18S4; 
The English Reformation, 1875, 11th ed. 18S3; The 
Life and Words of Christ, 1876, 30th ed. 1885; 
Old-Testament Characters, 1877, 2d ed. 1884; 
Hours with the Bible, 1880-85, 6 vols, (completing 
the Old Testament). 

GERHART, Emanuel Vogel, D.D. (Jefferson 
College, Canonsburg, Penn., 1857), Reformed 
(German) ; b. at Freeburg, Penn., June 13, 1817; 
graduated from Marshall College, 1838, and from 
Mercersburg (Penn.) Theological Seminary, 1841 ; 
became successively pastor at Gettysburg, Penn.,. 

1843 ; missionary among foreign Germans at Cin- 
cinnati, O., 1849 ; professor of theology in the 
theological department, and president, of Heidel- 
berg College, Tiffin, O., 1851 ; president of Frank- 
lin and Marshall College, 1855 ; vice-president 
and professor of moral philosophy, 1866 ; pro- 
fessor of systematic and practical theology in the 
Reformed Theology Seminary, 186S (then at Mer- 
cersburg, but since 1871 at Lancaster, Penn.). He 
is the author of Philosophy and Logic, Philadel- 
phia, 1858; and many articles in reviews and 
encyclopaedias. 

GEROK, Karl (Friedrich), D.D. (hon., Tubingen, 
1877), Lutheran ; b. at Vaihingen, Wiirtemberg,. 
Jan. 30, 1815 ; studied in the Stuttgart gymna- 
sium, under Gustav Schwab; and from 1832 to 
1836 in the theological seminary at Tubingen, 
where he was repetent from 1840 to 1843. In 

1844 he became diakonus at Bbblingen ; in 1849, 
diakonus at Stuttgart; in 1852, decern (superin- 
tendent) there ; in 1868, chief court preacher, 
chief councillor of the consistory, and prelate. 
He is a renowned preacher, and Germany's fore- 
most religious poet. He belongs to the " Positive 
Union " party in the Church. He has published 
the following prose volumes : Gebet des Herrn in 
Gebeten, Stuttgart, 1S54, 5th ed. 1883; Evangelien- 
predigten, 1855, 7th ed. 1880; Epistelpredigten, 
1857, 6th ed. 1880; Pilgerbrot, 1866,4th ed. 1882; 
Die Apostel geschichte in Bibelstunden, 1868, 2 vols., 
2d ed. 1882; Aus ernster Zeit, 1873; Jugend- 
erinnerungen (his autobiography), 1876 (3 editions 
in six months) ; Hirtenslimmen, 1S79, 2d ed. 1882. 
He furnished the homiletical portion of Lechler's 
volume on Acts for Lange's Commentary (Elber- 
feld, 1860, 4th ed. 1881, American ed. New York). 
He also edited Paul Gerhardt's Geistliche Lieder y 
Leipzig, 3d ed. 1883; Matthias Claudius', Gotha, 
1878; DieWittemberger Nachtigall, Stuttgart, 1883; 
and Luther's Geistliche Lieder, Stuttgart, 18S3. 
But Karl Gerok's poems have given him his widest 
fame : Palmbldtter, Stuttgart, 1857, 51st ed. 1883 
(in several editions, plain and illustrated ; English 



GESS. 



79 



GLASGOW. 



trans, by J. E. A. Broom, London, 2d ed. 1885), 
2d series 1882,9th ed. 1885; Pfingstrosen, 18(56, 
9th ed. 1886 ; Blumen und Sterne, iS68, 10th ed. 
1882, 2d series, Der letzte Strauss, 1884, 3d ed. 
1886 ; Deutsche Ostern, 1871, 6th ed. 1883. 

GESS, Wolfgang Friedrich, D.D. (Basel, 1864), 
Lutheran ; b. at Kirchheim in Wiirtemberg, July 
27, 1819 ; studied in Tubingen, 1837-41 ; was 
assistant pastor, repelent, and pastor in Wiir- 
temberg, 1841-50; theological tutor in the Mis- 
sions House at Basel, and member of the board 
of directors, 1850-64 ; ordinary professor of theol- 
ogy at Gottingen, 1864-71 ; the same at Breslau, 
and member of the Silesian Consistory, 1871-80 ; 
general superintendent of the province of Posen, 
1880 ; emeritus, 1885. He is the author of Chrisli 
Person und Werk, Basel, 1870-86, 3 parts ; Bihel- 
stunden iiber Joh. xiii.-xvii., 1871, 4th ed. 1886; Bi- 
■belstunden iiber Rom. i.-viii., 1885, and minor works. 

GIBBONS, His Eminence James, Cardinal, 
D.D. (St. Mary's University, Baltimore, 1868), 
Roman Catholic ; b. at Baltimore, Md., July 23, 
1834 ; graduated at St. Charles's College, Ellicott 
City, Md., 1857; studied philosophy and theology 
.at St. Mary's Seminary of St. Sulpice, Baltimore, 
where he was ordained a priest, June 30, 1861 ; 
was successively assistant pastor of St. Patrick's 
Church, Baltimore, 1861 ; pastor of St. Bridget's, 
Canton, fall of 1861 ; assistant pastor of the 
•cathedral of Baltimore, and secretary to the arch- 
bishop (Dr. Spalding), 1865; vicar apostolic of 
North Carolina, 1866 ; consecrated bishop, Aug. 
16, 1868; translated to see of Richmond, Va., on 
the death of Dr. McGill, 1872; coadjutor of Dr. 
Bayley, archbishop of Baltimore, with right of 
succession, 1877 ; on Oct. 3, 1877, became arch- 
bishop of Baltimore; and in 1886 was created 
■a cardinal. He was present at the Vatican 
Council, Rome, 1869-70 ; went to Rome for the 
preparation of the questions to be treated in 
the third plenary council of Baltimore, Nov. 9- 
Dec. 7, 1884, over which he presided as apostolic 
delegate. Besides various articles in Roman- 
Catholic magazines, sermons, and lectures, he has 
written The Faith of our Fathers, New York, 1874 
(140,000 copies sold up to January, 1886 ; trans- 
lated into several languages). 

GIBSON, John Monro, D.D. (University of 
Chicago, 111., 1875), Presbyterian; b. at Whit- 
horn, Wigtownshire, Scotland, April 24, 1838 ; 
went with his father, who was a minister, to 
•Canada, 1855; graduated at Toronto University, 
Can., B.A. (double first-class honors) 1862, M.A. 
1865, and at Knox (Theological) College, Toronto, 
1864 ; was teacher in languages in Knox College, 
1863-64 ; pastor of Erskine Church, Montreal 
(colleague of Dr. William Taylor), 1864-74 ; lec- 
turer in Greek and Hebrew exegesis in Montreal 
Theological College, 1868-74; pastor of Second 
Presbyterian Church, Chicago, 1874-80 ; and since, 
of St. John's Wood Presbyterian Church, London, 
Eng. He is the author of The Ayes before Moses, 
New York and Edinburgh, 1879, 2d ed. in each 
land ; The Foundations (lectures on evidences of 
Christianity), Chicago, 1880, 2d ed. ; The Mosaic 
Era, London and New York, 1881, 2d ed. New 
York ; Rock versus Sand (revised ed. of The 
Foundations), London, 1883, 2d ed. 1885 ; Pome- 
granates from an English Garden (selected poems 
of Browning, with notes), New York, 1885. 



GILLESPIE, Right Rev. George De Norman- 
die, S.T.D. (Hobart College, Geneva, N.Y.), 1875, 
Episcopalian, bishop of Western Michigan ; b. at 
Goshen, Orange County, N.Y., June 14, 1819 ; 
graduated at the General Theological Seminary, 
New- York City, 1840 ; successively rector at Leroy, 
N.Y., 1841; Cincinnati, O., 1S45; Palmyra, N.Y., 
1851 ; Ann Arbor, Mich., 1861 ; consecrated, 1875. 
He has been on the State Board of Corrections 
and Charities since 1877. He has published 
occasional sermons, tracts, etc. 

GILLETT, Charles Ripley, Presbyterian; b. in 
New- York City (Harlem), Nov. 29, 1855; pre- 
pared for college by his father, Rev. Dr. E. H. 
Gillett (see Encyclopaedia, p. 874) ; graduated 
B.A. at the University of the City of New York, 
1874; B.S. and civil engineer at the same, 1876; 
practised engineering in the city, 1876-77 ; en- 
tered the Union Theological Seminary, New- York 
City, 1877; graduated there, 1880; was fellow of 
the same in the city, 1880-81, and in Berlin, 
Germany, 1881-83 ; since 1883 has been librarian 
of Union Theological Seminary. 

OILMAN, Edward Whiting, D.D. (Yale College, 
New Haven, Conn., 1874), Congregationalist ; b. 
at Norwich, Conn., Feb. 11, 1823 ; graduated at 
Yale College, New Haven, Conn., 1843 ; studied 
in Union Theological Seminary, New-York City, 
1S45-47 ; and graduated at the Yale Theological 
Seminary, New Haven, Conn., 1848. He was a 
tutor in Yale College, 1847-49; Congregational 
pastor at Lockport, N.Y., 1849-56 ; Cambridge- 
port, Mass., 1856-58 ; Bangor, Me., 1859-63 ; Ston- 
ington, Conn., 1S64-71. Since 1871 he has been one 
of the secretaries of the American Bible Society. 
He is the editor of the Bible Society Record, an 
occasional contributor to various periodicals, and 
has written articles for Appleton's and Johnson's 
Encyclopcedias, etc. 

GLADDEN, Washington, D.D. (Roanoke Col- 
lege, Salem, Va., 1884), LL.D. (University of 
Wisconsin, Madison, 1881), Congregationalist ; 
b. at Pottsgrove, Penn., Feb. 11, 1836; graduated 
at Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., 1859 ; 
became successively pastor at Brooklyn, N.Y. , 
1860; Morrisania, N.Y., 1861; North Adams, 
Mass., 1866 (until 1871); Springfield, Mass., 
1875; Columbus, O., 1883. He was on the edi- 
torial staff of the New-York Independent, 1871-75 ; 
and edited Sunday Afternoon, 1878-80. He is the 
author of Plain Thoughts on the Art of Living, Bos- 
ton, 1868 ; From the Hub to the Hudson, 1869 ; 
Workingmen and their Employers, 1876, 2d ed. New 
York, 1885 ; Being a Christian, 1876 ; The Christian 
Way, New York, 1877 ; The Lord's Prayer, Boston, 
188i; The Christian League of Connecticut, New 
York, 1883 ; Things New and Old, Columbus, O., 
1884 ; The Young Men and the Churches, Boston, 
1885. 

GLASGOW, James, D.D. (College of New Jer- 
sey, Princeton, 1855), Presbyterian ; b. in parish 
of Dunaghy, near Ballymena, County Antrim, 
Ireland, May 27, 1S05; graduated at Royal Belfast 
College, 1832; licensed, 1834; ordained in the 
Congregation of Castledawn, County Londonderry, 
1835 ; was missionary in Bombay, India, 1840-64 ; 
since 1866 has been the General-Assembly pro- 
fessor of living Oriental languages in Belfast and 
in Magee College, Londonderry. He was elected 
a member of the Bombay branch of the Royal 



GLOAG. 



80 



GOOD. 



Asiatic Society (1848), and fellow of the Univer- 
sity of Bombay (1862). He was principal trans- 
lator of the Gujarati Bible, 1850-61 ; and, besides 
various papers in religious journals, has written 
Exposition of the Apocalypse, Edinburgh, 1871 ; 
Heart and Voice, 1873. 

GLOAC, Paton James, D.D. (St. Andrew's, 
1S67), Church of Scotland ; b. at Perth, May 17, 
1823; attended universities of Edinburgh (1840- 
43) and of St Andrew's (1843-44) ; became 
minister of Dunning, Perthshire, 1848 ; Blantyre, 
Lanarkshire, 1860; Galashiels, Selkirkshire, 1871. 
He belongs to the positive critical school ; is 
rather an expositor of Scripture than an expound- 
er of doctrine. He was Baird lecturer in 1869. 
He is the author of The Assurance of Salvation, 
Edinburgh, 1853, 2d ed. Glasgow, 1869 ; Justifica- 
tion by Faith, Edinburgh, 1856 ; Primeval World, 
or Relation of Geology to Revelation, 1859 ; The 
Resurrection, London, 1862; translation, of Lech- 
ler's commentary on Acts, in Lange series, Edin- 
burgh, 1864; Practical Christianity, Glasgow, 1866; 
Commentary on Acts, Edinburgh, 1870, 2 vols. ; 
Introduction to the Pauline Epistles, 1876 ; trans- 
lation of Meyer on Acts, 1877 ; The Messianic 
Prophecies (Baird lectures), 1879 ; translation of 
Liinemann on Thessalonians, 1880, and of Huther 
on James and Jude, 1881 ; Life of Paul {Bible 
Primer), 1881, 10th thousand 1885; Commentary 
on James, in Schaff's Popular Commentary, 1883; 
Exegetical Studies, 1884 ; and articles in reviews 
and other periodicals. 

GLOSSBRENNER, Jacob John, D.D. (Otter- 
bein University, Westerville, O., and Lebanon- 
Valley College, Annville, Penn., both 1873, and 
declined; Lebanon- Valley College, 1884), a bishop 
of the United Brethren in Christ; b. at Hagers- 
town, Md., July 24, 1813; educated in common 
schools ; apprenticed to a silversmith ; converted 
in 1830, and began reading theological books ; was 
licensed to preach by the Virginia Annual Con- 
ference, 1833, and continued to preach as an itin- 
erant missionary, circuit preacher, and presiding 
elder, till May, 1849, when he was first elected 
bishop ; re-elected for ten quadrennial terms ; in 
May, 1885, elected bishop emeritus, and is now 
senior bishop without any assigned district of 
labor. Several of his occasional sermons have 
been published in the denominational organ, The 
Religious Telescope, Dayton, O. 

GOADBY, Thomas, D.D. (Central University 
of Iowa, Pella, Io., 1S80; Bates College, Lewiston, 
Me., 1881), General Baptist; b. at Leicester, Eng., 
Dec. 23, 1829; studied at the Baptist College, 
Leicester, and graduated at Glasgow University 
as B.A. 1856; became minister of churches at 
Coventry, 1856 ; Commercial Road, East, London, 
1861; Osniaston Road, Derby, 1868; president of 
Nottingham General Baptist College, 1873. He 
is evangelical and non-Calvinistic. He has been 
since 1861 the English corres25ondent of the Bos- 
ton (U. S. A.) Morning Star, the weekly organ of 
the Freewill Baptists. He is the author of ser- 
mons and addresses published at Leicester in 
1865, 1868, 1872 ; of The Day of Death, a Poem, 
Leicester, 1863; article in British Quarterly, April, 
1879,on Christian Theology and the Modern Spirit; 
translator of Ewald's Revelation: its Nature and 
Record, Edinburgh, 1884. 

GODET, Frederic (Louis), D.D. (hon., Basel, 



1868), Reformed; b. at Neuchatel, Switzerland, 
Oct. 25, 1812 ; educated in his native city, and 
studied theology at Bonn and Berlin (under 
Neander) ; was ordained in 1836; was assistant 
of the pastor of Valangin, near Neuchatel, for 
a year ; then preceptor of the Crown Prince of 
Prussia from 1838 to 1844; from 1845 to 1851 
supplied churches in the Val-de-Ruy ; from 1851 
to 1866 was pastor in Neuchatel. From 1850 to 
1873 he was professor of exegetical and critical 
theology in the theological school of the National 
Church of the canton, and since has been in the 
same capacity in the independent faculty of the 
Church of Neuchatel. He is the author of His- 
toire de la Reformation et du Refuge dans le Canton 
de Neuchatel, Neuchatel, 1859 ; Commentaire sur 
I'evangile de Saint Jean, 1863-65, 2 vols., 3d ed. 
1881-85, 3 vols. (Eng. trans, by F. Crombie and 
M. D. Cusin, Edinburgh, 1877, 3 vols. ; translated 
from 3d ed. by Professor T. Dwight, New York, 
1886, 2 vols. ; also translated into German, Danish, 
and Dutch) ; do. sur I'evangile de Luc, 1871, 2d 
ed. 1872 (Eng. trans, by E. W. Shalders and M. D. 
Cusin, Edinburgh, 1875, 2 vols., revised by John 
Hall, D.D., New York, 1881) ; do. sur I'epltre aux 
Romains, 1879-80, 2 vols., 2d ed. 1st vol. 1883 (Eng. 
trans, by A. Cusin, Edinburgh, 1880-81, 2 vols., 
revised by T. W. Chambers, D.D., New York, 
1883); do. sur la premiere epitre aux Corinthiens, 
1886, 2 vols.; Conferences apologe'tiques, 1869 (Eng. 
trans, by W. H. Lyttleton, Lectures in Defence of 
the Christian Faith, Edinburgh, 1881, 2d ed. 1883) ; 
Etudes bibliques, 1873-74, 2 series, 3d ed. 1876 (Eng. 
trans, by W. H. Lyttleton, Old-Testament Studies, 
Oxford, 1875, 3d ed. 1885 ; New-Testament Studies, 
London, 1876, 6th ed. 1885). 

GOEBEL, Siegfried Abraham, Reformed; b. 
at Winningen, near Coblenz, Prussia, March 24, 
1844; studied at Erlangen, Halle, and Berlin; 
from 1868 to 1874 was pastor at Posen ; since 
then he has been court preacher (first preacher in 
the royal Evangelical Reformed court church) at 
Halberstadt, Prussia. He is the author of Die 
Parabeln Jesu methodisch ausgelegt, Gotha, 187S- 
80, 3 parts (Eng. trans, by Professor Banks, The 
Parables of Jesus, A Methodical Exposition, Edin- 
burgh, 1883). 

GOLT2, Baron Hermann von der, D.D., Ger- 
man Protestant ; b. at Diisseldorf, March 17, 1835 ; 
studied at Erlangen, Berlin, Tubingen, and Bonn, 
1853-58; became chaplain to the Prussian em- 
bassy at Rome, 1861 ; professor extraordinary of 
theology at Basel. 1865; ordinary professor, 1870; 
at Bonn, 1873 ; honorary professor at Berlin, su- 
perior consistorial councillor and provost of St. 
Peter's, 1876 ; ordinary professor, 1883. He is 
the author of Die reformirte Kirche Genfs im 19. 
Jahrhundert, Basel, 1862; Gottes Offenbarung durch 
heilige Geschichte, 1868; Die Grenzen der Lehrfrei- 
heit in Theologie u. Kirche, Bonn, 1873 (pp. 30) ; 
Die christlichen Grundwahrheilen, Gotha, Bd. 1, 
1873; Tempelbililer aus d. Leben d. Herrn Jesu 
(5 sermons), Berlin, 1877, 2d ed. 1S79. 

GOOD, Jeremiah Haak, D.D. (Franklin and 
Marshall College, Lancaster, Penn., 1868), Re- 
formed; b. at Rehrersberg, Berks County, Penn., 
Nov. 22, 1822; graduated at Marshall College, 
Mercersburg, Penn., 1844; was sub-rector of the 
preparatory department of the college, 1844-46; 
pastor of Lancaster charge, Fairfield County, O., 



GOODWIN. 



81 



GOTTHEIL. 



1846-48 ; professor of mathematics in Heidelberg 
College, Tiffin, O., 1850-68 ; and since 1869 has 
been professor of dogmatic theology in the theo- 
logical department. He was founder (1848) and 
editor of The Western Missionary, now called The 
Christian World, Columbus, O. He also was 
largely instrumental in founding Heidelberg Col- 
lege and Theological Seminary (1850). He is the 
author of The Reformed Church Hymnal, with Tunes, 
Cleveland, 1878, 20 editions ; The Heidelberg Cate- 
chism, newly arranged, Tiffin, O., 1879, several 
editions ; The Children's Catechism, 1881, several 
editions; Prayer-book and Aids to Private Devo- 
tions, 1881 ; The Church-Member's Handbook, 1882. 

GOODWIN. Daniel Raynes, D.D.(Bowdoin Col- 
lege, Brunswick, Me., 1853), LL.D. (University of 
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1868), Episcopalian; 
b. at North Berwick, Me., April 12, 1811; gradu- 
ated from Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., 
1832 ; became professor in it of modern languages, 
1835; president of Trinity College, Hartford, 
Conn., 1853 ; provost of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, Philadelphia, 1860 ; resigned, 1868. Since 
1863 he has been Holy Trinity professor of sys- 
tematic divinity in the Episcopal Divinity School 
of Philadelphia. He is the author of Christianity 
neither Ascetic nor Fanatic, New Haven, 1858; 
The Christian Ministry, Middletown, Conn., 1860; 
Southern Slavery: A Reply to Bishop Hopkins, 
Philadelphia, 1864 ; The Perpetuity of the Sabbath, 
1S67; The New Ritualistic Divinity, 1879, 2d ed. 
same year; Memorial Discourse on H. W.. Long- 
fellow (before the alumni of Bowdoin College), 
Portland, 1882 ; Notes on the Late Revision of the 
New-Testament Version, New York, 1883; Christian 
Eschatology, Philadelphia, 1885. 

GOODWIN, Edward Payson, D.D. (Western 
Reserve College, Hudson, O., 1867 ; Amherst Col- 
lege, Amherst, Mass., 1S68), Congregationalist ; 
b. at Rome, N.Y., July 31, 1832 ; graduated from 
Amherst (Mass.) College, 1856, and the Union 
(Presbyterian) Theological Seminary, New- York 
City, 1859 ; became Congregational minister at 
Burke, Vt., 1859; Columbus, O., 1860; Chicago, 
111., 1868. * 

GOODWIN, Right Rev. Harvey, D.D. (Cam- 
bridge, 1858), lord bishop of Carlisle, Church 
of England ; b. at King's Lynn, Norfolk, in the 
year 1818 ; entered Caius College, Cambridge ; 
graduated B.A. (second wrangler and Smith's 
prizeman), 1840, M.A. 1843; was fellow and 
mathematical lecturer of his college; ordained 
deacon 1842, priest 1844; was perpetual curate of 
St. Edward, Cambridge, 1848-58; Hulsean lecturer 
at Cambridge, 1855-57; dean of Ely, 1858-69; 
consecrated bishop, 1869. He became visitor of 
St. Bee's College, 1869 ; honorary fellow of Caius 
College, Cambridge, 1881. Besides mathematical 
works he is the author of Parish Sermons, London, 
1847-62, 5 vols., several editions; University Ser- 
mons at Oxford and Cambridge, 1853, 1855, 1876, 
3 vols. ; Guide to the Parish Church, 1855, 4th ed. 
1S78 ; Hulsean Lectures for 1855-56 (1. Doctrines 
and Difficulties of the Christian Faith, etc. ; 2. The 
Glory of the Only Begotten of the Father seen in 
the Manhood of Christ), 1856, 2 vols. ; Short Ser- 
mons on the Lord's Supper, 1856 ; Commentary on 
St. Matthew (1857), St. Mark (1859-60), and St. 
Luke (1864) ; Essays on the Pentateuch, 1867 ; Plain 
Sermons on Ordination and Ministry of the Church, 



1875; Walks in Regions of Science and Faith,. 
1883. 

GORDON, Adoniram Judson, D.D. (Brown Uni- 
versity, Providence, R.I., 1877), Baptist; b. at 
New Hampton, N.H., April 19, 1836; graduated 
at Brown University, Providence, R.I., 1860, and 
at Newton (Mass.) Theological Seminary, 1863; 
became pastor at Jamaica Plain, Boston, 1863, 
of the Clarendon-street Church, Boston, 1869. 
He is " a prohibitionist in temperance reform ; a 
supporter and co-laborer with Mr. Moody in his 
evangelistic movement ; low church in ecclesi- 
ology, and pre-millennial in eschatology." He is 
the author of Ln Christ: or, the Believer's Union 
with his Lord, Boston, 1872, 5th ed. 1885; Congre- 
gational Worship, 1872 ; Grace and Glory (sermons), 
1881; Ministry of Healing, 1882, 2d ed. 1883; 
The Twofold Life, 1884, 2d ed. 1884. 

GORDON, William Robert, D.D. (Columbia 
College, New- York City, 1859), Reformed (Dutch); 
b. in New-York City, March 19, 1811 ; graduated 
from the University of the City of New York (the 
first class publicly graduated; the exercises were 
held in the Middle Dutch Church, subsequently 
the New- York Post-Office) ; 1834, and at New 
Brunswick (N.J.) Theological Seminary, 1837 ; 
became pastor at North Hempstead, Long Island, 
N.Y., 1838 ; Flushing, L.I., 1843 ; New York City 
(Houston Street), 1849; Schraalenburgh, N.J., 
1858 ; and since 1881 has lived in literary retire- 
ment. He is the author of A Rebuke to High 
Churchism, New York, 1844 ; The Supreme God- 
head of Christ, 1848, 2d ed. 1858; A Guide to 
Children in Reading the Scriptures, 1852 ; Particu- 
lar Providence, illustrated in the L,ife of Joseph, 
1855, 3d ed. 1863; A Threefold Test of Modern 
Spiritualism, 1856 ; Reformation (a sermon in be- 
half of domestic missions preached before General 
Synod, 30,000 copies distributed), 1857 ; The Peril 
of our Ship of State, 1861 ; Christocracy (with 
J. T. Demarest), 1867, 2d ed. 1879 ; The Reformed 
Church in America : its History, Doctrines, and Gov- 
ernment, 1869; Life of Henry Ostrander, D.D., 
1875 ; Revealed Truth impregnable (Vedder Lec- 
tures), 1878. 

GOSMAN, Abraham, D.D. (College ot New 
Jersey, Princeton, 1862), Presbyterian ; b. at 
Danby, N.Y., July 25, 1819; graduated from 
Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., 1843; 
and from Princeton (N.J.) Theological Seminary, 
1847, in which for a year (1850-51) was instructor 
in Hebrew ; since 1851 he has been pastor at Law- 
renceville, N.J. He partly translated and edited 
Genesis and Numbers ; and entirely, with special 
introduction, Deuteronomy, in the American Lange 
series./ 

GOTCH, Frederic William, LL.D. (Trinity 
College, Dublin,, 1859), Baptist; b. at Kettering, 
Northamptonshire, Eng., in the year 1807; studied 
at Bristol Baptist College, 1832 ; graduated B.A. 
at Trinity College, Dublin, 1838 ; became pastor, 
Baptist Church at Boxmoor, Hertfordshire, Eng., 
1838 ; philosophical tutor at Stepney College, Lon- 
don, 18 — ; professor at Bristol College 1845, presi- 
dent 1868 ; resigned 1883 ; chairman of the Baptist 
Union 1868; member of O. T. Revision Company 
1870. He edited the Pentateuch in a Revised Eng- 
lish Bible, London, 1877; is author of Supplement 
to the Fragments of the Codex Cottonianus, 1881. 

GOTTHEIL, Gustav, Ph.D. (Jena University, 



GOTTSCHICK. 



82 



GOUGH. 



1853), Jewish rabbi; b. at Pinne, Prussia, May 
28, 1827; educated at Posen and Berlin, gradu- 
ated 1853; became rabbi of the Berlin Reform- 
gemeinde, 1853 ; at Manchester, Eng., 1856 ; of 
Temple Emanuel, New- York City, 1873. His 
theological standpoint is that of Reformed Ju- 
daism. He was a delegate to the Leipzig Synod 
in 1871, and has repeatedly lectured on Jewish 
topics in Christian pulpits, and has contributed 
articles to periodicals. 

GOTTSCHICK, Johannes, D.D. (lion., Giessen, 
1882), Lutheran; b. at Rochau, Prussia, Nov. 
23, 1847 ; studied theology at Erlangen and Halle, 
1865-68 ; became teacher in Halle gymnasium, 
1871 ; at Wernigerode, 1873 ; conrector at Torgau, 
1876 ; religious inspector of the Pddagogium at 
Magdeburg, and vorsleher of the theological semi- 
nary, with title of professor, 1878; professor of 
practical theology at Giessen, 1882. He is in 
substantial agreement with the school of Ritschl 
of Gbttingen. He has written Ueber Schleier- 
macher's Verhdltniss zu Kant, Wernigerode, 1875; 
Kant's BeweisfUr das Dasein Golles, Torgau, 1878; 
Luther als Katechet, Giessen, 1883; Ueber den eoan- 
gelischen Religionsunlerricht aufden hoheren Schulen, 
1881, 2d ed. 1886. 

COUCH, John Bartholomew, Congregational- 
ist, layman, famous temperance orator ; b. at 
Sandgate, Kent, Eng., Aug. 22, 1817 ; d. in Phila- 
delphia, Peivn., Feb. 18, 1886. His father had 
been a soldier from 1798 to 1823, and had been 
honorably discharged on a pension of twenty 
pounds per annum. He was of a stern disposi- 
tion ; yet his heart was tender, and his children 
loved him. In church connections he was a Meth- 
odist. Mr. Gough's mother was a Baptist, an in- 
telligent, sober-minded, gentle, and loving woman, 
who had been for twenty years the village school- 
mistress. He was taken from school at ten, and 
put to service in a gentleman's family. In his 
^boyhood he enjoyed a village reputation as a good 
reader. About this time he was struck on the 
bead by a spade, and rendered insensible. His 
life was for a time despaired of, and then his 
reason ; and indeed he never fully recovered from 
the blow, for, whenever he was excited from any 
■cause, he felt pricking and darting sensations in 
his head. One of his earliest amusements was 
to personate characters, as in amateur Punch-and- 
Judy shows, and otherwise, showing his rare talent 
for mimicry and acting. There seeming to be 
rsmall prospect of his advancement at home, his 
parents accepted the offer of a Sandgate family 
about to emigrate to America, who engaged for 
ten guineas to take him with them, have him 
taught a trade, and provide for him until he was 
twenty-one. He sailed from London, June 10, 
1829, and arrived in New York, Aug. 3; went 
with the family to the farm they had purchased 
in Oneida County, N.Y., and staid with them for 
two years; and then, having received his father's 
permission, he left them, and made his way to 
New- York City, where he arrived in the latter 
part of December, 1831, friendless, and with only 
a half-dollar in his pocket. He was then a mem- 
ber of the Methodist-Episcopal Church on proba- 
tion, and so was induced to lay his case before 
Mr. Dands, the agent of the Christian Advocate 
and Journal, upon whom he made so favorable an 
impression, that he secured him a place as errand- 



boy and apprentice in the book-bindery in the 
Methodist Book Concern, where he had for a com- 
panion John McClintock, who afterwards became 
the well-known Methodist theologian. Young 
Gough was taught book-binding, and soon be- 
came remarkably skilful. Some of his Methodist 
friends proposed to educate him for the ministry, 
but the project was abandoned, — indeed, he with- 
drew from the denomination. (He later on joined 
the Congregational Church.) In 1832 he left the 
Book Concern, and secured elsewhere such good 
wages by his trade, that he sent for his father, 
mother, and only sister, who was two years his 
junior, to join him in New York; and the latter 
two arrived in August, 1833. His father remained 
behind, so as not to lose his pension. His sister 
was' a straw-bonnet maker, and worked at her 
trade in the city. But in November, 1832, he and 
his sister lost their positions, owing to the hard 
times, and did not soon get regular employment. 
Thus the family was reduced to such straits, that 
when his mother died, July 8, 1834, there was no 
money for a funeral, and her body was buried 
in the potter's field. After a brief visit to his 
former home in Oneida County, he returned to 
work in the city in September. It was then, when 
he was about eighteen years old, that he began 
to drink. His fund of amusing stories, and his 
wonderful ability to tell them, naturally made 
him a favorite among the young men he met. 
Under the name of Gilbert, he sang a comic song 
entitled " The Water Party" at the Franklin The- 
atre in Chatham Street, New York. In 1836 he 
went to Bristol, R.I., and then to Providence. 
His intemperance was now noticeable, and led to 
his discharge by successive employers. Once, 
while out of work, he played low-comedy parts in 
a theatre in Providence, and then in Boston, where, 
strangely enough, he personated the keeper of a 
temperance inn in a play entitled Departed Spirits, 
or the Temperance Hoax (in which Deacon Moses 
Grant and Dr. Lyman Beecher were ridiculed), 
but his engagement lasted only a few weeks. He 
frequently sang comic songs in public. In 1838 
he married at Newburyport, Mass. ; but his wife 
and child died at Worcester in 1840. On the last 
Sunday of October, 1842, at the age of twenty- 
five, by invitation of Joel Dudley Stratton, who 
at the time was a waiter in the American Tem- 
perance House at Worcester, Mass., but later was 
a boot-crimper (see sketch of Stratton in Gough's 
Autobiog., p. 522), he signed the pledge of total ab- 
stinence from all intoxicating liquors, at Worces- 
ter. The next week he was called upon to relate 
his experience as a drunkard; and the way in 
which he told his story of wretchedness, disease, 
and want, led to frequent requests to repeat it in 
public, and so he gradually became prominent as 
a temperance orator. Within five months (April, 
1843) he thoughtlessly violated his pledge in Bos- 
ton, when, almost insane in consequence of a 
drug taken to relieve his nervous exhaustion, he 
was offered, by an old companion, a glass of 
brandy. Again on Friday, Sept. 5, 1845, in New- 
York City, he was tricked into drinking liquor 
in a glass of soda-water. On each occasion the 
single glass aroused his craving, and he drank 
until intoxicated. His second fall was the more 
deplorable because he was then a widely known 
advocate of total abstinence. But he retained 



GOULBOURN. 



83 



GRAU. 



the confidence of the jrablic, and showed true re- 
pentance. On Nov. 24, 1843, at Worcester, he 
married Miss Mary Whitcomb, his second wife. In 
1853 he was invited by the Scottish Temperance 
League, and the British Temperance Association, 
to lecture on temperance in Great Britain for a 
few weeks ; but he staid two years, and returned 
in 1857, and remained three years. On Nov. 21, 
1860, he delivered at New Haven, Conn., his first 
lecture not directly upon temperance (" Street 
Life in London "), and thus entered a broader 
field in which, by his lectures on " London," " Elo- 
quence and Orators," " Peculiar People," "Habit," 
and other topics, he has delighted thousands on 
both sides of the ocean. But he never lost inter- 
est in temperance work, and introduced the theme 
prominently in every lecture. 

Mr. Gough was one of the most remarkable 
natural orators of this century. He was endowed 
with a musical and flexible voice, a winning man- 
ner, and a fine presence. He had both laughter 
and tears at his disposal. No one was superior 
to him as a story-teller. In proof of his popu- 
larity, it may be mentioned, that his receipts per 
lecture rose from $2.77 in 1843, to $173.39 in 1867. 
{See Autobiography, pp. 247, 248.) His life was 
that of a humble Christian, nor could he ever for- 
get his years of intemperance. He was remarka- 
bly gifted in prayer. He was the author of several 
volumes, — Autobiography, London, 1846 (it was 
dictated to John Ross Dix, — or, as he then called 
himself, John Dix Ross, — a short-hand writer, 
who then was an inmate of his family, and who 
subsequently claimed the authorship of the book 
on the strength of a few verbal alterations he had 
made) ; Orations, 1854 ; A utobiography and Per- 
sonal Recollections, Springfield, Mass., 1869; Tem- 
perance Lectures, New York, 1879 ; Sunlight and 
Shadow ; or, Gleanings from my Life-work, Lon- 
don, 18S1 ; Platform Echoes, Hartford, 1886. # 

GOULBOURN, Very Rev. Edward Meyrick, 
D.D. (Oxford, 1856), D.C.L. (Oxford, 1850), dean 
of Norwich, Church of England; b. in England 
in the year 1818 ; educated at Eton and at Balliol 
College, Oxford; graduated B.A. (first-class in 
classics) 1839, M. A. (Merton College) 1842; or- 
dained deacon 1842, priest 1843 ; was fellow and 
tutor of Merton College from 1839 to 1841 ; per- 
petual curate of Holywell, Oxford, from 1841 to 
1850 ; head master of Rugby from 1850 to 1858 ; 
minister of Quebec Chapel, and prebendary of St. 
Paul's, London, from 1858 to 1859 ; one of her 
Majesty's chaplains in ordinary, and incumbent 
of St. John's, Paddington, London, from 1859 
until 1866, when he became dean of Norwich. 
He was Bampton lecturer in 1850. He is the 
author of the following volumes, besides numer- 
ous other publications : The Resurrection of the 
Body (Bampton Lectures), 1851 ; Introduction to 
the Devotional Study of the Holy Scriptures, 1854, 
10th ed. 1878; The Idle Word, 1855, 2d ed. 1864; 
Manual of Confirmation, 1855, 11th ed. 1884; The 
Book of Rugby School, 1856 ; Family Prayers, 1857, 
4th ed. 1883 ; The Inspiration of the Holy Scriptures, 
1857 ; Sermons preached during the last 20 Years, 
1862, 2 vols. ; Thoughts on Personal Religion, 1862, 
2 vols., 17th ed. 1885; The Office of the Holy Com- 
munion in the Book of Common Prayer, 1863, 2 vols.; 
The Acts of the Deacons, 1866 ; The Functions of 
our Cathedrals, 1869 ; The Pursuit of Holiness, 1869, 



5th ed. 1873; The Ancient Sculptures in the Roof 
of Norwich Cathedral ; with History of See and 
Cathedral, 1872 ; The Great Commission : Medita- 
tions on Home and Foreign Missions, 1872; The 
Athanasian Creed, 1872; The Ilohj Catholic Church, 
1873, 2d ed. 1875; The Gospel of Childhood, 1873; 
The Administration of the Lord's Supper, 1875, 2d 
ed. 1875 ; The Child Samuel, 1876 ; Collects of the 
Day, Exposition, 1880, 2 vols., 3d ed. 1883; Ever- 
lasting Punishment, 18S0, 2d ed. same year ; Thoughts 
on the Liturgical Gospels for the Sundays, 1883, 2 
vols. ; Holy Week in Norwich Cathedral, 1885. * 

GOULD, Sabine Baring. See Baring-Gould, 
Sabine. 

GRAFE, Eduard, Ph.D. (Tubingen, 1880), Lie. 
Theol. (Berlin, 1882), German Protestant theolo- 
gian ; b. at Elberfeld, March 12, 1855 ; educated 
at Bonn (1873-74), Leipzig (1874-76, 1878-79), 
Tubingen (1876-77), and Berlin (1877-78) ; be- 
came privat-docent in Berlin, 1884; professor ex- 
traordinary of theology at Halle, 1886. He is the 
author of Ueber Veranlassung u. Zweck d. Romer- 
briefes, Freiburg-im-Br. and Tubingen, 1881 ; Die 
paulin. Lehre v. Gesetz nach d. If, Hauptbriefen, 1884. 

GRAHAM, Robert, Disciple; b. in Liverpool, 
Eng., Aug. 14, 1822; graduated at Bethany Col- 
lege, Bethany, W. Va., A.B. 1847, A.M. '1850; 
became pi-esident of Arkansas College, Fayette- 
ville, Washington County, Ark , in 1852 (the col- 
lege building's were burned down during the war 
by the soldiers, and were never rebuilt) ; of Ken- 
tucky University, Lexington, Ky., in 1866; and 
since 1875, of the College of the Bible in that 
university. 

GRANBERY, John Cowper, D.D. (Randolph- 
Macon College, Ashland, Va., 1870), Methodist 
bishop (Southern Church); b. at Norfolk, Va., 
Dec. 5, 1829 ; graduated at Randolph-Macon Col- 
lege, Ashland, Va., 1848 ; admitted to the Virginia 
Conference, Methodist-Episcopal Church South, 
1848 ; chaplain in the Confederate Army of North- 
ern Virginia during the war ; became professor of 
moral philosophy and practical theology in Van- 
derbilt University, Nashville, Tenn., 1875; bishop, 
1882. He is the author of A Bible Dictionary for 
Sunday Schools and Families, Nashville, Tenn., 
1882. 

GRANT, George Monro, D.D. (Glasgow Uni- 
versity, 1878), Canadian Presbyterian; b. at East 
River, Pictou, N.S., Dec. 22, 1835; studied at 
Glasgow University (letters and theology), 1853- 
60; graduated M.A. with highest honors in phi- 
losophy, 1857 ; became minister of Georgetown 
and St. Peter's Road, Prince Edward Island, 1861 ; 
of St. Matthew's, Halifax, N.S., 1863; principal 
of Queen's University, Kingston, Ont., and prima- 
rius professor of divinity, 1877. He is the author 
of Ocean to Ocean through Canada, Toronto, 1872, 
last ed. 1878 ; and of numerous review articles. 

GRAU, Rudolf Friedrich, Lie. Theol. (Marburg, 
1859), Ph.D. {hon., Rostock, 1870), D.D. (hon., 
Leipzig, 1875), German Lutheran; b. at Heringen- 
on-the-Werra, Hesse, April 20, 1835 ; studied at 
Leipzig, Erlangen, and Marburg, 1854-57 ; be- 
came private tutor at home, privat-docent in theol- 
ogy at Marburg, 1860; professor extraordinary, 
1865 ; ordinary professor at Kdnigsberg, 1866. 
Since its beginning, in 1865, he has been joint 
editor of the Beweis des Glaubens. He is the 
author of Semiten und Indogermanen in Hirer Bezie- 



GRAVES. 



84 



GREEN. 



hung zur Religion und Wissenschaft, Stuttgart, 1864, 
2d ed. 1867 ; Ueber den Glauben als die kbchste 
Vernunft, Giitersloh, 1865 ; Entwickelungsgeschichte 
des neutestamentlichen Schriftthums, 1871, 2 vols. ; 
Urspriinge und Ziele unserer Kulturentwickelung, 
1875 ; Bibelwerk fur die Gemeinde (in connection 
with other theologians), New-Testament part 
Bielefeld u. Leipzig, 1877-80, 2 vols. ; Der Glaube 
die icahre Lcbensphilosophie, Giitersloh, 1881 (this 
lecture and that of 1865 have been widely circu- 
lated and translated into English for distribution 
among the educated Hindus, the earlier in Ma- 
dras by the Free Church of Scotland, the later by 
the Church Missionary Society in Bombay) ; Bi- 
blische Theologie des Neuen Testaments in Zockler's 
Handbuc.h der theologischen Wissenschaften, Nord- 
lingen, 1883, 2d ed. 1885 ; Ueber Martin Luthers 
Glauben, Giitersloh, 1884. 

GRAVES, Right Rev. Charles, D.D. (Trinity 
College, Dublin, 1851), lord bishop of Limerick, 
Ardfert and Aghadoe, Church of Ireland ; b. in 
Ireland upon the 6th of November, 1812 ; was 
scholar of Trinity College, Dublin, 1882 ; gradu- 
ated B.A. (senior moderator in mathematics) 
1835, M. A. 1836, B.D. 1851 ; was fellow of Trinity 
College, 1836-66 ; professor of mathematics in the 
University of Dublin, 1843-62 ; dean of the chapel 
royal, Dublin, and chaplain to the lord lieutenant, 
1860-66 ; dean of Clonfert, 1864-66 ; became bish- 
op and prebendary of Athnett, Limerick Cathe- 
dral, 1866 ; since 1857 he has been a member of 
the Royal Irish Academy, and president 1S60-65. 

GRAY, Albert Zabriskie, S.T.D. (Racine Col- 
lege, Racine, Wis., 1882), Episcopalian; b. in 
New-York City, March 2, 1840 ; graduated at the 
University of the City of New York, 1860, and 
at the General Theological Seminary, New- York 
City, 1864; was chaplain of the Fourth Massa- 
chusetts Cavalry during the war of the Rebellion, 
1864-65; rector of Christ Church, Bloomfield, 
N.J., 1865-68; in Europe, 1868-71; rector of St. 
Philip's in the Highlands, New York, 1873-82 ; 
and was installed warden of Racine (Wis.) Col- 
lege, 1882. His theological standpoint is "Anglo- 
Catholic." He is the author of The Land and the 
Life : Sketches and Studies in Palestine, New York, 
1876 ; The Words of the Cross, 1880 ; Jesus Only, 
and other Sacred Songs, 1882. 

GRAY, George Zabriskie, D.D. (University of 
the City of New York, 1876), Episcopalian ; b. in 
New- York City, July 14, 1838 ; graduated at the 
University of the City of New York, 1858 ; and 
after being rector at Vernon, N.J. (1862-63), 
Kinderhook, N.Y. (1863-65), and at Bergen Point, 
N.J. (1865-76), he became in 1876 dean of the 
Episcopal Theological School, and professor of 
systematic divinity, in Cambridge, Mass. He is 
the author of History of the Children's Crusade, 
Boston, 1872, 5th ed. 1884 ; Scriptural Doctrine of 
Recognition, New York, 1875, 4th ed. 1886 ; Hus- 
band and Wife, or the Theory of Marriage, Boston, 
1885, 2d ed. 1886. 

GRAY, William Cunningham, Ph.D. (Univer- 
sity of Wooster, O., 1874), Presbyterian, layman; 
b. at Pleasant Run, Butler County, O., Oct. 17, 
1830 ; graduated at Farmers' College, College 
Hill, O., 1850; admitted to the bar, 1852; was a 
political editor, 1853-70; but since 1871, has 
been editor of the Chicago Interior, a Presbyterian 
journal. 



GREEN, Samuel Gosnell, D.D. (University of 
Chicago, 111., 1870), Baptist; b. at Falmouth, 
Cornwall, Eng., Dec. 20, 1822 ; studied at Step- 
ney College, London, and graduated B.A. at the 
University of London, 1843 ; became minister at 
High Wycombe, Bucks, 1845, and at Taunton, 
Somerset, 1847. He was classical tutor 1851-63 ; 
then president of the Yorkshire Baptist College 
1863-76 (first at Bradford, after 1859 at Raw- 
don) ; since has been secretary of the Religious 
Tract Society of London. He is the author of 
several books for young people, Addresses, 1848; 
Lectures, 1853 ; Bible Sketches, 1870-72 ; Christian 
Ministry to the Young, 1883. Also of books for 
teachers, Kings of Israel and Judah, 1876 ; Life 
and Letters of the Apostle Peter, 1873; Notes on the 
Scripture Lessons (yearly), from 1872 to 1876. Of 
a more general character, Handbook to Grammar 
of the Greek New Testament, 1870, 4th revised ed. 
1885; Pen and Pencil Pictures, 1876-83, 5 vols. 
He edited the English edition of Hackett on Acts, 
1862, 2 vols., and new edition of Lorimer's trans- 
lation of Lechler's Wiclif 1884. 

GREEN, William Henry, D.D. (College of New 
Jersey, Princeton, 1857), LL.D. (Rutgers College, 
New Brunswick, N.J., 1873), Presbyterian; b. at 
Groveville, near Bordentown, N.J., Jan. 27, 1825; 
graduated at Lafayette College, Easton, Penn. r 
1840 ; was tutor there for two years, then entered 
Princeton (N.J.) Theological Seminary, and took 
the full course, interrupted by one year's teaching 
of mathematics (1843-44) at Lafayette, gradu- 
ating in 1846. He was appointed instructor in 
Hebrew in the Seminary from 1846 to 1849, dur- 
ing which time (1847) he was stated supply to 
the Second Church of Princeton. From 1849 
to 1851 he was pastor of the Central Presbyterian 
Church, Philadelphia; and since 1S51 he has 
been a professor in Princeton Theological Semi- 
nary. Until 1859 his chair was styled " Biblical 
and Oriental literature;" since 1859, "Oriental 
and Old-Testament literature." He was the chair- 
man of the American Old- Testament Company 
of the Anglo-American Bible-Revision Commit- 
tee ; and is the author of A Grammar of the 
Hebrew Language, New York, 1861, 4th ed. 1885; 
A Hebrew Chrestomathy, 1863; The Pentateuch 
vindicated from the Aspersions of Bishop Colenso r 
1S63; Elementary Hebrew Grammar, 1866, 2d ed. 
1871 ; The Argument of the Book of Job unfolded, 
1874 ; Moses and the Prophets, 1883 ; The Hebrew 
Feasts in their Relation to Recent Critical Hypoth- 
eses concerning the Pentateuch, 1885. He edited 
The Song of Solomon, in the American Lange 
series (1870). 

GREEN, Right Rev. William Mercer, D.D. 
(University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1845), 
LL.D. (University of North Carolina, Chapel 
Hill, 1880), Episcopalian, bishop of Mississippi; 
b. in Wilmington, N.C., May 2, 1798; graduated 
second in the class at the University of North 
Carolina, 1818; ordained deacon 1821, priest 1822; 
became rector of St. John's, Williamsburgh, 
N.C., 1821; of St. Matthew's, Hillsborough, 1825; 
chaplain and professor of belles-lettres in his 
alma mater, 1837 ; consecrated bishop, Feb. 24, 
1850. Since 1866 he has been chancellor of the 
University of the South. He is "an anti-Calvin- 
ist, and a Churchman of the old school." Besides 
sermons and addresses as chancellor, he has writ- 



GREGG. 



85 



GRIPFIS. 



ten memoirs of Bishops Ravenscroft (New York, 
1870) and Otey (1885). 

GREGG, Right Rev. Alexander, D.D. (South 
Carolina College, Columbia, S.C., 1859), Episco- 
palian, bishop of Texas ; b. at Society Hill, Dar- 
lington Distiict, S.C., Oct. 8, 1819; graduated 
head of his class, South Carolina College, Colum- 
bia, 1838; practised law at Cheraw, S.C., until 
1843 ; was rector of St. David's, Cheraw, 1846 ; 
consecrated, 1859. He attended the first Lam- 
beth Conference, 1874. He has published, besides 
sermons, etc., History of Old Cheraw, 1867. * 

GREGG, Right Rev. Robert Samuel, D.D. 
(Trinity College, Dublin, 1873), lord bishop of 
Cork, Cloyne, and Ross, Church of Ireland ; son 
of Bishop Gregg; b. in Dublin, Ireland, in the 
year 1834 ; educated at Trinity College, Dublin ; 
graduated B.A. and Divinity Testimonium (sec- 
ond class) 1857, M.A. 1860, B.D. 1873; ordained 
deacon 1857, priest 1858; rector of Carrigrohane; 
vicar of St. Fin Barre ; dean of Cork, 1874-75 ; 
bishop of Ossory, Ferns, and Leighlin, 1875-78 ; 
succeeded his father as bishop of Cork, Cloyne, 
and Ross, 1878. He is a member of the senate 
of Trinity College. He is the author of Memo- 
rials of the Life of John Gregg, D.D. (his father), 
Dublin, 1879 ; sermons, pamphlets, etc. 

GREGG, William, D.D. (Hanover College, Han- 
over, Ind., 1878), Canadian Presbyterian ; b. at 
Killycreen, near Ramelton, County Donegal, Ire- 
land, July 5, 1817; graduated B.A. at the Uni- 
versity of Glasgow, 1843, and M.A. at that of Edin- 
burgh, 1844; studied theology in Free Church 
College, Edinburgh, 1843-46; became pastor at 
Belleville, Canada West, 1847; of Cooke's Church, 
Toronto, 1857 ; professor of apologetics and 
church history, Knox College, Toronto, 1872 
(having taught apologetics in the college since 
1864). He was moderator in 1861, when union 
was effected between the Presbyterian Church 
and the United Presbyterian Church in Canada. 
He edited Book of Passages for Family Worship, 
Toronto, 1878, 3d ed. 1885; wrote History of 
Presbyterian Church in Canada from the Earliest 
Times to 1834 (with chronological tables of sub- 
sequent leading events), 1885. 

GREGORY, Caspar Rene, Ph.D. (Leipzig, 
1876), Lie. Theol. (Leipzig, 1884), Presbyterian ; 
b. in Philadelphia, Penn., Nov. 6, 1846; gradu- 
ated at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadel- 
phia, 1864, and at Princeton Theological Semi- 
nary, 1870; was Dr. Charles Hodge's literary 
assistant in preparing for and in carrying through 
the press his Systematic Theology, 1870-73 (of 
which he made the separately printed elaborate 
Index); sub-editor (bibliographer) of Schiirer and 
Harnack, Theologische Literaturzeitung, 1876-84; 
pastor of the American Chapel in Leipzig, 1878- 
79 ; privat-docent at Leipzig University, May 28, 
1884 ; elected professor of New- Testament Greek, 
Johns Hopkins University, 1885. Besides several 
articles, notably upon Tischendorf, and transla- 
tions of Luthardt's St. John the Author of the 
Fourth Gospel (Edinburgh, 1875, 2d ed. 1885), 
and Commentary on St. John's Gospel (1876-78, 
3 vols.), the pamphlet, Les cahiers des manuscrits 
grecs, Paris, 1885, he is the author of the Prolego- 
mena in N. T. Tischendorfanum ed. viii., maior, 
Leipzig, pars prima 1884. 

GREGORY, Daniel Seely, D.D. (College of 



New Jersey, Princeton, 1873), Presbyterian ; b. 
at Carmel, N.Y., Aug. 21, 1832 ; graduated at 
the College of New Jersey, 1857, and at Princeton 
(N.J.) Theological Seminary, 1860; was tutor of 
rhetoric and belles-lettres in the College of New 
Jersey, 1858-60 ; became pastor (elect) of the 
South Church, Galena, 111., 1860; of the Second 
Church, Troy, N.Y., 1863; (elect) of the Third 
Congregational Church, New Haven, Conn., 1866; 
pastor there, 1867; at South Salem, N.Y., 1869; 
professor of metaphysics and logic in Wooster 
University, Wooster, O., 1871; of mental science 
and English literature in the same institution, 
1875; president of Lake Forest University, 111., 
1878-86. He is the author of Christian Ethics ; or, 
the True Moral Manhood and Life of Duty, Phila- 
delphia, 1875, seventh thousand 1886 ; Why Four 
Gospels? or, the Gospel for All the World, New 
York, 1S76, 3d ed. 1885; Practical Logic, or the 
Art of Thinking, Philadelphia, 1881, third thou- 
sand 1886 ; The Tests of Philosophic Systems, or 
a Natural Philosophy, being the L. P. Stone Lec- 
tures (enlarged) before Princeton Theological Semi- 
nary, 1885, 1886. He has also written, besides 
much else, the following review articles : 1. In 
The Princeton Review : The Preaching for the Times 
(1866), The Pastorate for the Times, and Studies in 
the Gospels — Matthew the Gospel for the Jew (1868), 
The Novel and Novel-reading (1869), The Chris- 
tian Giving for the Times (1870), Mark the Gospel 
for the Romans (1871), Works by Professor March 
on Anglo-Saxon and English (1874). 2. In The 
Presbyterian Quarterly and Princeton Revieio: The 
True Theory and Practice of Education, and Stud- 
ies in the Gospels — Luke the Gospel for the Greek 
(1875), A Grammar of the Hindi Language (1877). 
3. In The Princeton Review (new series) : The 
Eastern Problem, and John Stuart Mill and the 
Destruction of Theism (1878). 4. In The Presbyte- 
rian Review : A New Principle in Education (1884). 

GRIER, Matthew Blackburne, Presbyterian; 
b. at Brandy wine Manor, Chester County, Penn., 
July 25, 1820 ; graduated at Washington and 
Jefferson College, Washington, Penn., 1838, and 
at Princeton (N.J.) Theological Seminary, 1844 ; 
was pastor at Ellicott's Mills, Md., 1847-52 ; at 
Wilmington, N.C., 1852-61 ; since, has been editor 
of The Presbyterian, Philadelphia, Penn. 

GRIER, William Moffatt, D.D. (Monmouth Col- 
lege, Monmouth, 111., 1873), Associate Reformed 
Presbyterian; b. near Yorkville, S.C., Feb. 11, 
1843; graduated at Erskine College, Due West, 
S.C., 1860 : pastor in Wilcox County, Ala., 1867- 
71 ; since 1871 president of Erskine College, 
and since 1884 professor of pastoral theology in 
Erskine Theological Seminary. Since 1881 he has 
been principal editor of The Associate Reformed 
Presbyterian. 

GRIFFIS, William Elliot, D.D. (Union College, 
Schenectady, N.Y., 1884), Congregationalist ; b. 
in Philadelphia, Penn., Sept. 17, 1843 ; graduated 
at Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N.J., 1869, 
and at Union Theological Seminary, New- York 
City, 1877 ; became pastor of the First Reformed 
Church, Schenectady, N.Y., 1877 ; of the Shawmut 
Congregational Church, Boston, Mass., 1886. He 
was in the 44th Penn. Vols, during Lee's invasion 
of Pennsylvania, 1863 ; editor of Our Messenger, 
Philadelphia, Penn., 1864 ; in the educational ser- 
vice of the Japanese Government at Fukui and 



GRIFFITH. 



86 



GULLIVER. 



Tokio, organizing schools and teaching physical 
science, 1871-74. He is the author of The New 
Japan Series of Reading-Books, San Francisco and 
Yokohama, 1872-73, 4 vols. ; The Tokio Guide, 
The Yokohama Guide, Map of Tokio with Notes, 
Yokohama, 1874 ; The Mikado's Empire, New 
York, 1876, 4th ed. 1886 ; Japanese Fairy World, 
Schenectady, 1880 ; Schenectady First Church Me- 
morial, Schenectady, 1880 ; Asiatic History, China, 
Corea, and Japan (Chautauqua series, No. 34), 
New York, 1881 ; Corea, the Hermit Nation, New 
York, 1882, 2d ed. 1885; Corea, Without and 
Within, Philadelphia, 1884, 2d ed. 1885; Life of 
Commodore Matthew Calbrailh Perry, New York, 
1886. 

GRIFFITH, Benjamin, D.D. (University of 
Lewisburg, Lewisburg, Penn., 1865), Baptist; b. 
in Juniata County, Penn., Oct. 13, 1821 ; gradu- 
ated at Madison University, Hamilton, N.Y., 
1846; became pastor at Cumberland, Md., 1846; 
in Philadelphia, Penn., 1850; corresponding secre- 
tary of the American Baptist Publication Society, 
May, 1857, whose office is in Philadelphia. 

GRIMM, Carl Ludwig Wilibald, Ph.D. (Jena, 
1832), Lie. Theol. (Giessen, 1836), D.D. (hon., 
Giessen, 1838), Lutheran; b. at Jena, Nov. 1, 
1807 ; educated there 1827-32, and has ever since 
been connected with her university, asprieat-docent, 
1833; professor extraordinary, 1837 ; honorary or- 
dinary professor, 1844. He became grand ducal 
ecclesiastical councillor in 1871, and privy eccle- 
siastical councillor 1885. His theological stand- 
point is of the "Mittelpartei." His writings 
embrace, De joanneoz christologia indole paulinoz 
comparata, Leipzig, 1833; De libro sapientioz, Jena, 
1833; De Lutheri indole, 1833; Oratio de Staupitio, 
1835; Commentar uber das Buch der Weisheit, Leip- 
zig, 1837 ; Die Glaubwiirdigkeit der evangelischen 
Geschichte (against Strauss), Jena, 1845; Insti- 
tutio theologioz dogmatical evangelical historico critica, 
1848, 2d ed. 1869 ; Die Luthe'rbibel und ihre Textes- 
revision, Berlin, 1874 ; Kurzgefasste Geschichte der 
lutherischen Bihelubersetzung bis zur Geqenwart, 
Jena, 1884. He so edited Wilke's Clavis N. T. 
philologica (Leipzig, 1867), that it became a new 
work which now bears his name, — Lexicon Grozco- 
Latinum in libros N. T., 2d ed. 1879. With O. F. 
Fritzsche he edited the Kurzgefasstes exegetisches 
Handbuch zu den Apokryphen d. A. T., Leipzig, 
1851-60 (1st Maccabees, 1853; 2d, 3d, 4th Mac- 
cabees, 1857 ; Wisdom, 1860). 

GRIMM, Joseph, D.D. (Munich, 1S54), Roman 
Catholic; b. at Freising, Bavaria, Jan. 23, 1827; 
studied at the University of Munich, 1845-50; 
became a teacher 1852, chaplain 1854; professor 
of Old and New Testament exegesis in the royal 
lyceum at Regensburg, 1856 ; ordinary professor 
of New-Testament exegesis at Wiirzburg, 1S74. 
He is bischojl. geistlicher Rath, and since 1886 
knight of the Order of St. Michael. He is the 
author of Die Samariter und ihre Stellung in der 
Weltgeschichte, Regensburg, 1854; Der narkx^v 
des zweiten Thessalonicher-Briefes (Programm zum 
Jahresbericht des Lyceums u. Gymnasiums in Re- 
f/ensburg),186l ; Die Einheit des Lukas Evangeliums, 
1863; Die Einheit der vier Evangelien, 1868; Das 
Leben Jesu, 1876, sqq. 6 vols. (vol. iv., 1885). 

GRISAR, Hermann, Roman Catholic; b. at 
Coblenz; became a priest at Rome, 1868 (shortly 
after entered the Society of Jesus) ; professor of 



church history at Innsbruck, 1871. He has writ- 
ten essays in his department, in the Innsbruck 
Zeitschrift fiir kathol. Theologie, and edited from 
the MS. and annotated lago Lainez' (1512-1565) 
Disputationes Tridentinoz, Innsbruck, 1886, 2 vols. 

GRUBBS, Isaiah Boone, A.M., Disciple; b. 
near Trenton, Todd County, Ky., May 24, 1833 ; 
graduated at Bethany (West Va.) College, 1857; 
became pastor at Eminence, Ky., 1869; at Louis- 
ville, Ky., 1873 ; editor of The Apostolic Times, 
published in Lexington, Ky., 1876 ; professor of 
sacred literature in the College of the Bible, Ken- 
tucky University, in that place, 1877. He has 
written much for denominational journals. 

GRUNDEMANN, Peter Reinhold, Ph.D. (Tu- 
bingen, 1858), D.D. (hon., Berlin, 1885), German 
Protestant ; b. at Barwalde, Brandenburg, Jan. 
9, 1836 ; studied at the universities of Tubingen, 
Halle, and Berlin, 1854-58; became assistant 
preacher at Pouch, near Bitterfeld, 1861 ; Gefdng- 
nisprediger in Frankfurt-on-the-Oder, 1863; car- 
tographer at Gotha, 1865 ; pastor at Morz, near 
Belzig, 1869. He was in Greece 1858-59, Norway 
1860, Holland 1863, 1865, 1867, England 1865-67, 
United States 1868. He is a member of the 
Berlin and Jena Geographical Society, and the 
author of Allgemeiner Missionsatlas, Gotha, 1867- 
71 ; J. F. Riedel, ein Lebensbild, Giitersloh, 1873 ; 
Kleiner Missionsatlas, Calw and Stuttgart, 1883, 
2d ed. 1886 ; and edited the second edition of 
Buckhardt's Kleine Missionsbibliothek, Bielefeld, 
1876-81, 4 vols. 

GRUNERT, Maximilian Eugene, Moravian; b. 
at Ni«sky, Silesia, Feb. 26, 1823; educated at 
Niesky, and in the theological seminary at 
Gnadenfeld ; after being principal of the Female 
Academy, Salem, N.C., and pastor at Emmaus, 
Penn., he became in 1879 professor in the 
Moravian Theological Seminary, Bethlehem, 
Penn. 

GUBELMANN, Jacob Samuel, D.D. (Richmond 
College, Va., 1885), Baptist ; b. in Bern, Switzer- 
land, Nov. 27, 1836 ; graduated at University of 
Rochester, N.Y., 1858, and at Rochester Theo- 
logical Seminary, I860 ; became pastor of German 
Baptist Church at Louisville, Ky., 1860; St. 
Louis, Mo., 1862 ; Philadelphia, 1868 ; professor 
of systematic theology and homiletics in the Ger- 
man department of the Rochester Theological 
Seminary, 1884. 

GUENTHER, Martin, Lutheran ; b. at Dresden, 
Saxony, Dec. 4, 1831 ; graduated at Altenburg 
(Mo.) College, 1849, and at Concordia Theo- 
logical Seminaiy, St. Louis, Mo., 1853; held 
charges in Wisconsin (1853-60), Michigan (1860- 
72), and in Chicago, 111. (1872-73) ; and since 
1873 has been professor of theology in the Con- 
cordia Theological Seminary, St. Louis, Mo. He 
is the author of Populdre Symbolik, St. Louis, 
Mo., 1872, 2d ed. 1881; co-editor of Lutheraner : 
Magasin fiir ev. luth. Homiletik, etc. 

GULLIVER, John Putnam, Congregationalist ; 
b. in Boston, Mass., May 12, 1819; graduated 
from Yale College, New Haven, Conn., 1840, and 
from Andover (Mass.) Theological Seminary, 
1845. He was pastor of churches in Norwich, 
Conn. (1845-65), Chicago, 111. (1865-68), Bing- 
hamton, N.Y. (1872-78); president of Knox Col- 
lege, Galesburg, 111., 1868-72; and since_1878he 
has been professor of the relations of Christianity 



GUTHE. 



87 



GWYNN. 



and secular science in Andover (Mass.) Theolo- 
gical Seminary. 

GUTHE, Hermann, Lie. Theol. (Leipzig, 1876), 
German Protestant; b. at Westerlinde, Braun- 
schweig, May 10, 1849 ; studied at Gottingen from 
1867 to 1S69, and at Erlangen 1869 and 1870; 
became private tutor in Livonia, 1870; repetent 
of theology at Gottingen, 1873; privat-docerj at 
Leipzig, 1877 ; professor extraordinary there, 
1884. As member of the business committee of 
the German Palestine Exploration Society, he 
conducted the excavations at Jerusalem in 1881. 
His theological standpoint is " Ethischer Supra- 
naturalismus mit volliger Freiheit der Mstoriscken 
Forschung." Since 1877 he has edited the Zeit- 
schrift des Deutschen Palastina Vereins, Leipzig 
(1877-85, 8 vols.), and in it written numerous 
articles upon biblical geography, topography, and 
archaeology. Besides these and articles in Herzog's 
Real-Encgldopadie, 2d ed., and Harnack-Schiirer 
Theolog. Liter aturzeitung, he has written De foe- 
deris notione jeremiana (Habilitalionsschrift), Leip- 
zig, 1877; Ausgrabungen bei Jerusalem, 1883; Die 



Siloahinschrift (Z. D. M. Bd. xxxvi.) ; Fragmente 
einer Lederhandschrifl (Shapira's Deuteronomy) 
mitgetheilt und gepriift, 1883 ; Das Zukunftsbild des 
Jesaia (Antrittsvorlesung enlarged), 1885; and with 
Georg Ebers made the German edition of Pictur- 
esque Palestine, London and New York, 1881-84, 
2 vols. {Palastina in Bild u. Wort, Stuttgart und 
Leipzig, 1883-84, 2 vols.). 

GWYNN, John, D.D. (Dublin, 1880), Church 
of Ireland; b. at Lame, County Antrim, Ireland, 
Aug. 28, 1827; graduated at Trinity College, 
Dublin, B.A. (senior moderator in mathematics) 
1850, M.A. 1854, B.D. 1861. He became fellow 
of Trinity College, 1853; warden of St. Columba's 
College, Dublin, 1856 ; was rector of Tullyaugh- 
nish, 1863-82; dean of Raphoe, 1873-82; dean 
of Derry, 1882 ; and rector of Templemore, Derry, 
1882-83 ; Archbishop King's lecturer in divinity, 
University of Dublin, 1883, and is a member of 
the senate. He wrote the commentary (with in- 
troduction) on the Epistle to Philippians, in The 
Bible {Speaker's) Commentary, London, 1881. 



HAERLNG. 



88 



HALEY. 



H. 



HAERING, Theodor, German theologian; b. 
in Stuttgart, Wiirtemburg, April 22, 1848; studied 
in the Stuttgart gymnasium, and in the evangel- 
ical theological seminaries of Urach (1862-66) 
and of Tubingen (1866-70), and at the University 
of Berlin (1871); became repetent in the Evangel- 
ical Theological Seminary at Tubingen, 1873 ; 
diaconus in Calw 1876, and in Stuttgart, 1881 ; 
ordinary professor of theology at Zurich, 1886. 
His theological position is the biblico-positive, 
particularly influenced by Ritschl and Kaftan 
and his deceased teachers Landerer and Beck. 
He is the author of Das Bleibende im Glauben an 
Christus, Stuttgart, 1880 ; and since 1880 has 
edited the Theoloqische Studien aus Wurlemberg. 

HALE, Charles Reuben, S.T.D. (Hobart Col- 
lege, Geneva, N.Y., 1876), Episcopalian; b. at 
Lewistown, Mifflin County, Penn. ; graduated at 
the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 
1858; was assistant minister of All Saints' Church, 
Lower Dublin, Philadelphia, 1S61 ; chaplain in 
United States Navy, 1863 ; rector of St. John's 
Church, Auburn, NY., 1870; rector of the Church 
of St. Mary the Virgin, Baltimore County, Md., 
1875; one of the clergy of St. Paul's Church, Balti- 
more, Md., 1877; since 1886 dean of Davenport, Io. 
He was secretary to the Italian Church Reforma- 
tion Commission, 1869 ; secretary to the Russo- 
Greek Committee, 1871 ; clerk to the Commission 
of the House of Bishops on Correspondence with 
the Hierarchs of the Eastern Churches, 1874; and 
with the Old Catholics, 1874 ; secretary (for 
America) of the Anglo-Continental Society of 
England, 1874 ; secretary to the Commission of 
the General Convention on Ecclesiastical Rela- 
tions, 1877. In theology he is an Anglican. His 
published writings consist of Reports (of the 
Russo-Greek Committee, N.Y., 1872 and 1875; 
of the Committee on Ecclesiastical Relations, 
N.Y., 1881 and 1884), a Paper on the Russian 
Church (read before the Church Congress, Leices- 
ter, Eng., 1880; republished, Baltimore, 1881), 
Speeches and Addresses (in Baltimore, 1881; two 
in Church Congress at Carlisle, Eng., 1884, On 
Foreign Chaplaincies, and England's Duty towards 
Egypt; two in Church Congress at Portsmouth, 
Eng., 1885, The Prayer Book, and The Attitude of 
the Church towards Movements in Foreign Churches), 
Sermons (in St. Timothy's Church, N. Y. City, 
1874; in Inverness Cathedral, by appointment of 
the Primus of Scotland, Oct. 5, 1884), and the fol- 
lowing: Repwrt of the Committee appointed by the 
Philomalhean Society of the Univ. of Pennsylvania 
to translate the Inscription on the Rosetta Stone (the 
committee consisted of S. H. Jones, H. Morton, 
and himself), Philadelphia (privately printed), 
1858, 2d ed. 1859 ; A List of the Sees and Bishops 
of the Holy Eastern Church, 1870; A List of all the 
Sees and Bishops of the Holy Orthodox Church of 
the East, New York, 1872 ; An. Eastern View of the 
Bonn Conference, Utica, N.Y., 1876; The Moza- 
rabic Liturgy, and the Mexican Branch of the Catho- 
lic Church of our Lord Jesus Christ Militant upon 



Earth, New York, 1876 ; Innocent of Moscoiv, the 
Apostle of Kamchatka and Alaska, 1877 ; The 
Orthodox Missionary Society of Russia, 1878 ; Rus- 
sian Missions in China and Japan, 1878; An Order 
for the Holy Communion, arranged from the Moza- 
rabic Liturgy, Baltimore, 1879 (two supplements 
to the above, 1879) ; An Office for Holy Baptism, 
arranged from the Mozarabic and Cognate Sources, 
1879 ; Mozarabic Collects, translated and arranged 
from the Ancient Liturgy of the Spanish Church, 
New York, 1881 ; The Universal Episcopate. A 
List of the Sees and Bishops in the Holy Catholic 
Church throughout the World, Baltimore, 1882 ; 
The Eucharislic Office of the Christian Catholic 
Church of Sivitzerland, translated and compared with 
that in the Missale Romanum, New York, 1882. 

HALE, Edward Everett, S.T.D. (Harvard Uni- 
versity, Cambridge, Mass., 1879), Unitarian; b. 
in Boston, Mass., April 3, 1822; educated at the 
Boston Latin School, and at Harvard College, 
Cambridge, Mass., where he graduated in 1839 ; 
studied theology privately; was pastor at Worces- 
ter from 1846 to 1856, and since that time has 
been pastor of the South Congregational (Uni- 
tarian) Church, Boston. He was chairman of 
the National Unitarian Council of American 
Churches, 1882-84; and since 1881 president of 
the Suffolk Conference of Unitarian Churches. 
He edited The Christian Examiner, the organ of 
his denomination, 1S57-63 ; Old and New, a semi- 
theological magazine, 1870-75 ; and since 1886, 
Lend a Hand. Of his many volumes may be 
mentioned, Kansas and Nebraska, Boston, 1856 ; 
Ten Times One is Ten, 1870; What Career? 1878; 
four volumes of sermons, 1879-81. He was one 
of the writers of Bryant and Gay's History of the 
United States, New York, 1876-80. 

HALEY, John William, Congregationalist ; b. 
at Tuftonborough, N.H., June 8, 1834; gradu- 
ated at Dartmouth College, Hanover, N.H., 1860, 
and at Andover Theological Seminary, Mass., 
1864 ; was pastor of the Christian Church, East- 
port, Me., 1864-65 ; professor of metaphysics, 
Union College, Merom, Ind., 1865 ; pastor at 
Somerset, Mass., 1866-69 ; acting pastor of the 
Congregational Church, Duxbury, Mass., 1869-70; 
resident licentiate at Andover, Mass., 1870-71, 
1872-74; acting pastor at Dudley, Mass., 1872. 
Since 1874 has been engaged in literary work at 
Tyngsborough, Mass. (1874-80), at Lowell, Mass. 
(1880-84), and since at Amherst; he has also 
preached in these places and their vicinity. He 
took an active part in the Lowell Hebrew Club, 
organized in 1875. He is the author of Examina- 
tion of Alleged Discrepancies of the Bible, Andover, 
1874, 3d ed. 1882; The Hereafter of Sin: What it 
will be; ivith Answers to Certain Questions and Objec- 
tions, 1881 ; edited The Book of Esther, a New 
Translation, with Notes, Excursuses, Illustrations, and 
Indexes, by a Hebrew Club, 1885. He taught 
Hebrew in 1885, and Hebrew and Greek in 1886, 
in the Amherst Summer School of Languages. 
He has also lectured on different topics. 



HALL 



89 



HALLOCK. 



HALL, Isaac Hollister, A.M., LL.B., Ph.D. 

(Hamilton College, Clinton, N.Y., 1876), Presby- 
terian layman; b. at Norwalk, .Conn., Dec. 12, 
1837 ; graduated at Hamilton College, Clinton, 
N.Y., 1859, and at Columbia Law School, New- 
York City, 1865 ; practised law in the city until 
1875 ; was associate editor of the New- York In- 
dependent, 1875 ; professor in the Beirut Protes- 
tant College, 1875-77 ; associate editor of The 
Sunday School Times, Philadelphia, 1877-84; since 
then has been connected with the Metropolitan 
Museum of Art, New- York City, and lecturer on 
New-Testament Greek in Johns Hopkins Univer- 
sity, Baltimore, Md. He was an original deci- 
pherer of the Cypriote inscriptions ; discoverer of 
the Pre-Harklensian Syriac version in the Beirut 
MS., and of the Antilegomena Epistles in the Wil- 
liams MS. of Acts and Epistles. He is the author 
of American Greek Testaments, A Critical Bibliog- 
raphy of the Greek New Testament as published in 
America, Philadelphia, 1883; Reproduction in Pho- 
totype of 3 Pages of the Beirut MS., 1883 ; Repro- 
duction in Phototype of 17 Pages of a Syriac MS. 
containing the Epistles known as Antilegomena, Balti- 
more, 1886 ; List of Printed Editions of the Greek 
New Testament, based upon Reuss' Bibliotheca 
N. T. Gro3ci, in Schaff's Companion to the Greek 
Testament and English Version, New York, 1883; 
and of articles in the Journals and Transactions 
of learned societies, particularly of the American 
Oriental Society (chiefly decipherment of Cypriote 
and other inscriptions, Syriac MSS., etc.), Society 
of Biblical Archaeology (London), American Philo- 
logical Association, Society of Biblical Literature 
and Exegesis, etc. 

HALL, John, D.D. (Washington and Jefferson 
College, Washington, Penn., 1866), LL.D. (Col- 
lege of New Jersey, Princeton, 1885, and from 
Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va., 
1885), Presbyterian ; b. in County Armagh, Ire- 
land, July 31, 1829 ; graduated from the Royal 
College, and the General Assembly's Theologi- 
cal College, both in Belfast ; and was licensed to 
preach in 1849. For the next three years he 
labored as the " students' missionary " in the West 
of Ireland. In 1852 he began his regular minis- 
try as pastor of the First Presbyterian Church at 
* Armagh; in 1858 he went to Dublin as collegiate 
pastor of Mai'y's Abbey ; and thence in 1867 to 
the Fifth-avenue Presbyterian Church, New- York 
City, where he still is. In college he was repeat- 
edly Hebrew prizeman ; and in Dublin his inter- 
est in education led to his being appointed by the 
Queen, in 1860, a member of the Board of Na- 
tional Education, upon which he served gratui- 
tously until his departure to America. In 1867 
he came as a delegate from the Presbyterian 
Church in Ireland to the Presbyterian Church in 
America. In 1882 he was elected chancellor of 
the University of the City of New York, and in 
1885 accepted the position, having meanwhile 
been chancellor ad interim. He receives, however, 
no salary, and is assisted by a vice-chancellor. 
In 1874 his congregation removed from the corner 
of Fifth Avenue and Nineteenth Street to that of 
Fifth Avenue and Fifty-fifth Street, where they 
had erected a spacious building at the cost of a 
million dollars. Dr. Hall is the author of Family 
Prayers for Four Weeks, New York, 1868; Papers 
for Home Reading, 1871 ; Familiar Talks to Boys, 



n. d. ; Questions of the Day, 1873 ; God's Word 
through Preaching, 1875 (Lyman Beecher Lectures 
at Yale Seminary) ; Foundation Stones for Young 
Builders, New Year's Book for the Boys and Girls 
of America, Philadephia, 1880; A Christian Home, 
How to make and how to maintain it, 1883. 

HALL, Newman, LL.B. (London University, 
1855), Congregationalist ; b. at Maidstone, Kent, 
near London, Eng., May 22, 1816 ; educated at 
Totteridge and at Highbury College; and gradu- 
ated B.A. at the University of London, 1841. 
From 1842 to 1854 he was minister of the Albion 
Congregational Church, Hull. In 1854 he went 
to London, to his present charge. The congrega- 
tion then worshipped in the Surrey Chapel (Row- 
land Hill's), Blackfriars Road ; but in 1876 they 
removed to their new building, Christ Church, 
on the Westminster-Bridge road. Mr. Hall's 
ministry has been an eventful one, on account of 
the independence and vigor of his work. He 
was among the earliest advocates of total absti- 
nence in England, a deprecator of the fears of 
Roman-Catholic aggression in 1850, and a faith- 
ful friend of the North in the late Civil War. 
After that war he made an extensive tour through 
the Northern States, with the express design of 
allaying the popular bitterness against Great Brit- 
ain, and preached before both houses of Congress 
assembled in the House of Representatives, on a 
Sunday in November, 1867. As a memorial of 
this visit, there was built the Lincoln Tower, as 
part of his new church, by joint subscription 
of the British and Americans. This church cost 
£60,000, and seats two thousand persons. The 
Church-of-England service is used in a slightly 
modified form. Mr. Hall is the author of the 
tract Come to Jesus, London, 1846 (of which 
nearly 3,000,000 copies have been circulated, in 
upwards of twenty languages) ; It is I, 1848 
(139,000 copies of the English ed. up to 1885); 
A ntidole to Fear, 1850, new ed. 1869 ; The Land 
of the Forum and the Vatican (travels), 1852, new 
ed. 1859 ; Sacrifice, or Pardon and Purity through 
the Cross, 1857 ; Conflict and Victory (a biography 
of his father, J. V. Hall), 1865, new ed. 1874 ; 
Homeward Bound, and other Sermons, 1868 ; From 
Liverpool to St. Louis, 1868 ; Pilgrim Songs in 
Cloud and Sunshine (poems), 1871 ; Prayer, its 
Reasonableness and Efficacy, 1875; The Lord's 
Prayer: a Practical Meditation, 1883; Songs of 
Earth and Heaven, 1885; besides several tracts 
and minor treatises, of which may be mentioned, 
My Friends; Follow Jesus (246,000 copies of the 
English ed. up to 1885); Now; Quench not the 
Spirit; Memoir of Rowland Hill ; Grace and Glory; 
Scriptural Claims of Teetotalism. 

HALL, Randall Cook, S.T.D. (Racine College, 
Racine, Wis., 1881 ; General Theological Semi- 
nary, New- York Citv, 1885), Episcopalian ; b. at 
Wallingford, Conn.^ Dec. 18, 1842; graduated 
from Columbia College, 1863, and from the Gen- 
eral Theological Seminary (both in New- York 
City), 1866; and since 1871 has been Clement C. 
Moore professor of the Hebrew and Greek lan- 
guages in the latter institution. He is examining 
chaplain of the diocese of New York. 

HALLOCK, Joseph Newton, Congregational- 
ist; b. at Jamesport, N.l r ., July 4, 1834; gradu- 
ated at Yale College, New Haven, Conn., 1857, 
and at Yale Theological Seminary, 1860; sue- 



HALSEY. 



90 



HANNB. 



ceeded Rev. Dr. W. M. Taylor as editor-in-chief 
of The Christian at Work, New- York City, 1880. 
He edited Tacitus, with Notes, New Haven, Conn., 
1864. 

HALSEY, Leroy Jones, D.D. (Hanover College, 
Ind., 1853), LL.D, (South-western University, 
Clarksville, Tenn., 1880), Presbyterian; b. in 
Goochland County, Va., Jan. 28, 1812 ; graduated 
at Nashville (Tenn.) University in 1831, and at 
Princeton (N.J.) Theological Seminary in 1840; 
from 1844 to 1849 was pastor in Jackson, Miss. ; 
until 1859, in Louisville, Ky. ; until 1882 profess- 
or of pastoral theology, church government, and 
homiletics, in the Presbyterian Theological Semi- 
nary of the North-west, Chicago, 111. (being one 
of the four original professors) ; and since 1882 
has been professor emeritus. From 1876 to 1884 
he was associate editor of The Interior, a religious 
weekly, published at Chicago; and since, contrib- 
uting editor. He is the author of Literary Attrac- 
tions of the Bible, New York, 1858 (3 editions) ; 
Life Pictures from the Bible, Philadelphia, 1859 ; 
Beauty of Immanuel, 1860 ; Life and Works of 
Philip Lindsley, D.D., 1861; Life and Sermons of 
Lewis Warner Green, D.D., New York, 1867; 
Living Christianity, Philadelphia, 1882 ; Scotland's 
Place in Civilization, 1885. 

HAMBURGER, Jakob, Ph.D. (Leipzig, 1S52), 
Hebrew rabbi; b. at Loslau, Upper Silesia, Nov. 
10, 1826; studied philosophy and philology, espe- 
cially orientalia, at Breslau and Berlin, 1849-52 ; 
pursued his Talmud studies at Pressburg, Hun- 
gary, and at Nikolsburg, Moravia ; since 1859 
he has been rabbi of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. He 
has written Geist und Ursprung der aramdischen 
Ueberselzung des Pentateuchs, bekannt unter dem 
Narnen, Targum Onkelos, Leipzig, 1852 (his doc- 
tor's dissertation) ; Geist der Hagada, 1857 ; Real- 
Enct/clopadie fiir Bibel und Talmud, Strelitz, 1865- 
83, 2 parts (i. biblical articles, A-Z, 1865-70; ii. 
articles on the Talmud and Midrash, 1870-83), 
2d ed. enlarged and improved, Leipzig, 1884, sqq., 
supplement preparing. Cf. Encyclopcedia, p. 635. 

HAMILTON, Edward John, D.D. (Wabash Col- 
lege, Crawfordsville, Ind., 1877), S.T.D. (Mon- 
mouth College, Monmouth, 111., 1877), Presby- 
terian ; b. in Belfast, Ireland, Nov. 29, 1834 ; 
graduated at Hanover (Ind.) College, 1853, and 
at Princeton (N.J.) Theological Seminary, 1858; 
was pastor at Oyster Bay, Long Island, N.Y., 
1858-61 ; in charge of congregation at Dromore 
West, in Ireland, winter of 1862-63 ; chaplain in 
the Army of the Potomac, 1863-65; pastor at 
Hamilton, O., 1866-68; professor of mental 
philosophy, Hanover College, 1868-79; provis- 
ional professor of logic, ethics, and political sci- 
ence, College of New Jersey, Princeton, N.J., 1882 ; 
since 1883 professor of intellectual science, Hamil- 
ton College, Clinton, N.Y. He is the author of 
A New Analysis in Fundamental Morals, New 
York, 1872; The Human Mind, 1883; Mental 
Science, 1886. 

HAMLIN, Cyrus, D.D. (Bowdoin College, Bruns- 
wick, Me., 1854; Harvard College, Cambridge, 
Mass., 1861), LL.D. (University of the City of New 
York, 1870; Bowdoin College, 1880), Congregation- 
alist; b. at Waterford, Me., Jan. 5, 1811; graduated 
at Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., 1834, and at 
the Congregational Theological Seminary, Bangoi', 
Me., 1837; was commissioned by A. B. C. F. M. 



missionary to Turkey, Feb. 3, 1837 ; sailed Dec. 
3, 1838 (being delayed by Board's financial straits); 
opened the Bebek Seminary on the Bosphorus, 
1840; became president of Robert College, 1860; 
foiled Russian, French, and Jesuit plots, and ob- 
tained imperial edict committing the college to the 
United States, — an unexampled favor; resigned 
presidency in 1876 ; became professor of dogmatic 
theology in Bangor Theological Seminary, Me.,. 
1877; president of Middlebury College, 1880; 
resigned 1885, and retired to Lexington, Mass. 
His writings are principally in the Armenian lan- 
guage, and include a book on Popery and Protes- 
tantism (pp. 350), to counteract Jesuit libels ; an 
expose of the heresies of Archbishop Matteos in 
his book " True Man and True Christian," a tract 
on the mediatorship of Christ ; and translations 
of Upham's Philosophy, and Way land's Moral Sci- 
ence, etc. He has published in English, Among 
the Turks, New York, 1877, and sermons, lectures, 
reviews, etc. 

HAMMOND, Charles Edward, Church of Eng- 
land ; b. at Bath, Somersetshire, Eng., Jan. 24, 
1837 ; was a student in Exeter College, Oxford, 
took double first-class in moderations (the first 
public examination at Oxford), 1856 ; graduated 
B.A. (third-class classics, first-class mathematics) 
1858, M.A. 1861; was fellow of Exeter College 
1859-73, tutor 1861-73, lecturer 1873-82, bursar 
1869-82; in the uiliversity was mathematical 
moderator 1862-63, junior proctor 1867-68, mas- 
ter of the schools 1875 ; classical moderator in the 
pass schools, 1880-81; was ordained deacon 1861, 
priest 1862 ; chaplain of the Oxford Female Peni- 
tentiary, 1870-82 ; since 1882 has been rector of 
Wootton, Northamptonshire, Eng. He is the 
author of Outlines of Textual Criticism applied to 
the New Testament, Oxford, 1872, 4th ed. 1884; 
Liturgies, Eastern and Western, 1878; (Appendix), 
The Ancient Liturgy of Antioch, and other Liturgical 
Fragments, 1879. 

HAMMOND, Edward P ay son, Presbyterian ; b. 
at Ellington, Conn., Sept. 1, 1831; graduated at 
Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., 1858; 
studied in Union Theological Seminary, New- 
York City, 1858-59, and in the Free Church Col- 
lege, Edinburgh, 1860-61; was ordained in 1863, 
and ever since has been an evangelist and revi- 
valist, in which capacity he has travelled exten- 
sively. Among his publications are Jesus the 
Way, London, 1868 ; Conversion of Children, New 
York, 1878, new ed. 1882 ; Gathered Lambs, 1882 ; 
and a volume of verse, Sketches of Palestine, Bos- 
ton, 1868, re-issue 1874. * 

HANNE, Johann Wilhelm, D.D., German Prot- 
estant theologian ; b. at Hai-ber, Luneburg, Dec. 
29, 1813; was pastor at Braunschweig (Bruns- 
wick) and Hannover; became ordinary professor 
of theology, and pastor of St. James at Greifs- 
wald, 1861. He is the author of Rationalismus 
und speculative Theologie in Braunschweig, Braun- 
schweig, 1838 ; Festreden an Gcbildete iiber das 
Wesen des christlichen Glaubens, inbesondere iiber das 
Verhallniss der geschichtlichen Person Chrisli zur 
Idee des Christenthums, 1839; Friedrich Schleier- 
macher als religioser Genius Deutschlands, 1840 ; 
Sokrates als Genius der Human itdt (companion vol- 
ume to the preceding), 1841 ; Der moderne Nihilis- 
mus und die Strauss'sche Glaubenslehre im Verhdlt- 
ness zur Idee der christlichen Religion, Bielefelil, 



HAPPER. 



91 



HARKAVY. 



1842 (this book won him great repute); Drei Pre- 
digten iiber christliches Glauben und Lieben, Braun- 
schweig, 1844; Der ideale Protestantismus, Bielefeld, 
1845 ; A nti-orthodox, odergegen Buchstabendienst und 
Pfaffenthum und fur denfreien Geist der Humanitdt 
und des Ckristenthums, Braunschweig, 1846 ; Der 
freie Glaube im Kampf init den tkeologischen Halb- 
heiten unsrer Tage, 1846; Religiose Mahnungen zur 
Siikne, 1848 ; Vorhofe zum Glauben oder das Wun- 
der des Ckristenthums im Einklange mit Vernunft 
und Natur, Jena, 1850-51, 3 parts; Zeitspielge- 
lungen, Hannover, 1852, 2d ed. 1854; Bekenntnisse, 
oder, Drei Biicher vom Glauben. Zum Viaticum 
auf der Wanderung durch die Wtiste dieser Zeit 
zum reichen Heimathlande des Glaubens. Filr wer- 
dende Christen, 1861, 2d ed. 1865; Die Idee der 
dbsoluten Personlichkeit, oder, Gott und sein Ver- 
hdltniss zur Welt, insonderheit zur menschlichen 
Personlichkeit, 1861-62, 2 vols., 2d ed. 1865; 
Christliche Weihestunden, Greifswald, 1863 ; Die 
Zeit der deutschen Freiheilskriege in Hirer Bedeutung 
fur die Zukunft des Reiches Gottes und seiner 
Gerechtigkeit, 1863; Anti Hengstenberg, Elberfeld, 
1867; Der Geist des Ckristenthums, 1867; Die 
christliche Kirche nach Hirer Stellung und Aufgabe 
im Reiche der Sittlichkeit, Berlin, 1868; Die Kirche 
im neuen Reiche, 1871; Der ideale und der geschicht- 
hche Christus, Berlin, 1st and 2d ed. 1871. 

HAPPER, Andrew Patton, M.D. (University of 
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1844), D.D. (Jeffer- 
son College, Canonsburg, Penn., 1864), Presbyte- 
rian ; b. near Monongahela City, Penn., Oct. 20, 
1818 ; graduated at Jefferson College, Canons- 
burg, Penn., 1835; taught school, 1835-40; studied 
in Western Theological Seminary, Alleghany, 
Penn., 1840-43, and graduated; since 1844 has 
been a foreign missionary in China. He visited 
America 1867-68, 1885-86. 

HARE, George Emlen, D.D. (Columbia College, 
New- York City, 1843), LL.D. (University of Penn- 
sylvania, Philadelphia, 1873), Episcopalian ; b. 
in Philadelphia, Sept. 4, 1808; graduated at 
Union College, Schenectady, N.Y., 1826 ; became 
rector of St. John's Church, Carlisle, Penn., in 
1830; of Trinity Church, Princeton, N.J., in 
1834; and of St. Matthew's Church, Philadel- 
phia, Penn., in 1845 ; professor of biblical learn- 
ing in the divinity school of the Protestant-Epis- 
copal Church in Philadelphia, Penn., 1852. He 
is an Old-Testament Reviser, and the author of 
Christ to return, Philadelphia, 1840. 

HARE, Right Rev. William Hobart, D.D. (Ken- 
yon College, Gambier, O., 1872), S.T.D. (Trinity 
College, Hartford, Conn , and Columbia College, 
New- York City, both 1872), Episcopalian, mission- 
ary bishop of South Dakota; b. at Princeton, 
N. J., May 17, 1838 ; studied at the University 
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, but serious eye- 
trouble compelled him to withdraw at the close 
.of junior year; was assistant minister at St. 
Luke's, 1859-62; rector of St. Paul's, Chestnut 
Hill, 1862-63; in charge of St. Luke's, 1863-64; 
in charge of, and later rector of, the Church of the 
Ascension, 1864-70 (all in Philadelphia) ; secre- 
tary and general agent of the Foreign Committee 
of the Board of Missions, New York, December, 
1870-March, 1873 ; nominated by the House of 
Bishops missionary bishop of Cape Palmas and 
parts adjacent in West Africa, 1871, but the nomi- 
nation was withdrawn in consequence of remon- 



strance from the House of Deputies, on the ground 
of his great usefulness as secretary; accepted 
missionary* bishopric of Niobrara, 1872, conse- 
crated Jan. 9, 1873 ; present diocese defined, 1883. 
Bishop Hare is classed with the Broad-Church 
school, but his conservative tendencies are marked. 

HARGROVE, Robert Kennon, D.D. (Emory 
College, Oxford, Ga , 1872), bishop of the Meth- 
odist-Episcopal Church South ; b. in Pickens 
County, Ala., Sept. 17, 1829 ; graduated at the 
State University of Alabama, at Tuscaloosa, 1852 ; 
was itinerant preacher in the Alabama Confer- 
ence, 1857-67; in the Kentucky Conference, 1868; 
in the Tennessee Conference, 1868-82 ; professor 
of mathematics in the University of Alabama, 
1853-57; chaplain in the Confederate army; presi- 
dent of the Centenary Institute, Sumrnerville, Ala., 
1865-67 ; of the Tennessee Female College at 
Franklin, 1868-73; member of Cape May Commis- 
sion for adjudicating differences between Method- 
ism North and South, 1876 ; elected bishop, 1882. 
He has written articles in periodicals. 

HARKAVY, A. (Hebrew name Abraham Elias, 
in ordinary life Albert), Hebrew rabbi; b. in 
St. Petersburg, Russia, Oct. 29, 1839 ; educated 
in the Wilna Rabbinical School (1858-63), and 
at the University of St. Petersburg (1863-67); 
pursued studies at Berlin (under Rbdiger and 
Diimichen) and at Paris (under Oppert) 1868- 
70 ; graduated a rabbi at Wilna, 1863 ; magister 
(1868) and doctor (1872) of the history of the 
Orient ; was unanimously chosen a docent in the 
Oriental faculty at St. Petersburg in 1870, after 
delivering test lectures upon the history of the 
Semitic nations, but prevented by the efforts of 
a personal enemy from receiving the position ; 
is a member of the Imperial Russian State Coun- 
cil, knight of several orders, librarian of the Im- 
perial Public Library (St. Petersburg), honorary 
member of the Hellenic Philological Syllogos of 
Constantinople, member of the Society of the 
Friends of Natural Science and Anthropology of 
Moscow, corresponding member of the Geographi- 
cal Society of Tiflis, and member of the Imperial 
Russian Archaeological Society, etc. He is a 
moderate conservative in religious matters. His 
literary activity in Hebrew and Russian dates 
from 1860. Besides different articles in learned 
periodicals, he has written in Russian "The Jews 
and the Slavonic Languages," St. Petersburg, 
1867 ; " Information concerning the Mussulman 
Writers upon Slavs and Russians," 1870, appendix 
to same 1871 ; " The Historical Importance of the 
Moabite Inscription of King Mesa," 1871 ; " The 
Original Home of the Semites, Hamites, and 
Japhetites," 1872 ; " Information concerning the 
Arabs under Thule," 1873 ; " Information con- 
cerning Jewish Writers upon the Chararen and 
their Kingdom," 1874 ; " Catalogue of the Samari- 
tan MSS. in the Imperial Public Library," 1874- 
75; " The Origin of some Geographical Names on 
the Taurian Peninsula," 1876 ; " The Information 
of Abraham of Kertsh on the Embassy of St. 
Wladimir to the Chararen," 1876 ; "Biography of 
Peter Lerch," 1885; "Biography of Caetan Ros- 
sowicz, Professor in St. Petersburg University," 
1885. In French, Les mots egyptiens de la Bible, 
1870 ; Sur un passage des " Prairies d'or " de 
Macoudi concernant I "histoire ancienne des Slaves, 
1876. In German, Catalog der hebrdischen Bibel- 



HARM AN. 



92 



HARPER. 



handschriften der kaiserlichen bffentlichen Blbliothek 
(with H. L. Strack), 1875; Altjiidische Denkmdler 
in der Krimm, 1876 ; Meassef NiddacJiim, Collec- 
tion zur hebrdischen Literatur, i. 1878-79, ii. 1880 ; 
Studien und Mittheilungen aus der kaiserlichen 
offentlichen Bibliothek zu St. Petersburg, i. 1879, iii. 
1880, iv. 1885; Mittheilungen aus Handschriften 
der kaiserlichen offentlichen Bibliothek, Fragment 
von der arabischen u. hebrdischen Vorrede Saadiah's 
zum ?njX 13D (in Stade's Zt. f. Wissensch. d. 
A. T., 1881-82); Aus dem archdologischen Cong- 
ress, 1882 ; Neugefundene hebrdische Bibelhand- 
schriften, 1884 ; Chadaschim gam Feschanim (in 
Beitrdge aus Handschriften zur hebrdischen Litera- 
tur, 1885). 

HARMAN, Henry Martyn, D.D. (Dickinson Col- 
lege, Carlisle, Penn., 1866), Methodist ; b. in Anne 
Arundel County, Md., March 22, 1822; graduated 
at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Penn., 1848; was 
professor in Baltimore (Md.) Female College, 
1853-55 ; professor of languages in West Virginia 
University, Morgantown, W. Va., 1868-69; since 
1870 in Dickinson College (professor of ancient 
languages and literature, 1870-79 ; since 1879, of 
Greek and Hebrew). He is the author of A Jour- 
ney to Egypt and the Holy Land, Philadelphia, 1872 ; 
Lntroduction to the Study of the Holy Scriptures, New 
York, 1878, 4th ed., greatly enlarged, 1884 (this 
work is part of the course of study for the itinerant 
ministers of the Methodist- Episcopal Church dur- 
ing the first four years of their ministry). 

HARMON, George Milford, Universalist ; b. at 
Thorndike, Waldo County, Me., Nov. 28, 1842 ; 
graduated at Tufts College, College Hill, Mass., 
1867, and at its divinity school, 1875 ; was pastor 
of several churches prior to and subsequent to 
his theological course; from 1882 to 1883 was 
professor in Lombard University, Galesburg, 111. ; 
and since 1883, has been professor of theology in 
Tufts Divinity School, College Hill, Mass. 

HARNACK, (Karl Gustav) Adolf, Ph.D. (Leip- 
zig, February, 1873), Lie. Theol. (do., February, 
1874), D.D. (hon., Marburg, 1879), German Prot- 
estant ; b. at Dorpat, Livland, May 7, 1851 ; 
studied at Dorpat, 1869-72 ; became privat-docent 
at Leipzig, July, 1874; professor extraordinary, 
May, 1876 ; ordinary professor of church history at 
Giessen, April, 1879 ; at Marburg, 1886. His the- 
ological standpoint is historico-critical. A large 
part of his literary work is scattered in journals. 
The following have appeared separately: Zur 
Quellenkritik der Geschichte des Gnostizismus, Leip- 
zig, 1873 ; De Apellis gnosi monarchica, 1874 ; Pa- 
trum Apostolicorum opera (ed. with von Gebhardt 
and Zahn), 1875-77, 3 vols. (vol. 1, 2d ed. 1876- 
78, 2 parts) ; Patrum Apost. opp. ed. minor, 1877 ; 
Die Zeit des Ignatius und die Chronologie der antio- 
chenischen Bischofe bis Tyrannus nach Julius Afri- 
canus und den spdteren Historikern, Nebst ein. 
Unlersuchung iiber die Verbreitung der Passio S. 
Polycarp im Abendlande, 1878; Das Monchthum, 
seine Ideate und seine Geschichte, Giessen, 1881, 3d 
ed. 1886 ; Texle und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte 
der allchristlichen Literatur, 1882, sqq. (ed. with 
von Gebhardt; to the series Harnack has contrib- 
uted Die Ueberlieferung der grlechischen Apologeten 
des zweiten Jahrhunderts in der alien Kirche und im 
Mitlelalter, Bd L, lift. 1. u. 2., 1882; Die Alter- 
catio Simonis Judwl el Theopluli Christiani nebst 
Untersuchungen iiber die antijiidische Polemik in 



der alten Kirche; and Die Acta Archelai und das 
Diatessaron Tatians, Bd. I., lift. 3., 1883; Der an- 
gebliche Evangeliencommenlar des Theophilus von 
Antiochien, Bd. I., Hft. 4., 1883; Lehre der zwdlf 
Apostel. Text mit Uebersetzung, Anmerkungen, Ein- 
leitung und Prolegomena, Bd. II., Hft. 1. u. 2., 1884); 
Martin Luther in seiner Bedeutung fur die Geschichte 
derWissenschaft und der Bildung, Giessen, 1883, 2d 
ed. 1886 ; Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte, Freiburg- 
im-Br., 1886-88, 2 vols. He edited, with notes 
and excursus, the German translation of Hatch's 
Organization of the Early Christian Churches {Die 
Gesellschaflsverfassung der christlichen Kirchen im 
Alterthum), Giessen, 1883 ; Tatian's Rede an die 
Griechen ubersetzt und eingeleitet, 1884. Since 1881 
he has edited with Schiirer the Theologische Lite- 
raturzeitung, Leipzig, 1876, sqq. 

HARNACK, Theodosius, D.D., Lutheran theo- 
logian, father of the preceding ; b. at St. Peters- 
burg, Russia, Jan. 3, 1817 ; studied theology at 
Dorpat ; became privat-docent of practical theology 
there, 1843 ; professor extraordinary, 1845 ; ordi- 
nary professor, 1848 ; called to Erlangen, 1853 ; 
but returned to Dorpat 1866, and retired 1875. 
He is the author of Jesus der Christ, Elberfeld, 
1842; Die Idee der Predigt entwickelt aus dem Wesen 
des protestantischen Kultus, 1844; Die Grundbe- 
kenntnisse der evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche, Dor- 
pat, 1845 ; De theologia practica recte definienda et 
adornanda, 1847; Zwdlf Predigten, 1848; Der 
christliche Gemeinde-Gottesdienst im apostolischen 
und altkatholischen Zeitalter, Erlangen, 1854; Der 
Heine Katechismus Martin Luthers in seiner Urge- 
stalt, Kritisch untersucht und herausgegeben, Stutt- 
gart, 1856 ; Die lutherische Kirche Livlands und 
die Herrnhutische Briidergemeinde, Erlangen, 1860 ; 
Die Kirche, ihr Amt, ihr Regiment, Niirnberg, 1862 ; 
Luthers Theologie mit besonderer Beziehung auf 
seine Versbhnungs- u. Erlbsungslehre . 1. Abth. Lu- 
thers theologische Grundanschauungen, Erlangen, 
1862; edited the 8th and 9th editions of K. 
Graul's Die Unterscheidungslehren der verschiedenen 
christlichen Bekennlnisse im Lichte des gottlichen 
Worts, Leipzig, 1868 and 1872 ; with A. v. Harless 
wrote, Die kirchlich-religibse Bedeutung der reinen 
Lehre von den Gnadenmitteln, Erlangen, 1869 ; Die 
freie lutherische Volkskirche, 1870 ; Liturgische For- 
mulare, Dorpat, 1872-74 ; Praktische Theologie, 
Erlangen, 1877-78, 2 vols. ; Kalechetik, 1882 ; 
Ueber den Kanon und die Inspiration der heiligen 
Schrift, Ein Wort zum Frieden, Dorpat, 1885 (pp. 
36). He wrote the sections upon Liturgies and 
Pastoral Theology in Zbckler's Handbuch der 
theoloqlschcn Wissenschaften, Nordlingen, 1883-84, 
3 vols., 2d ed. 1884-85, 4 vols. 

HARPER, William Rainey, Ph.D. (Yale College, 
New Haven, Conn., 1875), Baptist layman ; b. at 
New Concord, O., July 26, 1856 ; graduated at 
Muskingum College, New Concord, O., 1870 ; from 
1876 to 1879 was principal of the preparatory de- 
partment of 1 >enison University, Granville, O. ; 
from 1879 to 1886 was professor of Hebrew and the 
cognate languages, in the Chicago (Morgan Park, 
111.) Baptist Union Theological Seminary; and 
since 1886 has been professor of Semitic languages 
in Yale College. He is the author of Elements of 
Hebrew by an Inductive Method, Chicago, 1882, 6th 
ed. 1885; Hebrew Vocabularies, 1883,3d ed. 1884; 
Introductory Hebrew Method, 1883, 2d ed. 1885; 
Intermediate Hebrew Method, 1883, 2d ed. 1885. He 



HARRIS. 



93 



HASE. 



edited The Hebrew Student (Chicago, 1882-84), and 
edits Hebraica (Chicago, 1884, sqq.), Old- Testament 
Student (1882, sqq.). 

HARRIS, George, D.D. (Amherst College, Am- 
herst, Mass., 1883), Congregationalist ; b. at East 
Machias, Me., April 1, 1844; graduated from 
Amherst College, Mass., 1866, and from Andover 
(Mass ) Theological Seminary, 1869 ; was pastor 
at Auburn, Me., 1869-72; at Providence, R.I., 
1872-83 ; and since 1883 has been Abbot professor 
of Christian theology in the Andover Theological 
Seminary. 

HARRIS, Samuel, D.D. (Williams College, Wil- 
liamstown, Mass., 1855), LL.D. (Bowdoin College, 
Brunswick, Me., 1871), Congregationalist; b. at 
East Machias, Me., June 14, 1814; graduated at 
Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., 1833, and at 
Andover (Mass.) Theological Seminary, 1838 ; was 
principal of Limerick Academy, Me., 1833-34, 
and of Washington Academy, East Machias, Me., 
1834-35, 1838-41 ; pastor at Conway, Mass., 1841- 
51, and at Pittsfield, Mass., 1851-55; professor of 
systematic theology in the Bangor Theological 
Seminary, 1855-67 (from 1855 to 1S63, jointly 
with Rev. Prof. George Shepard, D.D., acting pastor 
of the Center Church in Bangor) ; president of 
Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., and professor 
of mental and moral philosophy, 1867-71 ; since 
1871 has been Dwight professor of systematic 
theology in Yale Theological Seminary, New 
Haven, Conn. Besides many sermons, pamphlets, 
and articles in reviews, he has published Zac- 
cheus, the Scriptural Plan of Beneficence, Boston, 
1844; Christ's Prayer for the Death of his Re- 
deemed, 1863; The Kingdom of Christ on Earth, 
Andover, 1874; The Philosophical Basis of Theism, 
New York, 1883. 

HARRIS, Right Rev. Samuel Smith, D.D. 
(William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Va., 
1875), LL.D. (University of Alabama, at Tusca- 
loosa, 1879), Episcopalian, bishop of Michigan; 
b. in Autauga County, Ala., Sept. 14, 1841 ; 
graduated at the University of Alabama, at Tus- 
caloosa, 1859 ; studied law at the University Law 
School, Montgomery, Ala., and admitted to the 
bar in 1860, by special enabling act of the legisla- 
ture, being a minor ; after practising law for some 
years, was admitted to holy orders in the Protes- 
tant-Episcopal Church, at Montgomery, Ala., 1869; 
became rector of Trinity Church, Columbus, Ga., 
1869 ; of Trinity Church, New Orleans, La., 1871 ; 
of St. James's Church, Chicago, 111., 1875; conse- 
crated bishop, 1879. He is "in sympathy with 
the liberal school of thought in the Protestant- 
Episcopal Church." In 1878, with Rev. Dr. John 
Fulton, he founded The Lining Church newspaper, 
and was editor for six months. Besides many 
occasional sermons, articles in periodicals, etc., he 
has published The Relation of Christianity to Civil 
Society (Bohlen Lectures for 1882), New York, 
1883. 

HARRISON, Frederic, Positivist; b. in Lon- 
don, Eng., Oct. 18, 1831 ; was scholar of Wadham 
College, Oxford; graduated B.A. (first-class class- 
ics) 1853 ; tutor and fellow of his college ; called 
to the bar, 1858. He was a member of the Royal 
Commission upon trades-unions, 1867-69; secre- 
tary to the Royal Commission for the digest of 
the law, 1869-70; appointed by the council of legal 
education, professor of jurisprudence and inter- 



national law. He was one of the founders of the 
Positivist School, in 1870; and in 1871, of Newton 
Hall, London, where the religious services of the 
Positivists are held. He has in articles, lectures, 
and addresses advocated his faith. He has been 
a frequent contributor to The Westminster Review, 
the Contemporary, the Nineteenth Century, and 
Fortnightly reviews; and in book form have been 
issued of his writings, Order and Progress (Pt. 1, 
On Government ; Pt. 2, Studies of Political Crises), 
London, 1875; 2d vol. of English trans, of A. 
Comte's Positive Philosophy, 1875; Present and 
Future: a Positivist Address, 1880; The Choice of 
Books, and other Literary Pieces, 1886. A reprint, 
unauthorized by him, of his and Herbert Spen- 
cer's articles upon The Nature and Reality of Reli- 
gion, appeared in New York, 1885. * 

HARTRANFT, Chester David, D.D. (Rutgers 
College, New Brunswick, N.J., 1876), Congrega- 
tionalist; b. at Frederick, Montgomery County, 
Penn., Oct. 15, 1839; graduated at the University 
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1861, and at the 
New Brunswick (N.J.) Theological Seminary, 
1864; was pastor of Reformed (Dutch) churches 
at South Bush wick, Brooklyn, N.Y., 1864-66, 
and New Brunswick, N.J., 1866-78; and since 
1878 has been professor of biblical and ecclesias- 
tical history in the Hartford, Conn. (Congrega- 
tional) Theological Seminary. He received the 
degree of Doctor of Music from Rutgers College, 
New Brunswick, N.J., in 1861. 

HARVEY, Hezekiah, D.D. (Colby University, 
Waterville, Me., 1861), Baptist; b. at Hulver, 
Suffolk County, Eng., Nov. 27, 1821; came to 
America, 1830; graduated at Madison University, 
1845, and at Hamilton Theological Seminary 
(both at Hamilton, N.Y.), 1847; was successively 
tutor of languages in Madison University until 
1849; pastor at Homer, N.Y., until 1857, and 
Hamilton, N.Y., until 1858; professor of ecclesi- 
astical history in Hamilton Theological Seminary 
until 1861, professor of biblical criticism and in- 
terpretation and pastoral theology until 1864; 
pastor at Dayton, O., until 1869 ; and since has 
been professor of New-Testament exegesis and pas- 
toral theology in Hamilton Theological Seminary. 
He is the author of Memoir of Rev. Alfred Ben- 
nett, New York, 1852 ; The Church : its Polity and 
Ordinances, Philadelphia, 1879; The Pastor: his 
Qualifications and Duties, 1879. 

HARWOOD, Edwin, D.D. (Trinity College, 
Hartford, Conn., 1862), Episcopalian; b. in Phil- 
adelphia, Aug. 21, 1822 ; graduated at the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1840, and 
at the General (Episcopal) Theological Seminary, 
New- York City, 1844; became rector of Christ 
Church, Oyster Bay, Long Island, N.Y., 1844; 
of St. Paul's, East Chester, N.Y., 1846; of St. 
James's, Hamilton Square, New York, 1847 ; and 
of the Incarnation, New York, 1850; professor 
in the Berkeley Divinity School, Middletown, 
Conn., 1854; and since 1859 rector of Trinity 
Church, New Haven, Conn. He is a "liberal of 
the school of Coleridge, perhaps, more than any 
other." He translated Bahr's commentary on 
First Kings, and Van Oosterzee's on Second Tim- 
othy, in the American Lange series (both New 
York, 1872); and is the author of several essays 
(Marcion; Was St. Peter ever in Rome? Gnosticism). 

HASE, Karl August, D.D., Lutheran; b. at 



HASSELQUIST. 



94 



HAUPT. 



Steinbacli, Saxony, Aug. 25, 1800; studied first 
at Leipzig (from which he was expelled for mem- 
bership in a secret political society of students), 
and then at Erlangen. In 1823 he became 
privat-docent of theology at Tubingen, but had 
scarcely begun his instruction before his member- 
ship in the Erlangen political society caused his 
imprisonment for ten months in the fortress of 
Hohenasperg. In 1829 he became privat-docent 
at Leipzig, and in 1830 he went to Jena as pro- 
fessor of theology. He is now professor emeritus. 
In 1885 he was raised to the hereditary nobility. 
His publications embrace Evange,lisch-protestan- 
tische Dogmatik, Leipzig, 1826, 6th ed. 1870 ; Gno- 
sis, oder protestantisch-evangelische Glaubenslehre, 
fur die Gebildeten in der Gemeinde, wissenschafllich 
dargeslellt, 1827-29, 3 vols., 2d ed. 1869-70 ; Libri 
symbolici ecclesice evangelical, 1827, 3d ed. 1845; 
Hutterus redivivus, oder Dogmatik d. evangel. -luth. 
Kirche, Ein dogmatifsches Repertorium fur Sludi- 
rende, 1829, 12th ed. 1883 ; Das Leben Jesu, 1829, 
5th ed. 1865 (English trans., by J. F. Clarke, 
Boston, 1881) ; Kirchengeschichte, Lehrbuch zu- 
ndchst fur akademische Vorlesungen, 1834, 11th ed. 
1886 (English trans, from the 7th ed., by Wing 
and Blumenthal, A History of the Christian Church, 
New York, 1856 ; French trans, from the 8th ed., 
by Flobert, Tonneins, 1860-61,2 vols.); Theolo- 
gische Streitschriften, Leipzig, 1834-37, 3 parts ; Die 
beiden Erzbischbfe, 1839 ; Neue Propheten (Maid 
of Orleans. Savonarola, the Kingdom of the Ana- 
baptists), 1851, 3 vols., 2d ed. 1860-61 ; Die Tii- 
binger Schule, 1855 ; Franz von Assisi, 1856 ; Das 
geistliche Schauspiel, 1858 (English trans., Miracle 
Plays and Sacred Dramas, London, 1880); Hand- 
buck der prolestantischen Polemik gegen d. rom. 
kath. Kirche, 1862, 4th ed. 1878; Caterina von 
Siena, 1864 ; Sabastian Franck von Word, 1869 ; 
Ideale und Irrthiimer, Jugenderinnerungen, 1872, 
3d ed. 1875 (a sort of autobiography) ; Die Bedeu- 
tung des Geschichtlichen in der Religion, 1874 ; 
Geschichte Jesu, 1875 (semi-rationalistic) ; Des Kul- 
turkampfs Ende, 1879; Rosenvorlesungen kirchen- 
geschichtlichen Inhalts (upon Bar Kokhba, Gregory 
VII., Pius II., Krell, and others), 1880; Kirchen- 
geschichte auf der Grundlage akademischer Vor- 
lesungen, 1885 sq., 3 vols. * 

HASSELQUIST, Tuvey Nelson, D.D. (Muhlen- 
berg College, Allentown, Penn., 1871), Lutheran; 
b. at Ousby, Skane, Sweden, March 2, 1816 ; 
ordained at Lund, 1839 ; came to America 1852, 
and was one of the founders of the Swedish 
Lutheran Church in the United States. He was 
pastor at Galesburg, 111., 1852-63; president of 
Augustana College and Theological Seminary 
when it was located at Paxton, 111. (1863-75), and 
since its removal to Rock Island, 111. (1875-). 
He has edited the most important religious peri- 
odicals published in Swedish in the United States 
in the interest of the Lutheran Church, for the last 
thirty years, and is still the editor of Augustana 
och Missiondren, the leading religious paper cir- 
culated in the Swedish Lutheran Church. He also 
fills the chair of homiletics and pastoral theology 
in the institution of which he is president. He 
has in press a Commentary on Ephesians. 

HASTINGS, Thomas Samuel, D.D. (University 
of the City of N.Y., 1865), Presbyterian; b. at 
Utica, N.Y., Aug. 28, 1827 ; graduated at Hamil- 
ton College, Clinton, N.Y., 1848, and at Union 



Theological Seminary, New- York City, 1851 ; was 
pastor at Mendham, N.J., 1852-56, and of the 
West Presbyterian Church, New-York City, 1856- 
81 ; since 1881, he has been professor of sacred 
rhetoric in Union Theological Seminary, New 
York. 

HATCH, Edwin, D.D. (University of Edin- 
burgh, 1883), Church of England ; b. at Derby, 
Eng., Sept. 4, 1835; educated at Pembroke Col- 
lege, Oxford; graduated B.A. (second-class class- 
ics) 1857, M. A. 1867 ; won theological prize essay, 
1858 ; was ordained deacon 1858, priest 1859 ; 
between 1859 and 1866 was professor of classics 
in Trinity College, Toronto, Can. ; rector of the 
High School, Quebec ; fellow of McGill Univer- 
sity, Montreal; became vice-principal of St. Mary 
Hall, Oxford, Eng., 1867; in addition, since 1883 
has been rector of Purleigh, and since 1884 sec- 
retary to the boards of faculties, and reader in 
ecclesiastical history, Oxford. He was master of 
the schools, 1868, 1869, 1873, 1877 ; Bampton lec- 
turer, 1880 ; Grinfield lecturer in the Septuagint, 
1882-84. He is the author of The Student's Hand- 
book to the University and Colleges of Oxford, Lon- 
don, 1873, 7th ed. 1883 ; The Organization of the 
Early Christian Church (Bampton Lectures), 1881, 
2d ed. 1882 (German trans., Die Gesellschaftsver- 
fassung der christlichen Kirchen im Alter thum, Vom 
Verfasser autoris. Uebersetzg. d. 2. durchgesch. Aufi. 
besorgt u. m. Excursen versehen von D. Adf Har- 
nack, Giessen, 1883) ; Diversity in Unity, the Law 
of Spiritual Life (sermon), 1881 ; Progress in 
Theology (address to the Edinburgh University 
Theological Society on Friday, Nov. 14, 1884), 
Edinburgh, 1885. * 

HAUCK, Albert, D.D., Lutheran; b. at Was- 
sertriidingen, Dec. 9, 1845; studied at Erlangen 
and Berlin; became pastor in Frankenheim, 1875; 
professor extraordinary of theology at Erlangen, 
1878 ; ordinary professor, 1882. He has been 
since 1880 editor of the new edition of Herzog's 
Real-Encyklopddie, which was begun by Professors 
Herzog and Plitt, 1877. Professor Plitt died in 
1880, and Professor Hauck succeeded him as joint 
editor. Professor Herzog died in 1882, and Pro- 
fessor Hauck has since carried on the work alone. 
He is the author of Tertullians Leben und Schriften, 
Erlangen, 1877 ; Die Bischofswahlen unter den Me- 
rovingern, 1883 (pp. 53). 

HAUPT, Erich, D.D. (lion., Greifswald, 1878). 
German Protestant ; b. at Stralsund, July 8, 1841 ; 
studied at Berlin, 1858-61 ; became gymnasial 
teacher at Colberg 1864, and at Treptow 1866; 
ordinary professor of theology at Kiel 1878, and 
at Greifswald 1883. He is a Consistorialrath. He 
is the author of Der erste Brief des Johannes, Col- 
berg, 1869 ; Die alttestamentlichen Citate in den vier 
Evangelien, 1S71 ; Johannes der Taufer, GUtersloh, 
1874 ; Der Sonntag und die Bibel, Hamburg, 1877 ; 
Die Kirche und die theologische Lehrfreiheit, Kiel, 
1881 ; Pilgerschaft und Vaterhaus, Sechs Predigten, 
1881. 

HAUPT, Herman, Ph.D. (Wiirzburg, 1875); 
b. in Markt-Bibart, Bavaria, June 29, 1854; 
studied philology and history at Wiirzburg, 1871- 
75; became gymnasial teacher in Wiirzburg, 
1874; librarian of the university there, 1876; 
Vorstund (director) of the university library at 
Giessen, 1885. He is a correspondent of the 
Revue historique, and a contributor to the Theo- 



HAUREAU. 



95 



HEARD. 



logische Literaturzeitung. He is the author of Die 
religiosen Seklen in Franhen vor der Reformation, 
Wiirzburg, 1882 ; Die deutsche Bibeliibersetzung der 
mittelalterliclien Waldenser in dem Codex Teplensis 
und den ersten gedrucklen deutschen Bibeln nach- 
gewiesen, 1885 ; Zur Geschichte des Joacldmismus, 
Gotha, 1885; Beilrdge zur Geschichte des Begharden- 
thums und der Sekte vom freien Geiste, 1885 (both 
separately printed from the Zeitschrift filr Kirchen- 
geschichte, Band vii.); Der waldenische Ursprung der 
Codex Teplensis und der vorlutherischen deutschen 
Bibeldrucke gegen die Angriffe des Dr. Franz Jostes 
vertheidigt, Wiirzburg, 1S86 ; and of various arti- 
cles in the Zeitschrift f'dr Kirchengeschichte, Bd. 
v.-vii. He has in preparation a collection of 
printed and unprinted sources of the history of 
the Waldenses in Germany. 

HAUREAU, Jean Barthelemy, Roman Cath- 
olic ; b. in Paris, Nov. 9, 1812 ; was first a jour- 
nalist, sat in the constitutional assembly of 1848 ; 
was keeper of the MSS. in the National Library, 
but resigned when the Empire was re-established; 
became librarian for the lawyers' corporation of 
Paris. He is a member of the Academy of In- 
scriptions and Belles-lettres, and has published 
many learned works, among which may be men- 
tioned the 14th, 15th, and 16th vols, of Gallia 
Christiana ; Histoire de la philosophic scolastique, 
Paris, 1850, 2 vols., 2d ed. 1881; Hugo de S. 
Victor, 1850", Bernard De'iicieux et V Inquisition 
Albic/eois, 1877. * 

HAUSRATH, Adolph, Lie. Theol. (Heidelberg, 
1861), D.D. (hon., Vienna, 1871), Reformed; b. at 
Carlsruhe, Jan. 13, 1837 ; studied at Jena, Got- 
tingen, Berlin, and Heidelberg; was privat-docent 
at Heidelberg in 1861; "assessor" of the upper 
consistory at Carlsruhe in 1864; returned to 
Heidelberg as professor extraordinary in 1867, 
and became ordinary professor in 1872. He be- 
longs to the Tubingen school, and is the author 
of Der Apostel Paulus, Heidelberg, 1865, 2d ed. 
1872; Neutestamenlliche Zeitqeschichte, 1868-73, 4 
parts, 2d ed. 1873-77, 3d ed. 1st part, Die Zeit 
Jesu, 1879; Religiose Reden und Betrachtungen, 
Leipzig, 1873, 2d ed. 1882 ; David Friedrich Strauss 
und die Theologie seiner Zeit, Munich, 1876-78, 
2 vols. ; Kleine Schriften religionsgeschichtlichen 
Inhalts, Leipzig, 1883. Under the pseudonyme 
" George Taylor " he has written several historical 
romances: Antinous (from the time of the Roman 
emperors), Leipzig, 1880, 5th ed. 1884; Khjtia 
(from the 16th century), 1883, 5th ed. 1884 ; Jelta 
(from the time of the great immigrations), 1884, 
3d ed. same year. 

HAWEIS, Hugh Reginald, Church of England; 
b. at Egham, Surrey, April 3, 1838 ; educated at 
Trinity College, Cambridge; graduated B.A. 
1859, M.A. 1864; was curate of St. Peter's, 
Bethnal Green, 1860-63 ; of St. James the Less, 
Westminster, 1863-66 ; and since 1866 has been 
incumbent of St. James, Marylebone, — all Lon- 
don. He is an ardent friend of the humbler 
classes ; and for their benefit he organized the 
penny readings, and holds Sunday-evening ser- 
vices in which by means of orchestral music, 
oratorios, pictures of sacred scenes, he seeks to 
impress religious truth. He is a voluminous 
writer, and has published in book form Music and 
Morals, London, 1871, 14th ed. 1886; Thoughts 
for the Times, London, 1872, 14th ed. 1886 ; Pet 



(a child's book), 1873; Unsectarian Family Prayers, 
1874, 4th ed. 1886 ; Speech in Season, 1874, 6th 
ed. 1886 ; Ashes to Ashes (an argument for crema- 
tion), 1874; New Pet, 1875; Current Coin, 1876, 
4th ed. 1881 ; Arrows in the Air, 1878, 4th ed. 
1881 ; Shakspeare and the Stage, 1878 ; American 
Humourists, 1882 ; Poets in the Pulpit, 1883 ; Key 
of Doctrine and Practice, 1884, 15th thousand same 
year; My Musical Life, 1884; Winged Words; or, 
Truths re-told, 1885. 

HAY, Charles Augustus, D.D. (Pennsylvania 
College, Gettysburg, Penn., 1859), Lutheran (Gen- 
eral Synod); b. at York, Penn., Feb. 11, 1821; 
graduated at Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, 
Penn., and studied in Germany at Berlin and 
Halle. After a nine-months' pastorate at Mid- 
dletown, Md., he became in 1845 professor of 
Hebrew, German, and New-Testament exegesis, 
in the Gettysburg Theological Seminary, and 
served until 1848, and again from 1865 to the 
present time. From 1848 to 1849 he was pastor 
at Hanover, Penn. ; and from 1850 to 1865, at 
Harrisbnrg. He is the author of Life of Captain 
Sees, llarrisburg, 1867 ; and, with Prof. Dr. H. 
E. Jacobs, translated Schmid's Doctrinal Theology 
of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, Philadelphia, 
1875. 

HAYES, Benjamin Francis, D.D. (Hillsdale 
College, Hillsdale, Mich., 1871), Free Baptist; 
b. at New Gloucester, Me., March 28, 1830; 
graduated at Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., 
1855, and from the Freewill Baptist Theological 
Seminary, New Hampton, N.H. (now at Lewiston, 
Me.), 1858; was teacher of sciences and German 
in New Hampton Literary Institution, 1855-59; 
pastor of Free Baptist Church at Olneyville., R.I., 
1859-63 ; principal of Lapham Institute, North 
Scituate, R I., 1863-65; since 1865 has been pro- 
fessor in Bates College, Lewiston, Me. (professor 
of modern languages, 1865-69; of intellectual 
and moral philosophy since 1869) ; and since 
1873 professor of exegetical theology in the Free 
Baptist Theological Seminary at Lewiston, Me. 
He studied at Halle, Germany, with Ulrici, 1873- 
74. He has published since 1860 various articles 
in the Freewill Baptist Quarterly, Centennial Rec- 
ord, etc., Dover, N.H. ; also Questions and Notes, 
with an Analysis of Butler's Analogy, Lewiston, Me. 

HAYGOOD, Atticus Greene, D.D. (Emory Col- 
lege, Oxford, Ga., 1870), LL.D. (South- Western 
University, Georgetown, Tex., 1884), Methodist 
(Southern Church); b. at Watkinsville, Ga.,Nov. 
19, 1839; graduated at Emory College, Oxford, 
Ga., 1859 ; entered the ministry, was Sunday- 
school secretary M. E. Church South, 1870-75; 
president of Emory College, 1876-84; agent of 
the "John F. Slater Fund" since 1885. He de- 
clined election as bishop in 1882; was member of 
General Conference in 1870, 1874, 1878, and 1882. 
He is the author of Our Children, New York, 
1876 ; Our Brother in Black, 1881 ; Sermons and 
Speeches, Nashville, Tenn., 1883. 

HEARD, John Bickford, Church of England; 
b. in Dublin, Ireland, Oct. 26, 1828 ; entered Caius 
College, Cambridge, obtained a scholarship, wrote 
the Hulsean theological prize essay, took the 
Whewell prize in moral philosophy, and graduat- 
ed B.A. (first class in moral science tripos) 1853, 
M.A. 1862. He was ordained deacon and priest, 
1852 ; vicar of Bilton, Harrogate, 1864-68; editor 



HBCK.ER. 



96 



HEMAN. 



Religious Tract Society, 1866-73 ; curate of St. 
Andrew's, Westminster, London, 1878-80; and 
since 1880 has been vicar of St. John's, Caterham, 
Surrey. His standpoint is that of Tholuck and 
the German " Vermittelung " school. He holds 
firmly the historical faith as summed up in the 
Apostles' Creed, but classes inspiration, as he does 
that of church authority, among the inquirenda 
rather than credenda. His principal aim as a 
writer has been to trace the lines of a Christian 
psychology which should form a support and not 
a conflict with theology as at present. The reign- 
ing Cartesianism of body and soul seems to him 
to be a defective draught of human nature; and 
the error being a root one has affected the whole 
of theology, at least of the Western Church and 
since Augustine. To this extent he describes 
himself as anti-Augustinus, not as opposing Au- 
gustine's doctrines of grace, but as showing that 
Paulinism is a much deeper, truer, and broader 
draught of the purposes of God than the theology 
of the fifth century. He is the author of The 
Pastor and Parish (a £100 prize essay on pastoral 
theology), London, 1865 ; The Tripartite Nature 
of Man, Edinburgh, 1870, 5th ed. 1883 ; Old and 
New Theology: a Constructive Critique, 1885. 

HECKER, Isaac Thomas, Roman Catholic; b. 
in New-York City, Dec. 18, 1819 ; brought up a 
Protestant; in 1843 joined the community at 
Brook Farm, West Roxbury, Mass., and some 
months later that at Fruitlands, Worcester County, 
Mass. For a time he lived with Thoreau in his 
hermitage. In 1845, on returning to New York, 
he became a Roman Catholic, and entered the 
Society of the Redemptorist Fathers in 1847, hav- 
ing passed a novitiate of two years at St. Trond, 
Belgium. Until 1851 he did mission work in 
England. He returned to America in 1851, and 
continued his labors there. In 1857 he was at 
Rome released from his Redemptorist vows, and 
allowed to organize a new society, " The Congre- 
gation of St. Paul the Apostle," of which he has 
ever been the chief. The Paulist Fathers, as they 
are called, are almost entirely Americans and con- 
verts from Protestantism, and have proved them- 
selves most efficient. Since 1865 they have carried 
on The Catholic World, a monthly of ability and 
honesty. Father Hecker attended the Vatican 
Council as procurator of Bishop Rosencrans, 
Columbus, O. He is the author of Questions 
of the Soul, 1855; Aspirations of Nature, 1857; 
Catholicity in (he United States, 1879 ; Catholics 
and Protestants agreeing on the School Question, 
1881 (the last two are pamphlets). * 

HEDGE, Frederic Henry, D,D. (Harvard Col- 
lege, Cambridge, Mass., 1852), Unitarian ; b. at 
Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 12, 1805; graduated at 
Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., 1825, and 
at its divinity school, 1828; became pastor at 
West Cambridge (now Arlington), 1829 ; at Ban- 
gor, Me., 1835; at Providence, R.I., 1850; and 
at Brookline, Mass., 1856 ; retired, 1872. He was 
teacher of ecclesiastical history (1857-77), and 
professor of German (1872-81), in Harvard Uni- 
versity. "As a preacher he is connected with the 
Unitarian communion into which he was born, 
attached to it rather by the absence in that body 
of any compulsory creed, than by sympathy with 
its distinctive doctrine. His view of Christ is 
essentially that of the two natures, as defined by 



the Council of Chalcedon (A.D. 451)." He was 
for some years president of the American Unita- 
rian Association. He is the author of Prose 
Writers of Germany, Philadelphia, 1848, 3d ed. 
1871 ; Christian Liturgy for the Use of the Church, 
Boston, 1S53 ; Reason in Religion, 1865, 2d ed. 
1875 (repub., London) ; The Primeval World of He- 
brew Tradition, 1870; The Ways of the Spirit, and 
other Essays, 1877 ; Atheism in Philosophy, and other 
Essays, 1884; Hours with German Classics, 1886. 

HEFELE, Right Rev. Carl Joseph von, Ph.D. 
(hon., Bonn, 1868), D.D. (Tubingen, 1838), Roman- 
Catholic bishop; b. at Unterkochen, Wiirtem- 
berg, March 16, 1809 ; studied philosophy and 
theology at Tubingen from 1827 to 1832, and 
then for a year in theological seminary at Rot- 
tenburg; was ordained a priest, Aug. 14, 1833; 
was repetent at Tubingen in 1834 ; taught in the 
Rottweil gymnasium in 1835 ; in 1836 became 
tutor for Mohler, at Tubingen ; there in 1837 pro- 
fessor extraordinary, and in 1840 professor ordi- 
nary, of church history and patrology, in the Ro- 
man-Catholic faculty. He was ennobled in 1853 ; 
was a member of the Wiirtemberg House of 
Representatives from 1842-45 ; in 1868 and 1869 
was one of the council to prepare for the Vatican 
Council, which he attended, and in which he op- 
posed the infallibility dogma. On Dec. 29, 1869, 
he was at Rottenburg enthroned bishop of Rotten- 
burg; and on April 21, 1871, he promulgated the 
new dogma in his diocese, and in 1872 publicly 
announced his acceptance of it. He is the author 
of Geschichte der Einfuhrung des Christenthums im 
siidwestlichen Deutschland, besonders in Wurttem- 
berg, Tubingen, 1837 ; Patrum Aposlolicorum Opera, 
1839, 4th ed. 1855; Das Sendschreiben des Aposlels 
Barnabas, 1840; Der Cardinal Ximenes und die 
kirchlichen Zusldnde Spaniens am Ende des 15. w. 
Anfang des 16. Jahrh., 1844, 2d ed. 1851 ; &. Bona- 
venturos breviloquium et itinerarium mentis ad Deum, 
1845, 3d ed. 1861 ; Chrysostomus-Postille, 1845, 3d 
ed. 1857 ; Beitrdge zur Kirchengeschichte, Archdo- 
logie und Liturgik, 1864-65, 2 vols. ; Causa Honorii 
papa, Naples, 1870 (German trans, by Rump, Die 
Honorius-frage, Minister, 1870 (pp. 28) ; Honorius 
und das sechste allgemeine Concil (also from the 
Latin), Tubingen, 1870. But his great work, and 
one of the greatest books in modern times, is his 
Conciliengeschichte (from the first council to that 
of Ferrara Florence ; the work is to be continued 
by other hands), Freiburg, 1855-74, 7 vols., 2d 
ed. 1873 sqq., vol. 5, 1886 (Eng. trans., History 
of the Councils of the Church, Edinburgh, 1871, 
sqq.; vol.3 [To 451], 1882. 

HEINRICI, Karl Friedrich Georg, Ph.D. (Halle, 
1866), Lie. Theol. (Berlin, 1868), D.D. (Marburg, 
1875), Protestant; b. at Karkeln, East Prussia, 
March 14, 1844 ; studied at Halle and Berlin ; 
became inspector of the Domkandidatenstift at 
Berlin, 1870 ; privat-docent in the university, 1871 ; 
professor extraordinary at Marburg, 1873; ordi- 
nary professor of New-Testament exegesis, 1874. 
In 1881 he became a member of the royal con- 
sistory at Cassel. He is the author of Die Valen- 
tinianische Gnosis und die Heiliqe Schrift, Berlin, 
1871 ; Erklarung der Korintherbriefe, 1880-86, 2 
vols. ; edited the 6th ed. of Meyer's Commentar 
zu d. Korintherbriefen, Gottingen, 1881-83, 2 vols. 

HEMAN, Carl Friedrich, Ph.D. (Tubingen, 1870), 
Lie. Theol. (Basel, 1883), Swiss Protestant theo- 



HEMPHILL. 



97 



HERSHON. 



logian ; b. at Grunstadt, Rheinpfalz, Aug. 30, 
1839; studied at Basel, Erlangen, and Tubingen ; 
became pastor in the Rheinpfalz, 1872 ; agent of 
the Verein der Freunde Israels at Basel, 1874, and 
privat-docent in the university. His theological 
standpoint is positiv offenbarungsglaubig. He is 
the author of Ed. von Hartmann's Religion der 
Zukunft in Hirer Selbstzersetzung nachgewiesen, 
Leipzig, 1875 ; Die Erscheinung der Dinge in der 
Wahrnehmung, 1881 ; Die religiose Weltstellung des 
jildischen Volkes, 1882 (these two were translated 
into Norwegian and Swedish, 1882); Die wissen- 
schaftlichen Versuche neuer Religionsbildungen, Basel, 
1884 ; Der Ursprung der Religion, 1886. 

HEMPHILL, Charles Robert, Presbyterian, 
Southern Church ; b. at Chester Court House, 
S.C., April 18, 1852 ; was educated at the Uni- 
versity of South Carolina (1868), and at the Uni- 
versity of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. (1869-70); 
graduated at Columbia (S.C.) Theological Semi- 
nary, 1874; tutor in Hebrew there, 1874-78; fellow 
in Greek, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 
Md., 1878; professor of ancient languages, South- 
western Presbyterian University, Clarksville, 
Tenn., 1879-81 ; since 1881, has been professor 
of biblical literature in the Columbia (S.C.) The- 
ological Seminary. * 

HENDRIX, Eugene Russell, D.D. (Emory Col- 
lege, Oxford, Ga., 1878), Methodist-Episcopal 
Church South; b. at Fayette, Mo., May 17, 
1847 ; graduated at Wesleyan University, Middle- 
town, Conn., 1867, and at Union Theological 
Seminary (Presbyterian), New- York City, 1869 ; 
was Methodist (Southern Church) stated supply 
at Leavenworth, Kan., 1869-70 ; pastor at Macon, 
Mo., 1870-72; St. Joseph, 1872-76; Glasgow, 1877; 
became president of Central College, Fayette, 
Mo. ,1878; bishop, 1886. In 1876-77 he made a 
missionary tour of the world, with Bishop Marvin 
of St. Louis. In 1885 he declined the vice-chan- 
cellorship of Vanderbilt University, and also the 
presidency of the University of Missouri. He is 
the author of Around the World, Nashville, Tenn., 
1878, 5th ed. 1882. 

HENSON, Poindexter Smith, D.D. (Lewisburg 
University, Lewisburg, Penn , 1867), Baptist ; b. 
in Fluvanna County, Va., Dec. 7, 1831 ; graduated 
at Richmond (Va.) College, 1849, and the Uni- 
versity of Virginia, at Charlottesville, 1851 ; be- 
came principal of the Milton (N.C.) Classical 
Institute, 1851 ; professor of natural science in 
the Chowan Female College, Murfreesborough, 
N.C, 1853; pastor of Fluvanna Baptist Church, 
Va., 1855; Broad-street Church, Philadelphia, 
1860; Memorial Church, Philadelphia, 1867 (which 
he organized) ; First Church, Chicago, 1882. 
Since 1870 he has been editor of The Baptist 
Teacher (American Baptist Publication Society, 
Philadelphia), and published numerous articles, 
occasional sermons, etc. 

HERGENROETHER, His Eminence Joseph, 
Cardinal, D.D. (Munich, 1850), Roman Catholic; 
b. at Wiirzburg, Bavaria, Sept. 15, 1824 ; studied 
at Wiirzburg and in Rome, there ordained priest 
in 1848; became, in the University, of Munich, 
successively privat-docent (1851), professor extraor- 
dinary (1852), and ordinary professor of ecclesi- 
astical law and history (1855). In 1868-69 he was 
one of the committee to prepare for the Vatican 
Council. He has been a consistent defender of 



the infallibility dogma. Pius IX. made him one 
of his domestic prelates; and Leo XIII., on May 
12, 1879, a cardinal deacon, with the title of S. 
Nicola in Carcere, and residence in Rome, where 
he is prefect of the apostolic archives. His publi- 
cations are numerous : of especial interest are, Der 
Kirchenstaat seit der franzosischen Revolution, Frei- 
burg-im-Br., 1860; Photius, Patriarch von Constan- 
tinople, Regensburg, 1867-69, 3 vols, (this is one 
of the great monographs of modern times ; in vol. 
3 is Monumenla Grwca ad Photium ejusque historiam 
spectantia, also separately issued, 1869); Anti-janus, 
Freiburg-im-Br., 1870 (English trans., Dublin, 
1870, a reply to Dbllinger's Janus) ; Katholische 
Kirche wid christlicher Staat in Hirer geschichtlichen 
Entivicklung und in Beziehung auf die Fragen der 
Gegenwart, 1872, abridged ed. 1873 (English trans., 
Catholic Church and Christian Stale, London, 1876, 
2 vols.); Literaturbelege und Nachtrage dazu, 1876; 
Piemonts Unterhandlungen mit dem heiligen Sluhl 
im 18. Jahrh., AVurzburg, 1876; Handbuch der 
allqemeinen Kirchenqescliichte, Freiburg-im-Br., 
1876-80, 3 vols., 3d ed. 1884-85 ; Cardinal Maury, 
Wiirzburg, 1878. * 

HERINC, Hermann, D.D., German Protestant 
theologian ; b. at Dallmin in the Westpriegnitz, 
Feb. 26, 1838; studied at Halle, 1858-61 ; became 
diakonus at Weissensee, 1863 ; archi-diakonus at 
Weissenfels-a.-d.-S., 1869; chief pastor at Liitzen, 
1874; superintendent of the diocese of Liitzen, 
1875 ; ordinary professor of practical theology at 
Halle, 1878. He is the author of Die Mystik 
Luthers im Zusammenhange seiner Theologie und 
in ihrem Verhdltniss zur dlteren Mystik, Leipzig, 
1879. 

HERMINYARD, Aime Louis, Reformed; b. at 
Vevey, Switzerland, Nov. 7, 1817 ; studied at Lau- 
sanne; for many years was a teacher in Russia, 
France, and Germany, but latterly has lived at 
Lausanne. After thirty years' labor, he began 
the publication, with full annotations, of the 
correspondence of the French Reformers, in a 
series of volumes of unique and priceless value, 
for which he has the profoundest gratitude of all 
students of the period : Correspondance des re'for- 
mateurs dans les pays de langue francaise, Geneva, 
1866 sqq. (vol. 6, 1883). 

HERRMANN, Johann Ceorg Wilhelm, Lie. 
Theol. (Halle, 1874), Ph.D., D.D. (both Marburg, 
1880), German Protestant ; b. at Melkow, Magde- 
burg, Dec. 6, 1846 ; studied at Halle, 1866-70 ; be- 
came privat-docent there, 1874 ; ordinary professor 
of theology at Marburg, 1879. He is the author of 
Die Metaphysik in der Theologie, Halle, 1774 ; Die 
Religion im Verhdltniss zum Welterkennen und zur 
Sitllichkeit, 1879 ; Die Bedeutung der Inspirations- 
lehre fiir die evangelische Kirche, 1882; Warum be- 
darf unser Glaube geschichtlicher Thatsachen? 1884. 

HERSHON, Paul Isaac, Nonconformist; b. 
of Jewish parents, at Buczacz (pronounced boo- 
church), Galicia, Austrian Poland, in May (8th 
day of the Jewish month Iyyar), 1818; studied 
at the then Hebrew College in Jerusalem, under 
the auspices of the " London Society for promot- 
ing Christianity amongst the Jews," 1842-46 ; 
was superintendent of the society's house of in- 
dustry in that city, 1847 ; resigned, was reinstated 
1848 after visit to England, retained position till 
1855, resigned again ; became the society's mis- 
sionary to the Jews at Manchester, Eng. ; was 



HERVEY. 



98 



HETTINGER. 



superintendent of the Palestine model farm at 
Jaffa, started by a committee of Hebrew Chris- 
tians ; resigned through ill health, and returned 
to England, 1859. He has published Extracts 
from the Talmud, Being Specimens of Wit, Wisdom, 
Learning, etc., of the Wise and Learned Rabbis, 
London, 1860; Pentateuch according to the Talmud, 
Genesis, 1874 (Hebrew ; in English, 1883) ; an im- 
proved edition of the New Testament, in Judseo- 
Polish, published by the British and Foreign 
Bible Society, 1874; A Talmudic Miscellany, 1880; 
Treasures of the Talmud, 1882 ; A Rabbinical Com- 
mentary on Genesis, 1885 ; and has in manuscript 
Exodus according to the Talmud ; Key to the Baby- 
lonian Talmud (references to 1,400 classified sub- 
jects); Modern Orthodox Judaism, and what it teaches 
about God, Man, and the World to come, etc. 

HERVEY, Right Rev. Lord Arthur Charles, 
D.D. (Cambridge, 1869), lord bishop of Bath and 
Wells, Church of England ; b. in London, Aug. 
20, 1808; entered Trinity College, Cambridge; 
graduated M.A. (first-class classical tripos), 1830; 
ordained deacon and priest, 1832. He is the son 
of the first Marquis of Bristol, and after a short 
service as curate was appointed by his father 
rector of Ick worth in 1832, to which Horringer, 
the adjacent living (both in Suffolk), was united 
in 1853 ; and the united living was held by him 
until 1869. In 1862 he was promoted to the arch- 
deaconry of Sudbury, and in 1869 was conse- 
crated bishop of Bath and Wells. He is visitor 
of Wadham College, Oxford. He was a member 
of the Old-Testament Revision Company. lie 
contributed to Smith's Dictionary of the Bible, to 
The Bible (Speaker's) Commentary {Ruth and Sam- 
uel), to The Pulpit Commentary (Judges, Ruth, and 
Acts), and The Brief Commentary of the S. P. C. K. ; 
and has also published various single sermons 
and charges, and three volumes of collected dis- 
courses, — Parochial Sermons, London, 1850, 2 
vols. ; The Inspiration of Holy Scripture (four 
Cambridge University sermons), 1855. His most 
important publication is The Genealogies of out- 
Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, as contained in the 
Gospels of Matthew and Luke, reconciled with each 
oilier, and ivith the Genealogy of the House of David, 
from Adam to the Close of the Canon of the Old 
Testament, and shown to be in harmony with the 
True Chronology of the Times, 1853. 

HERZOG, Right Rev. Eduard, D.D. (hon., Bern, 
1876), Christian Catholic (Old Catholic) ; b. at 
Schongau, Canton Luzern, Switzerland, Aug. 1, 
1841 ; studied theology at Tubingen, Freiburg, 
and Bonn, 1865-68; became teacher of religion 
in the teachers' institute of the Canton Luzern, 
and of exegesis in the theological (Roman-Catho- 
lic) seminary at Luzern, 1868; Old-Catholic pas- 
tor at Crefeld, Prussia, 1872; at Olten, 1873; 
Bern, 1876-84; chosen bishop of the Christian 
Catholic Church of Switzerland, June 7, 1876 ; 
consecrated, Sept. 18, 1876. Since 1874 he has 
been professor of theology at Bern, and was rector 
of the university 1884-85. He has written Ueber 
die Abfassunqszeit der Pastoralbriefe, Luzern, 1870; 
Christ-kath. Gebetbuch, Bern, 1879, 2d ed. 1884; 
Gemeinschaft ink der Anglo- Americ. Kirche, 1881; 
Religionsfreiheit in der helvet. Republik, 1884; about 
twenty episcopal charges, relative to excommuni- 
cation, confession, the three Peter-passages, etc., 
essays and sermons. He edited the Katholische 



Slimme, Luzern, 1870-71 (a weekly newspaper 
against papal infallibility) ; Katholische Blatter, 
Olten, 1873-76 (weekly, Old Catholic) ; is joint 
editor of Katholik, Bern, 1878, sqq. (weekly, organ 
of the Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland). 

HESSEY, Ven. James Augustus, D.C.L. (Ox- 
ford, Eng., 1846), D.D. (University of the South, 
Sewanee, Tenn., U.S.A., 1884), Church of Eng- 
land; b. in London, July 17, 1814 ; became proba- 
tionary fellow of St. John's College, Oxford, 1832, 
fellow 1835; graduated B.A. (first-class classics) 
1836, M.A. 1840, B.D. 1845, B.C.L. 1846; or- 
dained deacon 1837, priest 1838; was vicar of 
Helidon, 1839, resigned; college logic lecturer, 
1839-42 ; examiner for the Hertford Latin scholar- 
ship at Oxford, 1842-43; public examiner in the 
university, 1842-44; head master of Merchant 
Taylors' School, London, 1845-70; select preacher 
in the University of Oxford, 1849 ; preacher of 
Gray's Inn, London, 1850-79 ; Bampton lecturer, 
Oxford, 1860 ; prebendary of St. Paul's, London, 
1860-75; Grinfield lecturer in the Septuagint in 
the University of Oxford, 1865-69 ; examining 
chaplain of the bishop of London since 1870; 
Boyle lecturer, 1871-73 ; classical examiner, Indian 
Civil Service, 1872-74; governor of Repton School, 
1874; of Aldenham School, 1875; of St. Paul's 
School, 1876 ; of Highgate School, 1876 ; became 
archdeacon of Middlesex, 1875 ; was select preach- 
er in the University of Cambridge, 1878-79. He 
is an active member of the great Church socie- 
ties ; one of the three permanent chairmen of the 
general meetings of the Society for Promoting 
Christian Knowledge; chief mover in the estab- 
lishment of the diocesan conference for London, 
1883 ; chairman of committees of the Lower House 
of Convocation of Canterbury, on duties of arch- 
deacons and on resolutions of diocesan confer- 
ences ; particularly active in the " Marriage Law 
Defence Union " (i.e., against legalizing marriage 
with a deceased wife's sister). He is a moderate 
High Ch urchman, withgreatsympathy with all that 
is earnest and true in every school of the Church of 
England. He is the author of Schemata rhetorica, 
or Tables Illustrative of the Enthymeme of Aristotle, 
Oxford, 1845; Sermons, London, 1859 and 1873; 
Sunday (Bampton Lectures), 1860, 4th ed. 1880 ; 
Biographies of the Kings of Judah, 1864 ; Moral 
Difficulties connected with the Bible (Boyle Lectures), 
1871; Imprecatory Psalms (do., 2d series), 1872; 
The Recent Controversies about Prayer (do., 3d 
series), 1873; various sermons on public occa- 
sions, articles in Smith's Dictionary of the Bible, 
charges as archdeacon ; reports, etc. ; pamphlets, 
Clergyman's Letter to a Friend (against marriage 
with deceased wife's sister), 1849, revised ed. 1883; 
and Six Grand Reasons for not allowing Marriage 
with a Deceased Wife's Sister, 1883. 

HETTINGER, Franz, D.D. (Collegium Germa- 
nicum, Rome, Italy, 1845), Ph.D. (hon., Wiirz- 
burg, Germany, 1859), Roman Catholic; b. at 
Aschaffenburg, Germany, Jan. 13, 1819 ; studied 
at Wiirzburg, then in the Collegium Germanicum 
at Rome, Italy ; became priest there, 1843 ; chap- 
lain at Alzenau, Lower Franconia, 1845 ; assistent 
in the clerical seminary at Wiirzburg, 1847, sub- 
regens 1852 ; professor extraordinary of theologi- 
cal encyclopaedia and patrology in the University 
of Wiirzburg, 1856 ; ordinary professor of the 
same, 1857 ; ordinary professor of apologetics and 



HEURTLEY. 



99 



HILL. 



homiletics, 1867; in 1S62 and 1867, rector of the 
University of Wiirzburg ; in 1865 he was made 
honorary member of the Vienna theological facul- 
ty; in 1868, summoned to Rome to assist in pre- 
paring for the Vatican Council ; in 1879, papal 
domestic prelate. He is the author of Das 
Priesterihum der kalholischen Kirche, Regensburg, 
1851 ; Die kircld. unci socialen Zustdnde von Paris, 
Mainz, 1852 ; Die Idee der geistlichen Uebungen, 
Regensburg, 1853 ; Herr, den du liebst der ist krank 
Wiirzburg, 1854, 3d ed. 1878 ; Die Liturgie der 
Kirche und der latein. Sprache, 1856; Das Recht 
und die Freiheit der Kirche, 1860 ; Der Organismus 
der Universitatswissenschaften und die Stellung der 
Theologie in demselben, 1862; Apologie des Chris- 
tenlhums, Freiburg-im-Br., 1862-67, 2 vols., 6th 
ed. 1885 ; Die Kunst im Christenihum, Wiirzburg, 
1867 ; Die kirchl. Vollgewalt des apostol. Stuhles, 
Freiburg-im-Br., 1873, 5th ed. 1879; D. F. Strauss, 
1875; Lehrbuch der Fundamenlal-theologie oderApo- 
logetik, 1879, 2 vols. ; Die Theologie der gottlichen 
Komodie d. Dante Alighieri in ihren(Jrundziigen,K'6ln, 
1879 ; Die gottl. Komodie d. Dante nach ihrem wesentl. 
Inhalt u. Character, Freib.-im-Br., 1880; Die"Kri- 
sis des Christenthums," Protestantismus u. katholische 
Kirche, 1881 ; Aus Well u. Kirche, 1885, 2 vols. 

HEURTLEY, Charles Abel, D.D. (Oxford, 1853), 
Church of England; b. in England, about the 
year 1806; was scholar, and later fellow (1832- 
41), of Corpus Christi College, Oxford; gradu- 
ated B.A. (first-class in mathematics), 1827; 
Ellerton theological prizeman, 1828; M.A. 1831, 
B.D. 1838 ; was ordained deacon 1831, priest 
1832 ; was curate of Wardington and Claydon, 
Oxford, 1S31-40 ; rector of Fenny Compton, War- 
wickshire, 1840-72. In 1834. 1838, and 1851 he 
was select preacher to the university; in 1845 
the Bampton lecturer ; from 1848 to 1853 honor- 
ary canon of Worcester Cathedral. In 1853 he 
became Margaret professor of divinity, and canon 
of Christ Church, Oxford. From 1864 to 1872 
he was a member of the hebdomadal council of 
the university. His publications include numer- 
ous sermons (single and collected), pamphlets, 
and essays ; his Bampton lectures on Justification, 
1845 ; Harmonia symbolica, Oxford, 1858; Essay on 
Miracles, 1862 ; The Doctrine of the Eucharist, 1867 ; 
Inquiry into the Scriptural Warrant for addressing 
Prayer to Christ, 1867 ; The Doctrine of the Church 
of England touching the Reed Objective Presence, 
1867 ; De fide et symbolo : documenta SS. Patrum 
tractalus, 1869, 3d ed. 1884; The Athanasian Creed : 
Reasons for rejecting Mr. Fjbulkes' Theory of its 
Age and Author, 1872. 

HEWIT, Augustine Francis, Roman Catholic; 
b. at Fairfield, Conn., Nov. 27, 1820; graduated 
at Amherst College, Amherst, Mass., 1839 ; was 
ordained in the Roman-Catholic Church, March 
25, 1847 ; vice-principal of Cathedral Collegiate 
Institute, Charleston, S. C, 1847-49 ; missionary 
(i.e., engaged in preaching missions at large in 
parochial churches), 1851-65 ; since 1865 has been 
professor in the Paulist Seminary, New- York City. 
He is the author of Memoir of Rev. Francis A. 
Baker, New York, 1865 ; Problems of the Age. With 
Studies in St. Augustine, and on Kindred Topics, 
1868; Light on Darkness, a Treatise on the Obscure 
Night of the Soul, 1871 ; The King's Highway, or 
the Catholic Church the Way of Salvation as revealed 
in the Holy Scriptures, 1874, 2d ed. 1879. 



HICKOCK, Laurens Perseus, D.D. (Hamilton 
College, Clinton, N.Y., 1843), LL.D. (Amherst 
College, Amherst, Mass., 1866), Presbyterian; b. 
at Bethel, Conn., Dec. 29, 1798 ; graduated from 
Union College, Schenectady, N.Y., 1820 ; and after 
studying theology under Rev. William Andrews 
and Bennet Tyler, D.D., from 1821 to 1823, was 
pastor (Congregational) at Kent, Conn., 1824-29, 
and at Litchfield, 1829-36. From 1836 to 1844 
he was professor of theology in Western Reserve 
College, Ohio ; until 1852 in Auburn (Presbyte- 
rian) Theological Seminary, N.Y. ; until 1866 was 
professor of mental and moral science, and vice- 
president, of Union College; until 1868 president. 
He then resigned, and has since lived in liter- 
ary retirement at Amherst, Mass. He is the author 
of Rational Psychology, New York, 1849 ; A System 
of Moral Science, 1853, revised ed. 1880 ; Empirical 
Psychology, 1854, revised ed. 1882 ; Rational Cos- 
mology, 1858 ; Creator and Creation, 1872 ; Human- 
ity Immortal, 1872; Logic of Reason, 1875. 

HILGENFELD, Adolf (Bernhard Christoph 
Christian), Ph.D. (Halle, 1846), Lie. Theol. (Jena, 
1847), D.D. (hon., Jena, 1858), German Protes- 
tant theologian ; b. at Stappenbeck, near Salz- 
wedel, June 2, 1823 ; studied theology at Berlin 
1841-43, and at Halle 1843-45 ; became privat- 
docent of theology at Jena, 1847 ; professor ex- 
traordinary, 1850 ; honorary ordinary professor, 
1S69; ecclesiastical councillor, 1873. He is a 
liberal theologian. Since 1858 he has edited the 
Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Theologie. He is 
the author of Die clementinischen Recognition en 
und Homilien, Jena, 1848 ; Das Evangelium und die 
Brief e Johannis nach ihrem Lehrbegriff, Halle, 1849 ; 
Kritische Untersuchungen uberdie EvangelienJustins, 
der clementinischen Homilien und Marcions, 1850; 
Die Glossolalie in der alten Kirche, Leipzig, 1850 ; 
Das Markusevangelium, 1850; Die Goltingische Pole- 
mik gegen meine Forschungen, 1851 ; Der Apostel 
Paulus, ein Vortrag, Jena, 1851 ; Der Galaterhrief, 
Leipzig, 1852 ; Die apostolischen Vater, Halle, 1S53 ; 
Die Evangelien nach Hirer Entstehung und geschicht- 
lichen Bedeutung, Leipzig, 1854; Das Ur christenihum 
in den Hauptwendepunkten seines Entwickelungs- 
ganges,Jeu&, 1855; Die jiidische Apokalyptik, 1857; 
Der Paschastreit der alten Kirche, Halle, 1860; Die 
Propheten Esra und Daniel und ihre neuste Be- 
arbeitung, 1863; Novum Testamentum extra canonem 
receptum (containing Clement, Barnabas, Hennas, 
Gospel according to the Hebrews, etc.), Leipzig, 
1866 in 4 parts, 2d ed. 1876-84 (the last part of 
the 2d ed. contains The Teaching of the Apostles) ; 
Messias Judceorum, libris eorum paulo ante et paulo 
post Christum natum conscriptis illustralus, 1869 ; 
Hernial Pastor, veterem latinam interpretationem, e 
codicibus, 1873; Historisch-kritische Einleitung in 
das Neue Testament, 1875; Die Lehninische Weis- 
sagung iiber die Mark Brandenburg, 1875 ; Die 
Ketzergeschichte des Urchristenlhums, urkvndlich 
dargeslellt, 1884. 

HILL, David Jayne, LL.D. (Madison University, 
Hamilton, N.Y., 1883), Baptist; b. at Plainfield, 
N.J., June 10, 1850; graduated at the University 
of Lewisburg, Penn., 1874; became professor of 
rhetoric there, 1877, and president, 1879. He is 
the author of The Science of Rhetoric, New York, 
1877 ; Elements of Rhetoric and Composition, 1878 ; 
Biography of Washington Irving, 1878 ; Biography 
of William Cullen Bryant, 1879 ; The Ultimate 



HILL. 



100 



HODGE. 



Ground of Knowing and Being, Philadelphia, 1882; 
The Executive Faculty in Man, 1883 ; Lecture 
Notes on Economics, Lewisburg, 1884; Lecture 
Notes on Anthropology, 1885. He edited Jevons's 
Logic, New York, 1883. 

HILL, Right Rev. Rowley, D.D. (lion., Cam- 
bridge, 1877), lord bishop of Sodor and Man, 
Church of England ; b. at St. Colombs, County 
Uerry, Ireland, in the year 1836 ; educated at 
Trinity College, Cambridge; graduated B.A. 
1859, M.A. 1863 ; was ordained deacon 1860, priest 
1861 ; became curate of Christ Church, Dover, 
1860 ; of St. Mary's, Marylebone, 1861 ; vicar of 
St. Luke's, Nutford Place, London, 1863 ; rector 
of Frant, Sussex, 1868; vicar of St. Michael's, 
Chester Square, London, 1871 ; of Sheffield, and 
rural dean, 1873 ; bishop, 1877. He was prebend- 
ary of Strensall in York Cathedral, 1876-77, and 
chaplain to the Marquis of Abergavenny. He is 
the author of Sunday Lessons on the Collects, Lon- 
don, 1865, 7th ed. 18—; do. on the Gospels, 1866, 
4th ed. 18—; do. on the Titles of Our Lord, 1870; 
do. on the Church Catechism, 1875, 2d ed. 1880; 
The Church at Home, 1881. * 

HILL, Thomas, S.T.D. (Harvard College, Cam- 
bridge, Mass., 1860), LL.D. (Yale College, New 
Haven, Conn., 1863), Unitarian; b. at New Bruns- 
wick, N.J., Jan. 7, 1818; graduated at Harvard 
College, Cambridge, Mass., 1843, and at the Cam- 
bridge Divinity School, 1845 ; was pastor at Wal- 
tham, Mass., 1845-59 ; president of Antioch Col- 
lege, Yellow Springs, O., 1859-62, and of Harvard 
College, 1862-68; has been since 1873 pastor at 
Portland, Me. He took the Scott premium of the 
Franklin Institute, for an instrument which calcu- 
lates eclipses and occultations ; and also invented 
the nautrigon for solving spherical triangles. He 
accompanied Agassiz around South America in 
1871 and 1872. He is the author of Christmas, 
and Poems upon Slavery, Boston, 1843; Elementary 
Treatise on Arithmetic, 1845; On Curvature, 1850; 
Geometry and Faith, New York, 1849, enlarged ed. 
1874, greatly enlarged ed., Boston, 1882; First 
Lessons in Geometry, Boston, 1855, revised and 
enlarged 1878 ; Jesus the Interpreter of Nature, 
1860; Second Book of Geometry, 1862; The True 
Order of Studies, New York, 1876 ; The Natural 
Sources of Theology, Andover, 1877 ; and sundry 
sermons, orations, and lectures ; also numerous 
communications in reviews, magazines, and scien- 
tific journals. 

HILLER, Alfred, D.D. (Wittenberg College, 
Springfield, O., 1882), Lutheran (General Synod); 
b. at Sharon, N.Y., April 22, 1831 ; graduated at 
Hartwick Seminary, N.Y., 1857 ; became pastor 
at Fayette, Seneca County, N.Y., 1857; at Ger- 
man Valley, N.J., 1858; Dr. G. B. Miller pro- 
fessor of systematic theology in Hartwick Semi- 
nary, Otsego County, N.Y., 1881. 

HIMPEL, Felix von, D.D. (hon., Tubingen, 
1857), Roman Catholic; b. at Ravensburg, Wiir- 
temberg, Germany, Feb. 28, 1821 ; studied phi- 
losophy and theology; became priest 1845; upper 
teacher in the Latin school at Rottenburg; con- 
victsvorsland and professor in the upper gymna- 
sium at Ehingen, 1849 ; professor of Old-Testa- 
ment exegesis and of the Oriental languages at 
Tubingen, as Welte's successor, 1857. He is the 
author of Untersuchungen iiber die Siegfriedssage, 
Ehingen, 1850; Die Unsterblichkeitslehre des A. T., 



1857 ; contributions to the Tubingen Theol. Quar- 
talschrift. * 

HINCKS, Edward Young, Congregationalist ; 
b. at Bucksport, Me., Aug. 13, 1844; graduated 
at Yale College, New Haven, Conn., 1866, and at 
Andover Theological Seminary, Mass., 1870; was 
pastor of State-street Church, Portland, Me., 1870- 
81 ; since 1882 has been Smith professor of bibli- 
cal theology in Andover Theological Seminary. 

HITCHCOCK, Roswell Dwight, D.D. (Bowdoin 
College, 1855, Edinburgh, 1884), LL.D. (Williams 
College, Williamstown, Mass., 1873), Presbyte- 
rian; b. at East Machias, Me., Aug. 15, 1817; 
graduated at Amherst College, Amherst, Mass., 
1836; studied theology in Andover Theological 
Seminary, Mass., 1838-39, and in Germany; was 
tutor in Amherst College, 1839-42 ; pastor of the 
First (Congregational) Church, Exeter, N.H., 
1845-52; professor of natural and revealed religion 
in Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., 1852-55; 
and of church history in Union Theological Semi- 
nary (Presbyterian), New- York City, since 1855, 
and president of the same since 1880. He is the 
author of Life of Edward Robinson, New York, 
1863; Complete Analysis of the Bible, 1869; Hymns 
and Songs of Praise (with Drs. Schaff and Eddy), 
1878 ; Socialism, 1879 ; Teaching of the Twelve 
Apostles (translator and editor with Dr. Francis 
Brown), 1884, 2d ed., revised and greatly en- 
larged, 1S85 ; Carmina Sanctorum (with Dr. Eddy 
and Rev. L. W. Mudge), 1885. 

HODCE, Archibald Alexander, D.D. (College 
of New Jersey, Princeton, 1862), LL.D. (Wooster 
University, Wooster, O., 1876), oldest son of 
the late Dr. Charles Hodge, Presbyterian ; b. at 
Princeton, N.J., July 18, 1823; graduated from 
the College of New Jersey, Princeton (1841), and 
Princeton Theological Seminary (1847) ; was mis- 
sionary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign 
Missions (Old-school) at Allabahad, India, 1847- 
50; pastor at Lower West Nottingham, Md., 
1851-55; Fredericksburg, Va., 1855-61; and at 
Wilkesbarre (First Church), Penn., 1861-64. In 
1864 he became professor of didactic and polemic 
theology in the Western (Presbyterian) Theologi- 
cal Seminary, Alleghany, Penn. In connection 
with his professorship he held the pastorate of the 
North Church, Alleghany, from 1866 to 1877. 
In 1877 he removed to Princeton, first as associate 
professor, but since 1878 he has been full profess- 
or, of didactic and polemic theology. He is the 
author of Outlines of Theology, New York, I860, 
rewritten and enlarged ed. 1878 (translated into 
Welsh, modern Greek, and Hindustani); The 
Atonement, Philadelphia, 1868; Commentary on 
Confession of Faith, 1869 ; Presbtjterian Forms, 
Philadelphia, 1876, 2d ed. (rewritten) 1882; Life 
of Charles Hodge, New York, 1880. 

HODCE, Caspar Wistar, D.D. (College of New 
Jersey, Princeton, 1865), son of the late Dr. 
Charles Hodge, Presbyterian; b. at Princeton, 
N.J., Feb. 21, 1830; graduated from the College 
of New Jersey, Princeton, 1848, and from the 
theological seminary 1853; tutor in the college, 
1850-51; teacher in Princeton, 1852-53; stated 
supply of Ainslie-street Church, Williamsburg, 
N.Y., 1853-54; pastor, 1854-56; at Oxford, Penn., 
1856-60. Since 1860 he has been professor of 
New- Testament literature and biblical Greek in 
Princeton Theological Seminary. * 



HODGSON. 



101 



HOLSTBN. 



HODCSON, Telfair, D.D. (University of the 
South, Sewanee, Tenn., 1878), Episcopalian ; b. 
at Columbia, Va., March 14, 1840; graduated at 
College of New Jersey, Princeton, 1S59 ; chaplain 
in the Confederate Army, 1863-65 ; rector of Key- 
port, N. J., 1866-71 ; professor in the University 
of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, 1871-73 ; assistant at 
Christ Church, Baltimore, Md., 1873-74; rector 
of Trinity Church, Hoboken, N.J., 1874-78 ; since 
1878 vice-chancellor of the University of the 
South, Sewanee, Tenn. He has published occa- 
sional sermons, addresses, and reports. 

HOELEMANN, Hermann Gustav, D.D., German 
Protestant theologian ; b. at Bauda, Saxony, Aug. 
8, 1809 ; studied at Leipzig, 1829-34 ; became 
privat-docent in the philosophical faculty there 
1834, changed to the theological faculty 1844; 
professor extraordinary of theology, 1S53; ordi- 
nary honorary professor of New-Testament exe- 
gesis, 1867. He is the author of Die trostreiche 
Ueberzeugung, dass Gott iiber die Schicksale gebietet, 
bei triiben Aussichten in eine kriegerische Zukunft 
(Eine gekronte Preispredigt iiber Ps. Ixvi. 9, 10, 11), 
Leipzig, 1831 (pp. 16) ; De Bibliorum Dinteri ingenio 
exegetico sive inter pretationis epistoloz ad Philippenses 
Paulina specimina ac symbolce, 1834 (pp. 32) ; 
Commentarius in epistolam divi Pauli ad Philip- 
penses, 1839 ; De evangelii Joannei introitu introitus 
geneseos augusliore effigie, 1855; Die Krone des Hoh- 
en Liedes, Einheitliche Erkldrung seines Schluss- 
actes, 1856 ; Die Stellung St. Pauli zu der Frage 
urn die Zeit der Wiederkunft Christi, 1858 (pp. 38) ; 
Bibelstudien, 1859-60, 2 parts; Die Einheit der 
beiden Schopfungsberichte Genesis i.-ii., 1862 ; Neue 
Bibelstudien, 1866 ; De justitioz ex fide ambabus in 
vetere testamento sedibus ter in novo teslamento mem- 
oratis commentatio exegetica, 1867 ; Die Reden des 
Satan in der heiligen Schrift, 1875 ; Letzte Bibel- 
studien, 1885. 

HOERSCHELMANN, Ferdinand, D.D., Luther- 
an theologian; b. at St. Martens, Esthonia (a 
Baltic province of Russia), Jan. 2, 1834 ; studied 
at Dorpat, 1851-55; became pastor at Fellin, 
1858 ; ordinary professor of theology at Dorpat, 
1875. 

HOFFMAN, Eugene Augustus, D.D. (Rutgers 
College, New Brunswick, N.J., 1864), S.T.D. 
(General Theological Seminary, New- York City, 
1885), Episcopalian ; b. in New- York City, March 
21, 1829; graduated from Rutgers College, New 
Brunswick, N. J., 1847 ; from Harvard College, 
Cambridge, Mass., 1848; and from General The- 
ological Seminary, New-York City, 1851. He 
became rector successively at Elizabeth Port, 
N.J., 1851; Elizabeth, 1853; Burlington, 1863; 
Brooklyn, N.Y., 1864; Philadelphia, 1869; dean 
of the General Theological Seminary, New-York 
City, 1879. He is the author of Free Churches, 
New York, 1856; The Eucharistic Week, 1859; 
and various sermons and addresses. 

HOFMANN, Rudolf Hugo, Ph.D. (Leipzig, 
1847), Lie. Theol. (hon., Leipzig, 1851), D.D. 
(hon., Leipzig, 1860), Lutheran; b. at Kreischa, 
near Dresden, Jan. 3, 1825; studied at Leipzig, 
1843-47; became pastor at Stronthal, near Leip- 
zig, 1851; professor at Meissen, 1854; professor 
of theology, and second university preacher, at 
Leipzig, 1862. He is an Evangelical Lutheran, 
of the Mittelpartei. He is the author of Das Zei- 
chen des Menschensohns (" gekronte Preisschrift"), 



Leipzig, 1848 ; Das Leben Jesu nach den Apo- 
kryphen, 1851 ; Symbolik, 1856 ; Die Lehre vom 
Getvissen, 1866 ; Predigten gehalten in der Univer- 
sitdtskirche zu Leipzig, 1869; Zum System der prak- 
tischen Theologie, 1874; Schulbibel, Dresden, 1875, 
2d ed. 1878; Die practische Vorbildung der Candi- 
daien des hoheren Schulamts auf der Universitat, 
Leipzig, 1881 ; Predigten iiber das Vaterunser, 
1881 ; Die freien christlichen Liebeslhatigkeilen und 
die Gemeinde, 1884; and of numerous articles in 
Herzog's Real-Encyclopadie, etc. 

HOGE, Moses Drury, D.D. (Hampden-Sidney 
College, Va., 1858), Presbyterian; b. on College 
Hill, Hampden-Sidney, Sept. 17, 1819; graduated 
from Hampden-Sidney College, Prince Edward 
County, Va., 1839, and from the Union Theo- 
logical Seminary there, 1843 ; was assistant pastor 
of the First Presbyterian Church, Richmond, 
Va., 1843-45; and since 1845 (the year of its 
organization) has been pastor of the Second 
Presbyterian Church in the same city. He was 
moderator of the General Assembly (Southern 
Church) at St. Louis, 1874; and a delegate to the 
General Conferences of the Evangelical Alliance, 
New York, 1873, and Copenhagen, 1884, and to 
the Council of the Reformed Churches in Edin- 
burgh, 1877. 

HOLE, Charles, Church of England; b. at 
Newport, near Barnstaple, Devonshire, Eng., 
March 23, 1823 ; educated at Trinity College, 
Cambridge; graduated B.A. (wrangler in the 
mathematical tripos), 1846 ; was ordained deacon 
1846, priest 1847 ; became curate of St. Mary's 
Chapel, Reading, 1846 ; of Shanklin, Isle of 
Wight, 1858 ; rector of Loxbeare, Devonshire, 
1868 ; resigned, 1876 ; lecturer in ecclesiastical 
history since 1879, and in English history since 
1884, at King's College, London; since 1883 chap- 
lain to Lord Sackville. He is the author of A 
Brief Biographical Dictionary, London, 1865, 2d 
ed. 1866 ; Life of Archdeacon Phelps, 1871, 2 vols.; 
Maintenance of the Church of England as an Estab- 
lished Church (first Peek prize essay), 1874; editor 
of The Christian Observer, 1877; contributor to 
Smith and Wace's Dictionary of Christian Biogra- 
phy, 1877-86, 4 vols., and Smith and Cheetham's 
Dictionary of Christian Antiquities, 1877-80, 2 vols. 

HOLLAND, Henry Scott, Church of England; 
b. at Underdown, Ledbury, Herefordshire, Jan. 
26, 1847 ; educated at Eton College, and Balliol 
College, Oxford; graduated B.A. (first-class in 
classics) 1870, M.A. (Christ Church) 1873; was 
elected a senior student (i e., fellow) of Christ 
Church College, Oxford, 1870; tutor, 1872-84; 
ordained deacon 1872, priest 1874 ; select preacher 
at the university, 1880-81 ; senior proctor, 1882 ; 
honorary canon of Truro, 1883-84 ; appointed 
examining chaplain to the bishop of Truro, 1883; 
canon residentiary of St. Paul's Cathedral, Lon- 
don, 1884, whereupon he resigned his tutorship. 
Pie is the author of The Apostolic Fathers, Lon- 
don, 1878; Four Addresses on the Sacrifice of the 
Cross, 1879 ; Logic and Life, 1882, 3d ed. 1885, 
reprinted, New York, 1882; Good-Friday Addresses 
in St. Paul's Cathedral, 1884. He wrote the arti- 
cle on Justin Martyr in Smith and Wace's Diction- 
ary of Christian Biography, vol. ii. 

HOLSTEN, Karl Johann, Lutheran; b. at Giis- 
trow, Mecklenburg, March 31, 1825; studied at 
Leipzig, Berlin, and Rostock ; became teacher in 



HOLT. 



102 



HOPKINS. 



the Rostock Gymnasium, 1848; professor extraor- 
dinary of theology at Bern, 1870 ; ordinary pro- 
fessor, 1871 ; at Heidelberg, 1876. He is the 
author of Zum Evangelium d. Paulus u. d. Petrus, 
Rostock, 1867 ; Das Evangelium des Paulus dar- 
gestellt, Berlin, 1880, sqq. * 

HOLT, Levi Herbert, Baptist; b. at Topsham, 
Me., Aug. 14, 1849 ; graduated at University of 
Chicago, 111., 1874, and at Morgan-Park Baptist 
Theological Seminary, 111., 1877; became pastor 
at De Kalb, 111., 1877 ; at Clay Center, Kan., 1881 ; 
editor Western Baptist, Topeka, Kan., 1884. 

HOLTZMANN, Heinrich Julius, Lie. Theol. 
(Heidelberg, 1858), D.D. Qion., Vienna, 1862), 
German Protestant ; b. at Carlsruhe, May 17, 
1832; studied theology at Heidelberg and Berlin; 
was in the service of the Baden Church, 1854-57 ; 
became privat-docent at Heidelberg, 1858; profess- 
or extraordinary, 1861 ; ordinary professor, 1865 ; 
at Strassburg, 1874. He is the author of Kanon 
und Tradition, Ludwigsburg, 1859; Die synoptischen 
Evangelien, ihr Ursprung und geschichtlicher Char- 
acter, Leipzig, 1863 ; Chrislenthum und Judenthum 
im Zeitalter der neutest. und apokryphischen Litera- 
tur, 1867 (vol. 2 of Weber's Geschichte des Volks 
Israel u. der Entstehung des Christenthums, 1867, 2 
vols.) ; Kritik der Epheser und Colosserbrieje. 1872 ; 
Die Pastoralbriefe, 18S0 ; (with R. O. Zopffel) 
Lexikon filr Theologie u. Kirchenwesen, 1882; Hist. 
kritische Einleitung in das N. T., Freiburg, 1885. 

HOOD, Edward Paxton, English Congregation- 
alist ; b. in Westminster, London, Dec. 18, 1820, 
and educated privately ; began his ministry in 
1852 ; was for many years a preacher in Lon- 
don, and, at the time of his death, was pastor of 
Falcon-square Independent Chapel. He died in 
Paris, France, Saturday, June 13, 1885. He was 
for mauy years the editor of The Eclectic Review, 
and of The Preacher's Lantern from 1871 to 1875. 
He lectured on social, literary, and religious sub- 
jects in Great Britain, and also on his visit to the 
United States in 1881. He was rather an in- 
dustrious collector of anecdotes and curious and 
miscellaneous information and extracts, than an 
original author; still his works are instructive, 
and his Lamps, Pitchers, and Trumpets, his best- 
known work, is a valuable history of homiletics. 
He is the author of The Age and its Architects, 
London, 1850 ; Dark Days of Queen Mary, 1851 ; 
Genius and Industry, 1851 ; Golden Days of Queen 
Bess, 1851 ; John Milton, the Patriot and Poet, 1851 ; 
Literature of Labour, 1851 ; Mental and Moral Phi- 
losophy of Laughter, 1851 ; Old England's Historic 
Pictures, 1851; Self-education, 1851; Common-sense 
Arguments, 1852; Hammers and Ploughshares, a 
Book for the Labourer, 1852 ; Uses of Biography, 
1852; Dreamland and Ghostland, 1852; Sweden- 
borg, a Biography, 1856 ; Wordsworth, a Biography, 
1856; An Earnest Ministry: Record of Life and 
Writings of B. Parsons, 1856; Havelock, the Broad 
Stone of Honour, 1858 ; Book of Temperance Melody, 
185-, new ed. 1858; Self-formation, 1 85-, 4th ed. 
1883; Blind Amos and his Velvet Principles, 185-, 
6th ed. (enlarged) 1884; Peerage of Poverty, 1st 
and 2d series 1859, 5th ed. 1870 ; Sermons, 1859 ; 
Lamps, Pitchers, and Trumpets, 1867 ; World of 
Anecdote, 1869, 3d ed. 1886; Dark Sayings on a 
Harp: Sermons, 186- 2d ed. 1870; World of Moral 
and Religious Anecdote, 1870, 4th ed. 1885; Bye- 
path Meadow, 1870, 2d ed. 1885 ; Villages of the 



Bible, 1874; Thomas Carlyle, 1875; Romance of 
Biography, 1876 ; Robert Raikes of Gloucester, 1880; 
Vignettes of the Great Revival of the 18th Century, 
1880; The Day, the Book, and the Teacher, 1880; 
Christmas Evans, the Preacher of Wild Wales, 
1881; Oliver Cromwell, 1882; Scotch Characteristics, 
1883; The World of Proverb and Fable, 1884; 
The King's Windows, or Glimpses of the Wonder- 
ful Works of God, 1885 ; The Throne of Eloquence : 
Great Preachers, Ancient and Modern, 1885. * 

HOOP-SCHEFFER, Jacob Gysbert de, Dutch 
philologist and historian ; b. at The Hague, Sept. 
28, 1819. Having lost his father at an early age, 
he was brought up in Amsterdam by his uncle 
de Hoop, whose name he took; studied in the 
Mennonite Theological Seminary at Amsterdam, 
and graduated at the University of Utrecht. 
During this period he employed his leisure time 
in the study of the mediaeval literature of the 
Netherlands, and was one of the founders (1842) 
of the society for the publication of Dutch texts of 
the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries. 
He was pastor successively at Hoorn (1843-46), 
Groningen (1846-49), Amsterdam (1849-60) ; has 
been professor in the- Mennonite Seminary since 
1860 ; and professor of Old-Testament exegesis, 
and the Christian literature of the first two cen- 
turies, in the Municipal University of Amsterdam, 
since 1877. Besides a number of articles in the 
Navorscher, Studien en Bijdragen, etc., he has 
written in Dutch, "A Brief History of the Men- 
nonites," Amsterdam, 1860 ; " A History of the 
Reformation in the Netherlands before 1531," 
1873; "A History of the Brownists of Amster- 
dam," 1881 ; and contributed the article upon the 
Mennonites in the " Pictures of the History of the 
Christian Church in the Netherlands," 1869. 

HOOYKAAS, Isaac, D.D. (Leiden, 1862), Dutch 
theologian ; b. at Nieuwe Tonge, Holland, Oct. 
21, 1837; studied at the University of Leiden; 
became pastor of the Reformed Church at Nieuw 
Helvoet 1862, and at Schiedam 1867, and is now 
Remonstrant Gereformeerd pastor at Rotterdam. 
He was joint author with Oort of The Bible for 
Young People, English trans. London, 1873-79, 
6 vols.; republished (under title " The Bible for 
Learners'"), Boston, 1878-79, 3 vols. 

HOPKINS, John Henry, S.T.D. (Racine College, 
Racine, Wis., 1873), Episcopalian ; b. at Pitts- 
burg, Penn., Oct. 28, 1820; graduated at the Uni- 
versity of Vermont, Burlington, 1839, and at the 
General Theological Seminary, New- York City, 
1850; ordained deacon, 1850; was assistant in 
Zion Church, Greensburg, in St. George the Mar- 
tyr, and then in St. Timothy's Church, New- York 
City ; in charge of St. Paul's Church, Vergennes, 
Vt., and of St. John's Church, Essex, N Y. ; or- 
dained priest, 1872 ; became rector of Trinity 
Church, Plattsburg, N.Y., 1872; of Christ Church, 
Williamsport, Perm., 1876. He founded the New- 
York Church Journal, February, 1853, and edited 
it until May, 1868. Besides many review articles, 
etc., he has written Carols, Hymns, and Songs, New 
York, 1S63, 3d ed. (enlarged) 1882; Gregorian Can- 
ticles, etc., 1866 ; Life of Bishop Hopkins of Vermont, 
1873, 2d ed. 1875; Poems by the Wayside, 1883; 
edited Collected Works of Rev. Milo Mahan, D.D., 
with Memoir, 1872-75, 3 vols. 

HOPKINS, Mark, D.D. (Dartmouth College, 
Hanover, N.H., 1837; Harvard College, Cam- 



HOPKINS. 



103 



HOVBY. 



bridge, Mass., 1841), LL.D. (University of State of 
New York, 1857), Congregationalist ; b. at Stock- 
bridge, Mass., Feb. 4, 1802 ; graduated from Wil- 
liams College, Williamstown, Mass., 1824; was 
tutor for two years ; studied medicine, and gradu- 
ated M.D. at the Berkshire Medical College, 1828, 
and began (1829) practice in New- York City ; but 
in 1830 accepted the call to the professorship of 
moral philosophy and rhetoric in AVilliams, and 
has ever since been connected with the college, as 
professor, 1830-36 ; as president, 1836-72 ; since, 
as professor of intellectual and moral philosophy. 
From 1836 until 1883 he was the pastor of the 
college church. Since 1857 he has been president 
of the American Board of Commissioners for 
Foreign Missions. Besides many occasional ser- 
mons and addresses, he has published The Evi- 
dences of Christianity (Lowell Lectures of 1844), 
Boston, 1846, 3d ed. (revised) 1875 ; Miscellaneous 
Essays and Reviews, 1847 ; Moral Science (Lowell 
Lectures), 1862 ; The Law of Love, and Love as a 
Law, New York, 1869, rev. ed. 1881; An Outline 
Study of Man, 1873, new ed. 1876; Strength and 
Beauty, 1874 (re-issued with modifications and ad- 
ditions, under title Teachings and Counsels, 1884) ; 
Scriptural Idea of Man, 1883. 

HOPKINS, Samuel Miles, D.D. (Amherst Col- 
lege, Amherst, Mass., 1854), Presbyterian ; b. at 
Geneseo, N.Y., Aug. 8, 1813; graduated from 
Amherst College, Amherst, Mass., 1832; studied 
theology at Auburn (N.Y.) Theological Seminary, 
1834-36, and at Princeton (N.J.) Theological 
Seminary, 1836-37 ; pastor at Corning, N.Y., 
1839-43 ; at Fredonia, 1843-46 ; and at Avon, 
1846-47 ; since 1847 he has been professor of 
church history in Auburn Theological Seminary. 
He was moderator of General Assembly- (N. S.) 
at St. Louis, Mo., 1866. He is the author of A 
Manual of Church Polity, Auburn, 1878 ; A Liturgy 
and Book of Common Prayer for the Presbyterian 
Church, New York, 1883, 2d ed. 1S86. 

HOPPIN, James Mason, D.D. (Knox College, 
Galesburg, 111., 1870), Congregationalist; b. at 
Providence, R.I., Jan. 17, 1820; graduated at 
Yale College, New Haven, Conn., 1840; studied 
at law school, Cambridge, Mass., 1840-42; Union 
Theological Seminary, New- York City, 1842-44 ; 
at Andover Theological Seminary, 1844-45 (gradu- 
ated) ; at Berlin University, 1846-47 ; was pastor 
at Salem, Mass., 1850-59 ; professor of homiletics 
and pastoral theology in Yale College, 1861-79 
(acting pastor of the college, 1861-63 ; lecturer 
on forensic eloquence in its law school, 1872-75) ; 
since 1879 has been professor of the history of 
art in Yale College. He taught homiletics in 
Union Theological Seminary, New York, in 1880. 
He is the author of Notes of a Theological Student, 
New York, 1854; Old England: its Art, Scenery, 
and People, Boston, 1867, 8th ed. 1886 ; Office and 
Work of the Christian Ministry, New York, 1869 ; 
Life of Rear-Admiral Andrew Hull Foote, 1874; 
Memoir of Henry Armitt Brown, Philadelphia, 
1880 ; Homiletics, New York, 1881, 2d ed. 1883 ; 
Pastoral Theology, 1884 (these two books are re- 
written divisions of the Office and Work, etc.). 

HORT, Fenton John Anthony, D.D. (Cambridge, 
1875), Church of England; b. in Dublin, April 
23, 1828 ; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge; 
graduated B. A. (first-class in classics), 1850 ; took 
first-class in the moral science and natural science 



triposes, 1851 ; proceeded M.A. 1853, B.D. 1875; 
was ordained deacon 1854, priest 1856 ; was fel- 
low of Trinity College, 1852-57 ; since 1872, fel- 
low of Emmanuel College ; vicar of St. Ippolyts 
with Great Wymondley, Herts (a college living), 
1857-72 ; examining chaplain to the bishop of 
Ely (Dr. Browne), 1871-73 ; and when Dr. Browne 
was translated to the see of Winchester, he re- 
tained him in that capacity. In 1871 he was Hul- 
sean lecturer. From 1872 to 1878 he was divinity 
lecturer of Emmanuel College, and in 1878 elected 
Hulsean professor of divinity. He has several 
times been examiner for the moral science and 
natural science triposes, a select preacher before 
the university, and is a member of the council of 
the senate of the university. He was one of the 
original members of the New-Testament Company 
of Anglo-American Bible-revision Committee. Be- 
sides various articles in The Journal of Philology, 
and Smith and Wace's Dictionary of Christian Bi- 
ography, he has published Two Dissertations (i. On 
povoyevric deoc in Scripture and tradition, ii. On 
the Constantinopolitan and other Eastern creeds 
of the fourth century), London, 1876. He was 
joint editor with Canon Westcott of The New 
Testament in the Original Greek. A Revised Text, 
with Introduction and Appendix (May-Oct. 1881, 
2 vols., corrected issue, Dec. 1881- April, 1882, 
smaller edition of text 1885, repub. New York) ; 
These eminent biblical scholars worked together 
upon the text from 1853 to 1881. The second 
volume was written by Dr. Hort, and includes an 
elaborate statement and defence of their prin- 
ciples of textual criticism, with various illustra- 
tive matter. [See Schafk, Companion to Greek 
Testament, New York, 1883, 2d ed. 1885, pp. 268- 
282.] 

HOTT, James William, D.D. (Avalon College, 
Avalon, Mo., and Western College, Toledo, Io., 
both 1882), United Brethren in Christ ; b. at 
Winchester, Va., Nov. 15, 1844; self-educated; 
became pastor (in Virginia and Maryland), 1861 ; 
treasurer of the Home Frontier and Foreign Mis- 
sionary Society of his denomination, 1873 ; editor 
of The Religious Telescope (the denominational 
organ), Dayton, O., 1877. He was a member of 
the Pan Methodist Congress, London, 1881 ; and 
of each General Conference of his denomination 
since 1869, representing the Virginia Conference, 
to which he belongs. He is the author of Jour- 
neyings in the Old Wo7-ld ; or, Europe, Palestine, and 
Egypt, Dayton, O., 1884, 4th ed. 1886. 

HOVEY, Alvah, D.D. (Brown University, Prov- 
idence, R.I., 1856), LL.D. (Denison University, 
Granville, O., and Richmond (Va.) College, 1876), 
Baptist; b. at Greene, Chenango County, N.Y., 
March 5, 1820 ; graduated from Dartmouth Col- 
lege, Hanover, N.IL, 1844, and from Newton 
Theological Institution, Newton Centre, Mass., 
1848; with the latter has been connected since 
1849, as assistant teacher of Hebrew (1849-55), 
and as professor, first of church history (1853-55), 
and then of theology and Christian ethics since 
1855, president since 1868. For one year (1848- 
49) he preached at New Gloucester, Me. ; for a 
year (1861-62) was in Europe. From 1868 to 
1883, was member of the executive committee of 
the American Baptist Missionary Union. With 
Rev. D. B. Ford, he translated F. M. Perthes' Life 
of Chrysostom, Boston, 1854. He is author of Life 



HOW. 



104 



HOWSON. 



of Rev. Isaac Backus, Boston, 1858; The State of 
the Impenitent Dead, 1859 ; The Miracles of Christ 
as attested by the Evangelists, 1864; The Scriptural 
Law of Divorce, 1866 ; God with us, or the Person 
and Work of Christ, 1872 ; Normal Class Manual, 
Part I., What to Teach, 1878 ; Religion and the State, 
1874 ; The Doctrine of the Higher Christian Life 
compared with the Teachings of the Holy Scriptures, 
1876 ; Manual of Systematic Theology and Chris- 
tian Ethics, 1877, re-issued, Philadelphia, 1880. 
He is general editor of The Complete Commentary 
on the New Testament, Philadelphia, 1S81 sqq., in 
which series he contributed the commentary on 
The Gospel of John, 1885. 

HOW, Right Rev. William Walsham, D.D. (by 
Archbishop of Canterbury, 1879), bishop suffra- 
gan of Bedford (for East London), Church of 
England; b. at Shrewsbury, Dec. 13, 1823; edu- 
cated at Wadham College, Oxford; graduated 
B.A. (third-class classics) 1845, M.A. 1847; was 
ordained deacon 1846, priest 1847 ; was curate of 
St. George, Kidderminster, 1846 ; Holy Cross, 
Shrewsbury, 1848 ; rector of Whittington, 1851- 
79; diocesan inspector of schools, 1852-70; rural 
dean of Oswestry, 1853-79 ; select preacher at 
Oxford, 1868-69 ; proctor of diocese of St. Asaph, 
1869-79 ; examining chaplain to bishop of Lich- 
field, 1878-79 ; became bishop, 1879 ; since 1859 
has been prebendary of Llanefydd and chancellor 
of St. Asaph Cathedral ; since 1879, prebendary of 
Brondesbury in St. Paul's Cathedral, and rector 
of St. Andrew's Untershaft with St. Mary Axe, 
City and Diocese of London. He is the author 
of Dail// Family Prayers for Churchmen, London, 
1859, 5th ed. 1879; Collect Lyrical Pieces, 1860; 
Plain Words, 1860-80,4 series; Psalm IL, 1861, 
7th ed. 1874; Twenty-four Practical Sermons, 1861, 
2d ed. 1870; Pastor in Parochia, 187-, 8th ed. 
1883 ; Private Life and Ministrations of a Parish 
Priest, 1873 ; Plain Words to Children, 1876 ; Re- 
vision of the Rubrics, 1878; Holy Communion, 1878, 
2d ed. 1882 ; Gospel according to St. John, with 
Commentary, 1879 ; Notes on the Church Service, 
1884; Boy Hero, 1884; " Was lost and is found:" 
A Tale of the London Mission of 1874 (poem), 
1885; Poems, 187-, new and enlarged ed. 1885; 
Words of Good Cheer, 1885, 2d ed. 1886 ; Hymns, 
1886 ; sermons and minor works. * 

HOWARD, His Eminence Edward, Roman 
Catholic; b. at Nottingham, Eng., Eeb. 13, 1829; 
was an officer of the 2d Life Guards when he left 
the army to become a priest. In 1855 he entered 
the personal service of Pius IX. In 1872 he was 
appointed archbishop of Neocsesaria in parlibus 
infidelium: and on March 12, 1877, a cardinal 
priest, with the "title" of SS. John and Paul on 
the Ccelian Hill, Rome. On March 24, 1878, he 
became protector of the English College at Rome; 
and in December, 1881, arch-priest of the Basilica 
of St. Peter's, and prefect of the congregation 
in charge of the building. His Eminence is an 
extraordinary linguist. * 

HOWE, James Albert, D.D. (Hillsdale College, 
Hillsdale, Mich., 1876), Freewill Baptist; b. at 
Dracut, Mass., Oct. 10, 1834; graduated at Bow- 
doin College, Brunswick, Me., 1859, and at And- 
over Theological Seminary, Mass., 1862; became 
Freewill Baptist pastor at Blackstone, Mass., 
1862; at Olneyville, R.I., 1863; professor of sys- 
tematic theology and homiletics in the Freewill 



Baptist Theological School of Bates College, Lew- 
iston, Me., 1872. 

HOWE, Right Rev. Mark Antony DeWolfe, D.D. 

(Brown University, Providence, R.I., 1848), LL.D. 
(University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1875), 
Episcopalian, bishop of Central Pennsylvania; 
b. at Bristol, R.I., April 5, 1809 ; graduated at 
Brown University, Providence, R.I., 1828; taught 
in Boston public schools, 1829-30; was classical 
tutor in Brown University, 1831-32; entered the 
ministry, and after three months service in St. 
Matthew's, South Boston, became rector of St. 
James's, Roxbury, 1832 ; editor of The Christian 
Witness, and rector of Christ Church, Cambridge, 
1835-36; of St. James's again, 1837-46; of St. 
Luke's, Philadelphia, Penn., 1846-72 ; consecrated 
bishop, Dec. 28, 1871. He had declined his elec- 
tion as missionary bishop of Nevada in 1865. He 
stands " on the doctrines of God's Word, as recog- 
nized in the Catholic creeds, and in the Articles 
and Liturgy of the Protestant-Episcopal Church." 
He is author of A Critique on the Annual Report of 
the Boston School Committee, Boston, 1846 ; an In- 
troduction to Butler's edition of the poetical works 
of Bishop Reginald Heber, 1858 ; Memoirs of Bishop 
Alonzo Potter, 1871 ; and of various occasional 
sermons, essays, and controversial pamphlets. 

HOWE, Right Rev. William Bell White, D.D. 
(University of the South, Sewanee, Tenn., 1871), 
S.T.D. (Columbia Coll., N. Y. City, 1872), Episco- 
palian, bishop of South Carolina; b. at Claremont, 
N.H., March 31, 1823 ; graduated at the University 
of Vermont, Burlington, 1844 ; was successively 
rector of St. John's, Berkeley, S.C., 1848-60; of 
St. Philip's, Charleston, 1863-71 ; bishop, 1871. 

HOWSON, Very Rev. John Saul, D.D. (Cam- 
bridge, 1861), dean of Chester, Church of Eng- 
land ; b. at Giggleswick, Yorkshire, Eng., May 5, 
1816 ; d. at Bournemouth, Dec. 15, 1885. He was a 
student in Trinity College, Cambridge, and gradu- 
ated B.A. (wrangler and first-class classical tripos) 
1837, M.A. 1841 ; won the member's prize in 1837 
and 1838, and wrote the Norrisian prize essay in 
1840. He was ordained deacon in 1845, and priest 
in 1846 ; from 1845 to 1865 he was connected with 
the Liverpool Collegiate Institute, first as senior 
classical master, and from 1849 as principal. In 
1862 he was Hulsean lecturer at Cambridge. 
From 1866 to 1867 he was vicar of Wisbech St. 
Peter ; and examining chaplain to the bishop of 
Ely from 1867 to 1S73. In 1867 he was made 
dean of Chester. He was the joint author, with 
the late Rev. W. J. Conybeare, of The Life and 
Epistles of St. Paul, London, 1852, 2 vols. 4to, 
8vo. ed. 1856, people's ed. 1862 (widely circulated, 
several reprints in America). Besides numerous 
lectures, sermons, articles in periodicals and 
Smith's Dictionary of the Bible, he published Sun- 
day Evenings (short sermons for family reading), 
1849, new ed. 1857; Deaconesses, or the Official 
Help of Women in Parochial Work and in Chari- 
table Institutions, 1862 ; Sermons to Schoolboys, 1850, 
2d ed. 1858, 2d series 1866 ; The Character of St. 
Paul (Hulsean Lectures), 1864,4th ed. 1884; Scenes 
from the Life of St. Paul, and their Religious Lessons, 
1866; The Metaphors of St. Paul, 1868, 2d ed. 1883; 
The Companions of St. Paul, 1871, 2d ed 1883; 
Meditations on the Miracles of Christ, 1871-77, 2 
series; Chester as it was, 1872; Sacramental Con- 
fession, 1874; The River Dee, its Aspect and His- 



HOYT. 



105 



HUNT. 



tory, 1875; '■'■Before the Table:" an Inquiry into the 
True Meaning, 1875; Homely Hints in Sermons sug- 
gested by Experience, 1876; Position during Conse- 
cration at the Communion, 1877 ; Evidential Value 
of the Acts of the Apostles (Bohlen Lectui-es, 1880), 
New York and London, 1880; Horaz Petrince : 
Studies in the Life of St. Peter, 1883; Thoughts for 
Saints' Bays, 1886. He contributed to Schaff's 
Popular Commentary, New York and Edinburgh, 
1879-83, 4 vols. (Acts, with Canon Spence, in vol. 
ii., 1880) ; to The Bible Commentary. London and 
New York, 1871-82, 10 vols. (Galatians, in vol. 
ix., 1881) ; and to The Pulpit Commentary, Lon- 
don and New York, 1880 sqq. (Titus, 1886). * 

HOYT, Wayland, D.D. (University of Roches- 
ter, N.Y., 1877), Baptist; b. at Cleveland, O., 
Feb. 18, 1838; graduated at Brown University, 
Providence, R.I., 1860, and at Rochester (N.Y.) 
Theological Seminary, 1863 ; became pastor at 
Pittsfield, Mass., 1863; Cincinnati, O., 1864; 
Brooklyn, N.Y. (Strong Place), 1867; New York 
(Tabernacle), 1873; Boston, Mass., 1874; Brook- 
lyn (Strong Place), 1876 ; Philadelphia, Penn. 
(Memorial Church), 1882. Besides numerous 
articles, he has written Hints and Helps in the 
Christian Life, New York, 1880 ; Present Lessons 
from Bistant Bays, 1881; Gleams from Paul's Prison, 
1882; Along the Pilgrimage, Philadelphia, 1885. 

HUGHES, John, D.D. (Washington and Jeffer- 
son College, Washington, Penn., 1876), Welsh 
Presbyterian; b. at Llanerchymedd, Anglesea, 
North Wales, Sept. 27, 1827; educated at the 
Welsh Presbyterian College, Bala, North Wales, 
1848-51 ; ordained, 1854 ; since 1857 has been 
pastor in Liverpool. He was moderator of the 
Association of North Wales 1871, and of the Gen- 
eral Assembly 1880. He has written, in Welsh, 
" On the Unity of the Scriptures," Liverpool, 
1866 ; " The Christian Ministry " (lectures deliv- 
ered to the students of Bala College), Dolgelley, 
1879 ; " History of Christian Doctrine " (first 
period), Holywell, 1883. 

HUGHES, Right Rev. Joshua, D.D. (by Arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, 1870), lord bishop of St. 
Asaph, Church of England ; b. at Newport, Pem- 
brokeshire, in the year 1807 ; educated at St. 
David's College, Lampeter, Wales ; took first- 
class in final examination, B.D. ; was ordained 
deacon and priest, 1831 ; became vicar of Aberg- 
wili, 1839 ; of Llandovery, 1846 ; also rural dean, 
surrogate, and proctor in convocation for the 
diocese of St. David's ; bishop, 1870. * 

HUIDEKOPER, Frederic, Unitarian minister; 
b. at Meadville, Penn., April 7, 1817; entered 
Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., in 1834, 
but in 1835 was forced by his failing sight to 
abandon study, to which during the next four 
years he devoted ten minutes a day. From 1839 
to 1841 he travelled in Europe, and then studied 
theology privately for two years. In 1844 he 
aided in organizing the Meadville Theological 
School, in which institution he had charge of the 
New-Testament department 1844-49, and of eccle- 
siastical history 1845-77, besides being for many 
years librarian, as also treasurer. His eyesight 
has since boyhood been diminishing ; total blind- 
ness of one eye and approximate blindness of the 
other has since 1883 caused need of an attendant 
when in the street. The disease is painless, and 
the eyes apparently clear. He is the author of 



Belief of the First Three Centuries concerning 
Christ's Mission to the Underworld, Boston, 1854, 
5th ed., New York, 1883; Judaism at Rome, B.C. 
76- A. B. 140, New York, 1876, 6th ed. 1885; 
Indirect Testimony of History to the Genuineness 
of the Gospels, 1878, 4th ed. 1883. 

HULBERT, Eri Baker, D.D. (Baptist Union 
Theological Seminary, Morgan Park, 111., 1880), 
Baptist; b. in Chicago, 111., July 16, 1841; grad- 
uated at Union College, Schenectady, N.Y., 1863, 
and at Hamilton (N.Y.) Theological Seminary, 
1865. After holding several pastorates (Man- 
chester, Vt., 1865-68; Chicago, 111., 1868-70; 
St. Paul, Minn., 1870-74; San Francisco, Cal., 
1874-78; Fourth Church, Chicago, 111., 1878-81), 
he became in 1881 professor of church history in 
the Baptist Union Theological Seminary, Morgan 
Park, near Chicago, 111. 

HUMPHRY, William Gilson, Church of Eng- 
land; b. at Sndbury, Suffolk,. Jan. 30, 1815; edu- 
cated at Trinity College, Cambridge ; graduated 
B.A. (twenty-seventh wrangler, senior classic, 
second chancellor medallist) 1837, M.A. 1840, 
B.D. 1850; ordained deacon 1842, priest 1843; 
was elected fellow of his college (1837), and 
assistant tutor. From 1847 to 1856 he was exam- 
ining chaplain to the bishop of London; in 1849 
and 1850, Hulsean lecturer; in 1857 and 1858, 
Boyle lecturer; and from 1852 to 1855 he was 
vicar of Northholt, Middlesex. In 1852 he be- 
came prebendary of Twyford in St. Paul's Cathe- 
dral, and in 1855 vicar of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, 
London, and was rural dean of St. Martin-in-the- 
Fields .deanery. He sat upon the Clerical Sub- 
scription Commission in 1865, and upon the Ritual 
Commission in 1869. He was a member of the 
New-Testament Company of the Bible-revision 
Committee ; and the thanksgiving service of the 
company was held in his church, Nov. 11, 1880. 
He is the author of A Commentary on Acts, Lon- 
don, 1847, 2d ed. 1854; The Boctrine of a Future 
State (Hulsean Lecture for 1849), 1850; The Early 
Progress of the Gospel (Hulsean Lecture for 1851), 
1851 ; An Historical and Explanatory Treatise on 
the Book of Common Prayer, 1853, 5th ed. 1874; 
The Miracles (Boyle Lectures for 1857), 1858 ; The 
Character of St. Paul (Boyle Lectures for 1858), 
1859 ; A Commentary on the Revised Version of the 
N.T.,for English Readers, 1882 ; edited Theophilus 
of Antioch, 1852, and Theophylact on St. Matthew, 
1854; one of the authoi'S of A Revised Version of 
St. John's Gospel and the Epistles to the Romans and 
Corinthians, 1857-58. Died Jan. 10, 1885. * 

HUNT, Albert Sandford, D.D. (Wesleyan Uni- 
versity, Middletown, Conn., 1873), Methodist ; 
b. at Amenia, N.Y., July 3, 1827; graduated at 
Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., 1851; 
was tutor (1851-53) and adjunct professor of moral 
science there (1853-55); joined the New-York Con- 
ference of the Methodist-Episcopal Church, 1859 ; 
was pastor in Brooklyn, N.Y., 1859-78; since, 
has been corresponding secretary of the American 
Bible Society, New- York City. In 1874 he was 
chairman of fraternal delegation from General 
Conference of the Methodist-Episcopal Church, 
to General Conference of Methodist-Episcopal 
Church South; in 1886, fraternal delegate from 
the General Conference of the Methodist-Episcopal 
Church to British Wesleyan Conference. He has 
published several occasional sermons. 



HUNT. 



106 



HYACINTHB. 



HUNT, John, D.D. (University of St. Andrew's, 
Scotland, 1878), Church of England ; b. at Bridg- 
end, parish of Kinnoul, Perth, Scotland, Jan. 
21, 1827; matriculated at St. Andrew's, 1847; 
was ordained deacon 1855, and priest 1857; was 
curate of Deptford, Sunderland, Eng., 1855-59; 
and in churches in and about London until 1877, 
when, on nomination of Dean Stanley, he was 
appointed vicar of Otford, in Kent. In theology 
he is "liberal." He was on the staff of The Con- 
temporary Review, 1867-77, and has been contrib- 
utor to other periodicals. He is the author of 
Poems from the German, London, 1852 ; Luther's 
Spiritual Songs translated, 1853 ; Essay on Panthe- 
ism, 1866 ; Religious Thought in England, 1870-73, 
3 vols. ; Contemporary Essays in Theology, 1873 ; 
Pantheism and Christianity, 1884 (the Essay on 
Pantheism revised, and the argument brought to 
a more definite issue). 

HUNT, Sandford, D.D. (Alleghany College, 
Meadville, Penn., 1871), Methodist; b. in Erie 
County, N.Y., April 1, 1825; graduated at Alle- 
ghany College, Meadville, Penn., 1847; became 
pastor in Genesee Conference, presiding elder, 
and since 1879 has been agent of the Methodist 
Book Concern. He is the author of Handbook 
for Trustees of Religious Corporations in the Stale 
of New York, New York, 1872, 2d ed. 1873; Laws 
relating to Religious Corporations in the United 
States, 1876, revised ed. 1882. 

HUNTINGTON, Right Rev. Frederic Dan, 
S.T.D. (Amherst College, Amherst, Mass., 1855), 
Episcopalian; b. at Hadley, Mass., May 28, 1819; 
graduated as valedictorian from Amherst College, 
Mass., 1839, and at the divinity school of Harvard 
University, 1842 ; was Unitarian minister in Bos- 
ton until 1855 ; professor of Christian morals and 
preacher to Harvard University until 1860 ; was 
chaplain and preacher to the Massachusetts State 
Legislature ; was ordered deacon in the Episcopal 
Church, Sept. 12, 1860; ordained priest, March 
19, 1861 ; and was rector in Boston of Emmanuel 
Church, which he organized, until he was conse- 
crated bishop of Central New York, April 8, 1869. 
He was editor of The Church Monthly, Boston, 
1861 sqq., and of The Christian Register and The 
Monthly Religious Magazine, both Boston. He is 
the author of Lessons on the Parables of our Sav- 
iour, Boston, 1856 ; Sermons for the People, Boston, 
1856, 11th ed. New York, 1879 ; Christian Believing 
and Living (sermons), 1860, 7th ed. New York, 
1867 ; Elim (a collection of ancient and modern 
sacred poems), Boston, 1865 ; Divine Aspects of Hu- 
man Society (Lowell and Graham Lectures), N. Y., 
1860 ; Helps to a Holy Lent, 1872 ; New Helps to a 
Holy Lent, 1876 ; Christ in the Christian Year, and 
in the Life of Man, 1878 ; The Fitness of Christian- 
ity to Man (Bohlen Lectures for 1878), 1878; Ser- 
mons on the Christian Year, 1881, 2 vols. ; numerous 
articles in jwriodicals, minor works, etc. 

HUNTINGTON, William Reed, D.D. (Colum- 
bia College, New- York City, 1873), Episcopalian ; 
b. at Lowell, Mass., Sept. 20, 1838; graduated 
at Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., 1859; in- 
structor there in chemistry, 1859-60 ; assistant at 
Emmanuel Church, Boston, 1861-62; rector of 
All Saints', Worcester, Mass., 1862-83; since 1884 
rector of Grace Church, New York. He was the 
class poet (1859) and <I>.B.K. poet at Harvard 
(1870); and secretary of the joint committee of the 



General Convention of the Episcopal Church, on 
the enrichment and better adaptation to American 
needs of the Book of Common Prayer. Besides 
various Sunday-school text-books and manuals, 
he has published The Church Idea: an Essay 
towards Unity, New York, 1870, 3d ed. 1884; Con- 
ditional Immortality, 1876. 

HURST, John Fletcher, D.D., LL.D. (both from 
Dickinson College, Carlisle, Penn., 1866 and 1877 
respectively), Methodist; b. at Salem, Md., Aug. 
17, 1834; graduated at Dickinson College, Car- 
lisle, Penn., 1854; taught ancient languages in 
New York, 1854-56 ; then studied theology at 
Halle and Heidelberg, 1856-57 ; was a Methodist 
pastor in New Jersey and on Staten Island, N.Y., 
1858-66 ; professor of theology in the Mission 
Institute of the Methodist-Episcopal Church (for 
the training of ministers for the German Meth- 
odist Church) at Bremen, 1866-69 ; institute re- 
moved to Fraukfort-on-the-Main, and re-endowed 
as the Martin Mission Institute ; was professor 
there, 1869-71 ; professor of historical theology 
in Drew Theological Seminaiy, Madison, N.Y., 
1871-80, and president from 1873; elected a bishop 
of the Methodist-Episcopal Church, 1880. Be- 
sides translations of Hagenbach's History of the 
Church in the 18th and 19th Centuries (New York, 
1869, 2 vols.), Van Oosterzee's Apologetical Lec- 
tures on John's Gospel (Edinburgh, 1869), and of 
Lange's Commentary on Romans (New York, 1870), 
he has written Why Americans love Shakespeare, 
Catskill, N.Y., 1855; History of Rationalism, New 
York, 1866, London, 1867; Martyrs to the Tract 
Cause, New York, 1872 ; Outlines of Bible History, 
1873; Outlines of Church History, 1874, 3d ed. 
1880 ; Life and Literature in the Fatherland, 1876 ; 
Our Theological Century, 1877 ; Bibliotheca theo- 
logica (a bibliography of theology), 1883; Short 
History of the Reformation, 1884; (jointly with 
Prof. Dr. G. R. Crooks) an adaptation of Hagen- 
bach's Theological Encyclopaedia and Methodology, 
1884, as part of The Library of Theological and 
Biblical Literature begun in 1879. 

HURTER, Hugo, Ph.D. (Rome, 1851), D.D. 
(do., 1855), Roman Catholic; b. at Schaffhausen, 
Switzerland, Jan. 11, 1832 ; studied in Rome, 
partly in the Propaganda and partly in the Ger- 
man College; and since 1858 has been professor 
of dogmatic theology in the University of Inns- 
bruck. On Oct. 30, 1845, entered the Roman- 
Catholic Church, and on June 15, 1857, the Jesuit 
Order. He is the author of Ueber die Rechte der 
Vernunft und des Glaubens, Innsbruck, 1863 ; 
Opuscula selecta SS. Patrum ad usum prazsertim 
studiosorum theologice, 1868-85, 48 vols., 2d series 
1884 sqq. ; Leonardi Lessii S. J. de summo bono el 
aterna beatitudine hominis, libri Jf, newly edited, 
Freiburg-im-Br., 1869; Nomenclator literarius re- 
centioris theologia; catholicce, Innsbruck, 1871-86 ; 
D. Thomas Aq. sermories, newly edited, 1874 ; Theo- 
logice dogmaticoz compendium, 1876, 3 vols. 5th ed. 
1885; Medulla theologice dogmatical, 1880, 2d ed. 
1885. 

HYACINTHE, Father (whose full name is 
Charles Jean Marie Augustin Hyacinthe Loyson) ; 
b. at Orleans, France, March 10, 1827, and edu- 
cated privately under care of his father, who was 
rector of the University of France, attached to 
the Academy of Pau. After taking his degree of 
B.A. he entered (1845) the Seminary of St. Sul- 



HYACINTHE. 



107 



HYDE. 



pice, Paris, and there studied philosophy and 
theology under the first masters of religious sci- 
ence. He was ordained a priest at Notre Dame 
de Paris, June 14, 1851, and for the next five 
years was a professor, first of philosophy at the 
Grand Seminary of Avignon (1851-54), then of 
dogmatic theology at the Seminary of Nantes 
(1854-56). In 1856-57 he was curate of St. Sul- 
pice, Paris, being member of the company of the 
priests of St. Sulpice, and was made honorary 
canon of Troy. In 1858 he decided upon a 
monastic life, and made a six-months' novitiate 
in the Dominican Order (as reformed by La- 
cordaire) ; but preferring a more austere order, 
on April 22, 1862, he entered that of the Bare- 
footed Carmelites (as reformed by St. Theresa 
and St. John of the Cross in the sixteenth cen- 
tury) ; rose to be superior of his order in Paris 
and second definator of the province of Avignon, 
and remained in it until September, 1869. From 
1864 to 1869 he was metropolitan preacher of 
Notre Dame de Paris ; but refused to be court 
preacher under Napoleon III., and also to be 
archbishop of Lyons, always maintaining that his 
vocation of preacher was preferable to all social 
or ecclesiastical "preferment." He has preached 
in the large cities of France (sometimes under 
great difficulties), England, Holland, Belgium, Ger- 
many, Switzerland, Italy, and the United States. 
On Sept. 20, 1869, he published a manifesto 
against the usurpations of Rome, protesting 
against the lack of cecumenity in the convocation 
of the Vatican Council. At the same time he quit- 
ted his convent ; and then, to avoid importunity, 
he went to America for a few months, awaiting 
the deliberations of the council. When the de- 
cree of infallibility was pronounced (July 18, 
1870), he found it was impossible for him longer 
to submit to Rome; and since then he has de- 
voted himself to preaching Catholic reform (the 
Bible to be read by all, vernacular worship, the cup 
to be given to the laity, liberty of marriage for 
priests, freedom of confession), and as far as pos- 
sible carrying it out in practice. On Sept. 3, 1872, 
he married in London, Mrs. Emilie Jane (Butter- 
field) Meriman of New York, N.Y., U.S.A., who 
had been previously engaged in Catholic reform 
in Rome. In 1873 he began reformed public 
worship in Geneva, Switzerland, whither he was 
called by the disaffected Roman Catholics, who 
elected him their vicar. There he remained 
five years, but separated himself from the Old 
Catholics there, because of their too radical ten- 
dencies in politics and religion. In 1877 and 1878 
lie gave a series of conferences in the Cirque 
d'Hiver in Paris, on the necessity of religious re- 
form in Catholic countries, which was a political 
event feared by the French Republic. In 1879 
he returned to live in Paris, and opened a free 
church, known as the Catholic Gallican Church, 
with the episcopal aid of Bishop Herzog of Bern 
of the Old Catholic Church, and the bishops of 
the Anglican Church, with which churches his 



own is in communion. His church was legalized 
in December, 1883, by a decree of the French 
Government, signed by President Grevy. It has 
therefore the right to exist ; but it is free, and 
unsubsidized by the government. In July, 1885, 
it numbered over a thousand members and six 
clergy. 

In philosophy M. Loyson is a disciple of Plato, 
Descartes, Malebranche, and Leibnitz. An assid- 
uous investigator of the Holy Scriptures from 
earliest childhood, his theology is that of the 
Bible and of the Fathers. Always a devoted, 
liberal, and evangelical Catholic, he accepts the 
Primacy of the early Church, but rejects the Pa- 
pacy. He holds to the faith of the undivided 
church, i.e., the Episcopate, as expressed in the 
Nicene Creed, which he believes to be the broad 
yet firm basis of all social and scientific progress, 
as well as the adaptation of all spiritual truth ; 
and his aim is the unity (not uniformity) of all 
Christians. 

Among his numerous publications are the fol- 
lowing : Poemes, Pau, 1841-45 ; La socie'te civile 
dans ses rapports avec le Christianisme (Conferences 

de Notre Dame), Paris, 1867, 5th ed. ; La fa- 

mille (Conferences de Notre Dame), 1867, 2d ed. 
; Education des classes ouvrieres, 1867 ; Profes- 
sion de la foi Catholique d'une protestante convertie, 
1868; De la Reforme Catholique: letlres, fragments, 
discours, 1869-72, 2d ed (English trans., Catholic 
reform : Letters, Fragments, etc., by Madame Loyson, 
introd. by Dean Stanley, London, 1874) ; L'Eglise 
Catholique en Suisse, Geneva, 1875 ; Reforme Ca- 
tholique, II. Catholicisme et Protestantisme, Paris, 
1873; L'Ultramontanisme et la Revolution, 1873; 
Trots conferences au Cirque d'Hiver (April 15, 
22, and 29, 1877), 1877; Les principes de la Re- 
forme Catholique (Conferences au Cirque d'Hiver, 
1878), 1878 (English trans., London, 1879) ; Pro- 
gramme de la Reforme Catholique, 1879 ; Liturgie 
Gallicane, 1879, 5th ed. 1883; L' Inquisition, 1882. 
In 1880 Madame Hyacinthe Loyson translated 
into French, and he published, Dollinger's Reunion 
des Eglises. His son, Paul Emmanuel Hyacinthe 
Loyson, was born at Geneva, Oct. 19, 1873. 

HYDE, James Thomas, D.D. (Yale, New Haven, 
Conn., and Beloit College, Mich., 1870), Congre- 
gationalist; b. at Norwich, Conn., Jan. 28, 1827; 
graduated at Yale College, New Haven, Conn., 
1847, and at Yale Divinity School 1850; tutor in 
Yale College, 1849-52 ; became colleague of Rev. 
Dr. John Fiske at New Braintree, Mass., 1853; 
acting pastor of North Church (Rev. Dr. Horace 
Bushnell's), Hartford, Conn., 1855; pastor at 
Middlebury, Vt., 1857 ; inaugurated Iowa pro- 
fessor of pastoral theology and special studies in 
the Chicago (Congregational) Theological Semi- 
nary, 111., 1870; transferred to the chair of New- 
Testament literature and interpretation, 1879. 
He is the author of New-Testament Introduction, 
Chicago, 1881 ; A New Catechism, or Manual of 
Instruction for Students and other Thoughtful In- 
quirers, 1884. 



JACKSON. 



108 



JACOB. 



J. 



JACKSON, George Anson, Congregationalist ; 
b. at North Adams, Mass., March 17, 1846; grad- 
uated from Yale (New Haven, Conn.) scientific 
department Ph.B. 1868, and from Andover (Mass.) 
Theological Seminary 1871 ; was pastor at Leaven- 
worth, Kan., from 1871 to 73 ; Southbridge, Mass., 
1874-78 ; since at Swampscott, Mass. He is the 
author of The Christian Faith: a Manual for Cate- 
chumens, Boston, 1875 ; The Apostolic Fathers, New 
York, 1879 ; The Fathers of the Third Century, 
1881; The Post-Nicene Greek Fathers, 1883; The 
Post-Nicene Latin Fathers, 1883 (these volumes 
were revised for London reprint and Gotha 
German translation in 18S4, when The Teaching 
of the Apostles was embodied in The Apostolic 
Fathers). 

JACKSON, Right Rev. and Right Hon. John, 
D.D. (Oxford, 1853), lord bishop of London ; 
b. in London, Feb. 22, 1811; d. there Jan. 6, 
1885. He was educated at Pembroke College, 
Oxford; graduated B.A. (first-class classics) 1833, 
M.A. 1836, B.D. 1853; was Ellerton theological 
prize essayist, 1834 ; ordained deacon 1835, priest 
1836 ; was head master of the proprietai'y school 
at Islington, 1836-46 ; select preacher to the Uni- 
versity of Oxford, 1845, 1850, 1862, 1866; Boyle 
lecturer in London, 1853; rector of St. James, 
Westminster, London, 1846-53; bishop of Lin- 
coln, 1853-69 ; translated to London, 1869. He 
was one of her Majesty's Most Honorable Privy 
Council; dean of her Majesty's Chapels Royal; 
provincial dean of Canterbury ; official trustee of 
the British Museum ; official governor of King's 
College, London ; visitor of Harrow and Highgate 
schools, and of Balliol College ; a governor of the 
Charterhouse. He was the author of The Lead- 
ing Points of the Christian Character (six sermons), 
London, 1844; Sanctifying Grace, and the Grace 
of the Ministry, 1847 ; The Day of Prayer and the 
Day of Thanksgiving (two sermons), 1849; The 
Sinfulness of Little Sins, 1849, 20th ed. 1875; Rome 
and her Claims (a sermon), 1850 ; The Spirit of 
the World, and the Spirit which is of God, 1850 ; 
Repentance, its Necessity, Nature, and Aids (a course 
of Lent sermons), 1851, 9th ed. 1866 ; An Address 
to the Newly Confirmed, preparatory to the Holy 
Communion, 1852 ; Sunday a Day of Rest or a Day 
of Work (a few words to workingmen), 1853; 
War, its Evils and Duties (a sermon), 1854; The 
Witness of the Spirit, 1854, 3d ed. 1870; God's 
Word and Man's Heart, 1864 (the latter two 
volumes consist of sermons preached before the 
University of Oxford) ; The Parochial System (a 
charge), 1871 ; Five Years in the Diocese of London, 
1884 ; commentary on Timothy and Titus in Bible 
(Speaker's) Commentary, 1S81. * 

JACKSON, Lewis Evens, Presbyterian layman; 
b. on Staten Island, Richmond County, N.Y., 
Aug. 31, 1822 ; educated in the common schools 
of New-York City; has been identified with Chris- 
tian and charitable work in the city since 1846, 
having been first a city missionary, and since 
1863 corresponding secretary and treasurer of the 



New- York City Missionary and Tract Society. He 
is the author of Gospel Work, a Semi-centennial of 
City Missions, New York, 1878 ; and of Christian 
Work in New York: being the Annual Report of the 
New- York City Missionary and Tract Society, with 
Brief Notices of the Operations of other Societies, 
Church Directory, List of Benevolent Societies, and 
Statistics of Population, etc. (since 1863). 

JACKSON, Samuel Macau ley, Presbyterian; b. 
in New-York City, June 19, 1851 ; graduated at 
the College of the City of New York, 1870, and 
at Union Theological Seminary, in the same city, 
1873; studied and travelled, 1873-76; pastor at 
Norwood, N.J., 1876-80; since in literary work; 
contributor to Schaff's Bible Dictionary, 1878-80 ; 
associate editor of the Schaff-Herzog Encyclopaedia, 
1880-84. 

JACKSON, Sheldon, D.D. (Hanover College, 
Hanover, Ind., 1874), Presbyterian ; b. at Mina- 
ville, N.Y., May 18, 1834; graduated at Union 
College, Schenectady, N.Y., 1855, and at Prince- 
ton (N.J.) Theological Seminary, 1858; became 
missionary to the Choctaws, Indian Territory; 
home missionary for Western Wisconsin and 
Southern Minnesota, with headquarters at Cres- 
cent, Minn., 1859 ; pastor at Rochester, Minn., with 
oversight of mission-work in Southern Minnesota, 
1864; superintendent of missions for Northern 
and Western Iowa, Dakota, Nebraska, and other 
Western territories, 1869 ; superintendent of mis- 
sions for the Rocky-Mountain territories, 1870 
(the first under commission of the presbyteries of 
Fort Dodge, Des Moines, and Council Bluffs, the 
second under that of the Board of Home Mis- 
sions) ; business manager of The Presbyterian 
Home Missionary, New-York City, 1882 (which 
had grown out of The Rocky- Mountain Presbyte- 
rian, which he established at Denver, 1872). In 
1879 and 1880 he brought Indian children from 
New Mexico and Arizona to the Indian training- 
schools at Carlisle, Penn., and Hampton, Va., 
under commission of the U. S. Government. He 
organized the first Presbyterian churches and mis- 
sions in Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, 
and Alaska. 

JACOB, George Andrew, D.D. (Oxford, 1852), 
Church of England ; b. at Exmouth, Dec. 16, 
1807; was scholar of Worcester College, Oxford; 
graduated B.A. (first-class classics) 1829, M.A. 
1832, B.D. 1852; was tutor of his college; or- 
dained deacon 1831, priest 1832 ; head master of 
King Edward's Grammar School, Bromsgrove, 
1832-43 ; principal of Sheffield College School, 
1843-53; head master of Christ's Hospital [School], 
London, 1853-08, when he resigned. He is the au- 
thor of (besides Greek and Latin grammars for 
schools) A Letter to' Sir Robert Peel on National Edu- 
cation, London, 1839; Tirocinium Gallicum, 1849; 
Four Sermons before the University of Oxford, 1858 ; 
The Ecclesiastical Polity of the New Testament, a 
Study for the Present Crisis of the Church of Eng- 
land, 1871, 3d ed. 1884, reprinted, New York, 
1S72, 4th ed. 1874; Reply on Eucharistic Doctrine 



JACOBI. 



109 



JAMES. 



of Romanists and Ritualists, 1874 ; Sabbath made 
for Man, 1880; The Lord's Supper historically 
considered, 1884. 

JACOBI, Justus Ludwig, Lie. Theol., D.D. (Ber- 
lin, 1S41 and 1851), United Evangelical; b. at Burg, 
near Magdeburg, Aug. 12, 1815; studied in Halle 
and Berlin, in the latter university became privat- 
docent, 1841 ; professor extraordinary, 1847 ; ordi- 
nary professor of theology at Kdnigsberg, 1851 ; 
at Halle, 1855. He is the author of Die Lehre des 
Pelagius, Berlin, 1842; Die kirchliche Lehre von 
der Tradition u. heiligen Schrift in ihr. Entwickelung 
dargestellt, Berlin, 1. Abth., 1847; Lehrbuch der 
Kirchengeschichte, 1. Theil, 1850; Die Lehre der 
Irvingiten verglichen mit der heiligen Schrift, 1853, 
2d ed. 1868; Erinnerung. an D. Aug. Neander, 
Halle, 1882 ; do. an Baron von Kottwitz, 1882. 

JACOBS, Henry Eyster, D.D. (Thiel College, 
Carthage, 111., 1877), Lutheran ; b. at Gettysburg, 
Penn., Nov. 10, 1844; graduated at Pennsylvania 
College, Gettysburg, Penn., 1862, and at the Get- 
tysburg Theological Seminary, 1865; was tutor 
in Pennsylvania College, 1864-67 ; home mission- 
ary at Pittsburg, Penn., 1867-68; pastor and 
principal of Thiel Hall, Phillipsburg, Penn. (now 
Thiel College, Greenville, Penn.), 1868-70; pro- 
fessor in Pennsylvania College, of Latin 1870-80, 
of Latin and Greek 1880-81, of Greek 1881-83 ; 
and since 1883 has been professor of systematic 
theology in the Evangelical Lutheran Seminary, 
Philadelphia, Penn. He has published many 
articles and the following books : Hutter's Com- 
pend of Lutheran Theology (trans, with Rev. 
G. F. Spieker), Philadelphia, 1867, 4th ed. 1882; 
Schmid's Doctrinal Theology of the Evangelical Lu- 
theran Church (trans, with Rev. Dr. C. A. Hay), 
1875 ; Proceedings of the First Lutheran Diet 
(edited), 1878; The Book of Concord, or the Sym- 
bolical Books of the Evangelical Lutheran Church 
(trans, with notes), vol. 1, 1882, vol. 2, histori- 
cal introduction, appendices, and indexes, 1883; 
Meyer's Commentary on Galatians and Ephesians 
(American ed., with translation of references and 
supplementary notes), New York, 1884. Since 
1883 has been editor of Lutheran Church Review. 

JACOBSON, Right Rev. William, D.D. (by 
Convocation of Canterbury, 1848), lord bishop 
of Chester, Church of England ; b. at Great Yar- 
mouth, Norfolk, in the year 1803 ; d. at Chester, 
July 13, 1884. He was educated at the Dissent- 
ing College, Homerton, Middlesex, and afterwards 
at Lincoln College, Oxford; graduated B.A. (sec- 
ond-class classics) 1827, M.A. 1829; won Eller- 
ton theological prize for essay : " What were the 
Causes of the Persecution to which the Christians 
were subject in the First Centuries of Christianity 1 
elected fellow of Exeter College, 1829 ; was curate 
of St. Mary Magdalen, Oxford, 1830-32 ; per- 
petual curate of Iffley, 1839-40; vice-principal of 
Magdalen Hall, Oxford, 1832-48; public orator 
of the university, 1842-48; regius professor of 
divinity, canon of Christ Church, and rector of 
Ewelrne, Oxford, 1848-65; bishop of Chester, 
1865 till his death. He was select preacher to 
the university, 1833, 1842, and 1869 ; elected hon- 
orary fellow of Hertford College, Oxford, 1874. 
He was on the Royal Commission of 1864, to con- 
sider the terms of clerical subscription. He edited 
Dean Rowell's Catechismus, sive prima institutio dis- 
ciplinaque pietatis Christiana, Latine explicata, Ox- 



ford, 1835, 2d ed. 1844 ; Patres A postolici (Clemens 
Romanus, Ignatius, Polycarp, martyrdoms of Ig- 
natius and Polycarp), 1838, 2 vols., 4th ed. 1863; 
The Oxford Paraphrase and Annotations upon all 
the Epistles of St. Paul, 1852 ; The Collected Works 
of Bishop Sanderson, 1854, 6 vols. ; Fragmentary 
Illustrations of the History of the Book of Common 
Prayer, from MS. Sources (Bishops Sanderson 
and Wren), 1874; was the author of Sermons 
preached in the Parish Church of Iffley, Oxon., 
1840, 2d ed. 1846; On the Alhanasian Creed (a 
speech in the Convocation of York), 1872; the 
commentary on the Acts in The Bible (Speaker's) 
Commentary, London and New r York, 1880 ; and 
a number of charges and single sermons. * 

JACOBY, Carl Johannes Hermann, D.D. (hon., 
Halle, 1873), German Protestant theologian ; b. 
in Berlin, Dec. 30, 1836 ; studied at Berlin 1854- 
57, and in the Kbnigl. Prediger-Seminar at Witten- 
berg 1858-59 ; was gymnasial teacher at Lands- 
berg-a.-W. 1859-63, and at Stendal 1863-64; 
diakonus'm Schloss Heldrungen, 1866-68; became 
ordinary professor of practical theology at Kdnigs- 
berg, 1868 ; and since 1871 has also been univer- 
sity preacher. He holds to the "PerwuMefode The- 
ologie, wie sie in der evangel. Vereinigung vertreten 
ist." He is the author of Zwei evangelische Lebens- 
bilder aus der katholischen Kirche (Princess Galitz- 
in and Bishop Sailer), Bielefield, 1864; Beitrage 
zu christlicher Erkenniniss (sermons), Giitersloh, 
1870; Liturgik der Reformatoren, Gotha, 1871-76, 
2 vols. ; Slaatskirche, Freikirche, Landeskirche, Leip- 
zig, 1875; Die Gestalt des evangelischen Haupt- 
gottesdienst, Gotha, 1879 ; Allgemeine Padagogik 
auf Grund der chrisllichen Eihik, 1883 ; Chrislliche 
Tugenden (sermons), 1883. 

JAEGER, Abraham, D.D. (University of the 
South, Sewanee, Tenn., 1880), Episcopalian; b. 
at Stanislaw, Austria, March 25, 1839 ; educated 
at rabbinical schools, and was rabbi at Selma and 
Mobile, Ala., 1870-72. In the spring of 1872 he 
was converted from Judaism, and in May joined 
the Baptist Church, and studied Christian theol- 
ogy in the Southern Baptist Seminary, Greenville, 
S.C. (now at Louisville, Ky.), and was there hon- 
orary professor 1875-76. In 1877 he joined the 
Episcopal Church ; was ordered deacon, 1878 ; and 
ordained priest, 1880. From 1878 to 1880 he was 
professor in the University of the South, Sewanee, 
Tenn. ; and since has been professor in the theo- 
logical seminary of the Protestant-Episcopal dio- 
cese of Ohio, at Gambler. He is the author of 
Mind and Heart in Religion, or Judaism and Chris- 
tianity, Chicago, 1873 ; Infant Baptism versus Con- 
verted Membership (announced) ; Modern Concep- 
tion of the Development of the Religion of Israel (in 
preparation). 

JACCAR, Right Rev. Thomas Augustus, D.D. 
(University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1874), 
Episcopalian, bishop of Southern Ohio ; b. in 
New- York City, June 2, 1839 ; studied at General 
Theological Seminary in New- York City, 1859 ; 
became rector of Anthon Memorial (now All 
Souls') Church, New- York City, 1864; St. John's, 
Yonkers, 1868 ; Holy Trinity, Philadelphia, 1870; 
bishop, 1875. He is the author of occasional 
sermons, addresses, etc. * 

JAMES, Fleming, D.D. (Protestant-Episcopal 
Seminary of Ohio, Gambier, 1876) ; b. at Rich- 
mond, Va., Dec. 7, 1835 ; graduated M.A. at Uni- 



JANSSEN. 



110 



JESSUP. 



versityof Virginia at Charlottesville, 1856, and at 
General Theological Seminary, New- York City, 
1868; was assistant minister in New-York City, 
and Baltimore, Md., 1868-70 ; rector of St. Mark's, 
Baltimore, 1870-75, and of Calvary, Louisville, 
Ky., 1875-76; and since 1876 has been professor 
in the theological seminary of the Protestant- 
Episcopal diocese of Ohio, and pastor of Harcourt 
parish, both at Gambier. 

JANSSEN, Johannes, Ph.D. (Bonn, 1853), D.D. 
(lion., Wiirzburg, 1882, Louvain, 1884), Roman 
Catholic; b. at Xanten, Germany, April 10, 1829; 
studied at the universities of Louvain, Belgium 
(1850-51), and Bonn, Germany (1851-53); be- 
came privat-docent in the academy at Minister, 
1854 ; the same year, professor of history in the 
gymnasium at Frankfurt-am-Main, and so re- 
mains. He is now papal domestic prelate, apos- 
tolical protonotar, and archiepiscopal ecclesiasti- 
cal councillor of Freiburg. His literary work has 
been often interrupted by illness. He is the 
author of Wibald von Stablo unci Corvey, Mini- 
ster, 1854; vol. 3 of Geschichtsquellen des Bisthums 
Miinster, 1856 ; Frankreicks Rheingeluste, Frank- 
furt, 1861, 2d ed. Freiburg, 1883; Frankfurts 
Reichscorrespondenz von 1I/.76 bis 1519, Freiburg, 
1863-66, 2 vols. ; Schiller als Historiker, 1863, 2d 
ed. 1879 ; Joh. Friedr. Bohmer's Leben, Briefe und 
Heine Schriften, 1863, 3 vols. ; Zur Genesis der 
ersten Theilunq Polens, 1869; Zeil-und Lebensbilder, 
1875, 3d ed. 1879 ; Friedricli Leopold Graf zu S/ol- 
berg, 1875-76, 2 vols, (in 1 vol. 1882, 3d ed. 1883); 
Gescldchte des deuischen Volkes seit dem Ausgang 
des Mittelalters, 1876, sqq., vols, i.-iv. (12th ed. of 
the first 4 vols. 1884-85, 13th ed. vol. ii. 1885). 
In defence of his history, which has been vigor- 
ously attacked by Protestant scholars, he has 
published An meine Kriliker, Nebst Ergdnzungen 
und Erlauterungen zu den 3 ersten Band, meiner 
Geschichte, 1882, 16th thousand 1884; Ein zweites 
Wort an meine Kritiker, 1883, 16th thousand 1884. 

JEBB, John, D.D. (Trinity College, Dublin, 
1860), Episcopal Church in Ireland ; b. in Dublin, 
Ireland, in the year 1805 ; d. at Peterstow, Eng., 
January, 1886 ; graduated at Trinity College, Dub- 
lin, B.A. 1827, M.A. 1829, B.D. 1860; ordained 
deacon 1828, priest 1829 ; was rector of Dunurlin, 
Ireland, 1831-32 ; prebendary of Donoughmore 
in Limerick Cathedral, 1832-43; proctor of the 
diocese of Hereford, Eng., 1857-80; projector of 
Hereford Cathedral, 1863-70. Since 1843 he was 
the rector of Peterstow ; since 1858, prebendary 
of Preston Wynne ; since 1870, canon residentiary ; 
since 1878, chancellor of the choir of Hereford 
Cathedral. He was one of the revisers of the 
Old Testament, and the author of Three Lectures 
on the Cathedral Service, London, 1841; The Choral 
Service of the United Church of England and Ire- 
land, 1843 ; A Literal Translation of the Book of 
Psalms, with Dissertations, 1846, 2 vols. ; The Choral 
Responses and Litanies of the United Churches of 
England and Ireland, 1847-57, 2 vols. ; The Prin- 
ciple of Ritualism defended, 1856; The Ritual Law 
and Custom of the Church Universal, 1866; The 
Rights of the Irish Branch of the United Church of 
England and Ireland considered, 1868. * 

JEFFERS, Eliakim Tupper, D.D. (Washington 
and Jefferson College, Washington, Penn., 1872), 
Presbyterian; b. at Stewiacke, N.S., April 6, 
1841 ; graduated at Jefferson College, Canons- 



burg, Penn., 1862, and at Princeton (N.J.) The- 
ological Seminary, 1865; became pastor of the 
United- Presbyterian Church, Oxford, Penn., 1865; 
president of Westminster College, Penn., 1872; 
professor of theology in Lincoln University, Ox- 
ford, Penn., 1883. He was moderator of the 
United- Presbyterian Church, 1S80. 

JEFFERS, William Hamilton, D.D. (Western 
Reserve College, Hudson, O., 1874), LL.D. (Uni- 
versity of Wooster, Wooster, O., 1879), Presbyte- 
rian ; b. near Cadiz, O., May 1, 1838 ; graduated 
at Geneva College, Northwood, Penn. (now Beaver 
Falls, O.), 1855; and at Xenia (United-Presbyte- 
rian) Theological Seminary, O., 1859. From 1862 
to 1866 he was pastor of the United-Presbyterian 
united churches of Bellefontaine and North- 
wood, O. ; in 1866 became professor of Latin and 
Hebrew in Westminster College, New Wilming- 
ton, Penn.; in 1869, professor of Greek in the 
University of Wooster, O. ; in 1875, pastor of the 
Euclid-avenue Presbyterian Church, Cleveland, O.; 
and since 1877 has been professor of Old-Testament 
literature and exegesis in the Western (Presby- 
terian) Theological Seminary, Allegheny, Penn. 
While pastor at Bellefontaine, he was put on the 
committee to revise the United-Presbyterian met- 
rical version of the Psalms. 

JENNINGS, Arthur Charles, Church of Eng- 
land; b. in London, Dec. 19, 1847; educated at 
Eton and Radley; entered Jesus College, Cam- 
bridge ; took the Carus prize in 1869 ; graduated 
B.A. 1872 ; Carus Bachelor's prizeman, and Jeremie 
Septuagint prizeman, and Crosse scholar, 1872; 
took a first-class in the theological tripos, the uni- 
versity Hebrew prize, Evan's prize, and Schole- 
field's prize; was Tyrwhitt's scholar and Fry's 
scholar (St. John's), 1873; M.A. 1875. He was 
ordained deacon 1873, priest 1874; was curate of 
St. Edward, Cambridge, 1873-74; became vicar of 
Whittlesford, near Cambridge, 1877. He is broad 
on doctrinal points ; inclined to the view that the 
English Church may retain her position, if she 
accommodates herself to the modern views on such 
points as the inspiration of the Scriptures,doctrinal 
development, etc. He advocates a limitization of 
episcopal authority by the revival of a truly repre- 
sentative Convocation. He is a moderate High 
Churchman in his view of public worship, but 
desires a revision of the Prayer Book. He is 
the author of Commentary on the Psalms (jointly 
with W. H. Lowe), published in parts, London, 
1875-77, 2 vols., 2d ed. 1884; Ecclesia Anglicana, 
A History of the Church of Christ in England, from 
the Earliest to the Present Times, 1882 ; Synopsis of 
Ancient Chronology, 1886. He contributed the 
comments on Nahum, Haggai, Habakkuk, and 
Zephaniah, in Ellicott's Old-Testament Commentary 
(vol. v., 1884). 

JERMYN, Right Rev. Hugh Willoughby, D.D. 
(Cambridge, 1871), lord bishop of Brechin, Epis- 
copal Church of Scotland ; b. about the year 1820; 
educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge; graduated 
B.A. 1841, M.A. 1847; was ordained deacon 1843, 
priest 1845 ; archdeacon of St. Christopher's, West 
Indies, 1854-58; rector of Nettlecombe, near 
Taunton, 1858-70 ; vicar of Barking, Essex, 1870- 
71 ; lord bishop of Colombo, 1871-75 ; elected to 
Brechin, 1875. * 

JESSUP, Henry Harris, D.D. (University of 
New- York City, and College of New Jersey, Prince- 



JOHNSON. 



Ill 



JOSTES. 



ton, 1865), Presbyterian; b. at Montrose, Penn., 
April 19, 1832 ; graduated at Yale College, New 
Haven, Conn., 1851, and Union Theological Sem- 
inary, New- York City, 1855. In 1856 he went 
as a missionary to Tripoli, Syria, and there re- 
mained until 1860, when he removed to Beirut, 
which has ever since been the centre of his opera- 
tions. He has several times made brief home 
visits, and during one of these in 1879 was elected 
moderator of the General Assembly at Saratoga, 
N.Y. He is the author of The Mohammedan Mis- 
sionary Problem, Philadelphia, 1879. 

JOHNSON, Elias Henry, D.D. (University of 
Rochester, N.Y., 1878), Baptist; b. at Troy, N.Y., 
Oct. 15, 1841 ; graduated at the University of 
Rochester, N.Y., 1862, and at the Rochester Theo- 
logical Seminary, 1871 ; was pastor at Le Sueur, 
Minn., 1866-68; Ballston Spa, N.Y., 1S73-75; 
and at Providence, R.I., 1875-82 ; in 1882 became 
professor of systematic theology in Crozer Theo- 
logical Seminary, Chester, Penn. He published 
(jointly with W. H. Doane, Mus. D.) Baptist 
Hymnal, Philadelphia, 1883 ; (alone) Songs of 
Praise for Sunday Schools, 1882 ; Select Sunday- 
school Songs, 1885 ; articles in reviews and other 
periodicals. 

JOHNSON, Herrick, D.D. (Western Reserve 
College, Hudson, O., 1867), LL.D. ( Wooster Uni- 
versity, Wooster, 0., 1880), Presbyterian ; b. near 
Fonda, Montgomery County, N.Y., Sept. 21 , 1832 ; 
graduated from Hamilton College, Clinton, N.Y., 
1857, and from Auburn (N.Y.) Theological Semi- 
nary, I860. He was colleague pastor of the First 
Church, Troy, N.Y., 1860-62; pastor of the Third 
Church, Pittsburg, Penn., 1862-68; and of the 
First Church, Philadelphia, Penn., 1868-74. In 
1874 he went to Auburn as professor of homiletics 
and pastoral theology; in 1880 he removed to 
Chicago, where he is pastor of the Fourth Church, 
and professor of sacred rhetoric in the Theologi- 
cal Seminary of the North-west. He was moder- 
ator of the General Assembly at Springfield, 111., 
1882. He is president of the Presbyterian Church 
Board of Aid for Colleges and Academies, and of 
the board of trustees of Lake Forest University, 
111. He was chairman of the committee on higher 
education, which reported to the General Assem- 
bly of 1883 a plan for the organization of the for- 
mer. The report was unanimously adopted. Be- 
sides many sermons, articles, etc., he has published 
Christianity's Challenge, Chicago, lib, 1882, 4th 
ed. 1884; Plain Talks about the Theater, 1883; 
Revivals, their Place and Power, 1883. 

JOHNSON, William Allen, Episcopalian; b. at 
Hyde Park, Dutchess County, N.Y., Aug. 4, 1833; 
graduated at Columbia College, New- York City, 
1853, and at the General Theological Seminary, 
New- York City, 1857. He was successively rector 
at Bainbridge, N.Y., 1857-62; missionary in 
Upper Michigan, 1862-64 ; rector at Burlington, 
N.J., 1864-70, and at Salisbury, Conn., 1871-82. 
On Jan. 1, 1883, he went to his present position, 
the professorship of Christian evidences and homi- 
letics in the Berkeley Divinity School, Middle- 
town, Conn. 

JONES, Samuel P, the "Mountain Evangelist," 
Methodist Church South ; b. in Chambers County, 
Ala., Oct. 16, 1847 ; received a good academic 
education ; entered the legal profession, to which 
his father belonged, in 1870, and practised law 



for three years in his native county, with indif- 
ferent success, owing to his bad habits. He was, 
however, converted, joined the Methodist Church, 
and became a preacher under the sanction of the 
North Georgia Conference. At first he did not 
go outside of his State ; but in 1881 he went into 
Alabama, and has since been not only all over 
the South, but also through the North, and has 
always labored with remarkable success. He 
uses the plainest speech, and abounds in witty 
and pregnant sayings. Some of his sermons have 
been printed, New York, 1885. * 

JONES, Right Rev. William Basil, D.D. (Uni- 
versity of Oxford, 1874), lord bishop of St. 
David's, Church of England ; b. at Cheltenham, 
Gloucestershire, Eng., in the year 1822; was 
scholar of Trinity College, Oxford, 1840 ; Ireland 
scholar, 1842; graduated B. A. (second-class clas- 
sics) 1844, M.A. (Queen's College) 1847; was 
ordained deacon 1848, priest 1853; was Michel 
fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, 1848-51 ; fel- 
low of University College, 1851-57 ; master of the 
schools, 1848; tutor of University College, 1854- 
65 ; classical moderator, 1856 and 1860 ; select 
preacher at Oxford, 1860-62, 1866-67, 1876-78; 
at Cambridge, 1881 ; senior proctor, Oxford, 1861- 
62 ; examining chaplain to the archbishop of 
York, 1861-74; public examiner in theology, 1870; 
cursal prebendary of St. David's Cathedral, 1859- 
65; prebendary of Grindal in York Cathedral, 
1S63-71 ; perpetual curate of Haxby, Yorkshire, 
1S63-65; vicar of Bishopthorpe with Middle- 
thorpe, 1865-74; archdeacon of York, 1867-74; 
rural dean of Bishopthorpe, 1869-74, and of the 
city of York, 1873-74; chancellor of York Cathe- 
dral, and prebendary of Laughton-en-le-Morthen, 
1871-74; canon residentiary of York, 1873-74; 
consecrated bishop, 1874. He is the author of 
Vestiges of the Gael in Gwynedd, London, 1851; 
Christ College, Brecon, its History and Capabilities 
considered with Reference to a Measure now before 
Parliament, 1853; The History and Antiquities of 
St. David's (conjointly with E. A. Freeman, LL.D.), 
1856; Notes on the (Edipus Tyrannus of Sophocles, 
adapted to the Text of Dindorf 1862, 2d ed. 1869 ; 
The Clergyman's Office (a sermon), 1864 ; The New 
Testament illustrated with a Plain Explanatory Com- 
mentary for Private Reading (with Archdeacon 
Churton), 1865 ; Judgment, Mercy, and Faith (Uni- 
versity sermon), 1866; The Mystery of Iniquity 
(University sermons), 1867; The Peace of God, 
Sermons on the Reconciliation of God and Man, 
1869, 2d ed. 1885 ; Commentary on St. Luke in 
The Bible (Speaker's) Commentary, 1878 ; visita- 
tion charges ; papers in literary and antiquarian 
journals ; contributions to Smith's Dictionary of 
the Bible. 

JOSTES, Franz (Ludwig), Ph.D. (Leipzig, 1882), 
Roman Catholic ; b. at Glandorf , Hannover, Ger- 
many, July 12, 1858 ; studied history and German 
at Freiburg (where he first, however, studied 
medicine), Berlin, Strassburg, and Leipzig, 1878- 
82 ; became privat-docent of the German language 
and literature in the Royal Academy of Minister, 
in Westphalia, 1884. He is the author of Johannes 
Veghe, Halle, 1882 ; Johannes Veghe, ein deutsche 
Stadte-Prediger des 15. Jahrhunderts, Zum ersten 
Male herausgegeben , 1883 ; Drei unbekannte deutsche 
Schriften von Johannes Veghe (in Histor. Jahrbuch, 
1885, pp. 345-412) ; Beitrage zur Kenntniss der 



JOWETT. 



112 



JUNGMANN. 



niederdeutschen Mystik (in Germania, 1885) ; West- 
falische Predigten (in Jahrbuch des Vereins fiir 
niederdeutsche Sprachforschung , 1884) ; Schrift- 
sprache und Volksdialecte, Bemerkungen zu einer 
historischen Grammatik der niederdeulschen Sprache 
(in the same, 1885) ; Zur Geschichte der mittel- 
alterllchen Predigl in Weslfalen (in Zeilschrift fiir 
vateridndische Geschichte und Alterthumskunde, 
Band 44) ; Die Waldcnser und die vorlutherische 
Bibelubersetzung, Eine Kritik der neuesten Hypothese, 
Minister, 1885; Die Satiren des (pseudonymeri) 
Daniel von Soest, 1886 (in the Deutschen Stadle- 
chroniken, published by the historical commission 
of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences). 

JOWETT, Benjamin, LL.D. (University of Lei- 
den, 1875), Church of England ; b. at Camber- 
well, Eng., in the year 1817 ; scholar of Balliol Col- 
lege, Oxford, 1835; Hertford university scholar, 
1837; graduated B.A. (first-class in classics) 
1839, M.A. 1842; was ordained deacon 1842, 
priest 1845. In 1838 he was elected to a fellow- 
ship at Balliol College ; was tutor from 1842 to 
1870; public examiner in classics, 1849-50, 1853- 
54; classical moderator, 1859-60. In 1854 he 
was a member of the commission appointed to 
arrange the examinations for admission to the 
East-Indian Civil Service; and in 1855, on the 
recommendation of Lord Pahnerston, he was ap- 
pointed regius professor of Greek. In 1870 he 
resigned his fellowship, and took the mastership 
of Balliol College, which he still holds along with 



his professorship. In 1875 he became a member 
of the Hebdomadal Council of the university, and 
in 1882 was vice-chancellor. He is the author of 
St. Paul's Epistles to the Thessalonians, Galatians, 
and Romans ; Critical Notes and Dissertations, Lon- 
don, 1855, 2d ed. 1859 ; On the Interpretation of 
Scripture (an essay in Essays and Revieics), 1860 ; 
The Dialogues of Plato translated into English, with 
Analyses and Essays, 1871, 4 vols., 2d ed. 1875, 
5 vols. ; Thucydides translated into English, with 
Introduction, Marginal Analysis, Notes, and Indices, 
1881, 2 vols. (American reprint, preface by Rev. 
A. P. Peabody, Boston, 1883, 1 vol.) ; The Politics 
of Aristotle (trans, with notes, etc.), 1885, 2 vols. 

JUNGMANN, Joseph, Roman Catholic; b. at 
Miinster, Germany, Nov. 11, 1830; d. at Inns- 
bruck, Nov. 25, 1885. He studied theology there, 
and in the Collegium Germanicum at Rome, Italy, 
1850-56; became priest there, 1855 ; Jesuit, 1857; 
ordinary professor of sacred rhetoric and cate- 
I chetics in the University of Innsbruck, and pro- 
| lessor of liturgies in the theological convict there. 
I He was the author of Die Schbnheit und Hire schone 
Kunst, Innsbruck, 1866, 2 parts ; Das Gemiith und 
das Gefuhlsvermogen der neueren Psychologie, 1868, 
2d ed. Freiburg-im-Br., 1885; Theorie der geist- 
lichen Beredsamkeit, Freiburg-im-Br., 1877-78, 4 
parts, 2d ed. 1884; Die Andacht zum heiligsten 
Herzen Jesu und die Bedenken gegen dieselbe, 1885 
(pp. 51). * 



KABHLER. 



113 



KALISCH. 



K. 



KAEHLER, (Carl) Martin (August), Lie. Theol. 
(Halle, 1860), D.D. (hon., Halle, 1878), German 
Protestant theologian ; b. at Neuhausen, near 
Kbnigsberg, East Prussia, Jan. 6, 1835; studied 
law at Kbnigsberg, 1853-54 ; theology at Heidel- 
berg 1854-55, Halle 1855-58, Tubingen 1858-59 ; 
became privat-docent at Halle, 1860 ; professor ex- 
traordinary of theology at Bonn, 1864 ; at Halle, 
1867, and at the same time Inspector des Schlesisch- 
en Convicts; ordinary professor there 1879. He 
is the author of Paulus, der Jilnger und Bote Jesu 
Ckristi, Halle, 1862 ; Die schriftgemasse Lehre vom 
Geivissen in ihrer Bedeutung fiir das chrisiliche 
Lekren und Leben, 1864 ; Die starken Wurzeln 
unserer Kraft, Gotha, 1872 ; Bedeutung und Er- 
folge des kirchlichen Octoberversammlung in Berlin, 
Gotha, 1872; August Tholuck, Ein Lebensabriss, 
Halle, 1877; Das Gewissen, Ethische Untersuchung : 
1. geschiclitliclies Teil, 1. Hdlfte, Alterthum u. neues 
Testament, 1877; D. Julius Milller, 1878; Der 
Hebrderbrief in genauer Wiedergabe seines Gedank- 
enganges, 1880 ; Die Wissenschaft der christlichen 
Lehre, von dem evangel. Grundartikel aus im Abrisse 
dargestellt, Erlangen, 1883, sqq. (1 . Heft, Einleitung 
u. Apologetik; 2. Heft, Dogmatik, 1884; 3. Heft 
follows); Der Brief des Paulus an die Galater in 
genauer Wiedergabe seines Gedankenganges durch 
sich selbst ausgelegt und iibersichtlich erbrtet, Halle, 
1884. 

KAFTAN, Julius Wilhelm Martin, Ph.D. (Leip- 
zig, 1872), Lie. Theol. (do., 1873), D.D. (hon., 
Basel, 1883), German Protestant; b. at Loit near 
Apenrade in Schleswig-Holstein, Sept. 30, 1848; 
studied at Erlangen, Berlin, and Kiel, 1S66-70; 
became professor extraordinary of theology at 
Basel, 1873 ; ordinary professor there, 1881 ; at 
Berlin, 1883. He is the author of Die Predigt des 
Evangeliums im modernen Geistesleben, Basel, 1879 ; 
Das Evangelium des Apostels Paulus, in Predigten 
der Gemeinde dargelegt, 1879 ; Das Wesen der 
christlichen Religion, 1881 ; Das Leben in Christo : 
Predigten, 1883. 

KAHNIS, Karl Friedrich August, D.D., Luther- 
an ; b. at Greiz, Dec. 22, 1814 ; studied in Halle ; 
was privat-docent at Berlin in 1842 ; professor ex- 
traordinary at Breslau in 1844 ; became ordinary 
professor at Leipzig in 1850 ; retired in 1886. He 
was a leader of the " Old Lutherans," but since 1861 
has been more liberal. Besides numerous sermons, 
he has published Die Lehre vom Heiligen Geiste, 
*Halle, 1st part 1847 ; Die Lehre vom Abendmahle, 
Leipzig, 1851 ; Der innere Gang des deutschen Prot- 
estantismus seit Mitte des vorigen Jahrhunderts, 1854, 
3d ed. 1874, 2 parts (English trans., Internal His- 
tory of German Protestantism from the middle of 
Last Century, Edinburgh, 1856) ; Die lutherische 
Dogmatik historisch-genetisch dargestellt, 1861-68, 3 
vols., 2d ed. 1874-75, 2 vols. ; (with Luthardt and 
Bruckner) Die Kirche nach ihrem Ursprung, ihrer 
Geschichte, ihrer Gegenwart, 1865, 2d ed. 1866 
(English trans., The Church, Edinburgh, 1867) ; 
Christenthum und Lutherthum, 1871 ; Die deutsche 
Reformation, vol. i. 1872 ; Der Gang der Kirche in 



Lebensbildern, 1881 ; Ueber das Verhaltniss der alien 
Philosophic zum Christenthum, 1884 (pp. 84). * 

KALKAR, Christian Andreas Herman, Ph.D. 
(Kiel, 1833), D.D. (Copenhagen, 1836), Lutheran; 
b. at Stockholm, Nov. 27, 1802 ; d. at Copenhagen, 
Feb. 2, 1886. His father was a Jewish rabbi. 
He went with the family to Cassel, Germany ; 
then in 1812, immediately after his father's death, 
to Copenhagen, in whose university he studied 
law; when converted to Christianity he studied 
theology in the same university. On March 27, 
1827, he became adjunct in the cathedral school 
in Odense ; and on Aug. 23 of the same year, 
head master. In 1842 he visited most of Western 
Europe; and on March 27, 1843, became pastor 
in Gladsaxe (six miles from Copenhagen) and 
Herliv ; resigned, July 2, 1868. He received the 
gold medal of the Haager Society (see title in 
Encyclopaedia), 1840; was knight of the Danish 
Order (gold and silver crosses) ; member of the 
• Leiden Society of Literature, of the theological 
examining board of the University of Copenha- 
gen (since 1871), of the Danish Bible Society; was 
president of the Danish Missionary Society (1860- 
73), member of the royal commission to revise 
the Danish Bible (1S66-74); president of the 
Danish branch of the Evangelical Alliance, and 
presided over the Copenhagen Conference (1884). 
He published in Danish a commentary on the Old 
Testament, Copenhagen, 1836-38, 2 vols. ; a Bible 
history, Odense, 1836-39, 2 vols. (German trans., 
Kiel, 1839, 2 vols. ; also in Dutch) ; documents of 
Danish Reformation's history, Copenhagen, 1845 ; 
a Danish version of the Bible, 1847, 3 vols, (with 
Helweg, Levensen, and Hermansen) ; a history of 
evangelical (1857) and of Roman-Catholic mis- 
sions (1862 ; German trans, of both 1867, 2 vols.), 
and of missions among the Jews (1868, German 
trans.) ; a history of Christian missions (1879, 2 
vols.; German trans., Giitersloh, 1879-81, 2 vols.); 
Israel and the Church, 1881 ; and The Activity of the 
Church among the Mohammedans, to the Fall of 
Constantinople, 1884. Cf. notice in Evangelical 
Christendom (London) for March, 1886, pp. 92, 93. 

KALISCH, Marcus, M.A., Ph.D., Hebrew; b. 
at Trepton, Pomerania, Prussia, May 16, 1828; 
d. at Rowsley, Derbyshire, Eng., Aug. 23, 1885. 
He studied classical philology and Semitic lan- 
guages at Berlin University, and at the same time 
Talmudic literature under Jewish teachers. In 
1849 political causes drove him out of the country; 
and he settled in London, where he soon came into 
intimate relations with the Rothschild family, by 
whose liberality he was able to devote himself 
since 1850 to the preparation of a critical com- 
mentary upon the Old Testament, of which he 
published Exodus (London, 1855), Genesis (1858), 
Leviticus (1867-72, 2 parts) ; besides Prophecies 
of Balaam, 1877; Jonah, 1878; Path and Goal, a 
Discussion on the Elements of Civilization and the 
Conditions of Happiness, 1880. His best work 
was, however, his Hebrew Grammar, London, 1863. 
His commentaries are rationalistic. * 



KAMPHAUSEN. 



114 



KAY. 



KAMPHAUSEN, Adolf (Hermann Heinrich), 
D.D. (lion., Halle, 1867), German Protestant theo- 
logian ; b. at Solingen, Rhenish Prussia, Sept. 10, 
1829 ; studied at Bonn, 1849-55 ; became there 
privat-docent, August, 1855 ; in October went to 
Heidelberg to be Bunsen's private secretary, and 
to work on his Bibelwerk, and taught as privat- 
docent in the university there ; removed with Bun- 
sen to Bonn in 1859, and there became professor 
extraordinary of theology in 1863, and ordinary 
professor in 1868. He has taken prominent part 
in the revision of the German Bible, 1871, sqq. 
He is the author of Das Lied Moses, Leipzig, 
1862 ; Das Gebet des Herrn, Elberfeld, 1866 ; Die 
Hagiographen des Alten Bundes nach den iiber- 
lieferten Grundtexten iibersetzt und mit erkldrenden 
Anmerkungen versehen, Leipzig, 1868 ; Die Chrono- 
logie der hebrdischen Konige, Bonn, 1883. He con- 
tributed to Riehm's Handworterbuch des biblischen 
Altertliums (Bielefeld, 1885) ; and edited Bleek's 
Einleiiung ins Alle Testament, Berlin, 1860, 3d ed. 
1870. 

KARR, William Stevens, D.D. (Amherst Col- 
lege, Amherst, Mass., 1876), Congregationalist ; 
b. at Newark, N. J., Jan. 9, 1829 ; graduated at 
Amherst (Mass.) College, 1851, and at Union 
Theological Seminary, New- York City, 1854 ; was 
Presbyterian pastor at Brooklyn, N.Y. (1854-67), 
and Congregational pastor at Chicopee, Mass. 
(1867-68), Keene, N.H. (1868-72), Cambridge, 
Mass. (1873-76); and since 1876 has been professor 
of systematic theology in the Hartford (Conn.) 
Theological Seminary. He edited Dr. H. B. 
Smith's Apologetics (New York, 1882), Introduction 
to Christian Theology (1883), and System of Chris- 
tian Theology, 1884. 

KATTENBUSCH, (Friedrich Wilhelm) Ferdi- 
nand, Lie. Theol. (Gbttingen, 1875), D.D. (lion., 
Gbttingen, 1879), German Protestant; b. at Kett- 
vig-on-the-Ruhr, Rhenish Prussia, Oct. 3, 1851 ; 
studied at Bonn, Berlin, and Halle; became repe- 
tent at Gdttingen 1873, privat-docent there 1876; 
professor of systematic theology at Giessen, 1878. 
He belongs to the school of A. Ritschl of Gbtting- 
en. He is the author of Luthers Lehre vom unfreien 
Willen und von der Prcedestination, Gbttingen, 1875; 
Der christliche Unsterblichkeitsglaube, Darmstadt, 
1881 ; Luthers Stellung zu den oecumenischen Sym- 
bolen, Giessen, 1883 ; Die oecumenischen Symbole, 
Geschichte ihrer Entslehung und Geltung inder christ- 
lichen Kirche, 1886. 

KAULEN, Franz Philipp, D.D. (Wiirzburg, 
1862), Roman Catholic; b. at Diisseldorf, Ger- 
many, March 20, 1827 ,- studied theology and 
philosophy at Bonn, 1846-49 ; in the theological 
seminary at Cologne, 1849 ; became priest, 1850 ; 
chaplain at Duisdorf, 1850 ; at Dottendorf, 1852 ; 
rector and prison chaplain atPutzchen, near Bonn, 
1853 ; tutor in Count Mirbach's family at Harff ; 
repetilor in the theological convict at Bonn, 1859 ; 
privat-docent for Old-Testament exegesis at Bonn, 
1863 ; professor extraordinary of the same, 1880; 
ordinary professor of Catholic theology, 1883. 
He succeeded Dr. Hergenrbther as editor of the 
2d edition of Wetzer and Welte's Kirchenlexicon, 
Freiburg-im-Br., 1880, sqq., when the latter was 
made cardinal and called to Rome, 1879. He 
translated from the Spanish Vieira's Ausgew. 
Reden auf d. Festtage U. L. Frau, Paderborn, 
1856 ; from the Italian, St. Francisci Bluthengart- 



lein, Mainz, 1860, 2d ed. 1880 ; from the Latin, St. 
Thomas of Villanova's Ein Buchlein von der Liebe, 
Freiburg-im-Br., 1872; edited the fifth and suc- 
ceeding editions of C. H. Vosen's Rudimenta 
linguce hebraicce, Freiburg, 1872, sqq. (now in Ger- 
man). He is the author of Linguce Mandshuricoz 
Institutiones, Regensburg, 1856 ; Die Sprachver- 
wirrung zu Babel, Mainz, 1861 ; Librum Jonce 
Prophetce exposuit, 1862 ; Leqende des sel. Hermann 
Joseph, 1S62, 2d ed. 1880 ; Geschichte der Vulgata, 
1869; Handbuch zur Vulgata, 1870; Einleitung in 
die hi. Schriflen des A. u. N. T., Freiburg, 1876, 
sqq. ; Assyrien und Babyionien nach den neueslen 
Entdeckungen, Cologne, 1877, 3d ed. Freiburg, 
1885 ; and numerous theological and linguistic 
essays. 

KAUTZSCH, Emil Friedrich, Ph.D. (Leipzig, 
1863), D.D. (hon., Basel, 1873), German Protes- 
tant; b. at Plauen, Saxony, Sept. 4, 1841 ; studied 
at Leipzig, 1859-63 ; was adjunct of the Nicolai- 
gymnasium, 1863-66 ; head master, 1866-72 ; 
privat-docent in the university, 1869--71; professor 
extraordinary, 1871 ; ordinary professor at Basel, 
1872-80; since 1880 at Tubingen. In 1877 he 
founded, with A. Socin and Zimmermann, the 
German Palestine Exploration Society. He pre- 
pared, w ; ith F. Miihlau, an edition of the un- 
pointed text of Genesis, Leipzig, 1868, 2d ed. 
1885; brought out the second edition of H. 
Scholz's Abriss der Hebr. Laut und Formenlehre, 
1874, 5th ed. 1885; the 22d to the 24th editions 
of Gesenius' Hebrdischer Grammalik, 1878-85, to 
which he added an Ubungsbuch, 1881, 2d ed. 1884; 
and the 10th and 11th editions of Hagenbach's 
Encyklopddie und Methodologie, 1880, 1884; and 
has written De Veleris Testamenti locis a Paulo 
apostolo allegatis, 1869 ; (with Socin) Die Aechtheit 
der moabitischen Alterthumer gepruft, 1876 ; Johannes 
Buxtorf der Aeltere, Basel, 1879; Ueber die Derivate 
des Slammes P"tV im alttestamentlichen Sprachge- 
brauch, Tubingen, 1881 (pp. 59) ; Grammalik des 
Biblisch-Aramaischen. Mit einer krilischen Erorter- 
ung der aramdischen Worter im N. T., Leipzig, 
1884. 

KAWERAU, Gustav, D.D. (hon., Halle and Tu- 
bingen, 1883), German theologian ; b. at Bunzlau, 
Silesia, Feb. 25, 1847 ; studied at Berlin, 1863-66 ; 
became assistant preacher in St. Lucas', Berlin, 
1S70; pastor at Langheinersdorf, Brandenburg, 
1871; at Klemzig, 1876; professor and geistlicher 
Inspector am Kloster U. I. Frauen, and president of 
the theological seminary, Magdeburg, 1882; ordi- 
nary professor of pastoral theology, Kiel, 1886. 
In 1883 he participated with the archivist Jacobs 
and Prof. Dr. Koestlin in founding the Verein fur 
Reformations Geschichte, of which he has since 
been the editor. , He is the author of Johann 
Agricola von Eisleben, Berlin, 1881 ; Caspar Giittel.* 
Ein Lebensbild aus Luther's Freundeskreise, Halle, 
1882 ; five articles against Janssen in Zeitschrift 
fiir kirchl. Wissenschaft und kirchl. Leben, 1882 
and 1883 ; the introduction to the reprint of Von 
der Winckelmesse und Pfaffen Weihe. D. Martin 
Luther, Halle, 1883; and that of Passional Christi 
und Antichrisli, Berlin, 1885; edited the Brief- 
wechsel des Justus Jonas, 1884-85, 2 parts; the 
third (1885) and fourth (1886) volumes of the 
Weimar edition of Luther's works. 

KAY, William, D.D. (Oxford, 1885), Church of 
England; b. at Pickering, Yorkshire, April 8, 



KAYSER. 



115 



KELLOGG. 



1820 ; educated at Lincoln College, Oxford ; grad- 
uated B.A. (first-class in classics, second-class in 
mathematics), 1839 ; Pusey and Ellerton Hebrew 
scholar and M.A. 1842, B.D. 1849; ordained 
deacon 1S43, priest 1844 ; was fellow of Lincoln 
College, 1840-66; tutor, 1842-49; principal of 
Bishop's College, Calcutta, 1849-65; and since 
1866 has been rector of Great Leghs, and since 
1877 chaplain to the bishop of St. Alban's, and 
honorary canon of St. Alban's. He is the author 
of On Pantheism, Calcutta, 1S53, 2d ed., Madras, 
1879; Promises of Christianity, Oxford, 1855; The 
Psalms, translated with Notes, Calcutta, 1863, 2d 
ed., London, 1871, 4th ed. 1877; Crisis Hupfeld- 
iana, Oxford, 1865 ; contributed commentary on 
Isaiah and Hebrews to The Bible (Speaker's) Com- 
mentary, and on Ezekiel in S. P. C. K. Commentary. 

KAYSER, August, Lie. Theol. (Strassburg, 
1850), German theologian ; b. at Strassburg, Feb. 
14, 1821 ; d. there, June 17, 1885. He was edu- 
cated in his native city; became pastor at Stoss- 
weier 1858, at Neuhof-in-Alsace 1868; professor 
extraordinary of theology at the newly organized 
University of Strassburg, 1873 ; ordinary profess- 
or, 1879. He was the author of De Justini Mar- 
tyris doctrina, Strassburg, 1850 ; Das vorexiliscJie 
Buch der Urgeschichle Israels und seine Erweiter- 
ungen, Ein Beitrag zur Pentateuch-Kritik, 1S74; 
Die Tlieologie des Alten Testaments, in Hirer geschicht- 
lichen Entwickelung dargestellt (posthumous, ed. by 
E. Reuss), 1886. * 

KEENER, John Christian, D.D. (Florence Col- 
lege, Ala., 1855), LL.D. (Southern University, 
Greensborough, Ala., 1880), Methodist bishop 
(Southern Church); b. in Baltimore, Md., Feb. 7, 
1819 ; educated at Wesleyan University, Middle- 
town, Conn., 1836 ; went into business, but be- 
came a preacher in 1843, and was a preacher in 
charge until 1852, when he became a presiding 
elder; was in the war, 1861-65; editor New-Orleans 
Christian Advocate, 1865-70, when he was elected 
a bishop. He visited the City of Mexico in 1873, 
bought property there, and established a mission 
of the Methodist-Episcopal Church South. He is 
the author of Post-Oak Circuit, Nashville. 1857, 
13th thousand 1860, many since ; edited William 
Elbert Munsey's Sennons and Lectures, Macon, 
Ga., 1878, 3d ed. 1879 ; 4th to 9th thousand 1885, 
Nashville, Tenn. 

KEIL, Johann Carl Friedrich, Lie. Theol., 
Ph.D., D.D. (all Berlin, 1832, 1834, and 1838, re- 
spectively), Lutheran; b. at Oelnitz, Saxony, Feb. 
26, 1807; studied at Dorpat (1827-30) and at 
Berlin (1831-33) ; became privat-docent at Dorpat, 
1833; professor extraordinary, 1838; ordinary pro- 
fessor, 1839 ; since 1859 has been professor emeri- 
tus, and has lived at Leipzig. He is the author of 
Apologelischer Versuch iib. d. BB. d. Chronik u. iib. 
d. Integritat d. B. Esra, Berlin, 1833 ; Ueber d. 
Hiram- Salomonische Schiffart n. Ophir u. Tarsis, Dor- 
pat, 1834; Der Tempel Salomo's, 1839; Commentar 
iib. d. BB. d. Konige, Leipzig, 1845 ; Josua, Erlangen, 
1847; 3d part of Hiivernick's Einleitung A. T., 
1849; Biblische A rchaeologie, Frankfort, 1857, 2d 
ed. 1875; Einleitung in d. kanon. Schriften A. T., 
1853, 3d ed. 1873 ; in the series edited jointly 
with Delitzsch, has contributed commentaries upon 
Genesis and Exodus, Leipzig, 1861, 3d ed. 1878; 
Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy, 1S62, 2d ed. 
1870 ; Joshua, Judges, and Ruth, 1863, 2d ed. 1874; 



Samuel, 1865, 2d ed. 1875; Kings, 1866, 2d ed. 
1876 ; Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah. and Esther, 1870 ; 
Jeremiah and Lamentations, 1872 ; Ezekiel, 1868, 
2d ed. 1S81 ; Daniel, 1869 ; Minor Prophets, 1867, 
2d ed. 1873 (these are all translated in Clark's 
Library); separately, commentaries on Maccabees, 
1S75; Matthew, 1S77; Mark and Luke, 1879; John, 
1881 ; Peter and Jude, 1883 ; Hebrews, 1S85. 

KELLER, Ludwig, Ph.D. (Marburg, 1873), Re- 
formed (layman) ; b. at Fritzlar, Hesse-Nassau, 
March 28, 1849; studied at Leipzig and Marburg, 
1868-72 ; is director of the state archives at Miin- 
ster. He is the author of the following books : 
Geschichte der Wiedertaufer u. Hires Reichs zu Miin- 
ster, Minister, 1880; Die Gegenreformation in West- 
falen und am Niederrhein, Actensliicke und Erldu- 
terungen, Leipzig, vol. i. 1880 ; Ein Apostel der 
Wiedertaufer (Hans Denck), 1882 ; Die Reforma- 
tion und die dlteren Reformparteien, 1885 ; and of 
the following historical articles : Hermann von 
Kerssenbroick, Ein Beitrag zur Quellenkunde des 16. 
Jahrh. (in the Zeits. f. Preuss. Geschichte u. Landes- 
kunde, Berlin, Jahrg., 1878); Zur Kir -chen geschichte 
Nordwest-deutschlands im 16. Jahrh. (in the Zeits. 
d. Berg. Gesch.-Vereins, Elberfeld, 18S0) ; Zur 
Geschichte der Wiedertaufer (in the Zts.f Kirchen- 
geschichle, Gotha, 1881) ; Herzog Alba u. d. Wie- 
derherstellung d. kalh. Kirche am Rhein (in the 
Preuss. J ahrbilcher, December, 1881); Zur Geschichte 
der kathol. Reformation im nordwesllichen Deulsch- 
land, 1580-34 (in the Historisches Taschenbuch, 
VI. Folge, Bd. 1., 1881); Die Wiederherstellung d. 
kathol. Kirche nach den Wiedertaufer- Unruhen in 
Munsler, 1535-37 (in Sybel's Hist. Zts., Neue Folge, 
Bd. XL, 1881); Zur Geschichte der Wiedertaufer 
nach dem Untergang des Munsterschen Konigsreichs 
(in the West-deutsche Zts. fiir Gesch. u. Kunst, 1882, 
lift. 4.) ; Johann von Staupitz und das Waldenser- 
thum (in the Historisches Taschenbuch, VI. Folge, 
Bd. IV. 1885). 

KELLNER, Karl Adam Heinrich, D.D. (Munich, 
1862), Roman Catholic; b. at Heiligenstadt, Thu- 
ringia, Germany, Aug. 26, 1837 ; studied at Mini- 
ster, Tubingen, and Trier; became chaplain at 
-Trier ; pastor at Bitburg ; professor of church law 
in the theological seminary at Hildesheim, Han- 
nover, 1867; professor of church history in the 
University of Bonn, 1882. He is the author of 
Das Buss- und Strafverfahren gegen Kleriker in den 
sechs ersten christlichen Jahrhunderten, Trier, 1863; 
Hellenismus und Christenthum, oder die geistl. Re- 
aktion des antiken Heidenthums gegen das Christen- 
thum, Koln, 1866 ; Verfassung, Lehramt und Un- 
fehlbarkeit her Kirche, Kempten, 1873, 2d ed. 1784 ; 
Tertullians sdmmtliche Schriften, iibersetzt, Koln, 
18S2, 2 vols. 

KELLOGG, Samuel Henry, D.D. (College of 
New Jersey, Princeton, 1877), Presbyterian ; b. 
at Quiogue, Long Island, N.Y., Sept. 6, 1839; 
graduated at the College of New Jersey, Prince- 
ton, 1861, and at Princeton (N.J.) Theological 
Seminary, 1864 ; was missionary in India. 1864—76 
(1872-76, theological instructor in synod's school 
at Allahabad); pastor of the Third Presbyterian 
Church, Pittsburg, Penn. ; and professor of sys- 
tematic theology, and lecturer on comparative re- 
ligion, in Western Theological Seminary, Alle- 
gheny, Penn., 1877-85; since 1886 pastor in 
Toronto, Ontario, Can. He is the author of A 
Grammar of the Hindi Language, London, 1876; 



KENDALL. 



116 



KIHN. 



The Jews, New York, 1883 ; The Light of Asia and 
the Light of the World, London and N.Y., 1885. 

KENDALL, Henry, D.D. (Hamilton College, 
Clinton, N.Y., 1858), Presbyterian; b. at Volney, 
N.Y., Aug. 24, 1815; graduated at Hamilton Col- 
lege, Clinton, N.Y., 1840, and at the theological 
seminary, Auburn, N.Y., 1844 ; became pastor at 
Verona, N.Y., 1844 ; East Bloomfield, 1848 ; Pitts- 
burg, Penn. (Third Church), 1858; secretary of the 
Board of Home Missions, New- York City, 1861. 
He was a trustee of Auburn Theological Seminary, 
1855-58, and since 1871 of Hamilton College. 

KENDRICK, Asahel Clark, D.D. (Union Col- 
lege, Schenectady, N.Y., 1845), LL.D. (Lewisburg 
University, Lewisburg, Penn., 1870), Baptist; b. 
at Poultney, Vt., Dec. 7, 1809; graduated at 
Hamilton College, Clinton, N.Y., 1831 ; professor 
of Greek in Madison University, Hamilton, N.Y., 
1832-50 ; and since 1850 has held similar position 
in Rochester (N.Y.) University, and taught at 
intervals Hebrew and New-Testament Greek in 
Rochester (Baptist) Theological Seminary. He 
was a member of the New-Testament Company 
of the Anglo-American Bible-revision Committee 
(1871-81). He is the author of a Greek Introduc- 
tion, New York, 1833; Greek Ollendorff, 1851; 
Echoes, or Leisure Hours with the German Poets, 
Rochester, 1855; Life and Letters of Mrs. Emily 
C. Judson, New York, 1860 ; Our Poetical Favorites 
(selected poems), 1873, 2 series, new ed. Boston, 
1883; The Anabasis of Xenophon, with Notes and 
Vocabulary, New York, 1873 ; revised and in part 
translated Olshausen's Commentary, New York, 
1856-58, 6 vols. ; trans. Moll on Hebrews in Ameri- 
can ed. of Lange's Commentary, 1868 ; revised and 
edited trans, of Meyer's Commentary on John, 1884 ; 
besides has written various magazine articles, 
a series of exegetical articles under the title of 
Biblical Hours, and aided in several publications 
of the American Bible Union. 

KENNEDY, Benjamin Hall, D.D. (Cambridge, 
1836), Church of England; b. at Summer Hill, 
near Birmingham, Nov. 6, 1804; entered St. John's 
College, Cambridge ; gained the Porson prize, and 
Browne's medal for Latin ode, in 1823 ; the Pitt 
University scholarship, Browne's medals for Greek 
and Latin odes, and the Porson prize, in 1824; 
Browne's medal for epigrams in 1825, the Porson 
prize in 1826 ; graduated B.A. (senior optime, and 
first in the first class of the classical tripos, and 
senior chancellor's medallist) 1827, M.A. 1830; 
gained the member's prize for a Latin essay, De 
origine scriptural alphabetical; was fellow of his 
college, and classical lecturer, 1828-36 ; assistant 
master at Harrow, 1830-36; head master of Shrews- 
bury School, 1836-66 ; was ordained deacon 1829, 
priest 1830; was prebendary of Gaia Major in 
Lichfield Cathedral, 1843-67 ; select preacher to 
the university, 1860; rector of West Felton, Salop, 
1865-67 ; became regius professor of Greek in the 
University of Cambridge, and canon of Ely, 1867. 
In 1870 he was elected a member of the council 
of the university; appointed Lady Margaret's 
preacher for 1873; elected honorary fellow of St. 
John's College in 1880. He was a member of the 
New-Testament Company of Bible Revisers (1870- 
81). His works are mostly Latin school-books or 
translations of classic authors : e.g., Birds of Aristo- 
phanes (London, 1874), Agamemnon of iEschylus 
(1878, 2ded. 1882), CEdipus Tyrannus of Sophocles : 



but he has also published Betiveen Whiles: Wayside 
Amusements of a Working Life, 1877; Occasional 
Sermons, 1877 ; and Ely Lectures on the Revised 
Translation of the New Testament, 1882. * 

KENRICK, Most Rev. Peter Richard, D.D., 
Roman Catholic ; b. in Dublin, Ireland, in the 
year 1806; educated at Maynooth, and ordained; 
he came to Philadelphia, U.S. A., where his brother, 
F. P. Kenrick (see title in Encyclopaedia), was co- 
adjutor bishop; there he edited The Catholic Her- 
ald, and was made vicar-general. From 1841 to 
1843 he was bishop of Drasa, and coadjutor bishop 
of St. Louis ; and since 1843 bishop, and since 1847 
the first archbishop. He sat in the Vatican Coun- 
cil, and vigorously opposed the infallibility dogma, 
but acquiesced. He is author of numerous trans- 
lations, and of The Holy House of Loretto, Phila- 
delphia, and Anglican Ordinations. 

KEPHART, Ezekiel Boring, D.D. (Otterbein 
University, Westerville, O., 1881), bishop of the 
United Brethren in Christ ; b. at Decatur, Penn., 
Nov. 6, 1834 ; graduated at Otterbein University, 
Westerville, O., in the English scientific course, 
1865 ; in the regular classical course, 1870 ; was 
licensed to preach, 1857 ; received as a minister 
into the Allegheny Conference, Penn., January, 
1859; became principal of Michigan Collegiate 
Institute, Leoni, Mich., 1865; a pastor in Pennsyl- 
vania, 1866; president of Western College (now 
at Toledo, lo.), 1868 ; bishop, 1881. He was State 
senator of Iowa, 1871-75. 

KESSELRING, Heinrich, D.D., Swiss Protest- 
ant theologian ; b. at Frauenfeld, Canton Thur- 
gau, Switzerland, July 15, 1832; studied theology 
at Zurich, Tubingen, and Berlin, 1850-56 ; was 
vicar at Horgen, Switzerland, 1856-57 ; pastor at 
Wipkingen, near Zurich, 1859-64 ; became privat- 
docent at Zurich, 1858 ; professor extraordinary of 
theology there, 1864; ordinary professor of New 
Testament and practical theology, 1874. He is 
author of contributions to different periodicals, 
sermons, etc. 

KIDDER, Daniel Parish, D.D. (McKendree Col- 
lege, Lebanon, 111., 1851), Methodist; b. at Darien, 
N.Y., Oct. 18, 1815; graduated at Wesleyan Uni- 
versity, Middletown, Conn., 1836 ; was missionary 
in Brazil, 1837-40; pastor at home, 1840-44; was 
Sunday-school editor and secretary, 1844-56; pro- 
fessor of practical theology in Garrett Biblical In- 
stitute, Evanston, 111., 1856-71 ; held the same 
chair in Drew Theological Seminary, Madison, 
N. J., 1871-80, when he was elected secretary of 
the M. E. Board of Education, New- York City. He 
is author of Mormonism and Mormons, N.Y., 1841; 
Sketches of Residence in Brazil, 1845, 2 vols. ; The 
Christian Pastorate, Cincinnati, 1871; A Treatise 
on Homiletics, New York, 1864 ; Helps to Prayer, 
1874; with Rev. J. C. Fletcher, of the standard 
work, Brazil and the Brazilians, Philadelphia, 1857, 
9th ed. Boston, 1880; translated from the Portu- 
guese, Feijo's Necessity of abolishing a Constrained 
Clerical Celibacy, New York, 1844. 

KIHN, Heinrich, D.D. (Wiirzburg, 1866), Roman 
Catholic ; b. at Michelbach, Bavaria, April 30, 
1833 ; studied at the lyceum at Aschaffenburg, 
and at the University of Wiirzburg, philology and 
theology, 1846-54; entered the Episcopal Semi- 
nary at Wiirzburg, 1855 ; won the prize for the 
best essay on Die Bedeulung der Antiochenischen 
Schule auf dem exegetischen Gebiele, 1857; was or- 



KILLBN. 



117 



KITCHIN. 



dained priest, 1857, and became city chaplain at 
Hammelburg ; sub-rector and Studienlehrer in the 
Latin school at Hammelburg, 1858; teacher in 
the arts-gymnasium at Eichstatt, 1864 ; professor 
extraordinary of theology at Wiirzburg, 1874; ordi- 
nary professor of canon law, patrology, encyclo- 
pedia, and biblical hermeneutics, 1879. In 18S4 
and 1885 he was rector of the university. He is 
the author of Ueber die Nutzbarkeit unserer Latein- 
schule (Programm), Wiirzburg, 1860 ; Die Bedeutung 
der antiochenischen Schule auf dem exegetischen 
Gebiete, nebst einer Abhandlung iiber die dltesten 
christlichen Schulen, Weissenburg, 1866; Weg zur 
Weisheit, Andachtsbuch fixr Studierende und Ge- 
bildete, Eichstatt, 1870, 4th ed., Wiirzburg, 1886 ; 
Theodor von Mopsuestia und Junilius Africanus als 
Exegelen, Freiburg-im-Br., 1880; Junilii Africani 
Instiluta regularia divince legis, 1880; Der Ursprung 
des Briefes an Diognet, 1882; Prof. Dr. J. A. 
Moehler, Ein Lebensbild (rectoral address), Wiirz- 
burg, 1884, 2d ed. 1885; Praktiscke Methode zur 
Erlernung der hebrdischen Sprache (with Gymnas. 
Prof. D. Schilling), Tubingen, 1885. 

KILLEN, William Dool, D.D. (Glasgow, 1843), 
Irish Presbyterian ; b. at Ballymena, County 
Antrim, Ireland, April 5, 1806 ; educated at 
Royal Academical Institution, Belfast ; became 
minister of Raphoe, County Donegal, 1829 ; pro- 
fessor of ecclesiastical history in Belfast, 1841 ; 
president of the faculty, 1869. He is the author of 
Plea of Presbytery, Belfast, 1837 (with others) ; 
Ancient Church, London, 1859, 4th ed. New York, 
1883; Life of Rev. Dr. Edgar, Belfast, 1867; Old 
Catholic Church, 1871 (Italian trans., Florence, 
1877) ; Ecclesiastical History of Ireland, London, 
1875, 2 vols. ; various minor works. 

KING, John Mark, D.D. (Knox College, Toron- 
to, 1882), Canadian Presbyterian ; b. at Yetholm, 
Roxburghshire, Scotland, May 25, 1829; graduated 
at Edinburgh University, 1854 (April), and at the 
United Presbyterian Church Divinity Hall, Edin- 
burgh, 1854 (Septembei-) ; studied at Halle, 1855- 
56 ; became minister of Columbus and Brooklin, 
Ontario, Can., 1857; of Gould-street (now St. 
James's Square) Presbyterian Church, Toronto, 
1863 ; principal of Manitoba College, Winnipeg, 
Man., 1883. He was moderator of the General 
Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Canada, 
1883. He has published occasional sermons. 

KIP, Right Rev. William Ingraham, S.T.D. 
(Columbia College, New- York City, 1847), LL.D. 
(Yale College, New Haven, Conn., 1872), Episco- 
palian, bishop of California; b. in New- York City, 
Oct. 3, 1811 ; graduated at Yale College, New 
Haven, Conn., 1831, and at the General Theo- 
logical Seminary, New- York City, 1835; became 
rector of St. Peter's, Morristown, N.J., 1835; as- 
sistant minister of Grace Church, New- York City, 
1836; rector of St. Paul's, . Albany, N.Y., 1837; 
missionary bishop of California, 1853; diocesan 
bishop, 1857. He was by appointment of the 
President a member of the Board of Examiners 
in the Naval Academy at Annapolis, Md. (1880), 
and in the Military Academy at West Point, 
N.Y. (1883). He is the author of Lenten Fast, 
New York, 1843, 12th ed. 1881 ; Double Witness 
of the Church, 1844, 23d ed. 1884 (reprinted in 
London, Eng., 1884, and has been introduced as 
a text-book in several of the English colleges) ; 
Christmas Holy-days at Rome, 1845, 10th ed. 1884 



(in England, 10th ed. 1884); Early Jesuit Missions 
in North America, 1846), 5th ed. 188- ; Early Con- 
flicts of Christianity, 1850, 4th ed. 187- ; Catacombs 
of Rome, 1854, 4th ed. 1881 ; The Unnoticed Things 
of Scripture, 1868, 3d ed. 1879 ; Olden Time in 
New York, 1872 ; Historical Scenes from Old Jesuit 
Missions, 1875; Church of the Apostles, 1877. 

KIRKPATRICK, Alexander Francis, Church of 
England ; b. in England, in the year 1849 ; was 
late scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge; Por- 
son and Bell university scholar 1868, Craven 
scholar 1870; graduated B.A. (second classic), 
1871; first-class theological examination, 1872; 
M. A. and Tyrwhitt scholar 1874 ; ordained deacon 
1874, priest 1875 ; was university preacher, 1875 
and 1878; examiner for classical tripos 1878-79, 
for theological tripos 1881-82 ; Cambridge White- 
hall preacher, 1878-80; junior proctor, 1881-82; 
Lady Margaret preacher, 1882. Since 1871 he has 
been fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ; since 
1878, examining chaplain to the bishop of Win- 
chester ; since 1882, regius professor of Hebrew 
in the University of Cambridge, and canon of Ely. 
He is the author of the commentary on First and 
Second Samuel, in The Cambridge Bible for Schools, 
London, 1880-81. 

KIRKPATRICK, John Dillard, D.D. (Bethel 
College, McKinzie, Tenn., 1884), Cumberland 
Presbyterian; b. in Wilson County, Tenn., July 
8, 1838 ; educated at Cumberland University, 
Lebanon, Tenn. ; licensed, 1859 ; ordained, 1861 ; 
pastor in East Nashville, Tenn., 1861-65; and 
has since 1865 been a professor of practical the- 
ology and church history in Cumberland Univer- 
sity; and since 1880, editor of The Cumberland 
Presbyterian Review, Lebanon, Tenn. He is the 
author of essays, reviews, etc. 

KISTLER, John Luther, Lutheran (General 
Synod); b. at Ickesburg, Penn., Sept. 25, 1849; 
educated at Pennsylvania College and Theologi- 
cal Seminary, both at Gettysburg, Penn. : since 
1876 has been professor of Greek and mathemat- 
ics in the classical department, and of New-Tes- 
tament exegesis in the theological department, of 
Hartwick Seminary, Otsego County, N.Y. 

KITCHIN, Very Rev. George William, D.D. (by 
decree of Convocation, 1883), dean of Winchester, 
Church of England; b. at Naughton Rectory, 
Suffolk, Eng., Dec. 7, 1827; student of Christy 
Church, Oxford, 1846; graduated B.A. (double- 
first-class) 1850, M.A. 1853; was ordained deacon 
1852, priest 1859 ; tutor of Christ Church (classi- 
cal), 1853 ; public examiner for honors in mathe- 
matics'(1855), in classics (1862-63), and in modern 
history (twice) ; select preacher, Oxford, 1863-64; 
censor of Christ Church, 1863 ; Oxford Whitehall 
preacher, 1866-67; lecturer and tutor in history, 
Christ Church, 1870-83 ; examining chaplain to 
the late bishop (Jacobson) of Chester, 1865-84; 
censor of non-collegiate students, Oxford, 1868- 
83 ; became dean, 1883. In theology he is " mod- 
erate and liberal." He has edited Bacon's Novum 
Organon (Latin text and English translation, with 
notes), Oxford, 1855, 2 vols. ; Bacon's Advance- 
ment of Learning, London, 1860; Spenser's Faerie 
Queene, Books 1 and 2, Oxford, 1867-69 ; com- 
piled Catalogue of MSS. in the Library of Christ 
Church, Oxford, 1867; translated Brachet's Gram- 
mar of the French Tongue, 1869, 5th ed. 1884; 
Brachet's Etymological Dictionary of the French 



KITTRBDGE. 



118 



KNOX. 



Tongue, 1873, 3d ed. 1883; is author of A His- 
tory of France down to the Year 1789, 1873-77, 3 
vols., 3d ed. 1884 ; A Memoir of Pope Pius II. 
(written for the Arundel Society, to accompany 
their issue of the frescos by Pinturicchio in the 
library at Siena), 1881. 

KITTREDGE, Abbott Eliot, D.D. (Williams Col- 
lege, Williamstown, Mass., 1878), Presbyterian; 
b. at Roxbury, Mass., July 20, 1834; graduated 
at AVilliams College, Williamstown, Mass., 1854, 
and at Andover (Mass.) Theological Seminary, 
1859; pastor of Winthrop Congregational Church, 
Charlestown, Mass., 1859-64; Eleventh Presbyte- 
rian Church, New-York City, 1865-70 ; Third Pres- 
byterian Church, Chicago, 111., 1870-86 ; since of 
Madison-ave. Reformed Church, N.Y. City. * 

KLEINERT, (Hugo Wilhelm) Paul, Ph.D.(Halle, 
1857), Lie. Theol. (do., 1860), D.D. (/ton., Halle, 
1874), German Protestant; b. at Vielguth, Silesia, 
Sept. 25, 1837 ; studied at Breslau and Halle, 
1854-57; became diakonus and teacher of reli- 
gion in the Oppeln gymnasium, 1861 ; in the Ber- 
lin Friedrich-Wilhelm gymnasium, 1863; privat- 
docent of theology (Old-Testament) in the Berlin 
University, 1864 ; professor extraordinary, 1868 ; 
ordinary professor (of Old-Testament and practi- 
cal theology), 1877. On Nov. 22, 1873, he be- 
came a consistorialrath for Brandenburg; in 1885- 
86, was rector of the university. As a student he 
was influenced by Hupfeld and Julius Muller, later 
by Oehlerand Uorner. In theology he is evangeli- 
cal, although of the critical school. He contrib- 
uted the commentaries upon Ohadiah-Z ephaniah 
to Lange's Bibelwerk, Bielefeld, 1869 (English 
trans, in American Lange series, New York, 1874) ; 
Untersuchungen zur alttestamentlichen Redds- und 
Literalur-geschichte, Part 1, 1872; Abriss der Ein- 
leitung turn A. T. in Tabellenform, Berlin, 187S. 
Since 1862 he has contributed to Studien und 
Kritiken, upon Old- Testament exegesis and the- 
ology, practical theology, and ecclesiastical his- 
tory (especially of worship) in the seventeenth 
century, to Herzog 2 and to Riehm's Bibl. Hand- 
wbrterbuch, etc. 

KLIEFOTH, Theodor Friedrich Detlev, D.D., 
Lutheran ; b. at Kdrchow, Mecklenburg, Jan. 18, 
1810 ; was the tutor of Duke Wilhelm of Mecklen- 
burg, 1833, and of the Grand Duke Friedrich 
Franz of Mecklenburg-Schwerin ; preacher at 
N Ludwigslust, and superintendent of the diocese 
of Schwerin, 1840; and since 1850 has been chief 
ecclesiastical councillor, and member of the eccle- 
siastical upper court of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. 
He is the leader of the strict confessional Lu- 
therans, and has written much upon liturgies and 
church government, and published many sermons. 
Among his works may be mentioned, Liturgische 
Abliandlungen, Schwerin, 1854-61, 8 vols., 2d ed. 
1858-69 ; and commentaries upon Zechariah (1861), 
Ezekiel (1864-65, 2 parts), Daniel (1868), and 
Revelation (1874). * 

KLOEPPER, Albert Heinrich Ernst, Lie. Theol. 
(Greifswald, 1853), D.D., Protestant theologian; 
b. at Weitenhagen, near Greifswald, March 20, 
1828; studied at Greifswald and Berlin, 1847-51; 
passed the examination for a teacher of theology 
at Greifswald, 1858 ; became curator of the royal 
library at Konigsberg, 1866 ; professor extraordi- 
nary of theology there, 1875. He is the author of 
De origine epistolurum ad Ephesios et Colossenses, 



a criticis Tubingensibus e gnosi Valentiniana deducta, 
Greifswald, 1853 ; Exegetisch-kritische Untersuch- 
ungen iiber den zweiten Brief des Paulus an die 
Gemeinde zu Korinth, Gdttingen, 1870 ; Kommentar 
iiber das 2. Sendschreiben des Apostel Paulus an die 
Gemeinde zu Korinth, Berlin, 1874 ; Der Brief an 
die Colosser, 1882. 

KLOSTERMANN, (Heinrich) August, Lic.Theol. 
(Gottingen, 1865), D.D. (Gottingen, 1868), Lu- 
theran ; b. at Steinhude, Schaumburg-Lippe, May 
16, 1837 ; studied at Erlangen and Berlin, 1855-58 ; 
became gymnasial and seminary teacher at Biicke- 
burg, 1859 ; privat-docent at Gottingen, 1864; ordi- 
nary professor at Kiel, 1868. He is the author of 
Vindicke Lucance, Gottingen, 1865 ; Das Markus 
Evangelium, 1867; Untersuchungen zur A. T. The- 
olor/ie, Gotha, 1868 ; Korrekiuren zur bisherigen 
Erklarung des Romerbriefes, 1881 ; Probleme im 
Aposteltexte, neu erbrtet, 1883; Ueber deutsche Art 
bei Martin Luther, Kiel, 1884; Die Gottesfurcht als 
Hauptstiick der Weisheit, 1885. 

KNEUCKER, Johann Jakob, Lie. Theol. (Hei- 
delberg, 1873), D.D. (hon., Bern, 1884), German 
Protestant; b. at Wenkheim, Baden, Feb. 12, 
1840; studied at Heidelberg; became pricat-docent 
thei'e, 1873 ; professor extraordinary, 1879 ; and 
also, since Oct. 31, 1883, pastor of Eppelheim, 
near Heidelberg. As the pupil of Ferdinand 
Hitzig and Richard Rothe, he adopts a " slreng 
icissenschafttiche Richtung.'' He is the author of 
Siloah : Quell, Teich und Thai in Jerusalem, Eine 
Dissertation, Heidelberg, 1873 ; Das Buch Baruch, 
Geschichte und Kritik, Uebersetzung und Erklarung 
auf Grund des wiederhergestelllen hebrdischen Ur- 
textes, Mit einem Anhang iiber den pseudepigraph- 
ischen Baruch, Leipzig, 1879 ; Die Anjdnge des Ro- 
mischen Christenthums, Ein Vortrag, Karlsruhe, 
1881 ; (edited) Dr. Ferdinand Hitzig's Vorlesungen 
iiber Biblische Theologie und Messianische Weissa- 
gungen des Alien Testaments, Mit einer Lebens- und 
Charactei'-Skizze, Karlsruhe, 1880. 

KNICKERBACKER, Right Rev. David Buel, 
D.D. (Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., 1873), 
Episcopalian, bishop of Indiana; b. at Schaghti- 
coke, N.Y., Feb. 24, 1833; graduated at Trinity 
College, Hartford, Conn., 1853, and at the Gen- 
eral Theological Seminary, New-York City, 1856; 
became rector of Gethsemane Church, Minneap- 
olis, Minn., 1857; bishop, 1883. He is a High 
Churchman. He has published occasional ser- 
mons and addresses, annual reports, etc. 

KNIGHT, George Thomson, Universalist; b. at 
Windham, Me., Oct. 29, 1850; graduated at Tufts 
College, College Hill, Mass., 1872, and at Tufts 
Divinity School (B.D.) 1875; in the latter was in- 
structor in rhetoric and church history from 1875 to 
1882, when he became professor of church history. 

KNOX, Charles Eugene, D.D. (College of 
New Jersey, Princeton, 1874), Presbyterian; b. 
at Knoxboro, N.Y., Dec. 27, 1833; graduated 
at Hamilton College, Clinton, N.Y., 1S56, and at 
Union Theological Seminary, New- York City, 
1859 ; was tutor in Hamilton College, 1859-60 ; 
pastor elect (Reformed Dutch Church), Utica, 
1860-62; pastor (Presbyterian), Bloomfield, N.J., 
1864-73 ; president of the German Theological 
School, Newark, N.J., since 1873. He is the 
author of A Year with St. Paul, New York, 1863 ; 
a series of graded Sunday-school text-books, 1864- 
70 ; Love to the End, 1866 ; David the King, 1874. 



KNOX. 



119 



KOBSTLIN. 



KNOX, Right Rev. Robert Bent, D.D. (Trinity 
College, Dublin, 1849), lord bishop of Down, 
Connor, and Dromore, Church of Ireland; b. in 
Ireland, in the year 1808; educated at Trinity 
College, Dublin; graduated B.A. 1829, M.A. 1S34, 
D.D. 1849; was chancellor of Ardfert, 1834-41; 
pi - ebendary of St. Munchin, in Limerick Cathe- 
dral, 1841-49; became bishop, 1849 ; primate, and 
archbishop of Armagh, 1886. 

KOBER, Franz, Lie. Theol. (Tubingen, 1856), 
D.D. (Tubingen, 1857), Roman Catholic; b. at 
Warthausen, near Biberach, Germany, March 6, 
1821; studied theology and philosophy at Tu- 
bingen ; became priest there, 1845 ; and succes- 
sively in its university, repetent to the Wilhelmsstift 
(1846), privat-docent of pedagogics, didactics, and 
the exegesis of the N. T. Epistles (1851), pro- 
fessor extraordinary (1853), ordinary professor 
of church law, pedagogics, and the exegesis of 
the Epistles (1857). He is the author of Der 
Kirchenbann nach den Grundsdtzen des kanonischen ! 
Rechts, Tubingen, 1857, 2d ed. 1863; Die Suspen- 
sion der Kirchendiener, 1862 ; Die Deposition und 
Degradation, 1867. * 

KOEGEL, Rudolf, D.D., German Protestant 
theologian ; b. at Birnbaum, Posen, Feb. 18, 1829; 
pastor at The Hague, 1857-63, and since court 
preacher at Berlin ; and since 1880 general Super- 
intendent of the Kurmark. He is the author of 
commentaries on First Peter (Mainz, 1863, 2d ed. 
Berlin, 1872) and Romans (1876, 2d ed. 1883) ; 
Aus dem Vorhof ins Heiliqthum (sermons), Bremen, 
1875-76, 2 vols., 2d ed. 1878-80. Since 1880 he 
has, with W. Baur and E. Frommel, edited Neue 
Christolerpe. * 

KOEHLER, August, Ph.D. (Jena, 1856), Lie. 
Theol. (Erlangen, 1857), D.D. (Erlangen, 1864), 
Lutheran theologian; b. at Schmalenberg, Rhein- 
pfalz, Germany, Feb. 8, 1835 ; educated at Bonn, 
Erlangen, and Utrecht, 1851-55; made a scientific 
journey in Holland, 1856 ; became privat-docent at 
Erlangen, 1857 ; professor extraordinary of theol- 
ogy, 1862; ordinary professor at Jena 1864, at 
Bonn 1866, at Erlangen 1868. He is the author 
of Die niederlandische reformirte Kirche, Erlangen, 
1856 (Dutch trans., De nederlo.ndsche hervormde 
Kerk, Amsterdam, 1857) ; Principia doctrince de 
regeneratione in novo testamento obvioz, 1857 ; Die 
nachexilischen Propheten erkldrt, 1860-65, 4 parts ; 
Commentatio de vi ac pronunciatione sacrosancti 
Tetragrammatis, 1857 ; Lehrbuch der biblischen Ge- 
schichte alten Testamentes (down to the disruption 
of the kingdom), 1st vol., 2d vol. 1st pt., 1875-84; 
Ueber die Grundanschauungen des Buck Koheleth, 
1885 ; Ueber die Berichtigung der Luther 'schen Bi- 
bcliibersetzung, 1886; numerous articles in theo- 
logical periodicals, etc. 

KOENIG, Arthur, D.D. (Breslau, Germany, 
1873), Roman Catholic ; b at Neisse, Germany, 
June 4, 1843 ; studied at Breslau 1861-65, and in 
the episcopal priests' seminary there 1866-67; be- 
came priest, 1867 ; teacher of religion in the Gross 
Glogau gymnasium, soon after in the Realschule 
at Neisse (1868) ; chief teacher in the latter, 1880 ; 
ordinary professor of dogmatics in the univer- 
sity of Breslau, Germany, 1882. He is the author 
of Das Kalendarium des Breslauer Kreuzsliftes (in 
the Zeitschrift des Vereins fur Geschichle u. Alter- 
thiimer Schlesiens, 1866) ; Die Echtheit der Apostel- 
geschichte, Breslau, 1867 ; Das Zeugniss der Natur 



fiir Gottes Dasein, Freiburg-im-Br., 1870 (Hun- 
garian trans., Calocsa, 1871, 2d ed. Pesth, 1872); 
Die Bibel und die Sklaverei {Programm der Neisser 
Realschule, 1874) ; Lehrbuch fiir den katholischen 
Religionsunterricht in den oberen Klassen der Gym- 
nasien und Realschulen, Freiburg-im-Br., 1879, 4th 
ed. 1885 ; Handbuch fiir den katholischen Religions- 
unterricht in den mittelren Klassen der Gymnasien 
und Realschulen, 1881 ; articles in the homiletical 
monthly, St. Hedwigsblatt, Breslau, etc. 

KOENIG, Friedrich Eduard, Ph.D., Lie. Theol. 
(both Leipzig, 1872 and 1879), German Protes- 
tant; b. at Reichenbach, Saxony, Nov. 15, 1846; 
studied at Leipzig, 1867-71 ; became privat-docent 
there, 1879; professor extraordinary of theology, 
1885. His theological standpoint is that of a be, 
liever in revelation. He is the author of Gedanke- 
Laut und Accent, als die drei Factoren der Sprach- 
bildung, comparativ und physiologisch am Hebrdisch- 
en dargestellt, Weimar, 1874 ; Neue Sludien uber 
Schrift, Aussprache und allgemeine Formenlehre des 
Aethiopischen, Leipzig, 1877; De criticce sacra ar- 
gumento e lingua; legibus repelito, 1879; Historisch- 
kritisches Lehrgebaude der Hebraischen Sprache, I. 
Theil, 1881; Der Offenbarungsbegriff des Alien Tes- 
taments, 1882; Die Hauptproblemeder altisraelitischen 
Religionsgeschichte, 1884 (English trans., The Re- 
ligious History of Israel, Edinburgh, 1885): Falsche 
Extreme in der neueren Kritik des Alten Testaments, 
1885. 

KOENIG, Joseph, D.D. (Freiburg-im-Br., 1846), 
Roman Catholic; b. at Hausen-on-the-Aach, Ger- 
many, Sept. 7, 1819 ; studied philosophy and 
theology at Freiburg-im-Br. ; became priest and 
repetilor in the theological convict there, 1845 ; 
and successively in this university, privat-docent 
(1847), professor extraordinary (1854), ordinary 
professor of Old- Testament literature (1857). He 
is the author of Die Theologie der Psalmen, Frei- 
burg-im^Br., 1857; Das alttestamenll. Kbnigthum, 
1863; Das Alter u. die Entstehungsweise des Penta- 
teuchs, 1884; Beitrage zur Geschichle der theologisch- 
en Facultal in Freiburg am Schlusse des vorigen und 
im Beginne des jetzigen Jahrhunderts, 1884. * 

KOESSING, Friedrich, Roman Catholic; b. at 
Mimmenhausen, Germany, Feb. 15, 1825; became 
spiritual instructor at Donaueschingen, 1851 ; in 
the lyceum at Heidelberg, 1853 ; professor of 
moral theology and theological encyclopaedia at 
Freiburg-im-Br., 1863. He is the author of De 
suprema Christi cozna, Heidelberg, 1858; Das christl. 
Gesetz, 1862. 

KOESTLIN, Julius Theodor, Ph.D., Lie. Theol. 
(both Tubingen, 1855\ D.D. (hon., Gdttingen, 
1860), LL.D. (hon., Marburg, 1883) ; b. at Stutt- 
gart, May 17, 1826 ; studied in Tubingen 1844- 
48, and Berlin 1849-50; became repetent in the 
evangelical seminary in Tubingen, 1850 ; pro- 
fessor extraordinary, especially of New-Testament 
theology, and university preacher, in Gottingen, 
1855 ; ordinary professor, especially of systematic 
theology, at Breslau 1860, at Halle 1870 ; since 
1865 consistorial councillor, and since 1877 mem- 
ber of the Magdeburg consistory. His theologi- 
cal standpoint is that of the so-called orthodox 
new German theology, with critical reference to 
the biblical revelation and the facts of the moral 
and religious Christian consciousness, and effort 
after the union of the Lutheran and Reformed 
confessions. He studied Presbyterianism in Scot- 



KOLDB. 



120 



KRAWUTZCKY. 



land in 1849, and took an active part in organiz- 
ing the new consistorial constitution, which has 
Presbyterian features. Since 1873 he has, with 
Professor Riehm, edited the Theologische Studien 
und Kritiken. He is the author of Die schottische 
Kirche, ihr inneres Leben und ihr Verhtiltniss zum 
Staat, Hamburg u. Gotha, 1852 ; Luthers Lehre von 
der Kirche, Stuttgart, 1853 ; Das Wesen der Kirche 
nach Lehre u. Geschichte d. N.T., 1854, 2d ed. 
Gotha, 1872; Der Glaube, sein Wesen, Grund u. 
Gegenstand, seine Bedeutung fur Erkennen, Leben u. 
Kirche, Gotha, 1859; De miraculorum, quce Christus 
el primi ejus discipuli fecerunt, natura et ratione, 
Breslau, 1860; Luthers Theologie, Stuttgart, 1863, 
2 vols. ; Martin Luther, sein Leben und seine 
Schriften, Elberfeld, 1875, 2 vols., 3d ed. 1883 ; 
Luthers Leben, Leipzig, 1882, 3d ed. 1883 (Eng- 
lish trans., London and New York, 1883, and 
Philadelphia, 1883) ; Martin Luther {Festschrift), 
Halle, 1883, 22d ed. 1884 (English trans., London, 
1883). 

KOLDE, Theodor (Hermann Friedrich), Ph.D. 
(Halle, 1874), Lie. Theol. (Marburg, 1876), D.D. 
(hon., Marburg, 1881), German Protestant theo- 
logian ; b. at Friedland, Upper Silesia, May 6, 
1850; studied at Breslau 1869-70, and at Leipzig 
1871-72 ; became privat-docent in church history 
at Marburg, 1876; professor extraordinary, 1879; 
ordinary professor of historical theology at Er- 
langen, 1881. He is a pupil of Hermann Reuter's. 
He is author of Der Kanzler Briick u. seine Bedeu- 
tung fiir die Entwicklung der Reformation, Halle, 
1874 (Prof. Kolde is one of Briick's descendants) ; 
Luthers Stellung zu Conzil und Kirche bis zum 
Wormser Reichstag, Giitersloh, 1876 ; Walther von 
derVoyelweide in seiner Stellung zu Kaiserthum und 
Hierarchie, 1877 ; Die deutsche Augustiner-Congre- 
galion und Johann von Staupitz, Gotha, 1879 ; Fried- 
rich der Weise und die Anf tinge der Reformation, 
Erlangen, 1881; Analecta Lutherana, Briefe und 
Actenstiicke, Gotha, 1883 ; Luther und der Reichstag 
zu Worms, 1883, 2d ed. same year ; Martin Luther, 
eine Biographic, vol. i. 1884; Die Heilsarmee ("The 
Salvation Army") nach eigener Anschauung und 
nach ihren Schriften, Erlangen, 18S5. 

KRAFFT, Wilhelm Ludwig, D.D., Reformed; b. 
at Cologne, Sept. 8, 1821 ; studied at Bonn and 
Berlin, 1839-44 ; made a scientific journey in the 
East, 1844; privat-docent at Bonn, 1846; professor 
extraordinary, 1850; ordinaryprofessor since 1859, 
and member of the Rhenish Consistory since 1881. 
Among his publications may be mentioned Die 
Topographie Jerusalems, Bonn, 1846 ; Die Kirchen- 
geschichte der germanischen Vblker, Berlin, vol. i. 
1854 ; Briefe und Documente aus der Zeit der Re- 
formation, Elberfeld, 1876. 

KRAUS, Franz Xaver, Ph.D., D.D. (both Frei- 
burg-im-Br., 1862 and 1865), Roman Catholic; 
b. at Treves, Rhenish Prussia, Sept. 18, 1840 ; 
studied at Freiburg, Paris, and Bonn ; was or- 
dained priest, 1865 ; held a beneficiary at Pfalzel, 
near Treves, 1865-72 ; became professor extraor- 
dinary of art, archaeology, and history, at Strass- 
burg, 1872 ; ordinary professor of church history 
at Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1878. He is archducal 
conservator of antiquities. He advocates, in the 
Roman-Catholic Church, religious Catholicism in 
opposition to political ultramontanism. His prin- 
cipal writings are Observationes critical in Synesii 
Cyrencei epislulas, Regensburg, 1863 ; Studien uber 



Synesios von Kyrene, Tubingen, 1866 ; Die Kunst 
bei den alien Christen, Frankfurt-a.-M., 1868; Bei- 
trage zur Trierischen Archtiologie und Geschichte, I., 
Trier, 1868 ; Die Blutampullen derrbm. Katacomben, 
Freiburg, 1868 ; Die christliche Kunst in ihren friih- 
esten Anfangen, Leipzig, 1872; Das Spottcrucifx 
vom Palatin, Freiburg, 1872 ; Lehrbuch der Kirchen- 
geschichte, Trier, 1872-75, 3 parts, 3d ed. 1886; 
Roma sotterranea, Freiburg, 1873, 2d ed. 1879; 
Synchronistische Tabellen zur christlichen Kirchen- 
geschichte, Trier, 1876 ; Ueber Begriff, Umfang und 
Geschichte der christlichen Archtiologie, Freiburg, 
1879 ; Kunst und Alterthum in Elsass-Lothringen, 
Strassburg, 1876-87, 3 vols. ; Gedtichtnissrede auf 
J oh. Alzog, Freiburg, 1879 ; Synchronistiche Tabel- 
len zur christlichen Kunst geschichte, 1880; Real- 
encycloptidie der christlichen Alterthiimer, 1880-86, 2 
vols.; Ludwig Spach, Strassburg, 1880; Minia- 
turen des Codex Egberts zu Trier, Freiburg, 1884 ; 
Die Wandgemtilde in Oberzell auf der Reichenau, 
1884 ; Die Kunstdenkm tiler des Grossherzoqthum 
Baden, Bd I., 1887. He edited the 10th edition 
of Alzog's Handbuch der Allgemeinen Kirchenge- 
schichte, Mainz, 1882, 2 vols. ; and Lettere di Bene- 
detto XIV., 1884; and has contributed to numer- 
ous periodicals. 

KRAUSS, Alfred (Eduard), Lie. Theol. (Basel, 
1866), D.D. (hon., Basel, 1868), Reformed; b. at 
Rheineck, Canton St. Gallen, Switzerland, March 
19, 1836 ; studied at Heidelberg (1855-56), Halle 
(1856-57), and Zurich (1857-58); passed the state 
theological examination at St. Gallen, 1859 ; be- 
came pastor of Stettfurt, Canton Thurgau, Switz- 
erland, 1859 ; professor extraordinary at Marburg, 
1870 ; ordinary professor, 1871 ; at Strassburg, 
1873. He belongs to the school of Schleiermacher. 
He lectures upon comparative symbolics, dogmat- 
ics, ethics, homiletics, catechetics, pastoral theol- 
ogy, liturgies, practical exegesis, and conducts a 
homiletical and catechetical seminar. He is the 
author of Bedeutung des Glaubens fiir die Schrift- 
auslegung, Frauenfeld, 1862 ; Theologischer Com- 
mentar zu I. Korinther xv., 1864; Die Lehre von der 
Offenbarung, ein Beitrag zur Philosophic des Chris- 
tenthums, Gotha, 1868 ; Predigten fiir alle Sonn- und 
Festtage des Jahres, Strassburg, 1874 ; Das protes- 
tantische Dogma von der unsichlbaren Kirche, Gotha, 
1876; Lehrbuch der Homiletik, 1883; various articles 
upon doctrinal and practical theology in different 
Swiss and German periodicals. 

KRAWUTZCKY, Adam, D.D. (Munich, 1865), 
Roman Catholic ; b. at Neustadt, Upper Silesia, 
March 2, 1842 ; studied in the universities of 
Breslau (1860-62), Tubingen (1863-64), and 
Munich (1864), and in the priest-seminary in Bres- 
lau (1864-65), and was ordained priest in 1865. 
He became sub-regens in the seminary, and privat- 
docent in the university of Breslau, 1868 ; on April 
1, 1885, he was appointed professor extraordinary 
of theology. He is the author of Ztihlung u. 
Ordnung d. hi. Sacramente in Hirer geschichtl. Ent- 
wickelung, Breslau, 1S65 (pp. 66) ; De visione beati- 
fica in Benedicti XII. conslitutionem " Benedictus 
Deus" commentatio historica, 1868 (pp.40); Petri- 
nische Studien, 1872-73, 2 parts ; Des Bellarmin 
kleiner Katechismus mit Kommentar, 1873 ; essays 
in periodicals, especially Ueber die Bedeutung d. 
neutest. Ausdrucks Menschensohn (in Tubinger Theol. 
Quartalschrift, 1869, pp. 600-652) ; Ueber das alt- 
kirchliche Unterrichtsbuch "Die zwei Wege" (do., 



KROTEL. 



121 



KURTZ. 



1882, pp. 359-445); Ueber die sog. Zwolfapostellekre 
(do., 1884, pp. 542-606). 

KROTEL, Gottlob Frederick, D.D. (University 
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1865), Lutheran 
(General Council) ; b. at Ilsfeld, Wiirtemberg, 
Germany, Feb. 4, 1826 ; graduated from the 
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1846; 
studied theology, was licensed 1848; pastor at Pas- 
syunk (Philadelphia), Lebanon, Lancaster (1853- 
62), Philadelphia (1862-68) ; professor in Evangel- 
ical Lutheran Theological Seminary there (1864- 
68) ; and since 1868 has been pastor of Holy 
Trinity, New- York City. He edited Der Luther- 
ische Herold, 1872-75, and The Lutheran, 1881-83. 
He was president of the Ministerium of Pennsyl- 
vania 1866-68, and since 1884 ; and of that of New 
York, 1869-76, and of the General Council in 
1869. He is the author of translations of Ledder- 
hose's Life of Melanchthon, Philadelphia, 1854, and 
of Uhlhorn's Luther and the Swiss, 1876; Who are 
the Blessed ? Meditations on the Beatitudes, 1855 ; 
(with Rev. Prof. Dr. Mann) Explanation of Luther's 
S7nall Catechism, 1863. 

KUEBEL, Robert Benjamin, Lie. Theol. (Tu- 
bingen, 1867), D.D. (hon., Leipzig, 1879), Lu- 
theran; b. at Kirchheim, Wiirtemberg, Feb. 12, 
1838; studied at Tubingen, 1856-60; became 
repetent there, 1865; diakonus at Balingen, 1867; 
professor and director in Herborn preachers' 
seminary, 1870 ; city pastor and professor at Ell- 
wangen, 1874 ; ordinary professor of theology at 
Tubingen, 1879. His theological standpoint is 
the positive biblical. He is the author of Bibel- 
kunde, Stuttgart, 1870, 2 vols., 3d ed. 1881; Das 
christliche Lehr system nach der heiligen Schrift, 1873; 
Umriss der Pastoraltheologie, 1st ed. as Seminarpro- 
gramm at Herborn, 1873, 2d ed. Stuttgart, 1873; 
Prediglen und Schriftbetrachtungen, Barmen, 1874; 
Katechetik, Stuttgart, 1877 ; Ueber den Unterschied 
zwischen der positiven u. der liberalen Richtung in der 
modernen Theologie, Nordlingen, 1881 ; lectures, 
etc. ; contributed to Grau's Bibelwerk (Bielefeld, 
1876-80) ; to the 2d ed. of Herzog, and Apologetik 
in Zdckler's Handbuch, Nordlingen, 1884, 2d ed. 
1885. 

KUENEN, Abraham, D.D. (Leiden, 1851); b. at 
Haarlem, North Holland, Sept. 16, 1828 ; studied 
at the gymnasium of Haarlem, and at the Uni- 
versity of Leiden, 1846-51 ; and since March 12, 
1853, has been professor of theology there. He 
is a member of the Teyler Theological Society of 
Haarlem, and of the Royal Academy of Sciences 
and Literature at Amsterdam ; secretary of The 
Hague Society for the Defence of the Christian 
Religion ; and September, 1883, was president of 
the Sixth International Congress of Orientalists, 
held at Leiden. In theology he is " liberal," be- 
longs to what is called in Holland " the modern 
school," advocates the application of historical 
criticism to the Bible, especially to the Old Testa- 
ment. Since 1866 he has been one of the editors 
of the Theologisch Tydschrift. Besides numerous 
articles he has written Historisch-krilisch Onder- 
zoek naar het onstaan en de verzameling van de boeken 
des Oudcn Verbonds (Historico-crilical Investigation 
into the Origin and Collection of the Books of the 
Old Testament), Leiden, 1861-65, 3 vols., 2d ed. 



revised and enlarged, 1885, sqq. (French trans, by 
Dr. A. Pierson, of the first two volumes, on the 
historical and prophetical books, Paris, 1866-79 ; 
English trans, of the first two chapters by Bishop 
J. W. Colenso, in his Pentateuch and Book of Joshua 
critically examined, London, 1865; German trans, 
of the 2d ed. by Dr. Th. Weber, Leipzig, 1885, 
sqq.) ; De godsdienst van Israel tot den ondergang 
van den Joodschen Staat, Haarlem, 1869-70, 2 vols. 
(English trans, by A. W. May, The Religion of 
Israel to the Fall of the Jewish Stale, London, 1874- 
75, 3 vols.) ; De profcten en de profetie onder Israel, 
Leiden, 1875, 2 vols. (English trans, by A. Mil- 
roy, Prophets and Prophecy in Israel, 1877) ; Na- 
tional Religions and Universal Religion (Hibbert 
Lectures for 1882), London, 1882 (Dutch edition, 
Volks godsdienst en Wereld godsdienst, Leiden, 1882; 
French trans, by Vernes, Paris, 1883 ; German 
trans., Berlin, 1883) ; minor pamphlets, university 
orations, etc. 

KURTZ, Johann Heinrich, Lie. Theol. (hon., 
Konigsberg, 1844), D.D. (hon., Rostock, 1849), 
Lutheran (moderately confessional) ; b. at Mont- 
j'oie, near Aachen, Prussia, Dec. 13, 1809 ; studied 
at Halle 1830, and at Bonn 1831-33; became head 
master in religion at the Mitau gymnasium, 1835; 
ordinary professor of theology in Dorpat Univer- 
sity, 1850; professor emeritus, 1870. Since 1871 
he has lived at Marburg. His books are, Das 
Mosaische Opfer, Mitau, 1842 ; Die Astronomie und 
die Bibel, 1842 (5th ed. under title Bibel und As- 
tronomie, Berlin, 1865; English trans., The Bible 
and Astronomy, Philadelphia, 1857) ; Lehrbuch der 
heiligen Geschichte, Konigsberg, 1843, 16th ed. 1884 
(English trans., Manual of Sacred History, Phila- 
delphia, 1855) ; Beitrage zur Verteidigung und Be- 
griindung des Pentateuchs, 1844 ; Christliche Reli- 
gionslehre, Mitau, 1844, 13th ed. Leipzig, 1883; 
Die Einheit der Genesis, Berlin, 1846 ; Biblische 
Geschichte mit Erlauterungen, 1847, 34th ed. 1882 
(English trans, by A. Melville, Bible History, 
Edinburgh, 1867) ; Geschichte des Alien Bundes 
(bis zum Tode Mosis), 1848-55, 2 vols., 3d ed. vol. 
i. 1864, 2d ed. vol. ii. 1858 (English annotated 
trans, by Dr. A. Edersheim, History of the Old 
Covenant, Edinburgh, 1860, 3 vols.) ; Lehrbuch der 
Kirchengeschichte, Mitau, 1849, 9th ed. Leipzig, 
1885, 2 vols, in 4 parts (English trans., Text-book 
of Church History, Philadelphia, 1860, 2 vols.; new 
ed. revised, 1875); Leitfaden (now called Abriss) 
der Kirchengeschichte, Mitau, 1852, 11th ed. Leip- 
zig, 1886 ; Handbuch der allgemeinen Kirchenge- 
schichte, Mitau, vol. i. 1853-54, 3 parts, 2d ed. 
1856-68, vol. ii. 1st part (to the end of the Caro- 
lingian age), 1856 (English trans., History of the 
Christian Church, Edinburgh, 1863) ; Die Ehen der 
Sohne Golles mit den Tochlern der Menschen in 1. 
Mos. vi. 1-4, Berlin, 1857 ; Die Sohne Gottes in 
1. Mos. vi. 1-J, und die sundigenden Engel in 2. 
Petri ii. 4, 5 und Judai, 6, 7, Mitau, 1858 ; Die Ehe 
des Prophelen Hosea, Dorpat, 1859 ; Der alttesta- 
mentliche Opferkultus nach seiner gesetzlichen Be- 
grundung und Anwendung, Mitau, 1862 (English 
trans., Sacrificial Worship of the Old Testament, 
Edinburgh, 1863) ; Zur Theologie der Psalmen, 
Dorpat, 1865 ; Der Brief an die Hebrder erklart, 
Mitau, 1869. 



LADD. 



122 



LAGARDB. 



L. 



LADD, George Trumbull, D.D. (Western Re- 
serve College, Hudson, O., 1880), Congregation al- 
ist; b. at Painesville, O., Jan. 19, 1842; graduated 
at Western Reserve College, Hudson, O., 1864, 
and at Andover (Mass.) Theological Seminary 
1869 ; pastor Spring-street Church, Milwaukee, 
Wis., 1871-79; professor of intellectual and moral 
philosophy in Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., 
1879-81 ; and since 1881 has filled the correspond- 
ing chair in Yale College. He is the author of 
Principles of Church Polity, New York, 1882 ; Doc- 
trine of Sacred Scripture: Critical, Historical, and 
Dogmatic Inquiry into the Origin and Nature of the 
Old and New Testaments, 1883, 2 vols, (the prod- 
uct of many years of labor and of wide research). 

LAEMMER, Hugo, Ph.D. (Berlin, 1S55), Lie. 
Theol. (Berlin, 1856), D.D. (hon., Breslau, 1859), 
Roman-Catholic convert; b. at Allenstein, East 
Prussia, Jan. 25, 1835; studied at Konigsberg, 
Leipzig, and Berlin, 1852-56 ; became prlvat-docent 
for historical theology at Berlin, 1857 ; made a 
scientific journey through Italy, and on his return 
went formally over to Catholicism at Braunsberg, 
Nov. 21, 1858. He then entered the clerical semi- 
nary there; was ordained a priest 1859 ; immedi- 
ately thereafter went to Rome, and was appointed 
misslonarlus apostollcus, 1861. On his return to 
Braunsberg that year, he was made sub-regens of 
the seminary; was called to Rome by the Pope in 
1863, as consullor of the Congregatio de Propaganda 
Fide. In 1864 he became professor of moral the- 
ology at Braunsberg, and later in the year, in spite 
of the protest of the Protestant faculty, professor 
of dogmatics in the Roman-Catholic theological 
faculty at Breslau, and soon after Conslstorlalrath, 
Prosynodalexaminator, and episcopal Ponitentiar. 
In 1865 he became honorary member of the Dok- 
torencolleglum of the Vienna theological faculty. 
He is the author of Clementls Alexandrlni de 2,6y<j 
doctrlna, Leipzig, 1855 (an academical prize essay, 
whose preparation gave him his first impulse 
towards Roman Catholicism) ; De theologla romano- 
cathollca, quce reformatorum cetate vlgult, antetrlden- 
tlna (another prize essay, Berlin, 1857 ; translated 
by him into German under the title, Die vortrl- 
dentlnisch-kathollsche Theologie des Reformations- 
Zeltalters aus den Quellen dargestellt, Berlin, 1858); 
Papst Nlkolaus der Erste u. d. Byzantlnische Staats- 
Klrche seiner Zeit, 1857 (his habllltatlonsrede); (ed.) 
Eusebii Patnphill hist, eccles. libri x., Schaffhausen, 
1859-62; Analecta Romana. Klrchengeschlchtllche 
Forschungen in Romlschen Blbllolheken u. Archlven. 
Eine Denkschrift, Schaffhausen, 1860 ; Mlserlcor- 
dlas Domini, Freiburg-im-Br., 1861 (his autobiog- 
raphy, in which he relates the history of his con- 
version, and attributes it to his work upon Anselm's 
Cur Deus Homo, which he edited, Berlin, 1857, 
his study of Hermann von Kappenberg's De con- 
version sua, the reading of Roman-Catholic books, 
a severe illness, and the Jesuit revival meetings 
in Berlin) ; Monumenta Vaticana historiam ecclesi- 
asticam saculi X VI. illustrantia, 1861 ; Zur Kirchen- 
geschichte des 16. und 17. Jahrh., 1863; (edited) 



Scriptorum Grcecice orthod. bibllotheca selecta, 1864- 
66 ; In decreta concllli Ruthenorum Zamosciensis 
anlmadverslones theologlco-canonicce, 1865; Calestis 
Urbs Jerusalem, 1866 ; Meletemaium romanorum 
mantissa, 1876 ; De martyrologlo Romano, Parergon 
hlstorlco-crltlcum, Regensburg, 1878. * 

LAGARDE, Paul Anthony de, Ph.D. (Berlin, 
1849), Lie. Theol. {hon., Erlangen, 1851), D.D. 
{lion., Halle, 1868), German Protestant; b. in 
Berlin, Nov. 2, 1S27 ; studied in Berlin University 
from Easter, 1844, to Easter, 1846, and in Halle from 
Easter, 1846, to Easter, 1847; taught in schools in 
Berlin from Easter, 1855, to Easter, 1866; and 
since Easter, 1869, has been professor of Oriental 
languages at Gottingen. "He accepts nothing 
but what is proved, but accepts every thing that 
has been proved." He is the author of the follow- 
ing works: Dldascalla aposlolorum syriace, 1854; 
Zururgeschlchte der Armenler, 1854 ; Rellqula iuris 
eccleslastlcl antiquissimce syriace, 1856, grace, 1S56; 
Analecta Syriaca, 1858; Appendix arablca, 1858; 
Hippolytl romanl qua: feruntur omnia grace, 1858; 
Titi bostrenl contra Manichceos libri quatuor syriace, 
1859 ; Till bostrenl qua ex opere contra Manichaos 
in cod. hamburgensi servata sunt grace accedunl Iuld 
romanl eplstula et Gregorli Thaumaturgi Kara /uepoc 
■Kiariq, 1859 ; Geoponlcon in sermonem syriacum 
versorum qua supersunt, 1860; Clemenlis romani 
recognitiones syriace, 1861 ; Libri V. T. apocryphi 
syriace, 1861 ; Constitutions aposlolorum grace, 1862 ; 
Anmerkungen zur griechischen iibersetzung der Pro- 
verhlen, 1863 ; Die vler evangellen arabisch aus der 
Wiener handschrift herausgegeben, 1864; IosephlSca- 
ligerl poemata omnia ex museio Petri Scriveril, 1864; 
Clementina, 1865; Gesammelle abhandlungen, 1866; 
Der pentateuch koptisch, 1867 ; V. T. ab Origene recen- 
siti fragmenla, Malerialien zur geschlchie und krltik 
des Pentateuch, I., II., 1867; Genesis grace, 1868; 
Hieronyml quastiones hebralca in libro Geneseos, 
1868; Beitrdge zur baktrlschen lexlcographle, 1868; 
Onomastica sacra, 1870; Propheta chaldaice, 1872; 
Hagiographa chaldaice, 1874; Psalterlum iuxta He- 
braos Hieronymi, 1874; Psalml 1—19 in usum scho- 
larum arab., 1875; Psalterii verslo memphltica, etc., 
1875; Psalterlum lob Proverbla arablce. 1876; Ar- 
menische studien, 1877 ; Symmlcta, I. 1877, II. 18S0 ; 
Semltica, 1. 1878, II. 1879; Deutsche Schriften, 1878- 
86 ; Pratermissorum libri duo syriace, 1879 ; Orien- 
lalia, I. 1879, II. 1880; A us dem deulschen gelehrt- 
enleben, 1881 ; Die lateinischen ilbersetzungen des 
Ignatius, 1882; Ankiindigung einer neuen ausgabe 
der griechischen iibersetzung des alten testaments, 
1882 ; Ignatli antiocheni qua feruntur grace. Sapi- 
entil utraque et Psalterlum latlne. Beschrelbung des 
in Granada iibllch gewesen dialekts der arabischen 
sprache. lohannis Euchaitorum metropollta qua in 
codice vatlcano graco 676 supersunt Ioliannes Bollig 
descripsit, 1882 ; Iuda Harlzii macama hebraicc, 
1883 ; JEgyptiaca, 1883 ; Librorum V. T. P. 1. grace, 
1883; Isalas perslca, 1883; Programm fur die kon- 
servatlve Partei I'reussens, 1884 ; Persische Studien, 
1884; Mlttheilungen, 1884 ; Probe einer neuen Aus- 
gabe der lateinischen Uebersetzungen des alien Tes- 



LAIDLAW. 



123 



LANGE. 



laments, 1885; Die reoidierte Lutherbibel des Hal- 
leschen Waisenhauses, besprochen, 1885 ; Catena in 
Evangelia yEgyptiaca;, quce supersunt, 1886. 

LAIDLAW, John, D.D. (Edinburgh, 1880), Free 
Church of Scotland; b. in Edinburgh, April 7, 
1832; graduated as M.A. at Edinburgh Univer- 
sity, 1855 ; studied theology in Reformed Presby- 
terian Divinity Hall, Glasgow, and then in New 
College (the Free Church College), Edinburgh ; be- 
came Free Church minister at Bannockburn, 1859 ; 
Perth, 1863; Aberdeen, 1872; professor of sys- 
tematic theology, New College, Edinburgh, 1881. 
He is the author of The Bible Doctrine of Man 
(Cunningham Lectures), Edinburgh, 1879; and 
editor of Memorials of the Late Rev. John Hamilton, 
Glasgow, 1881. 

LAKE, Very Rev. William Charles, D.D. (Dur- 
ham, 1882), dean of Durham, Church of England; 
b. in England, in January of the year 1817; was 
scholar at Balliol College, Oxford, 1834; graduated 
B.A. (first-class classics) 1838, M.A. 1841; ob- 
tained the Latin essay, 1840 ; was ordained deacon 
1842, priest 1844 ; fellow and tutor of his college; 
proctor and university preacher, public examiner 
in classics and in modern history, 1853-54 ; preach- 
er at the Chapel Royal, Whitehall ; commissioner 
of army education 1856, and of popular education 
1858; rector of Huntspill, Somerset, 1858-69 ; pre- 
bendary of Combe the 10th in Wells Cathedral, 
1860-69 ; became dean of Durham, 1869. * 

LANG, John Marshall, D.D. (Glasgow, 1874), 
Church of Scotland; b. in the manse of Glasford, 
Lanarkshire, May 14, 1834 ; graduated at the 
University of Glasgow (prizeman in theology and 
philosophy, and historical medallist), 1856; was 
successively minister of the East Parish, Aber- 
deen, 1856; Fyvie Parish, Aberdeenshire, 1858; 
Anderston Church, Glasgow, 1865; Morningside 
Parish, Edinburgh, 1868; and since January, 1873, 
of the Barony Parish, Glasgow. He was asso- 
ciated with the earlier movements in the Church 
of Scotland, for improvement in modes of worship; 
was appointed in 1871 convener (chairman) of the 
Church of Scotland committee on correspondence 
with foreign churches ; along with Professor Milli- 
gan, was deputy to the General Assembly of the 
Presbyterian Church of the United States in 1872; 
was member of the Councils of the Reformed 
Churches at Edinburgh, Philadelphia, and Belfast. 
He was the successor of Norman Macleod in the 
care of the Barony Parish, the largest in Scotland. 
He is the author of Heaven and Home, Edinburgh, 
1879, 3d ed. 1881 ; The Last Supper of Our Lord, 
1881, 2 editions; Life: is it Worth Living? Lon- 
don, 1883, 2 editions ; and contributed to St. Giles' 
Lectures for 1881 {The Religions of Central Amer- 
ica), and for 1883 (/l Historical Sketch of the 
Church of Scotland) ; and has published sermons, 
review articles, lectures, etc. 

LANGE, Carl Heinrich Rudolf, Lutheran (Mis- 
souri Synod) ; b. at Polnisch Wartenberg, Silesia, 
Jan. 8, 1825 ; graduated at Breslau 1846, and 
licensed in St. Louis, Mo., 1848; since 1878 has 
been professor of theology in Concordia Seminai-y, 
St. Louis, Mo. He is the author of Lehrbuch 
der Englischen Sprache, Fort Wayne, Tnd., 1870; 
Kleines Lehrbuch der Englischen Sprache, Chicago, 
111., 1873, 8th ed. St. Louis, 1883 ; Athanasius, De 
decretis Nic. Syn., Greek text, St. Louis, 1879; 
Justinus, Apologia!, Greek text, 1882. 



LANGE, Johann Peter, D.D., United Evangeli- 
cal ; b. on the Bier, a small farm in the parish of 
Sonnborn, near Elberfeld, Prussia, April 10, 1802 ; 
d. at Bonn, July 8, 1884. His father was a farm- 
er and wagoner, and brought his son up in the 
same occupations, but allowed him at the same 
time to indulge his passion for reading. He was 
instructed in the Heidelberg Catechism, which 
is still used in the Reformed congregations of 
Prussia, although they are since 1817 united with 
the Lutheran under the name of the United Evan- 
gelical Church. His Latin teacher, the Rev. Her- 
mann Kalthof, who discovered in him unusual 
talents, induced him to study theology. He at- 
tended the gymnasium at Diisseldorf, from Easter, 
1821, till autumn, 1822; and the University of 
Bonn, where he was particularly influenced by 
Professor Nitzsch, from 1822 till 1825. For a 
year after leaving the university he was at Lang- 
enberg, near Elberfeld, as assistant minister to 
the Rev. Emil Krummacher (brother of the cele- 
brated Rev. Dr. Frederick William Krummacher), 
1825-26 ; then became successively Reformed pas- 
tor of Wald, near Solingen, 1826 ; of Langenberg, 
1828; and of Duisburg, 1832. While at Duis- 
burg, he attracted attention by his brilliant arti- 
cles in Hengstenberg's Evangelische Kirchenzeit- 
ung and other periodicals, by his poems, and by 
his able work upon the history of the Saviour's 
infancy (see below) in refutation of Strauss. In 
1841, after Strauss had been prevented from tak- 
ing his professorship of theology in the University 
of Zurich, Dr. Lange was called to the position. 
Here he elaborated his Life of Jesus (1844-47, 
see below), which is a positive refutation of the 
famous work of Strauss, and had a wide circula- 
tion in German and English, and a marked effect 
upon the large subsequent literature on the sub- 
ject. He remained in Zurich until 1854, when he 
was called to a professorial chair in the University 
of Bonn. In 1860 he became consistorialrath. 
He labored incessantly as academic teacher and 
writer, and retained his faculties to the end. 
He ceased to lecture five days before his death. 
An American student(Bossard) to whom he showed 
great kindness, and who informed me of the fact, 
called, and found him suffering from a cold, but 
reading and writing as usual, and full of anima- 
tion and pleasant humor. Even a day before his 
death, he spoke of the beautiful summer and the 
beautiful Rhine, and hoped to resume his lectures 
shortly. "I never saw Lange appear happier 
than on this day ; his eyes were brighter than 
ever, his countenance was serene, he was all kind- 
ness and friendliness, and seemed at peace with 
the whole world." On the 8th of July he arose 
as usual, spent the morning among his books, and 
after dinner, while his daughter went down-stairs 
to get him his cup of coffee, he quietly fell asleep 
in his arm-chair, to awake no more on earth. 

Dr. Lange was small of stature, had a strong 
constitution, a benignant face, and bright eye 
which retained its strength to the last. He was 
twice happily married, lived in comfortable cir- 
cumstances, and left a large and interesting 
family. He was simple in his tastes and habits, 
of unblemished character, genial, agreeable, full 
of kindness, wit, and humor, and even in his old 
age fully alive to all the religious, literary, and 
social questions of the day. He was at once a 



LANGE. 



124 



LANGWORTHY. 



poet and a theologian, teeming with new ideas, 
often fanciful, but always interesting and sugges- 
tive. He indulged in poetico-philosophical spec- 
ulations, and sometimes soared high above the 
clouds. He was one of the most original and fer- 
tile theological authors of the nineteenth century. 
His theology is biblical and evangelical catholic. 
His most useful publication is his Bibelwerk, which 
has probably a larger circulation in Germany and 
America than any comrnentary of the same size, 
and is especially helpful to ministers. He organ- 
ized the plan, engaged about twenty contributors, 
and commented himself on Matthew, Mark, John, 
Romans, Revelation, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, 
Numbers, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi, giving 
original and brilliant homiletical hints- 
He was the author of Die Lehre der heiligen 
SchrifL von der freien und allgemeinen Gnade Gottes, 
Elbe'rfeld, 1831; Biblische Dichtungen, 1832-34, 
2 vols. ; Zehn Prediglen, 1833 ; Kleine polemische 
Gediclite, Duisburg, 1835 ; Gedichte und Spriiche 
aus dem Gebiete christlicher Naturbetrachtung, 1835; 
Die Welt des Herrn in didaktischen Gesdngen, Essen, 
1835; Ueber den gescluclitlichen Character der ka- 
nonischen Evangelien, inbesondere der Kindheitsge- 
schichte Jesu, mil Beziehung aufdas Leben Jesu von 
D. F. Strauss, Duisburg, 1836 ; Das Land der 
Herriichkeit, oder die christliche Lehre vom Himmel 
Meurs, 1838; Die Verjinslerung der Welt, dargestellt 
in einem Cyklus von Lehrgedichten und Liedern, 
Berlin, 1838; Grundziige der urchrisllichen frohen 
Botschaft, Duisburg, 1839 ; Homilien iiber Col. Hi. 
1-17. Eine praklische A uslegung dieses apostolischen 
Aufrufs zum neuen Leben, Barmen, 1839, 4th ed. 
1844 ; Vermischte Schriften, Meurs, 1 840-41, 4 vols., 
new series, Bielefeld, 1860-64, 3 vols. ; Christliche 
Betrachtungen iiber zusammenhdngemle biblische Ab- 
schniite, fur die hausliche Erbauung, Duisburg, 
1841 ; Welche Geltung gebilhrt der Eigenthiimlich- 
keit der reformirlen Kirche immer nock in der wis- 
senschafdichen Glaubenslehre unserer Zeit? Eine 
Abhandlung als freie Ueberarbeitung seiner Amtrilts- 
rede, Zih"ich, 1841 ; Deutsches Kirchenliederbuch 
oder die Lehre vom Kirchengesang, practische Ab- 
theilung, 1843 ; Die kirchliche Hymnologie, oder die 
Lehre vom Kirchengesang, theoretische Abtheilung, 
im Grundriss. Einleitung in das deutsche Kirchen- 
liederbuch, 1843 (these two books were reprinted 
in the form of one work, under the title Geistliches 
Liederbuch, 1854) ; Gedichte, Essen, 1843 ; Das 
Leben Jesu nach den Evangelien, Heidelberg (Book 
1, 1844; Book 2, 3 parts, 1844-46; Book 3, 1S47; 
English translation, Edinburgh, 1864, in 6 vols., 
new ed. Philadelphia, 1872); Worte der Abwehr 
(in Beziehung auf das Leben Jesu), Zurich, 1846 ; 
Ueber die Neugestaltung des Verhaltnisses zwischen 
Staat und Kirche, Heidelberg, 1848 ; Christliche 
Dogmatik, Heidelberg, 1849-52, 3 parts (i. Philo- 
sophical Dogmatics; ii. Positive Dogmatics; iii. 
Polemics and Irenics) ; Neutestamentliche Zeit- 
gedichte, Frankfurt-am-Main, 1849 ; Briefe eines 
communistischen Propheten, Breslau, 1850; Goethes 
religiose Poesie, 1850 ; Die Geschichte der Kirche, 
Brunswick, 1853-54 (1. Theil, Das apostolische 
Zeitalter, 2 vols.) ; Vom Oelberge. Geistliche Dicht- 
ungen, Frankfurt-am-Main, 1853, 2d ed. 1858; 
Auswahl von Gast- und Gelegenheits-Predigten aus 
meinen Zurcherischen L,ebensjahren, Bonn, 1855, 2d 
ed. 1857 ; edited (and contributed commentaries 
on Matthew, Mark, John, Romans, James [critical 



and exegetical notes, introduction, and transla- 
tion], Revelation, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, 
Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi), Theologisch-homi- 
letisches Bibelwerk, Bielefeld, 1857-76 (New Testa- 
ment, 1857-71, 16 parts ; Old Testament, 1865-76, 
20), American trans., enlarged and adapted, edited 
by Schaff in connection with different American 
scholars, New York, 1864-74, 24 vols, (in the 
American series is included Bissell's Commentary 
on the Apocrypha, 1880) ; Das Sic et Non, oder die 
Ja-u. Nein-Theologie der modernen Thcologen, 1869, 
pp. 18; Zur Psychologic in der Theologie, Abhand- 
lungen und Vortrage, Heidelberg, 1873 ; Ueber die 
Risse und Zerkluftungen in der heutigen Gesell- 
schaft, 1876, pp. 26 ; Grundriss der theologischen 
Encyklopddie mit Einschluss der Methodologie, 1877; 
Grundriss derbiblischen Hermeneutik, 1878 ; Grund- 
riss der christlichen Ethik, 1878; Grundlinien einer 
kirchlichen Anstandslehre, 1879 ; Die Menschen-u. 
Selbstverachtung als Grundschaden unserer Zeit. 
Eine Folge der Verwahrlosung der Lehre von der 
Gottverivandtschaft des Menschen, 1S79 ; Grundriss 
der Bibelkunde, 1881 ; Meine Verwickelung mit dem 
Methodismus der sogenannten Albrechtsleute, Bonn, 
1881 ; Entweder Mysterien oder Absurdum. Zur 
Festnagelungen haltloser Geister, 1882 (pp. 29) ; 
Gegen d. Erklarung d. Organ f. positive Union zu 
Gunslen e. bedingten Anerkennung d. Missionirens 
der Methodisten in der evangelischen Kirche Dcutsch- 
lands, 1883 (pp. 34) ; Die biblische Lehre von der 
Erwahlung, Zur Apologie der Geistesaristokratie, 
1883 (pp. 4S). PHILIP SCHAFF. 

LANGEN, Joseph, D.D. (Freiburg, 1861), Old 
Catholic; b. at Cologne, June 3, 1837; studied at 
Bonn ; was ordained priest, 1859 ; privat-doeent 
at Bonn, 1861; professor extraordinary, 1864; 
ordinary professor, 1867 ; excommunicated for 
refusing to accept the infallibility dogma, 1872. 
He is the author of Die deulerokanonisclien Stiicke 
des Buches Esther, Freiburg, 1862 ; Die letzten Le- 
benslage Jesu, 1864; Das Judenthum in Palastina zur 
Zeit Christi, 1866; Einleitung ins N. T., 1868, 2d 
ed. Bonn, 1873; Die Kirchenvdter u. d. N. T., 
Bonn, 1874; Die Trinitarische Lehrdifferenz, 1876; 
Das Vaticanische Dogma in seinen Verhaltniss zum 
N. T. u. der Uberlieferung, 1876; Johannes von 
Damaskus, Gotha, 1879; Geschichte der romischen 
Kirche, Bonn, vol. i. 1881, vol. ii. 1885 (to 
Nicholas I.). 

LANGHANS, Eduard, D.D., Swiss Protestant 
theologian; b. at Guttannen, Berner Oberland, 
April 20, 1832; studied at Bern, Basel, Berlin, 
and Montauban ,• was pastor and teacher of re- 
ligion at Miinchenbuchsee, from 1876-80, and, 
at the same time privat-doeent of the theological 
faculty at Bern, where in 1880 he became ordi- 
nary professor. He is the author of Handbuch 
der biblischen Geschichte und Literatur, Bern, 1875- 
81, 2 vols. 

LANGWORTHY, Isaac Pendleton, D.D. (Iowa 
College, Grinnell, Io., 1878), Congregationalist; b. 
atStonington(now North Stonington), Conn., Jan. 
19, 1806 ; graduated at Yale College, New Haven, 
Conn., 1839, and at Yale Theological Seminary 
1841; became pastor at Chelsea, Mass., 1841; 
corresponding secretary of the American Congre- 
gational Union, New York, 1858 ; corresponding 
secretary of the American Congregational Associ- 
ation, Boston, 1868 He inaugurated the church- 
building work of the American Congregational 



LANSDBLL. 



125 



LEATHES. 



Union. The Congregational House, with its 
library of over thirty thousand books and more 
than a hundred thousand pamphlets, is largely the 
result of his energy. He has published several 
sermons, many reports and newspaper articles. 

LANSDELL, Henry, D.D. (by Archbishop of 
Canterbury and Queen's letters patent, 1882), 
Church of England ; b. at Tenterden, Kent, Jan. 
10, 1841 ; educated in the London College of 
Divinity, 1865-67 ; was ordained deacon 1S67, 
priest 1868, curate of Greenwich 1868-69 ; sec- 
retary to the Irish Church Missions, 1869-79 ; 
founder and honorary secretary of the Church 
Homiletical Society, 1874-86 ; originator and ed- 
itor of The Clergyman's Magazine, 1875 ; curate in 
charge of St. Peter's, Eltham, Kent, 1885. He 
is a member of the Royal Asiatic Society, and of 
the General Committee of the British Associa- 
tion for the Advancement of Science (life member, 
1880) ; fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 
1876. He has not only since 1870 journeyed round 
the world, and with two exceptions throughout 
every country of Europe ; but he has visited parts 
of Siberia, Central Asia, Bokhara, and Khiva, 
where no Englishman had preceded him. Since 
1874 he has gone not only as traveller, but as 
amateur missionary, distributing tracts through 
Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Russia, 1874 ; 
Norway and Sweden, 1876 ; Hungary and Transyl- 
vania, 1877 ; tracts and Scriptures through Russia, 
1878 ; Siberia, 1879 ; Armenia, 1880 ; Russian 
Central Asia, 1882. He is the author of Through 
Siberia, London, 1882,2 vols. 5th ed. 1883; Russian 
Central Asia, including Kuldja, Bokhara, Khiva, and 
Merv, 1885, 2 vols. 

LANSING, John Gulian, D.D. (Union College, 
Schenectady, N Y., 1885), Reformed (Dutch) ; b. 
in Damascus, Syria, Nov. 27, 1S51 ; graduated at 
Union College, Schenectady, N.Y., 1875, and at 
New Brunswick (N.J.) Theological Seminary, 1S77; 
became minister at Mohawk, N. Y., 1877 ; at West 
Troy, N.Y., 1880; professor of Old-Testament 
languages and exegesis in the New Brunswick 
Theological Seminary, 1884. He is the author of 
the American Revised Version of the Book of Psalms, 
New York, 1885; An Arabic Manual (in press). 

LASHER, George William, D.D. (Madison Uni- 
versity, Hamilton, N.Y., 1874), Baptist; b. at 
Duanesburg, Schenectady County, N.Y., June 24, 
1831 ; graduated at Madison University, Hamil- 
ton, N.Y., 1857, and at Hamilton Theological 
.Seminary in the same place, 1859 ; became pastor 
of First Baptist Church, Norwalk, Conn., 1859 ; 
chaplain of Fifth Connecticut Regiment Volun- 
teers, 1861 ; pastor of First Baptist Church, New- 
burgh, N.Y., 1862 ; of the Portland-street Church, 
Haverhill, Mass., 1864; of the First Baptist 
Church, Trenton, N. J., 1868 ; secretary of the 
Baptist Education Society of the State of New 
York, 1872 ; was in Europe and the East, 1875 ; 
since 1876 has been editor of the Journal and 
Messenger, Cincinnati, O. He is the author of 
occasional sermons, articles in Baptist Quarterly 
Review, etc. 

LATIMER, James Elijah, D.D. (VVesleyan Uni- 
versity, Middletown, Conn., 1868), Methodist; b. 
at Hartford, Conn., Oct. 7, 1826 ; d. in Boston, 
Mass., Nov. 25, 1884; graduated at Wesleyan 
University, Middletown, Conn., 1848; became 
teacher of languages at Newbury (Vt.) Seminary, 



1848 ; teacher of Latin and geology in the Genesee 
Wesleyan Seminaiy, Lima, N.Y., 1849; principal 
of seminary, Northfield, N.H., 1851 ; principal of 
Fort Plain Seminary, N.Y., 1854; teacher of lan- 
guages in Elmira (N.Y.) Female College, 1859; 
pastor of the First Methodist- Episcopal Church, 
Elmira, 1861-62; of the Asbury Church, Roches- 
ter, N.Y., 1863-64 ; of the First Church, Rochester, 
1865-67 ; in Europe, 1868 ; pastor at Perm Yan, 
N.Y., 1869 ; professor of historic theology in the 
school of theology of Boston University, Mass., 
1870-74; dean and professor of systematic the- 
ology in said school, 1874-S4. He published only 
review articles and occasional sermons. 

LAWRENCE, William, Episcopalian ; b. in Bos- 
ton, May 30, 1850 ; graduated from Harvard Uni- 
versity, Cambridge, Mass., 1871, and from the 
Episcopal Theological School of Cambridge, Mass.; 
rector in Lawrence, Mass., 1876-83 ; and since 
then professor of homiletics and pastoral care in 
the Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, 
Mass. 

LAWSON, Albert Gallatin, D.D. (Madison Uni- 
versity, Hamilton, N.Y., 1883), Baptist; b. at 
Poughkeepsie, N.Y., June 5, 1842; studied in 
New- York Free Academy (now College of the 
City of New York), 1856-59, and in Madison Uni- 
versity, Hamilton, N.Y., 1859-60, but did not 
graduate ; became pastor of First Baptist Church, 
Perth Amboy, N.J., 1862 ; at Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 
1866 ; of the Greenwood Church, Brooklyn, N.Y., 
1867 ; secretary of the American Baptist Mission- 
ary Union, Boston, Mass., 1884. He was clerk 
of the Long-Island Baptist Association, 1870-84 ; 
was active on the boards of the Brooklyn Young- 
Men's Christian Association, and of the National 
Temperance and Publication Society. Besides 
addresses and sermons, he has written for the 
National Temperance Society a number of widely 
circulated temperance leaflets, principal of which 
are The Threefold Cord (1874), and Methods of 
Church Temperance Work (1877). 

LEATHES, Stanley, D.D. (Edinburgh, 1878), 
Church of England; b. at Ellesborough, Bucks, 
March 21, 1830 ; educated at Jesus College, Cam- 
bridge; graduated B.A. 1852, first Tyrwhitt 
scholar 1853, M.A. 1855; was ordained deacon 
1856, priest 1857; was curate in London, 1856-69; 
minister of St. Philip's, Regent Street, 1869-80 ; 
has been prebendary of Caddington Major, in St. 
Paul's Cathedral, since 1876 ; and rector of Cliffe- 
at-Hoo, diocese of Rochester, since 1880. Since 
1863 he has been professor of Hebrew, King's Col- 
lege, London. He was Boyle lecturer 1868-70, 
Hulsean lecturer 1873, Bampton lecturer 1874, 
Warburtonian lecturer 1876-80 ; also member of 
the Old-Testament Company of the Bible-revis- 
ion Committee. He is the author of The Witness 
of the Old Testament to Christ (Boyle Lectures, 
1868), London, 1868; The Witness of Paul to 
Christ (same, 1869), 1869; The Witness of St. 
John to Christ (same, 1870), 1870; The Structure 
of the Old Testament, 1873; The Gospel its own 
Witness (Hulsean Lectures), 1874; The Religion 
of the Christ (Bampton Lectures), 1874, 2d ed. 
1876; The Grounds of Christian Hope, 1877; The 
Christian Creed: its Theory and Practice, 1877; 
Old-Testament Prophecy: its Witness as a Record 
of Divine Foreknowledge (Warburton Lectures), 
1880; The Foundations of Morality: Discourses 



LECHLER. 



126 



LEGGE. 



upon the Ten Commandments, 1882 ; The Charac- 
teristics of Christianity, 1883 ; Christ and the Bible, 
1885. He also contributed the comments upon 
Daniel, the Minor Prophets, and the New Testa- 
ment, to the commentary published by Eyre and 
Spottiswoode. * 

LECHLER, Gotthard Victor, Ph.D. (Tubingen, 
1840), D.D. (hon., Gbttingen, 1858), German Lu- 
theran theologian ; b. at Kloster Reichenbach, 
Wurtemberg, April 18, 1811 ; studied at Tubingen, 
1829-34; became diakonus at Waiblingen, Wiir- 
temberg, 1841 ; decan and city pastor at Knitt- 
lingen, Wurtemberg, 1853 ; pastor of St. Thomas's 
and superintendent at Leipzig, 1858; emeritus, 
1883; has been since 1858 professor of theology 
in the University of Leipzig, and since 1880 Ge- 
heimer Kirchenrath. He is the author of Geschichte 
des Englischen Deismus, Stuttgart, 1841 ; Das apos- 
tolische und das nachapostolische Zeitalter, Mit 
Riicksicht auf Unterschied und Einheit in Lehre und 
Leben dargestellt (the Teyler prize essay), Haarlem, 
1851 (3d ed., thoroughly revised and re-written, 
Karlsruhe and Leipzig, 1S85; Eng. trans., The 
Apostolic and Post-apostolic Times: their Diversity 
and Unity in Life and Doctrine, Edinburgh, 1886) ; 
Geschichte der Presbylerial- und Synodalverfassung 
seit der Reformation (crowned by The Hague 
Society), Leiden, 1854; De Thoma Bradwardino, 
Leipzig, 1862 (pp. 19) ; Robert Grosseleste, bischof 
von Lincoln, 1867 ; Der Kirchenslaat und die Oppo- 
sition gegen den pdpstlichen Absolutismus im Anfange 
des II),. Jahrhunderts, 1870; Johann von Wiclif und 
die V or geschichte der Reformation, 1 873, 2 vols. (Eng. 
trans, of vol. i. by Principal Lorimer, John Wiclif 
and his English Precursors, London, 1878, 2 vols. 
in 1 vol. 1881; new ed. by Rev. Dr. S. G. Green, 
1884, 1 vol.) ; contributor of commentary on Acts 
in Lange's Bibelwerk, Bielefeld, 1859, 4th ed. 1881 
(Eng. trans by C. F. Schaeffer, D.D., in the 
American Lange series, N.Y., 1866); editor of 
Wiclif 's Traclatus de officio pastorali (Leipzig, 1863), 
Trialogus, and Supplementum Trialogi sive de dota- 
tione eccleske (Oxford, 1869) ; and, with Dibelius, 
of Beitrage zur sdchsischen Kirclienqeschichte, Leip- 
zig (part 1, 1882; part 2, 1883; part 3, 1885). 

LEE, Right Rev. Alfred, S.T.D. (Trinity College, 
Hartford, Conn., and Hobart College, Geneva, 
N.Y., 1841; Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., 
1860), LL.D. (Delaware College, Newark, Del., 
1877), Episcopalian, bishop of Delaware and pre- 
siding bishop; b. at Cambridge, Mass., Sept. 9, 
1807 ; graduated at Harvard College, Cambridge, 
Mass., 1827 ; studied law, and practised two years 
in Norwich, Conn. ; graduated at the General 
Theological Seminary, New- York City, 1837; was 
rector of Calvary, Rockdale, Penn., until his ele- 
vation to the episcopate, Oct. 12, 1841 ; became 
presiding bishop on death of Bishop B. B. Smith, 
May 31, 1884. He is a moderate Episcopalian. 
He was a member of the New-Testament Revision 
Company, 1S70-81. Besides charges, addresses, 
etc., he has written Life of the Apostle Peter, New 
York, 1852; The Beloved Disciple, 1854; Life of 
Susan Allibone, Philadelphia, 1855; The Voice in 
the Wilderness, New York, 1857 ; Co-operative Re- 
vision of the New Testament, 1881 ; Eventful Nights 
in Bible History, 1886. 

LEE, Frederick George, D.C.L. (Oxford, 1864), 
D.D. (Washington and Lee University, Lexington, 
Va., 1879), Church of England ; b. at Thame Vic- 



arage, Oxfordshire, Jan. 6, 1832 ; educated at St. 
Edmund's Hall, Oxford; graduated S.C.L., 1854; 
wrote the Newdigate prize poem for 1854; was 
elected fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 
1857. He was honorary secretary of the Associa- 
tion for the Promotion of the Unity of Christen- 
dom, 1857-69 ; one of the originators and officers 
of the Order of Corporate Re-union, established 
in 1877: was ordained deacon 1854, priest 1856; 
curate of Sunningwell, Berks, 1854-56. Since- 
1867 he has been vicar of All Saints', Lambeth, 
London. Of his numerous works, which include 
volumes of poetry and of sermons, may be men- 
tioned, Petronilla and other Poems, 1858, 2d ed. 
1S69; The Beauty of Holiness, 1859, 4th ed. 1869; 
The Christian Doctrine of Prayer for the Departed, 
1874, 2d ed. 1875; Glimpses of the Supernatural? 
1S75, 2 vols. ; Memorials of R. S. Hawker, 1876; 
Glossary of Liturgical and Ecclesiastical Terms, 1876 ; 
Historical Sketches of the Reformation, 1S78 ; More 
Glimpses of the World Unseen, 1878 ; Prayers for 
Re-union, 3d ed. 1878; The Church under Queen 
Elizabeth, 1879-80, 2 vols. ; History and Antiquities 
of the Church of Thame, 1883; Glimpses in the- 
Twilight, 1884. * 

LEE, William, D.D. (Edinburgh, 1868), Church 
of Scotland ; b. in Edinburgh, Nov. 6, 1817 ; grad- 
uated from Edinburgh University, 1839 ; was 
minister of the parish of Roxburgh, Scotland, 
1843-74; and since has been professor of ecclesi- 
astical history in the University of Glasgow. His 
father was John Lee, D.D., LL.D. (d. 1859), 
principal and professor of divinity in the Univer- 
sity of Edinburgh, dean of the Chapel Royal in 
Scotland, one of the Queen's chaplains for Scot- 
land, and an authority in Scottish church history. 
He is the editor of Dr. John Lee's Lectures on the 
History of the Church of Scotland, 1860, 2 vols.; 
Thomas Somerville's My Own Life and Times, 1861 ; 
and the author of National Education in Scotland, 
Edinburgh, 1848, 2d ed. 1851; The Increase of 
Faith, 1867, 2d ed. 1868; The Days of the Son 
of Man : a History of the Church in the Time of 
Christ, 1874 ; and various contributions to the 
Bible Educator, the Schaff-Herzog Encyclopadia t 
etc. D. at Glasgow, Oct. 10, 1886. 

LEFFINGWELL, Charles Wesley, D.D. (Knox 
College, Galesburg, 111., 1875), Episcopalian ; b. 
at Ellington, Conn., Dec. 5, 1840; studied at. 
Union College, Schenectady, N.Y., 1857-59 ; was 
principal of Galveston Academy, Tex., 1859-60; 
graduated at Knox College, Galesburg, 1862 ; was- 
vice-principal of Poughkeepsie (N.Y.) Military 
Institute, 1862-65; graduated B.D. at Nashotah 
Theological Seminary, 1867 ; was tutor in Nasho- 
tah Seminary, and assistant at St. James's Church, 
Chicago, 1867-68; founder and rector of St. Mary's 
School, Knoxville, 111., since 1868; president of 
the standing committee of the diocese of Quincy ; 
editor of the diocese and province, 1875-79 ; editor 
of The Living Church, 1879, sqq. He is a High 
Churchman. He is the compiler of Reading Boot 
of English Classics for Young Piqrils, New York, 
1879. 

LEGGE, James, LL.D. (Aberdeen, and Edin- 
burgh, 1884), D.D. (University of New-York City, 
1842), Congregationalist ; b. at Huntly, Aberdeen- 
shire, Scotland, Dec. 20, 1815; educated at King's 
College, Old Aberdeen; graduated M. A. ,1835; 
studied at Highbury Theol. Seminary, London; 



LEO XIII. 



127 



LEWIS. 



•was missionary of the London Missionary Society, 
and in charge of the Anglo-Chinese College, Ma- 
lacca, 1839-43 ; missionary, and in charge of the 
theological seminary of the London Missionary 
Society, and pastor of the Union Church, Hong- 
kong, 1843-73 ; since 1876 has been professor of 
the Chinese language and literature at Oxford, 
where he is also fellow of Corpus Christi College, 
and received an honorary M.A. 1876. He is the 
author of Notions of (he Chinese concerning God and 
Spirits, Hongkong, 1S52; Confucian Analects, Doc- 
trine of the Mean, and Great Learning ; 1861 ; Works 
of Mencius, 1861 ; The Shu King, or Book of His- 
torical Documents, 1865 ; The Shi King, or Book 
of Poetry, 1871 ; The Ch'un Ch.Hu, with the Tso 
Chwan, 1872 (the last five works contain the Chi- 
nese text, translation, prolegomena, and notes) ; 
The Life and 'Teachings of Confucius, 1866, 4th ed. 
1875; The Life and Works of Mencius, 1875 ; The 
Book of Ancient Chinese Poetry in English Verse, 
1876; The Religions of Cliina: Confucianism and 
Taoism described and compared with Christianity, 
London 1880, New York 1881, Utrecht (Dutch 
trans.) 1882. In Max Muller's series, Sacred 
Books of the East, he has published The Shu King : 
Religious Portions of the Shi King and the Hsiao 
King (Oxford, 1879), The Yi King (1882), The 
Li Ki, Book of Ceremonial Usages, 2 vols. (1886) ; 
and The Travels of the Buddhist Pilgrim Fa-hsien 
in India (1886) ; author of other smaller works 
and sermons. 

LEO XIII,, His Holiness the Pope, the two 
hundred and fifty-eighth successor of St. Peter, 
Vincenzo Gioacchino Pecci, son of Count Ludo- 
vico Pecci ; b. at Carpineto, Anagni, States of the 
Church, March 2, 1810; educated at the Jesuit 
-colleges of Viterbo (1818-24) and Rome (Collegio 
Romano, 1824-31), and graduated D.D. 1831. He 
then entered the College of Noble Ecclesiastics, 
attended lectures on canonical and civil law in 
the Roman University, and graduated D.C.L. 
1837. His college course was very brilliant. In 
1837 he was appointed by Gregory XVI. a domes- 
tic prelate, and refendary of the segnatura, March 
16, 1837 ; ordained priest, Dec. 23, 1837 ; was made 
successively prothonotary apostolic, and apostolic 
delegate at Benevento (where he put down brig- 
andage), Perugia, and Spoleto; archbishop of Da- 
mietta, in partibus infidelium, Jan. 17, 1843 ; papal 
nuncio to Belgium. 1843-46; archbishop of Peru- 
gia, Jan. 19, 1846, and so remained until his 
elevation to the papacy. On Dec. 19, 1353, he 
was proclaimed cardinal by Pius IX., and Sept. 
21, 1877, created Cardinal Camerlengoof the Holy 
Roman Church. On the death of Pius IX., Feb. 
7, 1S7S, he acted as pope ad tempore, and superin- 
tended all the arrangements for the papal obse- 
quies and conclave. The conclave (Feb. 18-20, 
1878) to choose a new pope was attended by sixty- 
two cardinals. He received nineteen votes on the 
first ballot, thirty-four on the second, forty-four 
on the third; his election was then made unani- 
mous, and he accepted the position, and chose 
the name Leo, On March 3 he was crowned in 
the Sistine Chapel. He retains the prefectship 
■of the following sacred congregations : the Holy 
Roman and Universal Inquisition or Holy Office, 
the Apostolic Visitation, the Consistorial Congre- 
gation. On March 4, 1878, he restored the papal 
[hierarchy in Scotland. He has proved himself to 



be much more liberally inclined than Pius IX. 
was in the latter part of his life ; and has shown 
his scholarly tastes by opening the Vatican to 
scholars, within certain limits, and by recom- 
mending the study of Aquinas. The following 
are the encyclicals he has issued : (1) Inscrutabili 
Dei consilio, the inaugural encyclical (April 21, 
1878), which shows from history how the Roman 
Church has been the protectress of all true civili- 
zation ; (2) Quod Apostolici muneris (Dec. 28, 1878), 
on the dangers which threaten civilization from 
communism and socialism, and how they should 
be met ; (3) JEterni Patris (Aug. 4, 1879), on the 
necessity of a restoration of science upon the 
foundation of the philosophical principles of 
Thomas Aquinas; (4) Arcanum divines sapiential 
consilium (Feb. 10, 1880), on the holiness and in- 
dissolubleness of Christian marriage; (5) Grande 
munus (Sept. 30, 1880), on the canonization of 
Cyril and Methodius ; (6) Sancta Dei civitas (Dec. 
5, 1880), on Roman-Catholic missions; (7) Diu- 
turnum (June 29, 1881), on the origin of the civil 
power; (8) Auspicato concessum (Sept. 17, 1882), 
on the third order of St. Francis ; (9) Misericors 
Dei Filius (May 30, 1883), on the rule of the third 
Seraphic order; (10) Supremi A postolatus (Sept. 
1, 1883), on the rosary of Mary; (11) Nobilissima 
(Feb. 8, 1884), on the religious affairs of France; 
(12) Humanum genus (April 20, 1884), on the 
Masonic "sect;" (13) Immortelle Dei (Nov. 1, 1885), 
on the position of the Roman Church towards 
modern governments. He has also issued two 
briefs, (1) Cum hoc sit (Aug. 4, 1880), on St. 
Thomas Aquinas, the patron of scholars; (2) Seepe- 
numero considerantes (Aug. 13, 1883), on historical 
studies ; and one apostolic letter, Mililans Christi 
(March 12, 1881), appointing an extraordinary- 
jubilee. The complete Latin text of all these is 
found in the Papa Ada Leonis XIII., Paris, 18S5. 

LEWIS, Abram Herbert, D.D. (Alfred Univer- 
sity, Alfred Centre, N.Y., 1881), Seventh-day 
Baptist; b. at Scott, Cortland County, N.Y., Nov. 
17, 1836; graduated at Milton College, Milton, 
Wis., 1861, and at Alfred University, Alfred Cen- 
tre, N.Y , 1863 ; took post-graduate lectures at 
Union Theological Seminary, New-York City, 
1868 ; was pastor of the Seventh-day Baptist 
Church, Westerly, R.I., 1864-67; in New- York 
City, 1867-68; since 1868 professor of church his- 
tory and homiletics in Alfred University ; gen- 
eral agent of the American Sabbath Tract Society, 
1869-72; pastor at Plainfield, N.J., since 1880. 
He was president of the New- Jersey State Sun- 
day-school Association, 1881-82. He is the author 
of Sabbath and Sunday, Alfred Centre, N.Y., 1870 ; 
Biblical Teachings concerning the Sabbath and the 
Sunday, 1884 ; A Critical History of the Sabbath and 
the Sunday in the Christian Church, 1886, 2 vols. 

LEWIS, Right Rev. Richard, D.D. (by diploma, 
1883), lord bishop of Llandaff, Church of Eng- 
land; b. in Wales, in the year 1821 ; was scholar 
of Worcester College, Oxford ; honorary fourth- 
class classics, 1842; graduated B.A. 1843, M.A. 
1846 ; was ordained deacon 1844, priest 1846 ; 
rector of Lampeter Velfry, 1851-83; prebendary 
of Caerfarchell in St. David's Cathedral, 1867-75 ; 
archdeacon of St. David's; prebendary of My- 
drim in St. David's Cathedral, and chaplain to 
the bishop of St. David's, 1875-83 ; became bishop, 
1883. 



LIAS. 



128 



LINCOLN. 



LIAS, John James, Church of England; b. in 
London, Nov. 30, 1834 ; studied at King's College, 
London, 1850-53, and was scholar of Emmanuel 
College, Cambridge, where he graduated as B.A. 
1857, M.A. 1861 ; was ordained deacon 1858, 
priest 1860 ; was curate of Shaftesbury 1858-60, 
of Folkestone 1865-67 ; vicar of Eastbury, Berks, 
1867-68; minor canon of Llandaff, 1868-71; pro- 
fessor of modern literature, and lecturer in theol- 
ogy and Hebrew, at St. David's College, Lampeter, 
1871-80; select preacher at Cambridge, 1876 and 
1880; Hulsean lecturer there, 1884; Lady Mar- 
garet's preacher, 1884; Whitehall preacher, 1884- 
86 ; since 1880 has been vicar of St. Edmund's, 
Cambridge. He is the author of The Rector and 
his Friends : Dialogues on the Religious Questions of 
the Da;/, London, 1869; The Doctrinal System of St. 
John considered as Evidence for the Date of his 
Gospel, 1875; Commentary on First Corinthians (in 
Cambridge Bible for Schools), Cambridge, 1S7S; 
do. on Second Corinthians, 1879; Sermons preached 
at Lampeter, St. David's College, London, 1880 ; 
Commentary on Joshua (in Pulpit Commentary), 1881 ; 
Commentary on Judges (in Cambridge Bible for 
Sc'iools), Cambridge, 1882; The Atonement in the 
Light of Certain Modern Difficulties (Hulsean Lec- 
tures for 18S3-84), 18S4; papers read before the 
Victoria Institute: 1. On the Moral Influence of 
Christianity ; 2. Is it Possible to know God? (con- 
siderations on the " Unknown and Unknowable " 
of modern thought) ; The Benefactors of To-day 
(sermon preached before the University of Cam- 
bridge at the annual commemoration of Benefac- 
tors), 1884; sundry single sermons, lectures, and 
addresses. 

LICHTENBERGER, Frederic Auguste, Lie. 
Theol., D.D. (both Strassburg, 1857 and 1860) ; 
b. at Strassburg, March 21, 1832 ; studied at Strass- 
burg, Paris, and in Germany, and since 1864 has 
been member of the French Protestant theologi- 
cal faculty, first at Strassburg, and since 1877 
in Paris. On the re-organization of the faculty, 
necessitated by its removal, he became its dean. 
He edited the Encyclopedic des sciences religieuses, 
(Paris, 1877-82, 13 vols.), and contributed twenty 
important articles to it. Among his works are, 
La the'ologie de G. E. Lessing, 1854 ; Etude sur le 
principe du protestantisme d'apres la the'ologie alle- 
mande contemporaine, 1857; Sermons, 1867; L Alsace 
en deuil, 1871, 10 editions ; Histoire des ide'es reli- 
gieuses en Allemagne depuis le milieu du dix-huitieme 
siecle jusqu'a nos jours, 1873, 3 vols. * 

LIDDON, Henry Parry, D.D. and Hon. D.C.L. 
(both Oxford, 1870), Church of England; b. at 
Stoneham, Hants, Aug. 20, 1829 ; was student of 
Christ Church College, Oxford; graduated B.A. 
(second-class in classics) 1851, M.A. 1853, and was 
Johnson theological scholar 1851 ; ordained dea- 
con 1852, priest 1853 ; was vice-principal of the 
theological college of Cuddesdon, 1852-59; pre- 
bendary of Major Pars Altaris in Salisbury Cathe- 
dral, 1864-70; examining chaplain to the late 
bishop (Hamilton) of Salisbury; member of the 
hebdomadal council of the University of Oxford, 
1866-75; Ireland professor of exegesis of Scrip- 
ture at Oxford, 1870-October, 1882 ; became a 
canon residentiary in St. Paul's Cathedral, Lon- 
don, 1870; was Bainpton lecturer in 1866; and 
select preacher at Oxford, 1863-65, 1870-72, 1877- 
79, 1884, and in 1884 filled a similar position at 



Cambridge. He is one of the greatest preachers of 
the Church of England. Among his publications 
may be mentioned, Lenten Sermons, London, 1858; 
The Divinity of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ 
(Bampton Lectures), 1867, 11th ed. 1885; Sermons 
preached before the University of Oxford, 1st series- 
(1863-68) 1869, 8th ed. 1884, 2d series (1868-79) 
1880, 3d ed. 1882 ; Walter Ken Hamilton, Bishop of 
Salisbury: a Sketch, 1869, 2d ed. 18—; Some Ele- 
ments of Religion, 1871, 5th ed. 1885; Sermons on 
Various Subjects, 1872, 1876, 1879; Report of Pro- 
ceedings at the Bonn Re-union Conference in 1875 ; 
Thoughts on Present Church Troubles, 1881, 2d ed. 
same year; Easter in St. Paul's: Sermons on the 
Resurrection, 1885, 2 vols. He has edited Bishop 
Andrews' Manual for the Sick, 1869, 4th ed. 1883; 
Pusey's Prayers for a Young Schoolboy (1883, 2d 
ed. 1884), and Private Praijers (1883, 2d ed. 1884); 
Antonio Kosmini's Of the Five Wounds of the- 
Church (trans, from Italian), 1883. * 

LIGHTFOOT, Right Rev. Joseph Barber, D.D. 
(Cambridge, 1864; Durham, 1879), D.C.L. (Oxford, 
1879), LL.D. (Glasgow, 1879), lord bishop of Dur- 
ham, Church of England ; b. at Liverpool, April 
13, 1828; entered Trinity College, Cambridge; 
obtained a scholarship in 1849; graduated B.A. 
(wrangler, senior classic, and senior medallist) 1851 r 
M. A. 1854 ; elected fellow of his college, 1852 ; in 
1853 he was Norrisian prizeman. He was ordained 
deacon in 1854, and priest in 1S58. In 1857 he was 
appointed tutor in his college ; in 1858 was select 
preacher to the University of Cambridge ; in 1861 
became chaplain to the late Prince Consort, and 
Hulsean professor of divinity at Cambridge; in 
1862, examining chaplain to the bishop of London 
(Dr. Tait), and honorary chaplain in ordinary to 
the Queen ; in 1866 and 1867 was Whitehall 
preacher. In 1869, Dr. Tait being elevated to 
the see of Canterbury, he became one of his 
examining chaplains, and remained so until 1S79. 
From 1871 to 1S79 lie was canon residentiary of 
St. Paul's Cathedral, London ; in 1S74 and 1875 
he was select preacher at Oxford. In 1875 he- 
resigned his Hulsean professorship, and became 
Lady Margaret professor of divinity, Cambridge,, 
and in the same year deputy clerk of the closet- 
to her Majesty. In 1879 he was recommended 
by the Earl of Beaconsfield to the then vacant 
see of Durham, and was consecrated bishop in 
Westminster Abbey. His remarkable scholar- 
ship is shown in his commentaries on Galatians 
(London, 1865, 8th ed. 1884), Philippians (1868, 
7th ed. 1883), Colossians, and Philemon (1875, 8th 
ed. 1886), and on the Apostolic Fathers, S. Clem- 
ent of Rome (I860; appendix volume, containing 
the complete second epistle discovered by Bryen- 
nios, 1877), *S. Ignatius, and £. Polycarp (1885, 2 
vols.). Each of these commentaries contains a 
revised Greek text, introduction, notes, and dis- 
sertations. The last is a peculiar feature of great 
interest and value. Dr. Lightfoot was one of the 
original members of the New-Testament Com- 
pany of Bible Revisers, and wrote On a Fresh 
Prevision of the English New Testament, 1871, 2d 
ed. 1872 (republished, with permission, by Dr. 
Schaff, New York, 1873). 

LINCOLN, Heman, D.D. (Rochester Univer- 
sity, Rochester, N.Y., 1S65), Baptist; b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., April 14, 1821; graduated at Brown 
University, Providence, R.I., 1840, and at New- 



LINSENMANN. 



129 



LITTLEJOHN. 



ton (Mass ) Theological Institution, 1845 ; became 
pastor in Pennsylvania, 1845 ; at Jamaica Plain, 
Mass., 1853; Providence, R,L, 1860; professor 
of church history in Newton Theological Institu- 
tion, 1868. He was one of the editors of The 
Christian Chronicle, 1848-53, and of The Watch- 
man and Reflector, 1854-67. He has written 
Outline Lectures in Church History, Boston, 1884 ; 
do. in History of Doctrine, 1886, etc. 

LINSENMANN, Franz Xaver, Lie. Theol. (Tu- 
bingen, 1867), D.D. (hon., Tubingen, 1872), Roman 
Catholic; b. at Rottweil, Nov. 28, 1835; studied 
philosophy and theology at Tubingen, 1854-58; 
was ordained priest at Rottenburg, 1859, and the 
same year curate at Oberndorf ; became repetent 
of dogmatics at Tubingen, 1861 ; professor ex- 
traordinary of moral theology, 1867; ordinary pro- 
fessor of moral and pastoral theology, 1872. He 
is the author of Mich. Bajus u. die Grundlegung des 
Jansenismus, Tubingen, 1867 ; Der ethische Char- 
acter der Lehre Meister Eckhardfs (program), 1873 ; 
and these articles in the Tiibinger Theolog. Quar- 
lalschrift: GabrielBiel, 1865; Albertus Pighius, 1866; 
Das Verhdltniss d. heidn. zur christl. Moral, 1868; 
Ueber populdre Predigtweise, 1873 ; Ueber apologet- 
ische Predigtweise, 1874 and 1875. 

LIPSCOMB, Andrew Adgate, D.D. (University 
of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, 1850; Emory College, 
Oxford, Ga., 1870), Methodist Protestant; b. at 
Georgetown, D.C., Sept. 6, 1816; licensed to preach, 
1834 ; united with the Maryland Conference of the 
Methodist Protestant Church, 1835 ; removed to 
Montgomery, Ala., 1842 ; became president of the 
Alabama Conference ; founded the Metropolitan 
Institute for Young Ladies, at Montgomery, 1849; 
president of Tuskegee Female College, Methodist- 
Episcopal Church South, 1856-59 ; chancellor of 
the University of Georgia, at Athens, 1860-74; pro- 
fessor of philosophy and criticism in Vanderbilt 
University, Nashville, Tenn., 1875-84. He is the 
author of Our Country its Danger and Duty (a 
prize essay), N. Y., 1844; The Social Spirit of 
Christianity, Phila., 1846 ; Christian Heroism illus- 
trated in the Life and Character of St. Paul, Macon, 
Ga., 1880, 4th ed. 1881; Studies in the Forty Days 
between Christ's Resurrection and Ascension, Nash- 
ville, Tenn., 1884; Lessons from the Life of St. Peter, 
Athens, Ga., 1884; Supplementary Studies, 1885. 

LIPSIUS, Richard Adelbert, Ph.D., Lie. Theol. 
(both Leipzig, 1853 and 1854), D.D. (hon., Jena, 
1858) ; b. at Gera, Feb. 14, 1830; studied at Leip- 
zig, 1848-51 ; became priuat-docent there, 1855 ; 
professor extraordinary, 1859 ; ordinary professor 
at Vienna 1861, at Kiel 1865, and at Jena 1871, 
where he is also Geheimer Kirchenrath. As a phil- 
osophical adherent of Kant's, and as a theological 
follower of Schleiermacher's, he seeks, while rele- 
gating metaphysical doctrines to the background, 
to build up a system of dogmatics upon the reli- 
gious experience of the Christian communion and 
of the individual believer. In 1875 he founded, 
and has ever since edited, the Jahrbucher fur prot- 
estantische Theologie, and since 1885 has edited the 
Theologischer Jahresbericht. Besides his numerous 
writings in periodicals and encyclopaedias, includ- 
ing that of Smith and Wace, he has published 
Die paulinische Rechtfertigungslehre, Leipzig, 1853; 
De Clemenlis Romani epistola ad Corinthios priore 
disquisitio, 1855 ; Ueber das Verhdltniss der drei 
syrischen Briefs des Ignatios zu den iibrigen Recen- 



sionen der I gnatianischen Literatur, 1859; Der Gnos- 
ticismus, sein Wesen, Ursprung und Entwickelungs- 
gang, 1860; Zur Quellen-kritik des Epiphanios, 
Wien, 1865; Die Papslverzeichnisse des Eusebios 
und der von ihm abhdngigen Chronisten kritisch unter- 
sucht, Kiel, 1868 (pp. 29); Chronologie der rbmisch- 
en Bischbfe bis zur Mitte des 1/,. Jahrh., 1869; Die 
Pilatus-Acten kritisch untersucht, 1871; Die Quellen 
der rbmischen Petrus-sage kritisch untersucht, 1871 ; 
Glaube und Lehre, Theologische Streitschriflen, 1871 ; 
Ueber den Ursprung des Christennamens, 1873; Die 
Quellen der dllesten Ketzergeschichte, 1875; Lehrbuch 
der evangelisch - protcslantischen Dogmatik, Braun- 
schweig, 1876, 2d ed. 1879; Dogmatische Beitrdge zur 
Vertheidigung und Erlaulerung meines Lehrbuch. 
Leipzig, 1878 ; Die edessenisehe Abgar-sage kritisch 
untersucht, Braunschweig, 1S80 ; Die apokryphen 
Apostelgeschichten und Apostellegenden, vol. i. 1883, 
vol. ii. 2d half 1884, 1st half 1886; Philosophie u. 
Religion, Leipzig, 1885. 

LITTLE, Charles Eugene, Methodist; b. at 
Waterbuiy, Vt , April 7, 1838 ; graduated in the 
School of Theology, Boston University, Boston, 
Mass., 1860, and has since been a pastor in vari- 
ous towns of New York, Vermont, and New Jersey. 
He is the author of Biblical Lights and Side IJgJits, 
New York, 1883, 2d ed. 1884 (each two thousand 
copies) ; Historical Lights, 1886. 

LITTLEDALE, Richard Frederick, LL.D. (Dub- 
lin, 1862), D.C.L. (Oxford, 1862), Church of Eng- 
land ; b. in Dublin, Sept. 14, 1833; graduated at 
Trinity College, Dublin, B.A. (first-class in clas- 
sics) 1854, M.A. 1858, LL.D. 1862. In 1855 he 
won the second biblical Greek prize, and the first 
Berkeley gold medal, and a first divinity testimo- 
nium in 1856. He was a London curate from 
1856 to 1861 ; but, being compelled by ill health to 
abandon parochial work, he has devoted himself 
to religious literature, and been a voluminous 
writer. As an opponent of the Church of Rome, 
he has attracted much attention. Among his 
works may be mentioned, Religious Communities 
of Women in the Early Church, London, 1862, 2 
editions; Offices of the Holy Eastern Church, 1863; 
The Mixed Chalice, 1863, 4th ed. 1867 ; The North 
Side of the Altar, 1864, 5 editions; Catholic Ritual 
in the Church of England, 1865, 13 editions ; The 
Elevation of the Host, 1865, 2 editions ; Early Chris- 
tian Ritual, 1867, 2 editions ; The Children's Bread: 
a Communion Office for the Young, 1868, 4 editions'. 
Commentary on the Psalms (in continuation of Dr. 
Neale's), vols, ii.— iv., 1868-74; Commentary on 
the Song of Songs, 1869 ; Religious Education of- 
Women', 1872; At the Old Catholic Congress, 1872; 
Papers on Sisterhoods, 1874-78; Last Attempt to 
reform the Church of Rome from within, 1875 ; Ultra- 
montane Popular Literature, 1876 ; An Lnner View 
of the Vatican Council, 1877; Why Ritualists do not 
become Roman Catholics, 1878; Plain Reasons against 
joining the Church of Rome, 1879, 40th thousand 
1886, He is contributor to the Encyclopaedia Bri- 
tannica (9th ed.); edited Anselm's Cur Deus Homo ? 
(1863) ; and shared in editing The Priests' Prayer- 
Book, 1864, 6th ed. 1884; The People's Hymnal, 
1867, 6 editions; Primitive LJturgies and Transla- 
tions, 1868-69 ; The Altar Manual, 1877 (45th 
thousand). 

LITTLEJOHN, Right Rev. Abram Newkirk, 
D.D. (Univei-sity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 
1855), LL.D. (University of Cambridge, Eng., 



LIVERMORE. 



130 



LOOMIS. 



1880), Episcopalian, bishop of Long Island ; b. at 
Florida, Montgomery County, N.Y., Dec. 13, 1824 ; 
graduated at Union College, Schenectady, N.Y., 
1845; studied at Princeton (N.J.) Theological 
Seminary, 1845-46 ; became rector of Christ 
Church, Springfield, Mass., 1850; of St. Paul's, 
New Haven, Conn., 1851 ; of Holy Trinity, Brook- 
lyn, N.Y., 1860; bishop, 1869. He lectured on 
pastoral theology in the Berkeley Divinity School, 
Middletown, Conn., 1853-58 ; declined presidency 
of Hobart College, Geneva, N.Y., 1858, and bishop- 
ric of Central New York, 1868. In 1874 he was 
appointed by the presiding bishop to take charge 
of the American Episcopal chm-ches on the Con- 
tinent of Europe. Besides charges, addresses, and 
occasional sermons, his contributions to current 
literature embrace critiques, essays, etc., on Phi- 
losophy of Religion ; The Metap>hysics of Cousin ; 
The Life and Writings of S. T. Coleridge: The 
Poetry of George Herbert ; Sir James Stephens's 
Lectures on the History of France ; Rogers's Eclipse 
of Faith ; The Bible and Common Sense; The Out- 
wardness of Popular Religion ; Human Progress de- 
pendent on Tradition rather than Invention; Thoughts 
and Enquiries on the Alt- Catholic Movement; Dis- 
course at the Consecration of St. Paul's Church within 
the Walls, Rome, Italy ; Essay before the Church 
Congress, New York, 1877 ; Condones ad Clerum, 
1879-80, 1881; Individualism: its Growth and Ten- 
dencies, with some Suggestions as to the Remedy for 
its Evils, being Sermons preached before the University 
of Cambridge, Eng., November, 1880, 1881; The 
Christian Ministry at the Close of the Nineteenth Cen- 
tury, being Lectures before the General Theological 
Seminary, New York, on the "Bishop Paddock Foun- 
dation," 18S4. 

LIVERMORE, Abiel Abbot, A.M., Unitarian; 
b. at Wilton, N.H., Oct. 30, 1811; graduated at 
Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., 1833, and at 
the Harvard Divinity School, 1836; was pastor in 
Keene, N.H. (1836-50), Cincinnati, O. (1850-56), 
Yonkers, N.Y. (1856-63) ; editor of The Christian 
Inquirer, New- York City, 1856-63; and since 1863 
has been president of the Meadville (Penn.) Theo- 
logical School. He is a Channing Unitarian. 
Besides reviews and occasional sermons, he is the 
author of Priestley's Corruptions of Christianity, 
abridged, Keene, N.H., 1838; Christian Hymns, 
compiled, Boston, 1S40, 59th ed. 1861 ; Commentary 
on the New Testament, 1842-82, 6 vols., many edi- 
tions ; Lectures to Young Men, Keene, N.H., 1846 ; 
The Marriage Offering, Boston, 1848, 16th ed. 1862 ; 
The Mexican War reviewed, 1852 ; Sermons, 1857 ; 
Syllabus on Ethics, 1870 ; Syllabus on Systematic 
Theology, 1874; Syllabus on Creeds, 1878; Anti- 
Tobacco, 1883. 

LOBSTEIN, Paul, D.D. (Gottingen, 1884), Ger- 
man Protestant; b. at Epinal (Departement des 
Vosges), July 28, 1850; studied at Strassburg, 
Tubingen, and Gottingen ; became privat-docenl at 
Strassburg, 1876 ; professor extraordinary, 1877 ; 
ordinary professor, 1884. He belongs to the school 
of Ritschl. He has written Die Ethik Calvins in 
ihren Grundziigen entworfen, Strassburg, 1877; Pe- 
trus Ramus als Theologe, 1878; La notion de la pre- 
existence du Fils de Dieu, Paris, 1883; and articles 
in Lichtenberger's Encyclopedic des sciences reli- 
gieuses, etc. 

LOESCHE, Georg (Carl David), Ph.D. (Jena, 
1880), Lie. Theol. (Berlin, 1883), German Pro- 



testant theologian ; b. in Berlin, Aug. 22, 1855 ; 
educated at Bonn, Tubingen, and Berlin; be- 
came preacher to the German Church in Flor- 
ence, Italy, 1880 ; privat-docent in the University 
of Berlin, 1885. He is an adherent of the critical 
school in theology. He is the author of De Au- 
gustino Plotinizante in doctrina de deo disserenda, 
Halle, 1880 ; Florenzer Predigten, 1884 ; Ernst 
Moritz Arndt, der deutsche Reichsherold, Gotha, 
1884 ; Haben die spateren neuplatonischen Polemiker 
gegen das Christenthum das Werk des Celsus benutztf 
(in Hilgenfeld's Zeitschrift f. w. Theologie, 1884, 
xxvii. 3). 

LONG, Albert Limerick, D.D. (Alleghany Col- 
lege, Meadville, Penn., 1867), Methodist; b. at 
Washington, Penn., Dec. 4, 1832; studied in the 
Western University of Pennsylvania, Pittsburg, 
Penn., and at Alleghany College, Meadville, Penn. ; 
graduated from the latter institution, 1852 ; studied 
theology in what is now the theological department 
of the Boston University, 1857 ; went to Bulgaria 
as missionary in 1857 ; was transferred to Con- 
stantinople in 1863, to assist in the translation of 
the Scriptures into Bulgarian ; edited a Bulgarian 
periodical, and various other publications, and 
acted as superintendent of the Bulgarian Mission 
of the Methodist-Episcopal Church until 1872, 
when he became professor in Robert College, Con- 
stantinople. The National Assembly of Bulgaria 
at their first meeting (1879) accorded him a vote 
of thanks in recognition of his services to the 
Bulgarian cause. In 1883 he was elected a corre- 
sponding member of the National Literary Society 
of Bulgaria; in 1884 Prince Alexander of Bul- 
garia, as a mark of personal appreciation, con- 
ferred upon him the Cross of Commander of the 
Order of St. Alexander. He is a corresponding 
member of the American Oriental Society, of the 
Numismatic Society of Philadelphia, and other 
associations. His contributions to literature have 
been chiefly in the Bulgarian language ; but he 
has written upon subjects connected with Bul- 
garia, for English and American journals. 

LOOFS, (Armin) Friedrich, Ph.D., Lie. Theol. 
(both Leipzig, 1881 and 1882), Lutheran ; b. at 
Hildesheim, Hannover, Germany, June 19, 1858; 
studied at Leipzig, Tubingen, and Gottingen, 
1877-81 ; became privat-docent of church history 
in the University of Leipzig, 1882. He is the 
author of Zur Chronologie der auf die frankischen 
Synoden des hi. Bonifaz bezuglichen Briefe der boni- 
fazischen Brief sammlung, Leipzig, 1881 ; Antiques 
Britonum Scotorumque ecclesia; quales fuerint mores, 
quoz ratio credendi et vivendi, qua controversice cum 
Romana ecclesia causa atque vis, 1882. 

LOOMIS, Augustus Ward, D.D. (Hamilton Col- 
lege, Clinton, N.Y., 1873), Presbyterian ; b. at An- 
dover, Conn., Sept. 4, 1816 ; graduated at Hamil- 
ton College, Clinton, N.Y., 1841, and at Princeton 
(N.J.) Theological Seminary, 1844; was mission- 
ary in China, at Macao, Chusan, and Ningpo, from 
1844 to 1850, when his health failed ; and mis- 
sionary among the Creek Indians at Kowetah, 
1852-53 ; stated supply at St. Charles, Mo., 1853- 
54; at Edgington, 111., 1854-59; but since 1859 
has been missionary to the Chinese in San Fran- 
cisco, Cal. He is the author of Learn to say No, 
Philadelphia, 1856 ; Scenes in Chusan, 1857 ; How 
to die Happy, 1858 ; Scenes in the Indian Country, 
1859 ; A Child a Hundred Years Old, 1859 ; Profits 



LORD. 



131 



LOT. 



of Godliness, 1859 ; Confucius and the Chinese 
Classics, San Francisco, Cal., 1867, 2d ed. Boston, 
1882 ; Chinese and English Lessons, New York, 

1872, 2d ed. 1882. 

LORD, Willis, D.D. (Lafayette College, Easton, 
Penn., 1846), LL.D. (University of Wooster, Woos- 
ter, O., 1874), Presbyterian; b. at Bridgeport, 
•Conn., Sept. 15, 1809 ; graduated at Williams 
College, Williamstown, Mass., 1833 ; studied theol- 
ogy in Princeton (N.J.) Theological Seminary, 
1833-34 ; became pastor of the Congregational 
Church of New Hartford, Conn., 1834; of the 
Richmond-street Congregational Church, Provi- 
dence, R.I., 1838; of the Pemi-square Presby- 
terian Church, Philadelphia, Penn., 1840; of 
the Bi'oadway Presbyterian Church, Cincinnati, 
O., and professor of biblical literature and pas- 
toral theology in the theological seminary there, 
1850 ; pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church, 
Brooklyn, N.Y., 1854; professor of biblical and 
-ecclesiastical history, and then of didactic and 
polemic theology, in the Theological Seminary of 
the North- West, Chicago, 111., 1859; president 
of the University of Wooster, 1870 ; retired in im- 
paired health, 1874, and since then has been pre- 
vented by this cause from holding permanent 
public office, although acting as pastor elect of 
Central Church, Denver, Col., 1875-76; and of 
the First Church, Columbus, O., 1878-79 ; and 
■during 1884 and 1885 giving assistance in build- 
ing up the " Presbyterian College of the North- 
West " at Del Norte, Col. He is the author of 
Hen and Scenes before the Flood, Philadelphia, 
1816 ; Christian Theology for the People, New York, 

1873, 2d ed. 1875; The Blessed Hope, Chicago, 
1876, 2d ed. 1884 ; and of numerous sermons, 
.addresses, articles, etc. 

LOWE, William Henry, Church of England; 
b. at Whaplode Drove, Lincolnshire, England, 
April 10, 1848 ; educated at Christ College, Cam- 
bridge ; graduated B.A. (senior optime) 1871, 
Tyrwhitt Hebrew scholar 1872, M.A. 1874, when 
he was appointed Hebrew lecturer in his college, 
.and so remains. He was chaplain of his college 
from 1874 to 1881. He belongs to the critical 
school, and is the author of The Psalms, with In- 
troductions and Critical Notes, London, 1875-77 
{edited jointly with A. C. Jennings, and issued in 
parts), 2 vols., 2d ed. 1884-85; Twelve Odes of 
Hafiz, translated from the Persian, with Sudi's 
Commentary from the Turkish, Cambridge, 1877 ; 
The Fragment of Talmud Babli, Pesachim, of ix.-x. 
■cent., with Notes illustrative of the New Testament, 
London, 1879 ; The Memorbuch of Nurnberg, in 
Connection with the Persecution of the Jews in 1849, 
1881 ; The Hebrew Student's Commentary on Zecha- 
riah, 1882 ; The Palestinian Mishnah (from the 
unique MS. preserved in the University Library, 
edited for the syndics of the University Press), 
Cambridge, 1883; Al-Badduni's Reign of Akbar 
(translated from the Persian for the Asiatic So- 
ciety of Bengal), Calcutta, 1884-86; comments 
•on Zechariah and Malachi in Bishop Ellicott's 
Bible for English Readers, London, 1884. 

LOWRIE, John Cameron, D.D. (Miami Uni- 
versity, Oxford, O., 1852), Presbyterian; b. at 
Butler, Penn., Dec. 16, 1808; graduated at Jeffer- 
son College, Canonsburg, Penn., 1829; was at 
Western Theological Seminary, Allegheny, Penn., 
1829-32, at Princeton Theological Seminary, N.J , 



1832-33; missionary in Upper India 1833-36, 
when, his health failing, he returned to America, 
and since 1838 has been connected with the Board 
of Foreign Missions, until 1850 as assistant secre- 
tary, and since as secretary. From 1845 to 1850 
he was minister of the Forty-second-street Church, 
New York ; moderator of the O. S. General As- 
sembly at Pittsburg, Penn., 1865. He is the 
author of Two Years in Upper India, New York, 
1850 ; The Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian 
Church in the United States of America, 1855, 3d 
ed. 1S68 ; Missionary Papers, 1882. 

LOWRIE, Samuel Thompson, D.D. (Washing- 
ton and Jefferson College, Washington, Penn., 
1874), Presbyterian ; b. at Pittsburgh, Penn., Feb. 
8, 1835 ; graduated at Miami University, Oxford, 
O., 1852, and at Western (Presbyterian) Theo- 
logical Seminary, Allegheny, Penn., 1855; took a 
fourth year; studied two semesters at Heidelberg, 
Germany; was pastor of the Presbyterian Church 
at Alexandria, Penn., December, 1858, to April, 
1863 ; then nine months in Europe ; pastor of the 
Bethany Church, Philadelphia, 1865-69, and of 
the Abington Church, 1869-74; professor of New- 
Testament exegesis and literature in Western The- 
ological Seminary, 1874-78; from April, 1879, to 
October, 1885, he was pastor of the Ewing Presby- 
terian Chui-ch, near Trenton, N J. He assisted 
Rev. Dr. D. Moore upon Isaiah in the American 
Lange series (New York, 1878), and Rev. Dr. A. 
Gosman upon Numbers in the sa.me series (1879) ; 
wrote An Explanation of the Epistle to the Hebrews, 
1884; and translated Cremer's (of Greifswald) 
Ueber den Zustand nach dem Tode, Giitersloh, 
1883, under the title Beyond the Grave, 1885. 

LOWRY, Robert, D.D. (Lewisburg University, 
Lewisburg, Penn., 1875), Baptist; b. in Phila- 
delphia, Penn., March 12, 1826; graduated at the 
head of ins class at Lewisburg University, Lewis- 
burg, Penn., 1854; was pastor at West Chester, 
Penn., 1854-58 ; in New- York City, 1858-61 ; in 
Brooklyn, 1861-69 ; at Lewisburg, Penn.. and pro- 
fessor of belles-lettres in the university there, 1869- 
75; pastor at Plainfield, N.J. , 1876-85; president 
of the New-Jersey Baptist Sunday-school Union, 
1880-86. He participated in the Robert Raikes 
centennial, London, 1880; travelled in Europe 
1880, in Mexico 1885; was poet before the Grand 
Arch Council of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity, 
1885. He is a composer and hymn-writer, and has 
edited Chapel Melodies, N. Y., 1868 ; Bright Jewels, 
1869 ; Pure Gold, 1871; Hymn Service, 1871 ; Royal 
Diadem, 1873; Temple Anthems, 187 'd; Tidal Wave, 
1874; Brightest and Best, 1875; Welcome Tidings, 
1S77; Fountain of Song, 1877; Chautauqua Carols, 
187S; Gospel Hymn and Tune Book, 1879; Good as 
Gold, 1880 ; Our Glad Hosanna, 1882 ; Joyful Lays, 
1884; Glad Refrains, 1886; with Christmas and 
Easter services annually, and numerous single 
songs; over 3,000,000 of these books have been 
issued. 

LOY, Matthias, Confessional Lutheran; b. in 
Cumberland County, Penn., March 17, 1828 ; stud- 
ied in Columbus (O.) Theological Seminary, and 
was pastor at Delaware, O., 1849-65; since 1864 
has edited Lutheran Standard ; since 1865 has been 
professor of theology in the Evangelical Lutheran 
Theological Seminary, Columbus, O. ; and since 
1880 been president of Capital University. He 
established the Columbus (O.) Theological Maga- 



LUARD. 



132 



LUBNBMANN. 



zine in 1881. Since 18C0, with the exception of 
1878-80, when out of health, he has been yearly 
president of the Evangelical Lutheran Joint Synod 
of Ohio and other States. He edited the transla- 
tion of Luther's House-postils, Columbus, 1864, 3 
vols. ; translated Life and Deeds of Dr. M. Luther, 
I860; The Doctrine of Justification, 1869. 2d ed. 
1880 ; Essay on the Ministerial Office 1870. 

LUARD, Henry Richards, D.D. (Cambridge, 
1878); Church of England; b. in London, Aug. 
17, 1825; studied at Trinity College, Cambridge 
(1843-47), where he graduated B.A. (fourteenth 
wrangler) 1847, M.A. 1850, B.D. 1875; became 
fellow of Trinity College, 1849 ; was assistant tutor. 
1855-65; ordained deacon and priest, 1855; be- 
came vicar of St. Mary the Great, Cambridge, 1860 ; 
registrary of the University of Cambridge, 1862 ; 
honorary canon of Ely, 1884. He is the author 
of Catalogue of the MSS. in the Cambridge Univer- 
sity Library (the theological portion and the index), 
1856-67 ; Life of Richard Porson (in Cambridge 
Essays), Cambridge, 1857 ; editor of Lives of Ed- 
ward the Confessor (in the Master of the Rolls series 
of Chronicles and Memorials), 1858 ; Bartholomosi 
de Cotton Historia Anglicana (same series), 1859 ; 
Diary of Edward Rud, 1860; Epistolce Roberti 
Grosseteste (Rolls series), 1861 ; Annates Monastici 
(the same), 1864-69, 5 vols. ; The Correspondence 
of Porson, 1867 ; List of Documents, etc., concerning 
the Cambridge University Library', 1870 ; Matthcei 
Parisiensis Chronica Majora (Rolls series), 1872- 
83, 7 vols. ; Graduati Cantabrigienses, 1800-72, 
1873, 1800-84, 1S84; author of On the Relations 
between England and Rome during the Earlier Por- 
tion of the Reign of Henry III., 1878; occasional 
pamphlets, reviews, sermons, etc. 

LUCIUS, Paul Ernst, Lie. Theol. (Strassburg, 
1879), German Protestant ; b. at Ernolsheim, El- 
sass, Oct. 16, 1852 ; studied theology at Strassburg, 
1871-70 ; afterwards at Zurich (1876), Paris (1877), 
Jena (1877), Berlin (1878); became assistant at 
Sessenheim, 1878 ; assistant pastor in Strassburg, 
1879 ; privat-docent there, 1880; professor extraor- 
dinary, 1883. He is the author of Die Therapeuten 
und Hire Stellung in der Geschichte der Askese, Eine 
kritische Untersuchung der Schrift "De vita contem- 
plaliva," Strassburg, i879 ; Der Essenismus in seinem 
Verhallniss zum Judenthum, 1881 ; Die Quellen der 
dlteren Geschichte des aegyptischen Monchthums (in 
Zeitschrift fiir Kgsch, i884) ; Die Kraftigung des 
Missionssinnes in der Gemeinde, 1885. 

LUCKOCK, Herbert Mortimer, D.D. (Cam- 
bridge, 1S79), Church of England; b. at Great 
Barr, Staffordshire, July 11, 1833; educated at 
Jesus College, Cambridge; graduated as B.A. 
(second-class classical tripos, and first-class theo- 
logical tripos) 1858, M.A. 1862; was fellow of 
Jesus College, Crosse divinity scholar, Tyrwhitt 
Hebrew scholar ; took Carus and Scholefield prizes 
1860, member's prize 1860-61-62 ; was ordained 
deacon 1860, priest 1862 ; chaplain to Lord Carring- 
ton, examining chaplain to bishop of Ely since 
1873; honorary canon of Ely, 1874-75; canon of 
Ely since 1875; principal of Ely Theological Col- 
lege since 1876 ; select preacher in the University 
of Cambridge, 1865, 1874-75, 1883; vicar of All 
Saints', Cambridge, 1802-63, and again 1865-75 ; 
rector of Gayhurst with Stoke-Golding-ton, 1863- 
65. His theological standpoint is Anglo-Catholic. 
He is the author of Tables of Stone : a Course of 



Sermons, London, 1867; After Death, the State of 
the Faithful Dead, and their Relationship to the Liv- 
ing, 1879, 5th ed. 1885 ; Studies in the History of the 
Prayer-book, 1881, 2d ed. 1882; An Appeal to the 
Church not to withdraw her Clergy from the Univer- 
sities, 1882; Footprints of the Son of Man as traced 
by St. Mark, being Eighty Portions for Private Study, 
Family Reading, and Instruction in Church, 1884, 
2 vols., 2d ed. 1885. 

LUDLOW, James Meeker, D.D. (Williams Col- 
lege, Williamstown, Mass , 1872), Presbyterian ; 
b. at Elizabeth, N.J., March 15, 1841; graduated 
at College of New Jersey, Princeton, 1861, and at 
Princeton Theological Seminary, 1864; was pastor 
First Church, Albany, N.Y., 1864-68; Collegiate 
Reformed Dutch Church, New- York City, 1868- 
77; Westminster Presbyterian Church, Brooklyn, 
N.Y., 1877-85; East Orange since 1886. He is 
the inventor and compiler of the Concentric Chart 
of History, New York, 1885; author of The Cap- 
lain of the Janizaries, 1886 ; and contributor to 
periodicals, secular and religious. * 

LUEDEMANN, Hermann, Ph.D., Lie. Theol. 
(both Kiel, 1870 and 1871), D.D. (Heidelberg, 1883), 
German Protestant theologian; b. (son of the suc- 
ceeding) at Kiel, Prussia, Sept. 15, 1842 ; studied 
at Kiel, Heidelberg, and Berlin, 1861-67 ; became 
privat-docent at Kiel, and teacher in a private school, 
1872 ; professor extraordinary of the New Testa- 
ment at Kiel, 1878; ordinary professor of church 
history at Bern, Switzerland, 1884. He is a criti- 
cal and liberal theologian, in sympathy with the 
Jena school. He is tire author of Die Anthropo- 
logic des Apostel Patdus und ihre Stellung innerhalb 
seiner Heilslehre, Nach den vier Hauptbriefen darqe- 
stellt, Kiel, 1872; Zur Erklarung des Papias/'rag- 
ments Euseb. H. E. Hi. 39 (in Jahrb. f prot. Theol., 
1879) ; Die " Eidbrllchigkeit " unserer neukirchlichen 
(freisinnigen) Geistlichen, Kiel, 1881,3d ed. 1884; 
Die neuere Entwicklung der protestantischen Theol- 
ogie, Bremen, 1884; from 1873 to 1883 he con- 
tributed to the Liter arisches Centralblait, Jenaer 
Liter aturzeitung, Protestantische Kirchenzeitung, and 
political journals; since 1881 he has contributed 
the section on church history down to the Council 
of Nica?a. in Piinjer's Theologischer Jahresbericht. 

LUEDEMANN, Karl, D.D., German Protestant 
theologian ; b. at Kiel, July 6, 1805 : studied there, 
1823-28 ; became preacher in St. Nicholas' Church 
there, 1831; convent and garrison preacher, and 
privat-docent, 1834 ; professor extraordinary, 1839 ; 
ordinary professor, 1841. In 1855 he was made 
Kirchenrath. He is the author of Die sittlichen 
Motive des Chrislenthums, Kiel, 1841 ; Ueber das 
Wesen des protestantischen Cultus, 1846 ; Das Wort 
des Lebens (sermons), 1863 ; Erinnerung an Claus 
Harms und seine Zeit, 1878. * 

LUENEMANN, Georg Conrad Cottlieb, Lie. 
Theol. (Gottingen, 1847), D.D. (hon , Gbttingen, 
I860), German Protestant theologian ; b. at Got- 
tingen, April 17, 1819 ; studied at its univer- 
sity ; became repetent there, 1844 ; privat-docent, 
1847; professor extraordinary of theology, 1851. 
He is the author of De epistolce, quam Paulus ad 
Ephesios dedisse perhibetur, au/henlia, primis lectori- 
bus, argumento summo ac consilio (Preisschrift), Got- 
tingen, 1842; Pauli ad Philippenses epistola, Con- 
tra F. Chr. Baurium, 1847; Kritisch exegetisches 
Handbuch iiber die Briefe an die Thessalonicher 
(Abtheil X. des Meyer' schen Kommenlars), 1850, 4th 



LUTHARDT. 



133 



LYON. 



ed. 1878 (English trans, by Gloag, Edinburgh, 
1880); do. iiber den Hebrderbrief (Abth. XI II. des 
M'scken Kommentars), 1855, 4th ed. 1878 (Eng- 
lish trans, by Evans, Edinburgh, 1882) ; Dispulatio 
de Ulerarum, quoz ad Hebrceos inscribuntur, primis 
lectoribus, 1853; edited (with H. Messner) the 6th 
ed. of De Wette's Einleitung in die kanonischen 
Bucher des N. T., Berlin, 1860 ; and the 7th ed. of 
Winer's Grammatlk des neutestamentlichen Sprach- 
idioms, Leipzig, 1867 (English trans, by J. Henry 
Thayer, Andover, 1869 ; 6th by W. F. Moulton, 
Edinburgh, 1870). 

LUTHARDT, Christoph Ernst, Lie. Theol., 
Ph.D., D.D. (all Erlangen, 1852, 1854, and 1856 
respectively), Lutheran; b. at Maroldsweisach, 
Bavaria, March 22, 1823 ; studied at Erlangen and 
Berlin, 1841-45 ; was ordained at Miinden, 1846 ; 
from 1846 till 1851 was teacher in the Munich 
gymnasium ; until 1854 repetent at Erlangen, and 
privat-docent 1853-54; for the next two years pro- 
fessor extraordinary at Marburg ; since 1856 has 
been professor of systematic theology and New- 
Testament exegesis at Leipzig; and since 1865 a 
consistorial councillor. In theology he is ortho- 
dox, and in general belongs to the Erlangen school. 
He is renowned as a university lecturer and pulpit 
orator. Since 1S6S he has edited the Allgemeine 
evang. luth. Kirchenzeitung , and since 1880 Das 
Theologisch- Literaturblatt and Die Zeitschrift fur 
Kirchl. Wissenschaft und Kirchl. Leben. Of his very 
numerous publications, which include nine vol- 
umes of collected sermons (1861-86), and lectures 
and articles upon many topics, may be mentioned, 
De compositione evangelii Joannei, Nuremberg, 1852; 
Das johanneische Ecangelium nach seiner Eiqen- 
thiimlichkeit qeschildert u. erkldrt, 1852-53, 2 vols., 
2d ed. 1875-76 (Eng. trans, by C. R. Gregory, 
St. John's Gospel described and explained according 
to its Peculiar Character, Edinburgh, 1878, 3 vols.); 
De primm Joannis epistolas compositione, Leipzig, 
1860; De compositione evangelii Matlhosi, 1861 ; Die 
Offenbarung Johannis ubersetzt u. kurz erkldrt fur 
die Gemeinde, 1861 ; Die Lehre von den letzten Ding- 
en in Abhandlungen und Schriftauslegunqen darqe- 
stellt, 1861, 3d ed. 1885; Die Lehre vomfreien Will- 
en u. sein Verhallniss zur Gnade, 1863 ; Apologetische 
Vortrdge iiber die Grundicahrheiten des Christenthums, 
1864, 10th ed. 1883 (Eng. trans., The Fundamental 
Truths of Christianity, Edinb., 1865, 3d ed. 1873); 
Kompendium der Dogmatik, 1865, 7th ed. 1886 ; Die 



Ethik Luthers in ihren Grundziigen, 1867, 2d ed. 
1875 ; Apologetische Vortrdge iiber die Heilswahr- 
heiten des Christenthums, 1867, 5th ed. 1883 (Eng. 
trans., The Saving Truths of Christianity, Edin- 
burgh, 1868); Die Ethik d. Aristoteles in ihr. Unter- 
schied von der Moral des Christenthums, 1869-76, 
3 parts; Vortraqe iiber die Moral des Christenthums, 
1872, 3d ed. 1882 (Eng. trans., The Moral Truths 
of Christianity, Edinburgh, 1873); Der johanneische 
Ursprung des viertenEvangeliums, 1874 (Eng. trans., 
with enlarged literature, by C. R. Gregory, St. John 
the Author of the Fourth Gospel, Edinburgh, 1875, 
2d ed. 1885) ; Gesammelte Vortrdge versehiedenen 
Inhalts, 1876 ; Die modernen Weltanschauungen u. 
Hire praktischen Konsequenzen, 1880, 2d ed. same 
year; Licht und Leben (sermons), 1885. 

LYMAN, Right Rev. Theodore Benedict, S.T.D. 
(College of St. James, Washington County, Md., 
1856), Episcopalian, bishop of North Carolina; b. 
at Brighton, near Boston, Mass., Nov. 27, 1815; 
graduated at Hamilton College, Clinton, N.Y., 
1837, and at the General Theological Seminary, 
New-York City, 1840; became rector of St. John's 
Parish, Hagerstown, Md., 1840; of Trinity Church, 
Pittsburgh, Penn., 1850 ; was in Europe 1860-70, 
during which time he was chaplain to the Ameri- 
can embassy (1865), organized what is now St. 
Paid's Church, Rome, Italy (1866), and continued 
in charge four years ; became rector of Trinity 
Church, San Francisco, Cal., 1870; assistant bishop 
of North Carolina, 1873; bishop, on the death of 
Bishop Atkinson, 1881. He declined the deanery 
of the General Theological Seminary, New- York 
City, to which office he was elected during his 
residence in Europe; appointed to the care and 
jurisdiction of the American Episcopal Churches, 
which have been established on the Continent of 
Europe, 1886. He is the author of several ser- 
mons and addresses. 

LYON, David Gordon, Ph.D. (Leipzig, 1882), 
Baptist ; b. at Benton, Ala., May 24, 1852 ; gradu- 
ated at Howard College, Marion, Ala., 1875; stud- 
ied at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 
Louisville, Ky., 1876-79, and at Leipzig, 1879-82, 
and in the latter year became Hollis professor of 
divinity in Harvard University, Gambridge, Mass. 
His specialty is Assyrian. He has issued Keihchrift- 
texte Sargon's Konigs von Assyrien {722-705 v. Chr.) 
nach den Originalien neu herausgegeben, umschrieben, 
ubersetzt und erkldrt, Leipzig, 1883. 



MABON. 



134 



McAULEY. 



M. 



MABON, William Augustus Van Vranken, D.D. 

(Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N.J., 1861), 
LL.D. (Union College, Schenectady, N.Y., 1882), 
b. at New Brunswick, N.J., Jan. 24, 1822; grad- 
uated at Union College, Schenectady, N.Y., 1840, 
and at New Brunswick Theological Seminary, N. J., 
1841; became home missionary at Buffalo, N.Y., 
1844; pastor at New Durham, Hudson Co., N.J., 
and superintendent of the county schools, 1846; 
professor of didactic and polemic theology in the 
Reformed (Dutch) Theological Seminary at New 
Brunswick, N.J., 1881. He edited The Sower, 
New York, 1878-79. See Appendix. 

McALL, Robert Whitaker, F.L.S., Congrega- 
tionalist; b. at Macclesfield, Cheshire, Eng., Dec. 
17, 1821; studied architecture under Mr. Walters, 
architect of the Free Trade Hall, Manchester, 
and Sir Gilbert Scott, R.A.; afterwards turned 
his attention to theology, and studied in the Lan- 
cashire Independent (Congregational and theolo- 
gical) College, Manchester; graduated B.A. at 
London University in 1847; and for twenty-four 
years was a Congregational pastor in England, 
during which time he ministered to four churches. 
In 1871, while pastor at Hadleigh, Suffolk, he and 
his wife made a brief holiday visit to Paris, and 
were so struck with the spiritual destitution of 
the working classes there, that they resolved to 
devote themselves to the effort to evangelize them. 
Accordingly he left his charge, much to its re- 
gret, and single-handed they began their mission. 
Their success has been beyond their hopes. In 
1885 there were a hundred stations in Paris and 
throughout France. The money required to carry 
on their operations comes from France, Great 
Britain, and America. See article McAll Mis- 
sion, in Encyclopcedia. 

MacARTHUR, Robert Stuart, D.D. (University 
of Rochester, N.Y., 1880), Baptist; b. at Dales- 
ville, Argenteuil County, Province of Quebec, 
Can., Aug. 31, 1811; graduated from the Univer- 
sity of Rochester, N.Y., 1867, and from the Ro- 
chester Theological Seminary, N.Y., 1870; and 
since June, 1870, has been pastor of Calvary 
Baptist Church, New- York City, which in 1883 
erected a new church at an expense of nearly 
five hundred thousand dollars. He is the regular 
weekly New- York correspondent of the Chicago 
Standard, one of the editors of The Baptist Quar- 
terly Review (since 1885), and with Rev. Dr. C. S. 
Robinson of the Calvary. Selection of Hymns and 
Spiritual Songs, New York, 1879. 

McAULEY, Jeremiah (better known as "Jerry 
McAuley "), layman ; b. in Ireland, in the year 
1839; d. in New- York City, Sept. 18, 1884. His 
father was a counterfeiter, who fled the country 
to escape arrest while his son was an infant. 
Jerry was brought up by his grandmother, who 
was a devout Romanist; but he never received 
any schooling. At the age of thirteen he came 
to New- York City, and lived with a married sister 
for a time. Soon he became as great a rogue as 
one of his years could be. On leaving his sister 



he boarded in Water Street, and supported him- 
self by stealing from vessels lying in the river. 
The money procured by selling the articles stolen 
was spent in all sorts of wickedness. He became 
a prize-fighter, and a terror and a nuisance in the 
Fourth Ward. When nineteen years old he was 
arrested for highway robbery, an offence he had 
not committed. But he had no one to defend 
him ; and so bad was his character, that he was 
condemned, in January, 1857, on circumstantial 
evidence, to fifteen years imprisonment at Sing- 
Sing. On his way thither he determined to be 
obedient to prison rules, do the best he could 
under the circumstances, and trust that somebody 
would be raised up to help him. He was set at 
carpet- weaving, and for two years had the appro- 
bation of his keepers. For the next three years 
he was, in consequence of illness, uneasy and in- 
tractable, and hence often severely punished, with- 
out being anywise improved. On one Sunday, 
when he had been some five years in prison, Or- 
ville Gardner (known as " Awful " Gardner), a for- 
mer confederate in sin, addressed the convicts, and 
made a profound impression upon Jerry. On 
returning to his cell he took down the Bible, with 
which each cell is supplied, to find a verse which 
Gardner had quoted. He soon became a constant 
Bible-reader; and so, although he never found the 
verse he sought, he stored his mind with the Word 
of God. A great desire to be saved was awak- 
ened within him. But weeks of anxiety and 
struggle passed before the " words were distinctly 
spoken to his soul" which assured him that he 
was forgiven. Then the Lord began to use him 
in the prison among his fellow-convicts, and 
several were led to Christ by him. On March 8, 
1864, he was pardoned. Like many another one, 
he had no one to help him to an honest living on 
leaving prison, so fell back into his former evil 
courses. He went into the bounty business, and 
made a great deal of money, which he spent 
freely. He became a sporting man, and often 
attended the races. After the war he dealt in 
stolen and smuggled goods, which he paid for in 
counterfeit money, until, being found out, no one 
would steal for him. He then became once more 
a river thief. But he could not shake off the 
religious impressions received in prison, although 
he tried to deaden conscience by drink. This 
wretched life continued until 1872, when he found 
Christian friends who manfully stood by him, not- 
withstanding his frequent falls, until he was con- 
firmed in the Christian life. In October, 1872, 
he opened his "Helping Hand for Men,'' at 310 
Water Street, as a resort for the forlorn way- 
farers, sailors, and others who frequented the lo- 
cality. From the start the work was remarkably 
blessed. He manifested extraordinary aptitude 
for dealing with the degraded. His kindly ways 
drew them to him ; while his simple-minded, 
whole-hearted piety, and his burning zeal, deeply 
impressed them. The result was, that many were 
converted. In 1876 the old building was replaced 



McCABE. 



135 



McCOOK. 



by a far better one, and the mission incorporated 
under the title of "The McAuley Water-street 
Mission." In 18S2, feeling that his work in 
Water Street was done, he began a similar work 
at 104 West Thirty-second Street, called "The 
Cremorne Mission," from its contiguity to the 
notorious Cremoi-ne Garden. In June, 1883, he 
began the publication of Jerry McA ulefs News- 
paper, which is still issued every other Thursday. 
Some time before his death his health began to 
fail, but he continued his work. His end came 
suddenly. On Wednesday, Sept 17, 1884, he had 
a hemorrhage of the lungs, and on Thursday 
afternoon at four o'clock another, and in a few 
minutes he was dead. On Sunday, Sept. 21, at 
half-past two p.m., he was buried from the Broad- 
way Tabernacle, Thirty-fourth Street and Sixth 
Avenue. The spacious church was crowded in 
every part long before the services began, and a 
great multitude stood all around the building. 
For nearly two hours after the conclusion of the 
services, the procession of mourners filed past the 
coffin. In the throng were many of the very 
classes among whom and for whom his life had 
been spent, — the criminal, the vicious, the im- 
moral. 

By competent testimony and common acknowl- 
edgment Jerry McAuley was one of the most use- 
ful, remarkable, and indeed wonderful men in 
the city of New York. Himself for many years 
a criminal and an outcast, he knew from bitter 
experience that the way of transgressors is hard. 
Himself the subject of the Saviour's infinite love, 
he knew that God had mercy for even the vilest. 
When, therefore, he spoke to those who had fallen, 
it was with a thorough knowledge which they 
could not fail to recognize. His work was, how- 
ever, not carried on without many hinderances and 
difficulties ; but he triumphed over all. Liberal 
and wealthy friends supported his enterprises, 
and in his wife he found a devoted and efficient 
helper. See Jem/ McAuley, His Life and Work, 
ed. Rev. R. M. Offord, New York, 1885. * 

McCABE, Charles Cardwell, D.D. (Central 
Tennessee College, Nashville, Tenn., 1875), Meth- 
odist; b. at Athens, O., Oct. 11, 1836; studied at 
Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, O., but did 
not graduate ; was pastor in the Ohio Conference, 
1S60-61; chaplain of the 122d Ohio Infantry, 
1862-63 ; was taken prisoner at the battle of 
Winchester, Va., and was in Libby Prison, Rich- 
mond, Va , for four months ; on his release re- 
joined his regiment; agent of the Christian Com- 
mission, 1S64-65 ; Centenary agent in Ohio, 1866- 
67 ; assistant secretary of the Church Extension 
Society, 1868-84; missionary secretary since 1884. 

McCLELLAN, John Brown, Church of Eng- 
land; b. in Glasgow, Scotland, March 7, 1836; 
educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, 1855-58 
(elected scholar 1857); graduated B.A. (Wrang- 
hain gold medallist, and the only double first 
classical and mathematical honoi's of his year) 
1858, M.A. 1861; was elected fellow of Trinity 
College, 1859 ; ordained deacon 1860, priest 1S61; 
was vicar of Bottisham, diocese of Ely, 1861-79 ; 
rural dean of first division of Camp's deanery, 
1871-77; since 1S80 he has been principal of the 
Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. He is a 
moderate High Churchman, in favor of disestab- 
lishment and of freedom of the Church. He is 



the author of Fourth Nicene Canon, and Election 
and Consecration of Bishops, London, 1870; A New 
Translation of the New Testament, from a critically 
revised Greek Text, a Contribution to Christian Evi- 
dence, vol. i. (the Four Gospels, with notes and 
dissertations, and a new chronological harmony) 
1875. 

McCLOSKEY, His Eminence John, Cardinal, 
D.D., Roman Catholic; b. in Brooklyn, N.Y., 
March 10, 1810; d. in New York, Oct. 10, 18S5. 
He was graduated with the highest honors at St. 
Mary's College, Emmittsburg, Md., 1828; ordained 
priest at New York, Jan. 9, 1834 ; studied for two- 
years at the Collegium Romanum in Rome, and a 
year in France. Returning to America in 1837, 
he was appointed pastor of St. Joseph's Church, 
New-York City. On March 10, 1844, he was con- 
secrated bishop of Axiere in partibus, and co-adju- 
tor to the bishop (later archbishop) of New York 
(John Hughes) ; translated to the new see of 
Albany, May 21, 1847 ; after the death of Arch- 
bishop Hughes (Jan. 3, 1864) he was appointed 
his successor, May 6, 1864. He attended the 
Vatican Council (1869-70), and was on the Com- 
mittee on Discipline. He was by Pius IX. created 
cardinal priest of the Most Holy Roman Church, 
March 15, 1875, under the title of " Sancta Maria 
sopra Minervarn." He was the first American 
cardinal. He received the red hat from Leo XIII. 
in the consistory held in Rome on March 28, 1878. 
He enjoyed the respect of Protestant and Roman 
Catholic alike; and did much for his Church, as 
by buildings (e.g., the Fifth-avenue Cathedral) and 
new institutions, and by the introduction of the 
Capuchins, Franciscans, Sisters and Little Sisters, 
of the Poor, who had previously no houses in his 
diocese. Under him the number of churches in 
New York increased from seventy to a hundred 
and seventy, and the number of clergy from a 
hundred and fifty to four hundred. Archbishop 
Gibbons, in his funeral oration, said of him : " He 
[the cardinal] has left you . . . the legacy of a- 
pure and unsullied life, as priest, bishop, arch- 
bishop, and cardinal. He never tarnished the 
surplice of the priest, nor the rochet of the bish- 
op, nor the pallium of the archbishop, nor the 
scarlet robes of, the cardinal. After spending up- 
wards of half a century in the exercise of the 
ministry, he goes down to his honored grave with- 
out a stain upon his moral character." 

McCOOK, Henry Christopher, D.D. (Lafayette 
College, Easton, Penn., 1880), Presbyterian; b. at 
New Lisbon, O., July 3, 1837 ; graduated at Jeffer- 
son College, Canonsburg, Penn., 1859; studied at 
the Western Theological Seminary, Allegheny, 
Penn., 1859-61 ; was first lieutenant Company F, 
Forty-first Regiment Illinois Volunteers, 1861 ; 
chaplain of the regiment, 1861-62 ; acting pastor, 
Clinton, 111., 1861, 1862-63; home missionary, St. 
Louis, Mo., 1863-70; since 1870 has been pastor 
of the Tabernacle Presbyterian Church, Phila- 
delphia. He is vice-president of the Academy of 
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (in whose pro- 
ceedings he has published numerous papers upon 
the habits and industry of American ants and 
spiders), and vice-director of the American Ento- 
mological Society. He is the author of Object 
and Outline Teaching, St. Louis, 1871; The Last 
Year of ChrisCs Ministry, Philadelphia, 1871 ; The 
JLast Days of Jesus, 1872 ; The Tercentenary Book 



McCOSH. 



131 



McFERRIN. 



(edited), 1873; The Mound-making Ants of the 
Alleghenies, 1877; The Natural History of the 
Agricultural Ant of Texas, 18S0; Historic Decora- 
tions at Pan-Presbyterian Council, 1880 ; Garfield 
Memorial Sermons (four discourses), 1881; Honey 
Ants and Occident Ants, 1882; Tenants of an Old 
Farm, Leaves from the Note-Book of a Naturalist, 
N.Y., 1884; The Women Friends of Jesus, 1885. 

McCOSH, James, S.T.D. (Brown University, 
Providence, R.I., 1868), LL.D. (Harvard College, 
Cambridge, Mass., 1868; Washington and Jefferson 
College, Washington, Penn., 1868), D.Lit. (Queen's 
University, Ireland), Presbyterian; b. at Cars- 
keoch, Banks of the Doon, Ayrshire, Scotland, 
April 1, 1811 ; was educated at the universities of 
Glasgow (1824-29), and Edinburgh (1829-34), and 
from the latter received, while a student, the hon- 
orary degree of M. A. in recognition of the ability 
of his essay upon the Stoic philosophy. He was 
licensed as probationer in 1833, and in 1835 was 
ordained and appointed minister of Arbroath, Scot- 
land, and belonged to the so-called non-intrusion 
party, whose leader was Thomas Guthrie. In 1839 
he became minister in first charge in his district, 
Brechin ; and in 1843, when the disruption came, he 
entered the Free Church. In 1851 was appointed 
professor of logic and metaphysics in Queen's Col- 
lege, Belfast, Ireland, and entered his labors there 
the next year. In the spring of 1868 he was 
elected president of the College of New Jersey, at 
Princeton, and in the autumn was inaugurated. 
He has greatly increased the resources of the 
institution. He has been a voluminous writer. 
Besides contributions to various periodicals, and 
other minor papers, he has published The Method 
of the Divine Government, Physical and Moral, 
Edinburgh, 1850, 5th ed. revised, London, 1856; 
(with George Dickie, M.D., professor of natural 
history in the Queen's University, Ireland) Typi- 
cal Forms and Specicd Ends in Creation, 1855 ; 
The Intuitions of the Mind inductively investigated, 
1860 ; The Supernatural in Relation to the Natural, 
1862; Examination of Mill's Philosophy, being a. 
Defence of Fundamental Truth, 1866 ; The Laws 
of Discursive Thought, being a Treatise on Formal 
Logic, New York, 1869 ; Christianity and Posi- 
tivism, 1871 ; The Scottish Philosophy, Biographical, 
Expository, Critical ; from Hutcheson to Hamilton, 
1874; The Emotions, 1880; and completed in 1886 
the " Philosophical Series " (1882, sqq.), in which he 
has short papers upon Criteria of Diverse Kinds of 
Truth as opposed to Agnosticism (1882); Energy, 
Efficient and Final Cause (1883) ; Development : 
what it can do, and ivhat it can not do (1883); Certi- 
tude, Providence, and Prayer (1883); Locke's Theory 
of Knowledge, with Notice of Berkeley (1884) ; 
A gnosticism of Hume and Huxley, with Notice of 
the Scottish School (1884) ; Criticism of the Critical 
Philosophy (1884) ; Herbert Spencer's Philosophy as 
Culminating in his Ethics (1885) ; Psychology, The 
Cognitive Powers (1886). 

MacCRACKEN, Henry Mitchell, D.D. (Witten- 
berg College, Springfield, O., 1877), Presbyterian; 
b. at Oxford, ()., Sept. 28, 1840 ; graduated at 
Miami University, Oxford, O., 1857; was teacher 
of classics, and school principal, 1857-60; studied 
at United Presbyterian Theological Seminary, 
Xenia, O., 1860-62 ; at Princeton (N.J.) Presby- 
terian Theological Seminary, 1863 (graduated) ; 
and at Tubingen and Berlin universities, 1867- 



68; was pastor of the Westminster Presbyterian 
Church, Columbus, O., 1863-67; of the First 
Presbyterian Church, Toledo, O., 1868-S1; chan- 
cellor of Western University, Pittsburgh, Penn., 
1881-84; since 1884 has been professor of philos- 
ophy, and also vice-chancellor of the University 
of the City of New York. He was deputy to 
the Free Church Assembly of Scotland, and to the 
Irish Presbyterian General Assembly, 1867 ; pro- 
poser of the observance of 1872 as tercentenary 
year of Presbyterianism, 1870 (see Minutes of 
General Assembly, 1870, p. 29, 1871, p. 588); de- 
livered historical oration at re-union of the Scotch- 
Irish race in Belfast, Ireland, July 4, 1884. He 
is the editor, translator, and author of Leaders of 
the Church Universal, 1879 (published by Presby- 
terian Board, Philadelphia, by the official publi- 
cation boards of ten other denominations, and by 
T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh), from the German of 
Piper's Evangelische Calender, Berlin, 1875. 

McCURDY, James Frederick, Ph.D. (College 
of New Jersey, Princeton, N.J., 1878), Canadian 
Presbyterian; b. at Chatham, New Brunswick, 
Can., Feb. 18, 1847; graduated at University of 
New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B., 1866, and at 
Princeton (N.J.) Theological Seminary, 1871; in 
the latter was instructor in Hebrew and cognate 
languages, 1873-82; studied in Germany, 1882-84; 
lectured on the Stone foundation, Princeton, N. J., 
18S5-86; became professor of Oriental languages 
in University College, Toronto, Can., 1886. Be- 
sides review of Gesenius' Handwbrlerbuch, 9th ed. 
{Am. Jour. Philology, July, 1883); a paper on The 
Semitic Perfect in Assyrian, in Transactions of the 
Sixth Congress of Orientalists, Leyden, September, 
1883; Ayro-Semilic Speech, a Study in Linguistic 
Archaology, Andover and London, 1881; The As- 
syrian and Babylonian Inscriptions, ivith Special Ref- 
erence to the Old Testament, N. Y., 1886 ; he has also 
written the exposition of Haggai (N. Y., 1876), and 
translated, edited, and enlarged Moll's exposition 
of Ps. Ixxiii.-cl. (1872), and Schmoller's of Hosea 
(1876); all three in the American Lange series. 

MACDUFF, John Ross, D.D. (University of City 
of New York, 1857; Glasgow, 1859), Church of 
Scotland ; b. at Bonhard, Perthshire, May 23, 1818; 
studied at the University of Edinburgh, 1835-42 ; 
was minister of parishes of Kettins, Forfarshire, 
1843-49, and of St. Madoes. 1849-55; of Sandy- 
ford church and parish, Glasgow, 1855-70. He 
now resides in England. He is the author of 
Morning and Night Watches, London, 1852; Mind 
and Words of Jesus, 1855; Memories of Bethany 
(1857), of Gennesaret (185S), of Olivet (1867), and 
of Patmos (1870) ; Grapes of Eshcol, 1860; Sunsets 
on Hebrew Mountains, 1862; Prophet of Fire, 1863; 
Noontideat Sychar, 1868; Comfort Ye, 1872; Brighter 
than the Sun, 1877, 4th ed. 1886; Eventide at Bethel, 
1878; Palms of Elim,l879; In Christo, 1880; Parish 
of Taxwood, 1883; Communion Memories, 1885; 
Parables of the Lake, 1885; and numerous other 
books, all of which have passed through several, 
many through numerous, editions, been promptly 
reprinted in America, and widely circulated. 

McFERRIN, John Berry, D.D. (LaGrange Col- 
lege, Ala., and Randolph Macon College, Ashland, 
Va., both in 1851), Methodist (Southern Church); 
b. in Rutherford County, Tenn., June 15, 1807; 
entered Tennessee Conference, 1825; edited Chris- 
tian Advocate, Nashville, Tenn., 1840-48 ; was book- 



McGARVEY. 



137 



M ACL AG AN. 



agent of the Southern Church, 1S58-66 ; secretary 
of Board of Missions, 1866-78 ; since 1878 has 
been book-agent at Nashville, Term. He is the 
author of Methodism in Tennessee, Nashville, 1870- 
72, 3 vols, (several later editions). 

McGARVEY, John William, Christian; b. at 
Hopkinsville, Ky., March 1, 1829; graduated at 
Bethany (W. Va.) College; preached at Dover, 
Mo., and Lexington, Ky. (1862-65), and since 
1865 has been professor of sacred history and evi- 
dences in the College of the Bible, Kentucky Uni- 
versity, Lexington, Ky. He is the author of a 
commentary on Acts (Cincinnati, O., 1863), and 
on Matthew and Mark (1875) ; Lands of the Bible 
(visited 1879), Philadelphia, 1881 (16th thousand, 
1882) ; Evidences of Christianity, Cincinnati, 1886. 

McGILL, Alexander Taggart, D.D. (Marshall 
College, Lancaster, Penn., 1842), LL.D. (College of 
New Jersey, Princeton, 1868), Presbyterian; b. 
at Canonsburg, Penn., Feb. 24, 1807; graduated 
at Jefferson College, Canonsburg, Penn., 1826; 
was admitted to the bar in Georgia, and elected 
by her Legislature a surveyor for the State, to trace 
inter-State lines, and divide into sections the 
Cherokee lands within her chartered limits. In 
1831 he turned to theology, took the full course 
of four years in the theological seminary of the 
Associate (now United) Presbyterian Church, at 
Canonsburg; was ordained at Carlisle, Penn., in 
1835, and until 1838 ministered to three small 
Associate Presbyterian churches in Cumberland, 
Perry,and York counties. In 1838 he entered the 
Old-School branch of the Presbyterian Church, 
and until 1842 was pastor of the Second Church, 
Carlisle, Penn. From 1842 till 1854 (except 1852- 
53, when professor in Columbia Theological Sem- 
inary, S.C.), he was professor in the Western 
Theological Seminary, Allegheny, Penn., when he 
was transferred by the General Assembly to Prince- 
ton, and remained as professor of ecclesiastical, 
homiletic, and pastoral theology, until in 1883 he 
resigned from active service, and became professor 
emeritus. His publications consist of numerous 
articles, and occasional sermons and addresses. 

MclLVAINE, Joshua Hall, S.T.D. (University of 
Rochester, N.Y., 1854), Presbyterian ; b. at Lewes, 
Del., March 4, 1815; graduated at the College 
of New Jersey, Princeton, N.J , 1837, and at 
Princeton Theological Seminary, 1840; became 
pastor at Little Falls, N.Y., 1841; of Westmin- 
ster Church, Utica, N.Y., 1843; of First Church, 
Rochester, N.Y., 1848; professor of belles-lettres 
in the College of New Jersey, Princeton, N.J., 
1860 ; pastor of the High-street Church, Newark, 
N. J., 1870. He introduced the name " Westmin- 
ster" for churches, in founding the Westminster 
Church, Utica, 1845, which also, it is believed, was 
the first Presbyterian church in the United States 
with a rotary eldership. He was the first in 
America, it is believed, to explain (at the meeting 
of the Association for the Advancement of Science, 
in Montreal, 1850) the method by which Sir Henry 
Rawlinson deciphered the Persian cuneiform in- 
scriptions. He was long a fellow of the American 
Oriental Society. In 1859 he delivered a course 
of six lectures on comparative philology in rela- 
tion to ethnology (including an analysis of the 
structure of the Sanscrit language, and the process 
of deciphering the cuneiform inscriptions), before 
the Smithsonian Institution ; and in 1869 a simi- 



lar course on social science in Philadelphia, under 
the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania, 
in which institution he was subsequently chosen 
professor of that science. He is the author of 
The Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil, New 
York, 1845; Elocution, the Sources and Elements 
of its Poiver, New York, 1870, 2d ed. 1874; The 
Wisdom of Holy Scripture, with reference to Scep- 
tical Objections, 1883 ; The Wisdom of the Apoca- 
lypse, 1886 ; and articles in reviews on religious 
and scientific subjects, etc. 

MACKARNESS, John Fielder, D.D. (Oxford, 
1870), lord bishop of Oxford, Church of England ; 
b. in London, Dec. 3, 1820 ; was educated at 
Merton College, Oxford, of which he was post- 
master; graduated B.A. (second-class classics) 
1844, M.A. (Exeter College) 1847; was ordained 
deacon 1844, priest 1845; fellow of Exeter College, 
1844-46 ; vicar of Tardebigge, Worcestershire, 
1845-55; honorary canon of Worcester Cathedral, 
1854; rector of Honiton, 1855-69 ; prebendary of 
Exeter, 1858-69; consecrated bishop, 1870. He 
is chancellor of the Most Noble Order of the 
Garter ; visitor of Cuddesdon, Bradfield, and Rad- 
ley Colleges 

McKENZIE, Alexander, D.D. (Amherst College, 
Amherst, Mass., 1879), Congregationalist ; b. at 
New Bedford, Mass., Dec. 14, 1830; graduated at 
Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., 1859, and at 
Andover (Mass.) Theological Seminary, 1861 ; pas- 
tor of South Church, Augusta, Me., 1861-67; since, 
pastor of First Church, Cambridge, Mass. ; since 
1S86, preacher to Harvard University. In 1882 he 
was lecturer on theology of the New Testament, 
in Andover Theological Seminary (of which he 
became trustee in 1876) and in Harvard Divinity 
School. He has published Hist. First Church, Cam- 
bridge, Boston, 1873; Cambridge Sermons, 1883. 

McKNIGHT, Harvey Washington, D.D. (Mon- 
mouth College, Monmouth, 111., 1883), Lutheran 
(General Synod) ; b. at McKnightstown, Adams 
County, Penn., April 3, 1843 ; graduated at Penn- 
sylvania College, 1865, and at the Lutheran Theo- 
logical Seminary (both at Gettysburg, Penn.), 1867 ; 
became pastor of Zion's Lutheran Church, New- 
ville, Perm., 1867; of St. Paul's, Easton, 1872; of 
the First English, Cincinnati, O., 1880 ; president 
of Pennsylvania College, 1884. He was second 
lieutenant Company B, 138th Regiment Pennsylva- 
nia Volunteers, Aug. 16 to Dec. 17, 1862; adjutant 
26th Regiment during Lee's invasion of Penn- 
sylvania ; captain Company D, 210th Regiment 
Pennsylvania Volunteers, Sept. 24, 1864, to June 9, 
1865. He delivered an address before the alumni 
of the Gettysburg Theological Seminary, June, 
1878, and an historical address at the semi-cen- 
tennial of Pennsylvania College, June, 1882. 

MACLAGAN, Right Rev. William Dalrymple, 
D.D. (jure dignitatis, Cambridge, 1878), lord bishop 
of Lichfield, Church of England; b. at Edinburgh 
in the year 1826 ; educated at St. Peter's College, 
Cambridge; graduated B.A. (junior optime) 1856, 
M.A. 1860 ; was ordained deacon 1856, priest 
1857 ; curate of St. Saviour, Paddington, London, 
1856-58 ; of St Stephen, Marylebone, London, 
1858-60; secretary of the London Diocesan Church 
Building Society, 1860-65 ; curate in charge of 
Enfield, 1865-69 ; rector of Newington, 1869-75 ; 
vicar of Kensington, 1875-78; honorary chaplain 
in ordinary to the Queen, 1877-78 ; prebendary 



McLaren. 



138 



McTYEIRB. 



of Reculverland in St. Paul's Cathedra], 1878 ; 
consecrated bishop, 1878. He edited, with Dr. 
Archibald Weir, The Church and the Age, Essays 
on the Principles and Present Position of the Angli- 
can Church, London, 1870; and has published 
sermons, etc. * 

McLAREN, Alexander, D.D. (Edinburgh, 1875), 
Baptist ; b. at Glasgow, Feb. 11, 1826 ; educated 
at Stepney (now Regent's Park) College, and 
graduated B.A. in London University; was min- 
ister of Portland Chapel, Southampton, from 1846 
to 1858; since which time he has been minister 
ot Union Chapel, Manchester. He was chairman 
of the Baptist Union of England in 1875. He 
has published Sermons preached in Manchester, 
(1st series 1864, 10th ed. 1883 ; 2d series 1869, 7th 
ed. 1883 ; 3d series 1873, 6th ed. 1883) ; A Spring 
Holiday in Italy, 1865. 2d ed. 1866; Week-day 
Evening Addresses, 1877, 5th ed. 1885; Life of 
David as reflected in his Psalms, 1880, 6th ed. 1885 ; 
Secret of Power, and other Sermons, 1882, 2d ed. 
1883 ; A Year's Ministry, 1884, 2 series, 2d ed. 1885. 

McLAREN, Right Rev. William Edward, S.T.D. 
(Racine College, Racine, Wis., 1875), D.C.L. (Uni- 
versity of the South, Sewanee, Term., 1884), 
Episcopalian, bishop of Chicago; b. at Geneva, 
N.Y., Dec. 13, 1831; graduated at Jefferson Col- 
lege, Canonsburg, Penn., 1851 ; was an editor 
until 1857, when he entered the Western (Presby- 
terian) Theological Seminary, Allegheny, Penn. ; 
graduated there 1860, and became a Presbyterian 
minister ; entered the Protestant-Episcopal min- 
istry, 1872 ; and became rector of Trinity Church, 
Cleveland, O., 1872; bishop of Illinois, 1875; 
diocese divided into that of Illinois, Quincy, and 
Springfield, he retaining that of Illinois, which 
included Chicago and the northern part of the 
State, 1877 ; in 1883 the name of this diocese was 
changed to that of Chicago. He is the author of 
Catholic Dogma the Antidote of Doubt, 1883; and 
numerous sermons, addresses, articles, etc. -* 

McLEAN, Alexander, D.D, (Hamilton College, 
Clinton, NY., 1874), Presbyterian; b. in Glasgow, 
Scotland, Oct. 1, 1833 ; graduated at Hamilton 
College, Clinton, N.Y., 1853, and at Union Theo- 
logical (Presbyterian) Seminary, New- York City, 
1856; became pastor of the Congregational Church, 
Fairfield, Conn., 1857; of the Calvary Presbyterian 
Church, Buffalo, N.Y., 1866; corresponding secre- 
tary of the American Bible Society, 1874. 

MACLEAR, George Frederick, D.D. (Cambridge, 
1872), Church of England ; b. at Bedford, Eng., 
Feb. 3, 1833 ; was scholar of Trinity College, 
Cambridge ; graduated B.A. (second-class classical 
tripos, first-class theological tripos) 1855,M. A. 1860, 
B.D. 1867; won the Cams (1854 and 1855), Bur- 
ney University (1857), Hulsean (1857), Maitland 
University (1858 and 1860), and Norrisian (1863) 
prizes (see below) ; was ordained deacon 1856, 
priest 1857 ; was assistant minister of Curzon 
Chapel, Mayfair, and of St Mark, Notting-hill, 
London ; assistant preacher at the Temple Church, 
1865-70; head master of King's College School, 
1868-80; Boyle lecturer, 1879-80; select preach- 
er at Cambridge, 1868 and 1880 ; examiner for 
the Lightfoot scholarships there, 1876-77; select 
preacher at Oxford, 1881-82 ; since 1880 he has 
been warden of St. Augustine's College, Canter- 
bury. He is the author of the following prize 
essays : Incentives to Virtue, Natural and Revealed 



(Burney), 1S55; The Cross and the Nations (Hul- 
sean), 1857 ; The Christian Statesman and our In- 
dian Empire (Maitland), 1858, 2d ed. 1859 ; Mis- 
sions of the Middle Ages (Maitland), 1861 ; The 
Witness of the Eucharist (Norrisian), 1863 ; also- 
of Class Books of Old and New Testament History, 
1861, 2 vols., 15th ed. 1880; Class Book of the 
Catechism, 1868, 6th ed. 1878 ; Class Book of the 
Confirmation, 1869, manv editions; Apostles of 
Mediaeval Europe, 1869, 2d ed. 18— ; The Gospel 
according to St. Mark (English), 1877; The Book 
of Joshua, 1878 (both in Cambridge Bible for Schools 
series) ; The Greek Gospel of St. Mark, 1878 (in 
Cambridge Greek Testament for Schools) ; The Con- 
version of the Celts, the English, the Northmen, and 
the Slavs, 1878-79 (S. P. C. K.), 4 vols. ; The Evi- 
dential Value of the Holy Eucharist (Boyle Lec- 
tures), 1883; articles in Smith and Cheetham's 
Dictionary of Christian Antiquities, and in Smith 
and Wace's Dictionary of Christian Biography, 
The Bible Educator, and Encyclopaedia Britannica. 

MACLEOD, Donald, D.D. (Glasgow, 1876), 
Church of Scotland; b. in the manse of Campsie, 
March 18, 1831 ; the son of the late Norman 
Macleod, sen. (dean of the Chapel Royal, Celtic 
scholar, and writer of Celtic literature), and the 
brother of Norman Macleod, D.D., late of Barony 
Parish, Glasgow (dean of Chapel Royal, dean of 
the Thistle, etc.) ; educated at the University of 
Glasgow ; and was minister of Lauder, Berwick- 
shire, 1858-62 ; Linlithgow, 1862-69 ; and since 
1869 of the parish of the Park, Glasgow. He is- 
one of her Majesty's chaplains for Scotland, and 
since 1873 has edited Good Words, a monthly 
magazine. He is the author of Memoir of Norman 
Macleod, London, 1872, 2 vols., 2d ed. 1876, 1 vol.; 
The Sundai/ Home Service, 1885. 

MACMILLAN, Hugh, D.D. (Edinburgh, 1S79), 
LL.D. (St. Andrew's, 1871), F.R.S.E. (1871), Free 
Church of Scotland ; b. at Aberfeldy, Perthshire, 
Sept. 17, 1833 ; educated at Edinburgh University; 
was minister of Kirkmichael, Perthshire, 1859-64; 
of Free St. Peter's, Glasgow, 1864-78 ; and since 
1878 has been minister of Free West Church, 
Greenock. He is the author ot numerous con- 
tributions to periodicals, and the following books : 
Bible Teachings in Nature, 1860, 24th ed. 1886- 
(translated into Danish, Swedish, German, and 
other Continental languages) ; Holidays in High 
Lands, Search of Alpine Plants, 1869, 2d ed. 1875; 
The True Vine ; or, The Analogies of our Lord's 
Allegory, 1871, 5th ed. 1886 ; First Forms of Vege- 
tation, 1861, 2d ed. 1S74; The Ministry of Nature, 
1872, 5th ed. 1886; The Garden and the'City, with 
other Contrasts and Parallels of Scripture, 1872, 2d 
ed. 1873; Swi-gli?its in the Wilderness, 1872; Our 
Lord's Three Raisings from the Dead, 1875; Sab- 
bath of the Fields (Danish and Norwegian transla- 
tions), 1875, 5th ed. 1886 ; Two Worlds are Ours, 
1880, 4th ed. 1880; The Marriage in Cana of 
Galilee, 1882, 2d ed. 1886 ; The Riviera, 1885. 

McTYEIRE, Holland Nimmons, D.D. (Emory 
College, Oxford, Ga., 1858), Methodist-Episcopal 
bishop (Southern Church); b. in Barnwell Dis- 
trict, S.C., July 28, 1824 ; graduated at Randolph- 
Macon College, Ashland, Va., 1844; was tutor, 
1844-45; entered the Methodist ministry, 1845; 
was stationed at Mobile and New Orleans ; was 
first editor of the New Orleans Christian Advocate 
(1851) ; editor of Christian Advocate, Nashville, 



Mac VICAR. 



139 



MALAN. 



Term., 1858 ; elected bishop in 1866 ; through him 
Commodore Vanderbilt presented the million dol- 
lars which founded Vanderbilt University, Nash- 
ville, Tenn. (1873). He is the author of The 
Duties of Christian Masters, Nashville, 1851 (a prize 
essay) ; A Catechism on Church Government, 1869 ; 
A Catechism on Bible History, 1869; Manual of the 
Discipline, 1870 ; A History of Methodism, 1884. 

MacVICAR, Donald Harvey, D.D. (Knox Col- 
lege, Toronto, 1883), LL.D. (McGill University, 
Montreal, 1870), Presbyterian ; b. at Dunglass, 
south end of Cantyre, Argyleshire, Scotland, Nov. 
29, 1831 ; graduated at Knox College, Toronto, 
Can., 1858; became pastor of Knox Church, 
Guelph,1859; of Cote-street (now Crescent-street) 
Free Church, Montreal, 1861 (during his pastorate 
the annual increase averaged over one hundred 
members) ; principal and professor of divinity in 
the Presbyterian College, Montreal, 1868. When 
he began his work, the institution existed only 
in its charter. For four years he = was the only 
professor; but now (1886) the seminary has ex- 
tensive and costly buildings, a large and valuable 
library, a staff of four professors and four lecturers, 
with over seventy students in attendance. He lec- 
tures on dogmatics, church government, and homi- 
letics. He is at the head of the work of French 
evangelization in Canada, and was for many years 
on the Protestant board of school commissioners 
of Montreal. In 1871 he was lecturer upon logic 
in McGill University, Montreal ; in 1876 and 1884 
he delivered courses of lectures upon applied logic, 
and in 1878 a course on ethics before the Ladies' 
Educational Association of Montreal. In 1881 
he was chosen moderator of the General Assembly 
of the Presbyterian Church in Canada ; was dele- 
gate to the councils of the Reformed churches held 
in Edinburgh (1877), Philadelphia (1880), and 
Belfast (1884). In 1881 he received the diploma 
of membership of the Athenee Oriental of Paris. 
He is the author of a primary and an advanced 
text-book on arithmetic ; of numerous review 
articles, etc. 

MacVICAR, Malcolm, Ph.D. (University of the 
State of New York, 1870), LL.D. (University of 
Rochester, N.Y., 1870), Baptist; b. in Argyleshire, 
Scotland, Sept. 30, 1829; graduated at the Uni- 
versity of Rochester, N.Y., 1859 ; became professor 
of mathematics, Brockport Collegiate Institute, 
N.Y., 1859; principal of the same, 1863; princi- 
pal of the State Normal School, Brockport, 1867 ; 
superintendent of public schools, Leavenworth, 
Kan., 1868; principal of State Normal School, 
Potsdam, N.Y., 1869 ; principal of the State Nor- 
mal School, Ypsilanti, Mich., 1880 ; professor of 
apologetics and biblical interpretation in English, 
in the Baptist College, Toronto, Ontario, Can., 
1881. He was the principal mover in securing a 
law to establish four new normal schools in the 
State of New York, 1866. He is the inventor of 
the Mac Vicar tellurian globe, and of various de- 
vices to illustrate principles in arithmetic, geog- 
raphy, and astronomy ; and author of text-books 
in arithmetic. 

MAGEE, Right Rev. William Connor, D.D. 
(Trinity College, Dublin, I860), D.C.L., lord bishop 
of Peterborough, Church of England ; b. at Cork, 
Dec. 17, 1821; graduated at Trinity College, 
Dublin, B.A. 1842, B.D. 1854. He was first a 
curate of St. Thomas's, Dublin ; then of St. Sav- 



iour's, Bath, 1848; then minister of the Octagon 
Chapel, Bath, 1850 ; of Quebec Chapel, London, 
1860 ; rector of Enniskillen, Ireland, 1861 ; dean 
of Cork, 1864; lord bishop of Peterborough, 1868. 
He was Donellan lecturer, Trinity College, Dublin, 
1865-66 ; dean of the Vice- Regal Chapel, Dublin, 
1866-69 ; select preacher at Oxford, 1880-82. He 
is the author of Sermons at St. Saviour's Church, 
Bath, London, 1852, 2d ed. 1852 ; Sermons at the 
Octagon Chapel, Bath, 1853, 2d ed. 1853 ; The Vol- 
untary System and the Established Church, 1861 (a 
lecture in defence of the Established Church, 
which attracted wide attention). 

MAHAN, Asa, D.D., LL.D. (Adrian College, 
Adrian, Mich., 1877), Congregationalist ; b. at 
Vernon, N.Y., Nov. 9, 1800 ; graduated at Hamil- 
ton College, Clinton, N.Y., 1824, and at Andover 
Theological Seminary, Mass., 1827; pastor at 
Pittsford, N.Y., 1829-31; in Cincinnati (Pres.), 
1831-35; president of Oberlin College, O., 1835- 
50; of Cleveland University, Jackson, Mich., 
1850-54; pastor (Cong.) there, 1855-57, and at 
Adrian, Mich., 1857-60; president of Adrian Col- 
lege, 1860-71 ; since then has resided in England. 
He is the author of System of Intellectual Philoso- 
phy, New York, 1845; Election, and the Influence- 
of the Holy Spirit, 1851 ; Modern Mysteries ex- 
plained and exposed, Boston, 1855; The Science 
of Logic, New York, 1857 ; Science of Natural 
Theology, Boston, 1867; Phenomena of Spiritual- 
ism scientifically explained and exposed, New York, 
1876; Critical History of the late American War, 
1877 ; System of Mental Philosophy, Chicago, 1882 ; 
Crit. Hist, of Philosophy, N.Y., 1883, 2 vols. 

MAIER, Adalbert, D.D. (Freiburg-im-Br., 1836), 
Roman Catholic ; b. at Villingen, Baden, Ger- 
many, April 26, 1811; studied philosophy and 
theology at Freiburg-im-Br. ; became priest there, 
and provisional teacher in the theological faculty, 
1836 ; professor extraordinary of theology, 1840 ; 
ordinary professor, 1841; since 1846 has lectured 
especially upon the literature of the New Testa- 
ment; since 1848 has been a grand-ducal ecclesi- 
astical councillor. He is the author of Exeget.- 
dogmat. Entwicklung der neutestamentlichen Begriffe 
von Zoe, Anastasis und Krisis, Freiburg-im-Br., 
1 839 ; Commentar iiber das Evangelium des Johannes, 
1843-45, 2 vols. ; Commentar iiber den Brief Pauli 
an die Romer, 1847 ; Gedachtnissrede aufJoh. Leonh. 
Hug, 1847; Einleitung in die Schriften des N.T., 
1852 ; Commentar iiber den ersten Brief Pauli an 
die Koriniher, 1857; do. iiber den zweiten Brief, 
1865 ; do. iiber den Brief an die Hebraer, 1861. 

MALAN, Solomon Caesar, D.D. (University of 
Edinburgh, 1880), Church of England ; b. in 
Geneva, Switzerland, April 22, 1812; educated at 
St. Edmund Hall, Oxford; Boden Sanscrit scholar, 
1834; Pusey and Ellerton Hebrew scholar, B.A. 
(second-class classics), 1837; M.A., and member 
of Balliol College, 1843 ; ordained deacon 1838, 
priest 1843 ; was senior classical professor at 
Bishop's College, Calcutta, 1838-40, and secretary 
to the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1839 ; from 1845 
to 1886 he was vicar of Broadwindsor, Dorsetshire, 
and from 1870-75 he was prebendary of Ruscombe- 
Southbury in Sarum Cathedral. He is the son of 
the late Rev. Caesar Malan, D.D., of Geneva, and 
is the author of Persomache Herodotica, a Tabular 
Analysis of Herodotus, Oxford, 1837; An Outline 
of Bishop's College and its Missions, London, 1843; 



MALAN. 



no 



MANGOLD. 



Family Prayers, 1844 ; A Plain Exposition of the 
Apostles' Creed, 1847 ; A Systematic Catalogue of 
the Eggs of British Birds, 1848; List of British 
Birds, 1849 ; Who is God in China — Shin or Shang- 
Te ? Remarks on the Etymology of Elohim and of 
Theos, and on the rendering of those terms into Chi- 
nese, 1855; A Vindication of the Authorised Version, 
1856 ; A Letter to the Earl of Shaftesbury on the 
Buddhistic and Pantheistic Tendency of the Chinese 
and Mongolian Versions of the Bible published by 
the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1856 ; The 
Threefold San-tsze King, or Triliteral Classic of 
China, translated into English, with notes, 1856 ; 
Aphorisms on Drawing, 1856 ; Magdala and Beth- 
any, a Pilgrimage, 1857; The Coast of Tyre and 
Sidon, 1858 ; Letters to a Young Missionary, 1858 ; 
Prayers and Thanksgivings for the Holy Commun- 
ion, translated from Armenian, Coptic, and other 
Eastern rituals, for the use of the clergy, 1859 ; 
Meditations on a Prayer of S. Ephrem, translated 
from the Russian, 1859 ; The Gospel according to 
S. John, translated from the eleven oldest ver- 
sions, except the Latin (viz., Syriac, Ethiopic, 
Armenian, Sahidic, Memphitic, Gothic, Georgian, 
Slavonic, Anglo-Saxon, Arabic, and Persian), 1862 ; 
Preparation for the Holy Communion, translated 
from Coptic, Armenian, and other Eastern origi- 
nals, for the use of the laity, 1863 ; Meditations on 
our Lord's Passion, translated from the Armenian 
of Matthew Vartabed, 1863 ; A Manual of Daily 
Prayers, translated from Armenian and other 
Eastern originals, 1863 ; Philosophy, or Truth ? Re- 
marks on the First Five Lectures by the Dean of 
Westminster on the Jewish Church, with Plain Words 
on Questions of the Day, regarding Faith, the Bible, 
and the Church, 1865 ; History of the Georgian 
Church, translated from the Russian of P. Jose- 
lian, 1866 ; Sermons by Gabriel, Bishop of Imereth, 
translated from the Georgian, 1867; Repentance, 
translated from the Syriac of S. Ephrem, 1867 ; 
On Ritualism, 1867 ; The Life and Times of St. 
Gregory the Illuminator, translated from the Ar- 
menian, 1868; The Holy Sacrament of the Lord's 
Supper according to Scripture, Grammar, and the 
Faith, 1868; A Plea for the Authorised Version and 
for the Received Text in A nswer to the Dean of Can- 
terbury, 1869 ; Instruction in the Christian Faith, 
translated from the Armenian, 1869 ; The Liturgy 
of the Orthodox Armenian Church, translated from 
the Armenian, 1870 ; Differences between the Ar- 
menian and the Greek Churches, translated from 
the Russian, 1871 ; The Conflicts of the Holy 
Apostles, an Apocryphal Book of the Early Eastern 
Church, translated from an Ethiopic MS., together 
with The Epistle of S. Dionysius the Areopagite to 
Timothy, on the Death of S. Paul, also translated 
from an Ethiopic MS., and The Assumption of 
S. John, translated from the Armenian, 1871 ; 
Misawo, the Japanese Girl, translated from the 
Japanese, 1871 ; Our Lord's Parables explained 
to Country Children, 2 vols., 1871; A Form of 
Prayer for the Use of Sunday Schools, 1871; Bishop 
Ellicott's New Translation of the Alhanasian Creed, 
1872 ; The Confession of Faith of the Orthodox 
Armenian Church, together with the Rile of Holy Bap- 
tism, as it is administered in that Church, translated 
from the Armenian, 1872 ; The Divine Liturgy of 
S. Mark the Evangelist, translated from an old 
Coptic MS., and compared with the same liturgy 
as arranged by S. Cyril, 1S72 ; The Coptic Calen- 



dar, translated from an Arabic MS., with notes, 
1873 ; A History of the Copts, and of their Church, 
translated from the Arabic of Taqi ed-Dln El- 
Maqrlzl, with notes, 1873 ; The Holy Gospel and 
Versicles, for every Sunday and other Feast Day in 
the Year, as used in the Coptic Church, translated 
from a Coptic MS., 1874; The Divine 'EbxoMyiov 
and the Divine Liturgy of S. Gregory the Theolo- 
gian, translated from an old Coptic MS., together 
with the additions found in the Roman ed. of 
1737, 1875; Prayers and Thanksgivings for the Use 
of my Parishioners, Beaminster, 1878 ; The Two 
Holy Sacraments of Baptism and of the Lord's Sup- 
per according to Scripture, Grammar, and the Faith, 
London, 1880 ; The Miracles of our Lord and Sav- 
iour Jesus Christ explained to Country Children, 
1881; Seven Chapters (St. Matt, i.-vi., St. Luke 
xi.) of the Revision of 1881 revised, 1881 ; Select 
Readings in the Greek Text of S. Matthew, lately 
published by the Rev. Drs. Westcott and Hort, re- 
vised, with a Postscript on the Pamphlet, " The Revi- 
sers and the Greek Text of the New Testament," by 
two members of the Revision Company, 1882 ; The 
Book of Adam and Eve, also called The Conflict 
of Adam and Eve with Satan, a Book of the Early 
Eastern Church, translated from the Ethiopic, 
with notes from the Kufale, Talmud, Midrashim, 
and other Eastern works, 1882 ; Morning and 
Evening Prayers for Day and Sunday Schools in 
the Parish of Broadwindsor, 1884. 

MALLALIEU, Willard Francis, D.D. (East Ten- 
nessee AVesleyan University, Athens, Tenn., 1874), 
Methodist bishop ; b. at Sutton, Worcester Coun- 
ty, Mass., Dec. 11, 1828; graduated at Wesleyan 
University, Middletown, Conn., 1857 ; joined the 
New^England Conference of the Methodist-Epis- 
copal Church, 1858; became presiding elder, Bos- 
ton district, 1882; bishop, 1884. 

MALLORY, George Scovill, D.D. (Hobart Col- 
lege, Geneva, N.Y., 1874), Episcopalian ; b. at 
Watertown, Conn., June 5, 1838; graduated head 
of his class at Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., 
1858 ; travelled in Europe, 1858 ; entered the 
Berkeley Divinity School, Middletown, Conn. ,1859, 
and graduated 1862 ; was assistant professor of 
ancient languages in Trinity College, Hai'tford, 
Conn., 1862-64; Brownell professor of literature 
and oratory in the same, 1864—72; trustee of the 
same since 1872 ; editor of The Churchman, New 
York, since 1866. 

MANGOLD, Wilhelm Julius, Lie. Theol. (Mar- 
burg, 1852), D.D. (hon., Vienna, 1852); b. at 
Cassel, Nov. 20, 1825; studied at Halle (1845-47), 
Marburg (1847-48), and Gottingen (1848-49); 
became repelent at Marburg, 1851; privat-docent 
there, 1852; professor extraordinary, 1857; ordi- 
nary professor of theology, 1863; at Bonn, 1872. 
He declined calls to professorships at Vienna 
(1863) and Basel (1866) ; was member for Marburg 
of the Prussian Landtag, 1871-72. He became 
consistorialrath, 1882. He belongs to the critical 
school. He is the author of De monachatus origini- 
bus et causis, Marburg, 1852; Die Irrlehrer der 
Pastoralbriefe, 1856; Jean Calasund Voltaire, 1861; 
Julian der Ablrunnige, 1862 ; Drei Predigten iiber 
Johanneische Texte, 1864; Der Romerbrief u. die 
Anfdnge der romischen Gemeinde, 1866; Andrea 
Hyperii de methodo in conservibenda historia ecclesi- 
astica consilium, 1866 ; Humanitat unci Christenthum, 
Bonn, 1S76 ; Wider Strauss, 1877 ; Ernst Ludwig 



MANLY. 



141 



MARTIN. 



Henke, Ein Gedenkblatt, Marburg, 1879 ; De eccle- 
sia primceva pro Ccesaribus ac magistratibus romanis 
preces funde'nte, Bonn, 1881 ; Der Rbmerbrief u. 
seine geschichtlichen Voraussetzungen, Neu unter- 
sucht, Marburg, 1884. He edited the 3d ed. of 
Bleek's Einleitung in d. N.T., Berlin, 1875, and 
the 4th ed., 1886. 

MANLY, Basil, D.D. (University of Alabama, 
Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1859), LL.D. (Agricultural Col- 
lege, Auburn, Ala., 1874), Baptist; b. in Edgefield 
County, S.C., Dec. 19, 1825; graduated at Univer- 
sity of Alabama (at Tuscaloosa), 1843, and at 
Princeton (N.J.) Theological Seminary, 1847 ; be- 
came pastor at Providence, Ala., 1848; Richmond, 
Va., 1850; president Richmond Female Institute, 
1854; professor of biblical introduction and Old- 
Testament interpretation in the Southern Baptist 
Theological Seminary, 1859 ; president of George- 
town College, Ky., 1871; professor in Southern 
Baptist Theological Seminary, 1879. He com- 
piled, with his father, The Baptist Psalmody, a 
Selection of Hymns (about twenty original), Charles- 
ton, S.C., 1850 (some forty thousand copies sold) ; 
and has, in addition to pamphlets and occasional 
sermons, issued A Call to the Ministry, Phila- 
delphia, 1867. 

MANN, William Julius, D.D. (Pennsylvania 
College, Gettysburg, Penn., 1857), Lutheran (Gen- 
eral Council) ; b. at Stuttgart, Germany, May 29, 
1819 ; graduated at Tubingen, 1841 ; was from 
1S50 to 1884 pastor of Zion Evangelical Lutheran 
Church, Philadelphia; now pastor emeritus ; since 
1864 has been professor of Hebrew, ethics, and 
symbolics in the Philadelphia Theological Semi- 
nary of the Lutheran Church. He edited the 
Kirchenfreund, Philadelphia, 1854-60; and is the 
author of Lutheranism in America, 1857 ; General 
Principles of Christian Ethics, 1872 (abridgment of 
Dr. Ch. Fr. Schmid's Ethic); Hei/sbotschaft (ser- 
mons), 1881 ; Leben und Wirken William Penns, 
Reading, Penn., 1882; EinAufgang vn Abend land 
(evangelical missions in America), 1883 ; Das Buck 
der Biicher und seine Geschickte, 1884 ; Halle Re- 
ports (new and enlarged ed.), Allentown, Penn., 
vol. 1, 1885. 

MANNING, His Eminence Henry Edward, Car- 
dinal, D.D. (Rome, Italy, 1854), Roman Catholic; b. 
at Totteridge, Hertfordshire, Eng., July 15, 1808; 
educated at Harrow and atBalliol College, Oxford ; 
graduated B. A. (first-class in classics), 1830, and was 
elected fellow of Merton College, and for some time 
a select preacher to the university. In 1834 he be- 
came rector of Lavington and Graffham, Sussex, 
and married. In 1840 he was appointed arch- 
deacon of Chichester. He was a leader in the so- 
called " Oxford movement," and in 1851 resigned 
his ecclesiastical preferments. On April 20, 1851, 
entered the Roman-Catholic Church, and (his wife 
having died some time previously), a little later, 
the priesthood. He then repaired' to Rome, where 
he studied theology until 1854, when he received 
the degree of D.D. Returning to England, he 
entered upon a career of great activity. In 1S57 
he founded at Bayswater a congregation of the 
" Oblates of St. Charles Borromeo," and became 
its first superior; summoned Zion Sisters from 
Paris to teach the girls' schools ; erected a pro- 
tectory ; founded a Roman-Catholic university at 
Kensington (Oct. 15, 1874), and in other ways 
greatly increased the influence of his Church. In 



recognition of his eminent services, Pius IX. ap- 
pointed him successively provost of the Roman- 
Catholic archdiocese of Westminster (1857), pro- 
thonotary apostolic and his domestic prelate (I860), 
archbishop of Westminster (consecrated June 8, 
1865), and cardinal priest, with the title of SS. 
Andrew and Gregory on the Ccelian PI ill, March 
15, 1875; received his hat in a consistory held at 
the Vatican, Dec. 31, 1877. Cardinal Manning 
sat in the Vatican Council, 1869-70. Of his publi- 
cations may be mentioned, The Grounds of Faith, 
London, 1852 ; Temporal Sovereignty of the Popes, 
1860 ; The Present Crisis of the Holy See tested by 
Prophecy, 1861; The Temporal Power of the Vicar 
of Jesus Christ, 1862, 2d ed. 1862 ; Sermons on 
Ecclesiastical Subjects, 1863-73, 3 vols. ; The Tem- 
poral Mission of the Holy Ghost, 1865, 3d ed. 1877 ; 
The Vatican Council and its Definitions, 1870 ; The 
Four Great Evils of the Day, 1871, 2d ed. 1871 ; 
Cozsarism and Ultramontanism, 1874; The Internal 
Mission of the Holy Ghost, 1875 ; Vatican Decrees 
in their Bearing on Civil Allegiance, 1875; True 
Story of the Vatican Council, 1877; Miscellanies, 
1877, 2 vols. ; The Catholic Church ami Modern 
Society, 1880; The Eternal Priesthood, 1883. See 
W. S. Lilly's Cardinal Manning's Characteristics, 
Political, Philosophical, a.nd Religious, 1885. * 

MARQUIS, David Calhoun, D.D. (Washington 
and Jefferson College, Washington, Penn., 1875), 
Presbyterian; b. in Lawrence County, Penn., 
Nov. 15, 1834; graduated at Jefferson College, 
Canonsburg, Penn., 1857, and at the Theological 
Seminary of the North-west, Chicago, 111., 1863; 
and after pastorates in Decatur, 111. (1863), Chicago 
(1866), Baltimore, Md. (1870), and St. Louis, 
Mo. (1878), was in 1883 called to the Theological 
Seminary of the North-west, Chicago, 111. (since 
1886 called the McCormick Theological Seminary 
of the Presbyterian Church), as professor of New- 
Testament literature and exegesis. 

MARTIGNY, Joseph Alexandre, Roman Cath- 
olic; b. at Sauverny (Ain), in the year 1808; 
ordained priest in 1832 ; served at a village near 
Belley ; then was arch-priest of Bage-le-Chatel in 
1849, and later titular canon of the cathedral of 
Belley. He was a member of a great number 
of learned societies, and noted for archaeological 
researches. Pie died in 1880. His greatest work 
is Dictionnaire des antiquile's chre'/iennes, Paris, 1865 
(270 engravings), 2d ed. 1877 (675 engravings). * 

MARTIN, William Alexander Parsons, D.D. 
(Lafayette College, Easton, Penn., 1860), LL.D. 
(University of the City of New York, 1870), 
Presbyterian ; b. at Livonia, Ind., April 10, 1827 ; 
graduated at the State University at Bloomington, 
Ind., and at the Presbyterian Theological Sem- 
inary of New Albany (now removed to Chicago) ; 
from 1850-60 was a missionary at Ningpo, China; 
from 1863-68 was missionary at Peking; in 1869 
became president of the Imperial Tungwen College 
of Peking, and professor of international law. 
He visited the United States in 1860, 1868, and 
1879. He is a member of the European Institute 
of International Law, and of other learned socie- 
ties. His position in China is of the highest im- 
portance. During his long life there he has had 
several unusual experiences. In 1855 he was 
captured by Chinese pirates ; in 1858 he served 
as interpreter to the United-States minister in 
negotiating the treaty of Tientsin ; in 1859 he ac- 



MARTINEAU. 



142 



MEDD. 



companied the United- States minister to Peking, 
and to Yedo, Japan ; in 1866 he visited a colony 
of Jews in Hon an, visiting also the tomb of Con- 
| fucius, and was the first foreigner in recent times 
f to make the journey from Peking to Shanghai 
by the grand canal (for account of this journey, 
see Journal North China Branch Royal Asiatic 
Society, 1866) ; in the conflict with France, 1884- 
85, as well as in former disputes, acted as adviser 
to the Chinese Government on questions of inter- 
national law, and in 1885 was made a mandarin of 
the third rank, by imperial decree. In February, 
1885, he was elected first president of the newly 
organized Oriental Society of Peking. Dr. Martin 
edited The Peking Scientific Magazine from 1875 
to 1878 (printed in Chinese); and has written in 
Chinese, Evidences of Christianity, 1855, 10th ed. 
1885 (translated into Japanese, and widely circu- 
lated in Japan) ; The Three Principles (1856), 
and Religious Allegories (1857), and numerous 
small tracts which have been widely distributed. 
In English, besides his correspondence with the 
learned societies to which he belongs, and his con- 
tributions to reviews and other periodicals, he has 
published The Education and Philosophy of the 
Chinese, Shanghai and London, 1880, new ed. under 
title, The Chinese: their Education, Philosophy, and 
Letters, New York, 1881. In French he has written 
much. But his largest works have been his trans- 
lations into Chinese, of Wheaton (1863) and of 
Woolsey (1875) and Bluntschli (1879) on Inter- 
national Law, De Marten's Guide diplomatique 
(1874), and the compilation in Chinese of courses 
of natural philosophy (1866) and mathematical 
physics (1885). 

MARTINEAU, James, LL.D. (Harvard College, 
Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A., 1872), Th.D. (Leiden, 
Holland, 1875), D.D. (Edinburgh, Scotland, 1884), 
Unitarian ; b. at Norwich, Eng., April 21, 1805 ; 
educated at Norwich grammar school until 1819 ; 
Dr. Lant Carpenter's, Bristol, 1819-21 ; studied 
civil engineering, 1821-22 ; took course in Man- 
chester New College, York, 1822-27 (degrees in 
England were then inaccessible to Non-conform- 
ists) ; 1827-28, master of Dr. Lant Carpenter's 
school, Bristol, during his absence from illness; 
1828-32, junior minister of Eustace-street Pres- 
byterian Meeting-house, Dublin ; 1832-57, minis- 
ter (at first junior, then sole) of congregation of 
Protestant Non-conformists worshipping in Para- 
dise-street Chapel, and since 1849 in Hope-street 
Church, Liverpool ; with simultaneous professor- 
ship in philosophy in Manchester New College, 
first in Manchester, then in London, from 1840; 
1857-85, professor of philosophy in said college, 
London, and principal 1869-85 ; with ministry of 
Little Portland-street Chapel (two years with Rev 
J. J. Tayler) from 1859-72. He was the younger 
brother of Harriet Martineau. He is the author 
of The Rationale of Religious Enquiry, or the Ques- 
tion Stated of Reason, The Bible, and the Church, 
London, 1836, 4th ed. 1853; Unitarianism De- 
fended (five lectures of thirteen in the Liverpool 
controversy, delivered in connection with J. H. 
Thorn and H. Giles), 1839 ; Hymns for the Chris- 
tian Church and Home, 1840, 23d ed. 1885; En- 
deavours after the Christian Life, 1843-47, 2 vols., 
in 1 vol. 1866, 8th ed. 1886 ; Hours of Thought 
on Sacred Things, 1876-80, 2 vols. ; A Study of 
Spinoza, 1882, 2d ed. 1883; Types of Ethical The- 



ory, 1885, 2 vols., 2d ed. 1886 ; numerous separate 
sermons, academic addresses, and articles in re- 
views, some of which have been collected by 
American editors, and published in the following 
volumes : Miscellanies (edited by Rev. T. Starr 
King), Boston, 1852; Studies of Christianity (ed. 
by Rev. W. R. Alger), 1858; Essays, Philosophi- 
cal and Theological, 1866-69, 2 vols., — Religion 
as affected by Modern Materialism, London, 1874 ; 
Modern Materialism, its Attitude towards Theology, 
1876, — combined by the author and repub. 1878. 

MATHESON, George, D.D. (Edinburgh, 1879), 
Church of Scotland ; b. at Glasgow, March 27, 
1842 ; lost his sight in youth, but after a brilliant 
course at the University of Edinburgh, taking the 
first prize in senior division of logic (1860) and 
in moral philosophy (1861), graduated M.A. 1862, 
B.D. 1866; minister at Innellan, 1868-86; since 
of St. Bernard's, Edinburgh. In 1880 he declined 
a unanimous call to succeed Dr. Cumming of Lon- 
don. In 1881 he was Baird lecturer, and in 1882 
a St. Giles lecturer (Confucianism, in Faiths of the 
World). He is the author of many articles and the 
following books : Aids to the Study of German The- 
ology, Edinburgh, 1874, 2d ed. 1876 ; Growth of the 
Spirit of Christianity, 1877, 2 vols. ; Natural Ele- 
ments of Revealed Theology (Baird Lectures, 1881); 
My Aspirations (Heart-Chord series), London, 1883 ; 
Moments on the Mount, a Series of Devotional Medi- 
tations, 1884, 2d ed. 1886 ; Can the Old Faith live 
with the New ? or, The Problem of Evolution and 
Revelation, 1885, 2d ed. 1886. 

MATTOON, Stephen, D.D. (Union College, 
Schenectady, N.Y., 1870), Presbyterian; b. at 
Champion, N.Y., May 5, 1816 ; graduated at Union 
College, Schenectady, N.Y., 1842, and at Prince- 
ton Theological Seminary, N.J., 1846; was mis- 
sionary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign 
Missions in Siam, 1846-66 ; pastor at Ballston 
Spa, N. Y., 1867-69; from 1870 till 1884 was 
president of Biddle Memorial Institute (now Bid- 
die University), Charlotte, N.C., and since 1877 
professor of systematic theology in its theological 
department. He completed the translation of the 
New Testament into Siamese in 1865, and it was 
printed that year complete at the Presbyterian 
Mission Press at Bangkok, Siam : portions had 
been printed earlier as they were finished. 

MEAD, Charles Marsh, Ph.D. (Tubingen, 1866), 
D.D. (Middlebury College, Vt., 1881), Congrega- 
tionalist; b. at Cornwall, Vt., Jan. 28, 1836; grad- 
uated at Middlebury (Vt.) College, 1856, and at 
Andover (Mass.) Theological Seminary, 1862 ; 
studied at Halle and Berlin, 1863-66; was pro- 
fessor of Hebrew in Andover Theological Semi- 
nary, 1866-82 ; since he has lived in Germany. 
He was a member of the Old-Testament Revision 
Company. He translated Exodus, in the Amer- 
ican Lange series (N.Y., 1876), and wrote The Soul 
Here and Hereafter, a Biblical Study, Boston, 1879. 

MEDD, Peter Goldsmith, Church of England; 
b. at Leyburn in Wensleydale, Yorkshire, July 18, 
1829 ; was scholar of University College, Oxford ; 
graduated B.A. (first-class classics) 1852, M.A. 
1855; fellow of his college, 1852-77; resident 
fellow, lecturer, tutor, bursar, and dean of same, 
1853-70; ordained deacon 1853, priest 1859; was 
curate of St. John Baptist, Oxford, 1858-67; rector 
of Barnes, 1870-76 ; since 1876 has been rector of 
North Cerney, Gloucestershire, and since 1883 



MEINHOLD. 



143 



MBSSNBR. 



proctor in convocation for diocese of Gloucester 
and Bristol ; since 1871, examining chaplain to 
bishop of Rochester (afterwards St. Alban's); since 
1870, member of governing council of Keble Col- 
lege, Oxford. He was select preacher to the Uni- 
versity of Oxford, 1881-82 ; Bampton lecturer, 
1882 ; examiner in theology at Oxford, 1877-79, 
1884-86. He is an "English Catholic." He is the 
author of Christian Meaning of the Psalms, and 
Supernatural Character of Christian Truth, Oxford, 
1862; Fundamental Principle of the Christian Min- 
istry, 1867 (two volumes of university sermons) ; 
Household Prayer, London, 1864 ; Parish Sermons, 
1877; The One Mediator (Bampton Lectures), 1884. 
With Dr. William Bright he edited Latin Version 
of the Prayer-Book, 1865, 3d ed. 1877. 

MEINHOLD, Johannes, Lie. Theol.(Greifswald, 
1S84), Lutheran ; b. at Cammin, Pomerania, Ger- 
many, Aug. 12, 1861; studied at the universities 
of Leipzig, Berlin, Tubingen, and Greifswald; be- 
came privat-docent of theology at Greifswald, Dec. 
17, 1884. He is the author of Die Composition 
des Buches Daniel (Habilitationsschrift), 1884. 

MENZEL, Andreas, Lie. Theol. (Breslau, 1843), 
D.D. (Breslau, 1857), Old Catholic; b. at Mehl- 
sack, East Prussia, Nov. 25, 1815 ; studied theol- 
ogy at Braunsberg, 1837-41 ; was ordained priest, 
1841 ; became vikar at Braunsberg, 1841 ; stipen- 
diat in Rome, 1844 ; sub-regens of the Episcopal 
seminary at Braunsberg, 1845 ; professor extraor- 
dinary of theology in the university there, 1850 ; 
ordinary professor of systematic theology, 1853 ; 
at Bonn, 1874. In 1849-51 and 1862-63 he was 
member of the House of Deputies in Berlin. Since 
1870, although an ordinary professor of theology, 
he has had no students, because he was excom- 
municated for refusing to accept the Vatican de- 
crees. He has always striven to make Catholicism, 
in the spirit of the New Testament, accord with 
the requirements and conceptions of our time. 
He is the author of De natura conscientia, Brauns- 
berg, 1852; Traducianismus an Creationisinus? 
1856; and other Latin academical dissertations. 
He died at Bonn, Aug. 5, 1886. 

MERIVALE, Very Rev. Charles, D.D. (Cam- 
bridge, 1870; Durham, ad eund., 1883), D.C.L. 
(hon., Oxford, 1866), LL.D. (him., Edinburgh, 1884), 
dean of Ely, Church of England ; b. in Blooms- 
bury, London, March 8, 1808 ; entered St. John's 
College, Cambridge, 1826 ; was Browne's medallist, 
1829 ; graduated B.A. (senior optime and first- 
class classical tripos) 1830, M.A. 1833, B.D. 1840; 
was fellow and tutor of St. John's College, 1833- 
48 ; ordained deacon 1833, priest 1834 ; select 
preacher 1838, and Whitehall preacher 1839-41 ; 
Hulsean lecturer 1862, and Boyle lecturer 1864-65 ; 
chaplain to the speaker of the House of Commons, 
1863-69. From 1848 to 1870 he was rector of 
Lawford, Essex. On Dec. 29, 1869, he was in- 
stalled dean of Ely. His theological standpoint 
is that of "the Church of the Revolution, — the 
platform of Tillotson and Burnet." He is the 
author of History of the Romans under the Empire, 
London, 1850-62, 7 vols., new ed. 1865, 8 vols, (with 
re-issues) ; Sallust's Catiline and Jugurtha, 1854 ; 
Keats' s Hyperion in Latin Verse, 1862 ; The Con- 
version of the Roman Empire (Boyle Lectures for 
1864), 1864 ; The Conversion of the Northern Na- 
tions (do. for 1865), 1865 ; Homer's Iliad in Eng- 
lish Rhymed Verse, 1869 ; General History of Rome, 



1875; St. Paul at Rome, 1877; Conversion of the 
West, 1878 ; Four Lectures on Epochs of Early 
Church Histori/, 1879. 

MERRILL, Selah, D.D. (Iowa College, Grinnell, 
Io., 1875), LL.D. (Union College, Schenectady, 
N.Y., 1884), Congregationalist ; b. at Canton 
Centre, Hartford County, Conn., May 2, 1837; 
entered Yale College, New Haven, Conn., 1859; 
left the class, but later received honorary A.M. 
from the college "for special services in bibli- 
cal learning ; ' ' studied theology in New Haven 
(Conn.) Theological Seminary; preached at Ches- 
ter (Mass.), Le Roy (N.Y.), San Francisco (Cal.), 
and Salmon Falls (N.H.); was chaplain of the 
Forty-ninth U.S. Colored Infantry at Vicksburg, 
Miss., 1864-65; student in Germany, 1868-70; 
archaeologist of the American Palestine Explora- 
tion Society, 1874-77, working in Moab, Gilead, 
and Bashan, east of the Jordan ; United-States 
consul in Jerusalem from 1882 to 1886. In 1872, 
and again in 1&79, taught Hebrew in Andover 
Theological Seminary. He is a member of the 
American Oriental Society, of the Society of Bibli- 
cal Literature and Exegesis, and of the Society of 
Biblical Archaeology (British). He is the author 
of several articles in the Bibliolheca Sacra and 
other periodicals, on biblical geography, the cunei-. 
form inscriptions, and other Oriental topics ; and 
of East of the Jordan, New York, 1881, 2d ed. 
1883, reprinted London, 1881 ; Galilee in the Time 
of Christ, Boston 1881, London 1885 ; several parts 
of Picturesque Palestine, New York and London, 
1882-83 ; he published Greek Inscriptions collected 
in the Years 1875-77, in the Country East of the 
Jordan, 1885 (these were revised by Professor 
F. W. Allen of Cambridge, Mass.). 

MERX, (Ernst Otto) Adalbert, D.D., German 
Protestant theologian and Orientalist; b. at Blei- 
cherode, Nov. 2, 1838 ; studied at Marburg, Halle, 
and Berlin, 1857-64; became privat-docent of the- 
ology at Jena, 1865; professor extraordinary there, 
1869 ; ordinary professor in the philosophical 
faculty at Tiibingen, 1869; ordinary professor of 
theology at Giessen, 1873 ; at Heidelberg, 1875. 
He is the author of Meletemata Ignatiana, Critica 
de epistolarum Ignatianarum versione Syriaca com- 
mentatio, Halle, 1861 ; Bardesanesvon Edessa, 1863; 
Cur in libro Danielis juxta hebrmam aramcea ad- 
hibita sit dialectus explicaiur, 1865 ; Das Gedicht 
vom Hiob, Hebraischer Text, kritisch bearbeitet und 
ilbersetzt, nebst sachlicher und kritischer Einleitung, 
Jena, 1871 ; Die Prophetie des Joel und ihre Aus- 
leger von den dltesten Zeiten bis zu den Reforma- 
toren, Halle, 1879; Eine Rede vom Auslegen ins 
Besondere des Alien Testaments, 1879. 

MESSNER, (Karl Ferdinand) Hermann, Lie. 
Theol. (Gbttingen, 1S56), D.D. (hon., Wien, 1871), 
German theologian ; b. at Obisfelde (Altmark), 
Prussia, Oct. 25, 1824 ; studied at Halle and Ber- 
lin, 1844-50; was repetent at Gbttingen, 1850; 
adjunct, 1856; later inspector of the Domkandi- 
datenstift in Berlin ; and since 1860 has been pro- 
fessor extraordinai-y of theology in her university. 
From 1860 to 1876 he was a member of the Royal 
Wissenschaftlichen Prufungs Commission in Berlin. 
His theological standpoint is the positive evan- 
gelical. Since 1859 he has edited the Neue evan- 
gelische Kirchenzeitung. He is the author of Die 
il Lehre der Apostel," Leipzig, 1856; and edited the 
third edition of De Wette's Corinthians (1855), 



MEUSS. 



144 



MILLIGAN. 



the fourth edition of his Matthew (1857), and, 
with Prof. Dr. Liinemann of Gottingen, the sixth 
edition of De Wette's Lehrbuch der historisch kri- 
tischen Einleitung iris Neue Testament, Berlin, 1860. 

MEUSS, Eduard, Lie. Theol. (Berlin, 1854), 
D.D. (Berlin, 1860), Protestant theologian; b. at 
Rathenow (Province of Brandenburg), Prussia, 
Jan. 19, 1817 ; studied at Leipzig, Gottingen, Ber- 
lin, and Halle, 1836-41 ; became member of the 
Wittenberg theological seminary, 1844 ; assist- 
ant preacher in Berlin, 1847; court preacher at 
Kdpenick, 1852; university preacher, and profess- 
or extraordinary of theology, in Breslau, 1854; 
■was ordinary professor, 1863-July 1, 1885; and 
since 1880 has been member of the consistorium. 
He is the author of In parabolam Jesu Christi de 
ceconomo injuslo denuo inquiritur, Breslau, 1856 ; 
yiaaaptofiCiv Jesu Christi usu ecclesiaz publico receptum 
historia, 1863; Das Weihnachtsfest und die Kunst, 
1866, 2d ed. Gera, 1876; Leben und Frucht des 
evangelischen Pfarrhauses vornehmlich in Deutsch- 
land, Bielefeld,' 1876, 2d ed. 1883. 

MEYRICK, Frederick, Church of England; b. 
at Ramsbury Vicarage, Wiltshire, Jan. 28, 1827; 
entered Trinity College, Oxford; graduated B.A. 
(second-class in classics) 1847, M.A. 1850; or- 
dained deacon 1850, priest 1852 ; was a fellow of 
Trinity College, Oxford, 1847-60, and tutor in it, 
1851-59 ; in 1856 public examiner in classics ; 
preacher at the Chapel Royal, Whitehall, 1856 ; 
select preacher before the University of Oxford, 
1855-56, 1865-66, 1875-76 ; examiner for the 
Johnson theological scholarship at Oxford, 1859 ; 
one of her Majesty's inspectors of schools from 
1859 to 1869 ; examining chaplain to Bishop 
Christopher Wordsworth, 1869-85 ; since 1868 
rector of Blickling, Norfolk ; and since 1869 non- 
resiHentiary canon of Lincoln. He was tutor to 
the late and the present Marquis of Lothian from 
1847-53, when the rest of the family, with their 
exception, joined the Church of Rome. In 1853 
he founded the Anglo-Continental Society (now 
numbering six hundred, with two hundred publi- 
cations), for making known upon the Continent 
the principles of the Anglican Church, and pro- 
moting the principles of the English Reformation 
abroad. As secretary of this society he has 
edited many dogmatic and controversial treatises 
in Latin, Italian, Spanish, etc. He attended the 
Bonn Conference of 1875, and formed one of the 
Committee on the Doctrine of the Procession of 
the Holy Spirit. His theological standpoint is 
"that of the historical school of Anglican divines, 
commencing with Bishop Andrewes, and ending 
with Dean Hook and Bishop Christopher Words- 
worth." Since 1877 he has edited The Foreign 
Church Chronicle and Review. His writings are 
very numerous (see list in Crockford's Clerical 
Directory for 1886), and include contributions to 
Smith's Dictionaries of the Bible and of Chris- 
tian Antiquities, The Bible (Speaker's) Commen- 
tary (Joel and Obadiah, 1876; Ephesians, 1880), 
The Pulpit Commentary (Leviticus, 1882), The The- 
ological Library (Is Dogma a Necessity f 1883), etc. 
Of general interest may be mentioned, The Practi- 
cal Working of the Church of Spain, London, 1850- 
51 ; Clerical Tenure of Fellowships, Oxford, 1854 ; 
Moral and Devotional Theology of the Church of 
Rome, London, 1856 ; Correspondence with Old 
Catholics and Orientals, 1877-78,4 series; The Old 



Catholic Movement, 1877 ; Sketches of Dollinger 
(1879) and of Hyacinthe (1880) ; The Doctrine of 
the Church of England on the Holy Communion, 
1885 ; editions of works of Bishop Cosin, An- 
drewes, Hall, etc. 

MICHAUD, Philibert Eugene, Christian Catho- 
lic; b. at Pouilly-sur-Saone, Cote d'Or, France, 
March 13, 1839 ; studied theology in the semi- 
nary at Dijon and at the Dominican College of 
St. Maximin in Provence; became curate of St. 
Roch, and then of the Madeleine, Paris ; refused 
to accept the infallibility dogma, and so was dis- 
missed ; was Old-Catholic minister at Paris, but 
since 1876 has been professor of theology at Bern, 
Switzerland. He is the author of Guillaume de 
Champeaux et les ecoles de Paris au XII e siecle, 
d'apres des documents inedits, Paris, 1867, 2d ed. 
1867; L' Esprit et la Lettre clans la morale religieuse, 
2 series, 1869 and 1870 ; Guignol et la Revolution 
dans FEglise romaine, M. Veuillot et son parti con- 
damne's par les archeveques et eveques de Paris, Tours, 
Viviers, Orleans, Marseille, Verdun, Chartres, Mou- 
lins, etc., 1872, 2d ed. 1872 ; Plutot la mort que le 
de'shonneur, Appel aux anciens-catholiques de France, 
contre les revolutionnaires romanistes, 1872 ; Com- 
ment I'Eglise romaine ri est plus une Eglise catholique, 
1872 ; Prograinme de reforme de I'Eglise d' Occident, 
propose aux anciens-catholiques et aux autres com- 
munions chretiennes, 1872 ; Les faux liberaux de 
I'Eglise romaine, Reponse au R. P. Perraud (depuis 
e'veque d'Auturi), et Lettres de polemique, 1872; De 
la falsification des cate'ehismes francais et des ma- 
nuels de the'ologie par le parti romaniste, de 1670 a 
1868, 1872 ; La Papaute antichre'tienne, 1873 ; Le 
mouvement contemporain des Eglises, Etudes reli- 
gieuses et politiques : I. La nouvelle Eglise romaine ; 
II. Devoirs des gouvernements et des peuples envers 
la r.ouvelle Eglise romaine ; III. Les anciens-catho- 
liques et la reunion des Eglises; IV. La situation 
morale et religieuse en France, 1874; De I' etat present 
de I'Eglise catholique-romaine en France, ouvrage in- 
terdit en France sous le ministere de M. Buffet (de 
t'Ordre moral), 1875, 2d ed. Bonn, 1876; Etude 
strate'gique contre R.ome, Paris, 1876 ; Cate'chisme 
catholique, Bern, 1876 ; Discussion sur les sept con- 
ciles ozcumeniques, etudies au point de vue tradition- 
nel et liberal, 1878; Louis XIV. et Innocent XL, 
Paris, 1882-83, 4 vols. ; Quelques Reformes scolaires, 
Chaux-de-fonds, 1884; Mme. Steele et ses Poesies, 
Bern, 1885 ; numerous critical, literary, historical, 
and philosophical articles in Swiss periodicals. 

MICHELSEN, Alexander, Ph.D., Lutheran; b. in 
the year 1802; pastor at Lubeck ; d. at Schwartau, 
June 3, 1885. He was the brother-in-law of 
the poet Geibel, and noted as the translator of the 
writings of Bishop Martensen and other Danish 
authors into German. * 

MILLIGAN, William, D.D. (St. Andrew's, 1862), 
Church of Scotland; b. at Edinburgh, March 15, 
1821 ; graduated at St. Andrew's University, April, 
1839 ; was settled at Cameron, Fifeshire, 1844; at 
Kilconquhar, 1850 ; and appointed professor of 
divinity and biblical criticism in the University of 
Aberdeen, 1860. He was moderator of the Gen- 
eral Assembly in 1882, and is now principal clerk 
of the Assembly. Besides many articles in theo- 
logical reviews and other periodicals, he has pub- 
lished Words of the New Testament as altered by 
Transmission and ascertained by Modern Criticism 
(with Dr. Roberts), Edinburgh, 1873; Resurrection 



MINER. 



145 



MITCHELL. 



of our Lord, London, 1881, 3d thousand 1884 ; The 
Revelation of St. John (Baird Lecture, 1885), 1886 ; 
and commentaries on the Gospel (with Dr. Moul- 
ton, 1880) and on the Revelation of John (1883), 
in Schaff s Popular Commentary, New York and 
Edinburgh. 

MINER, Alonzo Ames, S.T.D. (Harvard College, 
Cambridge, Mass., 1863), LL.D. (Tufts College, 
College Hill, Mass., 1875), Universalist ; b. at 
Lempster, N.H., Aug. 14, 1814; was public-school 
teacher at intervals, 1830-35 ; became principal 
of Unity (N.H.) scientific and military academy, 
1835; pastor at Methuen, Mass., 1839; Lowell, 
1842 ; Boston, since 1848. He was president of 
Tufts College, College Hill, Mass., 1862-75; since 
1869 has been a member of the State Board of 
Education ; since 1S73, chairman of the board of 
visitors of the State Normal Art School ; is presi- 
dent of the State Temperance Alliance ; was Pro- 
hibition candidate for governor, 1878; was original 
projector of the Universalist Publishing House, 
Boston. He delivered the Fourth-of-July oration 
before the municipal authorities of Boston, 1855; 
was elected by the Legislature an overseer of Har- 
vard College, 1863 ; was chaplain of the Massa- 
chusetts Senate, 1864. Besides numerous pam- 
phlets, he has published Bible Exercises, Boston, 
1854, last ed. 1885; Old Forts taken, 1878, last ed. 
18S5. 

MITCHELL, Alexander Ferrier, D.D. (St. An- 
drew's, 1862), Church of Scotland; b. at Brechin, 
Sept. 10, 1822 ; studied literature, philosophy, and 
theology at University of St. Andrew's, 1837-41 ; 
graduated M. A., 1841 ; became minister of the par- 
ish of Dunnichen, in the presbytery and county of 
Forfar, 1847 ; professor of Hebrew and Oriental 
languages in the College of St. Mary in the Uni- 
versity of St. Andrew's, 1848 ; transferred to the 
chair of ecclesiastical history and divinity in the 
same college, 1868. From 1856 to 1874 he was 
convener (chairman) of the Church of Scotland's 
Jewish Mission; visited the stations of the mis- 
ion in Turkey, and recommended the occupation 
of Alexandria, Bej'rout, and Constantinople ; has 
been convener of the Assembly's committee on the 
minutes of the Westminster Assembly since its 
institution ; has been one of the Church of Scot- 
land's representatives at all the General Councils 
of the Reformed Churches, and is the convener of 
its committee on the desiderata of Presbyterian 
history. He is the author of The Westminster Con- 
fession of Faith, a Contribution to the Study of its 
History and the Defence of its Teaching, Edinburgh, 
1866, 3d ed. 1867; The Wedderburns and their 
Work, or the Sacred Poetry of the Scottish Refor- 
mation in its Relation to that of Germany, 1867 ; 
Minutes of the Westminster Assembly from November, 
1644, to March, 1649, with Historical Introduction, 
1874; Historical Notice of Archbishop Hamilton's 
Catechism (prefixed to black-letter reprint of the 
same), 1882 ; The Westminster Assembly, its History 
and Standards (Baird Lecture for 1882), London, 
1883 ; The Catechisms of the Second Reformation, 
1886. He edited in 1860 the Sum of Saving 
Knowledge, translated into Modern Greek by the late 
Professor Edward Masson, and in 1876 the late 
Professor Crawford's The Preaching of the Cross, 
and other Sermons ; and has contributed to journals 
and encyclopaedias articles on historical topics. 

MITCHELL, Arthur, D.D. (Williams College, 



Williamstown, Mass., 1876), Presbyterian ; b. at 
Hudson, N.Y., Aug. 13, 1835; graduated at Wil- 
liams College, Williamstown, Mass., 1853, and 
at Union Theological Seminary, New-York City, 
1859; was tutor in Lafayette College, Easton, 
Penn., 1853-54; became pastor of Third Church, 
Richmond, Va., 1859; of Second Church, Morris- 
town, N.J., 1861; of First Church, Chicago, 111., 
1868; of First Church, Cleveland, O., 1880; secre- 
tary of Board of Foreign Missions, New- York 
City, 1884. He has published many discourses in 
pamphlet form. 

MITCHELL, Edward Cushing, D.D. (Colby Uni- 
versity, Waterville, Me., 1870), Baptist; b. at East 
Bridge water, Mass., Sept. 20, 1829 ; graduated at 
Waterville College (now Colby University), Me., 
1849, and at Newton (Mass.) Theological Institu- 
tion, 1853 ; was resident graduate for a year ; pastor 
at Calais, Me., 1854-56;. Brockport, N.Y., 1857- 
58; Rockford, 111., 185S-63 ; professor of biblical 
interpretation, Alton, 111., 1863-70 ; of Hebrew and 
Old-Testament literature, Baptist Union Seminary, 
Chicago, 1870-77 ; of Hebrew, Regent's Park Col- 
lege, London, Eng., 1877 ; president Baptist The- 
ological School, Paris, France, 1878-82; presi- 
dent Roger Williams University, Nashville, Tenn., 
1884-85. He edited The Present Age, Chicago, 
1883-84 ; delivered the Lowell Institute lectures 
for 1884, upon Biblical Science and Modern Dis- 
covery; during the same year, courses at the He- 
brew school in Morgan Park, 111., and Worcester, 
Mass.; and during 1885 in Brooklyn, N.Y. lie 
edited and enlarged Benjamin Davies' Hebrew 
Lexicon, Andover, 1880 ; and revised and re-edited 
Davies' Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (from ed. of 
Kautzsch), 1881; and has written A Critical Hand- 
book. A Guide to the Authenticity, Canon, and Text 
of the New Testament, Andover, 1881 ; Les sources 
du Nouveau Testament, Recherches sur I'authenticite, 
le canon, et le texte du Nouveau Testament, Paris, 
1882; Hebrew Introduction, An Elementary Hebrew 
Grammar and Reading Book, Andover, 1883. 

MITCHELL, Hinckley Gilbert, Ph.D. (Leipzig 
University, 1879), Methodist; b. at Lee, Oneida 
County, N.Y.', Feb 22, 1846; graduated at Wes- 
leyan University, Middletown, Conn., 1873, and 
B.D. at Boston (Mass.) Theological Seminary, 
1876 ; studied in Germany, 1876-79 ; joined Cen- 
tral New- York Conference, 1879 ; became pastor 
at Fayette, N.Y., 1879; tutor of Latin, and in- 
structor in Hebrew, Wesleyan University, 1880 ; 
instructor of Hebrew and Old-Testament exegesis 
in Boston University, 1883 ; professor of the same, 
1884. He is the secretary of the Society of Bibli- 
cal Literature and Exegesis; and is the author 
of Final Constructions of Biblical Hebrew, Leipzig, 
1879; Hebrew Lessons, Boston, 1884, 2d ed. 1885. 

MITCHELL, Samuel Thomas, African Method- 
ist-Episcopalian layman; b. at Toledo, ()., Sept. 
24, 1851; graduated at Wilberforce University, 
Xenia, O., 1873; was principal of Pleasant-street 
School, Springfield, O., 1875-78; principal of 
Lincoln Institute, State Normal School, Jefferson 
City, Mo., 1879-84 ; since June 20, 1884, has been 
president of Wilberforce University. He presided 
over the Missouri State Teachers' Association at 
Jefferson City, 1S75 ; was member of General Con- 
ference of the African Methodist-Episcopal Church 
in 1884 ; is founder of the present educational sys- 
tem in that denomination. 



MOBERLY. 



146 



MONRAD. 



MOBERLY, RightRev. George, D.C.L. (Oxford, 
1836), lord bishop of Salisbury (Sarum), Church 
of England ; b. in St. Petersburg, Russia, Oct. 10, 
1803 ; d. at Salisbury, July 6, 1885. He was edu- 
cated at Balliol College, Oxford; graduated B.A. 
(first-class classics) 1825, M. A. 1828 ; won English 
essay prize, 1826; was ordained deacon 1826, 
priest 1828; was fellow and tutor of Balliol Col- 
lege ; public examiner in the university, 1830 and 
1833-35 ; select preacher, 1833, 1858, 1863 ; head 
master of Winchester College, 1835-66 ; rector 
of Brightstone, Isle of Wight, 1866-69 ; fellow of 
Winchester College, 1866-70 ; Bampton lecturer, 
1868 ; canon of Chester, 1868-69 ; consecrated 
bishop, 1869. He was the author of Practical 
Sermons, London, 1838; Sermons preached at Win- 
chester College, 1844, 2d series (with a preface on 
fagging) 1848 ; The Sayings of the Great Forty 
Days between the Resurrection and Ascension, re- 
garded as Outlines of the Kingdom, of God (five 
sermons) 1844, 2d ed. (with An Examination of 
Mr. Newman's Theory of Development) 1846 ; The 
Proposed Degradation and Declaration considered 
(a letter addressed to the^master of Balliol), Ox- 
ford, 1845; All Saints, Kings, and Priests (two 
sermons on papal aggression, preached at Win- 
chester), London, 1850; The Law of the Love of 
God (an essay), 1854 ; Sermons on the Beatitudes, 
Oxford, 1860; Five Short Letters to Sir William 
Heathcote, on the Studies and Discipline of Public 
Schools, London, 1861 ; The Administration of the 
Holy Spirit in the Body of Christ (Bampton Lec- 
tures), 1868 ; Sermons at Brightstone, 1869, 3d ed. 
1874. He was one of the " five clergymen " (Henry 
Alford, John Barrow, Charles John Ellicott, Wil- 
liam Gilson Humphry), who published a revised 
version of John, Romans, Corinthians, Galatians, 
and James ; and a member of the New-Testament 
Revision Company. * 

MOELLER, Ernst Wilhelm, Lie. Theol. (Halle, 
1854), D.D. (hon., Greifswald, 1863), Ph.D. (kon., 
Halle, 1883), German theologian ; b. at Erfurt, 
Oct. 1, 1827 ; studied at Berlin, Halle, and Bonn, 
1847-51; became privat-docent at Halle, 1854; 
pastor near Halle, 1863 ; ordinary professor of 
church history at Kiel, 1873. He holds to the 
Vermittlungstheologie. He is the author of Gregorii 
Nysseni doctrin. de hominis natura et illustravit el 
cum Origeniana comparavit, Halle, 1854; Geschichte 
der Kosmologie in der griechischen Kirche bis auf 
Origenes, 1860; Andreas Osiander, Leben und aus- 
gewahlte Sckriflen, Elberfeld, 1870 ; Ueber die Re- 
ligion Plutarchs, Kiel, 1881 (pp. 14) ; edited the 
3d ed. of De Wette's commentaries on Galatians 
and Thessalonians (Leipzig, 1864), and the Pas- 
toral Epistles and Hebrews (1867). 

MOFFAT, James Clement, D.D. (Miami Uni- 
versity, Oxford, O., 1853), Presbyterian; b. at 
Glencree, in the South of Scotland, May 30, 1811; 
graduated at the College of New Jersey, Prince- 
ton, N.J., 1835; tutor in Greek there, 1837; pro- 
fessor of Greek and Latin, Lafayette College, 
Easton, Penn., 1839; of Latin and modern his- 
tory, Miami University, Oxford, Butler County, 
O., 1841; of Greek and Hebrew in a theological 
seminary, Cincinnati, O., 1852 ; of Latin and his- 
tory, College of New Jersey (Princeton), 1853; 
and of Greek and church history there, 1854 ; 
since 1861 has been professor of church history 
in the Princeton (N.J.) Theological Seminary, 



retaining Greek literary history until 1877. He 
is the author of Life of Dr. Chalmers, Cincinnati, 
1853; Introduction to the Study of JEsihetics, 1856, 
new ed. 1860; Comparative History of Religions, 
New York, 1871-73, 2 vols. ; Song and Scenery, or 
a Summer Ramble in Scotland, 1874 ; Alwyn, a 
Romance of Study (a poem), 1875; The Church in 
Scotland: History . . . to the First Assembly of the 
Reformed Church, Philadelphia, 1882; Church His- 
tory in Brief, 1885. 

MOFFAT, James David, D.D. (Hanover College, 
Ind., 1882; College of New Jersey, Princeton, 
1883), Presbyterian ; b. at New Lisbon, O., March 
15, 1846 ; graduated at Washington and Jefferson 
College, Washington, Penn., 1869; studied at 
Princeton Theological Seminary, N.J., 1869-71; 
was stated supply of the Second Presbyterian 
Church, Wheeling, Va., 1871-73; pastor of the 
same, 1873-82; since has been president of Wash- 
ington and Jefferson College. 

MONOD, Guillaume, the son of Jean Monod, 
Reformed; b. at Copenhagen, March 10, 1800; 
studied theology at Geneva ; began his ministry 
at St. Quentin ; in 1846 went to Lausanne ; in 
1849 to Alger; in 1853 to Rouen; in 1856 to 
Paris, and preached there as his brother Adolph's 
successor until 1874, when he opened a free church 
where he still preaches. Of his numerous pub- 
lications may be mentioned, Vues nouvelles sur le 
christianisme, 1874 ; Me'moires de Vauteur des Vues 
nouvelles : Suite des me'moires du mime, 1874. 

MONOD, Jean Paul Fe>deric, Reformed; b. at 
Paris, the son of preceding, Nov. 23, 1822 ; pastor 
at Marseilles, 1848-56 ; Nimes, 1856-64 ; since 
1864, professor of dogmatic theology at Montau- 
ban. He was made chevalier of the Legion of 
Honor, July 14, 1880. He has written many 
articles, and translated Neander's commentaries 
upon the Epistles of James and John, 1851 and 
1854. 

MONOD, Theodore, Reformed; b. in Paris, 
the son of Frederick Monod, Nov. 6, 1836 ; stud- 
ied law, 1855-58; but, converted in New York, 
April, 1858, he turned to the ministry, and studied 
theology in the Western Theological Seminary, 
Allegheny, Penn., 1858-60; until 1863 he preached 
among the French Canadians in Illinois ; from 
1864 till 1875 he was his father's successor in 
Paris ; from 1875 till 1878 he was travelling agent 
of the Inner Mission work in France ; but since 
1878 he has been the successor of M. Montandon 
in Paris. From 1875 to 1879 he edited Le Libe'ra- 
teur, now absorbed in the Bulletin de la mission 
inte'rieure. His writings embrace Regardant a 
Jesus, 1862 (English trans., Looking unto Jesus, 
New York, 1864) ; The Gift of God (published in 
English), London, 1876 (in French, Paris, 1877); 
Life more Abundant, 1881. 

MONRAD, Ditlev Gothard, Danish Lutheran; 
b. at Copenhagen, Nov. 24, 1811; graduated in 
theology from its university ; studied also in 
Paris ; went into politics, and had a successful 
career; was from March 22 to Nov. 10, 1848, min- 
ister of public worship; bishop of Lolland-Fal- 
ster, 1849 ; again minister of public education and 
worship, 1859 (May 6 to Dec. 2), recalled to form 
a new cabinet ; two months after his dismission 
he took the portfolio of worship. After the 
Schleswig-Holstein war, he emigrated to New 
Zealand, but returned in 1869, and since 1871 has 



MOOAR. 



147 



MOREHOUSE. 



been bishop of Lolland. His writings are numer- 
ous, but very many are of political, temporary, or 
local interest. He is widest known by his World 
of Prayer, 1851 (English trans., Edinburgh, 1879). 
Of his later writings may be mentioned Lauren- 
iius Valla und das Konzilzu Florence, German trans., 
Gotha, 1S82; Festklange, Ger. trans., 1883. 

MOOAR, George, D.D. (Williams College, Wil- 
liamstown, Mass., 1868), Congregationalist ; b. in 
Andover, Mass., May 27, 1830 ; graduated at Wil- 
liams College, Williamstown, Mass., 1851, and at 
Andover (Mass.) Theological Seminary, 1855; was 
pastor at Andover, Mass., 1855-61; at Oakland, 
Cal., 1861-72, and since 1874; professor of sys- 
tematic theology and church history in the Pacific 
Theological Seminary, Oakland, since 1870 ; asso- 
ciate editor of The Pacific since 1863. He was one 
of the commission of twenty-five appointed by the 
National Council of Congregational Churches to 
prepare a statement of doctrine and a catechism 
(1881-84). He is the author of Historical Manual 
of the South Church, Andover, 1859 ; Handbook of 
the Congregational Churches of California, 1863, 
4th ed. 1882 ; The Religion of Loyalty, Oakland, 
1865; The Prominent Characteristics of the Congre- 
gational Churches, San Francisco, 1866. 

MOODY, Dwight Lyman, Congregational lay- 
man ; b. at Northfield, Eeb. 5, 1837 ; worked on 
a farm until seventeen years old, then became 
clerk in a shoe-store in Boston ; joined a Con- 
gregational church ; in 1856 went to Chicago ; 
during the Civil War was employed by the Chris- 
tian Commission, and after by the Young Men's 
Christian Association of Chicago as lay mission- 
ary. A church was the result of his efforts. This 
was burned in the great Chicago fire in 1871 ; but 
a new one, accommodating twenty-five hundred 
persons, has since been erected. From 1873 to 
1875 he and Mr. I. 1). Sankey (see title) held 
revival meetings in Great Britain, and they have 
since been associated in revival work upon an ex- 
tensive scale there (again in 1883) and in America. 
Mr. Moody has published The Second Coming of 
Christ, Chicago, 1877; The Way and the Word, 
1877; Secret Power; or, The Secret of Success in 
Christian Life and Work, 1881 ; The Way to God, 
and how to find it, 1884. Several collections of his 
sermons have been published; e.g., Glad Tidings 
(New York, 1876), Great Joy (1877), To all People 
(1S77) ; Best Thoughts and Discourses (with sketch 
of his life and Sankey's), 1876; also Arrows and 
Anecdotes (with sketch of life), 1877. * 

MOORE, Dunlop, D.D. (Washington and Jeffer- 
son College, Washington, Penn., 1877), Presby- 
terian ; b. at Lurgan, County Ai - magh, Ireland, 
July 25, 1830 ; studied at Edinburgh and Bel- 
fast, graduated 1854; was missionary of the Irish 
Presbyterian Church to Gujurat, India, 1855-67; 
to the Jews, Vienna, 1869-74 ; since 1875 has been 
pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, New 
Brighton, Penn. He assisted in translating the 
Scriptures into the Gujurati language; composed 
treatises on Mohammedanism and Jainism, and 
edited a monthly periodical, The Gnyandipaka, in 
the same tongue ; translated with Dr. S. T. Lowrie 
Nagelsbach's Isaiah, in the American Lange series 
(New York, 1878) ; and has contributed to various 
reviews. 

MOORE, George Foot, D.D. (Marietta College, 
Marietta, O., 1885), Presbyterian; b. at West 



Chester, Penn., Oct. 15, 1851 ; graduated at Yale 
College, New Haven, Conn., 1872, and at Union 
(Presbyterian) Theological Seminary, New- York 
City, 1877 ; became pastor of the Putnam Presby- 
terian Church, Zanesville, O., 1878; Hitchcock 
professor of the Hebrew language and literature, 
Andover (Mass.) Theological Seminary, 1883. 

MOORE, William Eves, D.D. (Marietta College, 
Marietta, O., 1873), Presbyterian; b. at Strasburgh, 
Penn., April 1, 1823 ; graduated at Yale College, 
New Haven, Conn., 1847; studied theology with 
Rev. Dr. Lyman H. Atwater at Fairfield, Conn. ; 
became pastor at West Chester, Penn., 1850, and 
at Columbus, O., 1872. Since 1884 he has been 
permanent clerk of the General Assembly of the 
Presbyterian Church. He is the author of the 
New Digest of the Acts and Deliverances of the 
Presbyterian Church (New School), Philadelphia, 
1861; Presbyterian Digest (United Church), 1873, 
new ed. 1886. 

MOORE, William Walter, Presbyterian (South- 
ern Church); b. at Charlotte, N.C., June 14, 1857 ; 
graduated at Davidson College, N.C., 1878, and at 
Union Theological Seminary, Hampden-Sidney, 
Va., 1881; became evangelist of Mecklenburg 
Presbytery, N.C, 1881 ; pastor at Millersburg, 
Ky., 1882 ; associate professor of Oriental litera- 
ture in that seminary, 1883. 

MOORHOUSE, Right Rev. James, D.D. {jure 
dignitatis, Cambridge, 1876), lord bishop of Man- 
chester, Church of England ; b. at Sheffield, Eng., 
in the year 1826 ; educated at St. John's College, 
Cambridge; graduated B.A. (senior optime) 1853, 
M. A. 1860 ; was ordained deacon 1853, priest 1854; 
became curate of St. Neots, 1853 ; of Sheffield, 
1855 ; and Hornsey, Middlesex, 1859 ; perpetual 
curate of St. John's, Fitzroy Square, London, 1861; 
vicar of Paddington, and rural dean, 1867 ; bishop 
of Melbourne, Australia, 1876 ; translated to the 
see of Manchester, in succession to Dr. Fraser, 
1886. He was Hulsean lecturer at Cambridge, 
1865; Warburtonian lecturer, London, 1874; chap- 
lain to the queen, and prebendary of Caddington 
Major in St. Paul's Cathedral, London, 1874-76. 
He is the author of Nature and Revelation (four 
sermons before University of Cambridge), London, 
1861 ; Our Lord Jesus Christ the Subject of Growth 
in Wisdom (Hulsean Lectures), 1866 ; Jacob (three 
sermons before University of Cambridge), 1870; 
The Expectation of the Christ, 1879. 

MORAN, Most Rev. Patrick Francis, D.D., 
Roman Catholic ; b. at Leighlinbridge, County 
Carlow, Ireland, Sept. 16, 1830; was graduated 
at the Irish College of St. Agatha, Rome, and 
made vice-president of it, and professor of Hebrew 
in the College of the Propaganda, 1856 ; became 
private secretary to Cardinal Cullen at Dublin, 
1866, and bishop of Ossory, 1872. He is the 
author of Memoir of the Most Rev. Oliver Plunkett, 
Dublin, 1861 ; Essays on the Origin . . . of the 
Early Irish Church, 1864 ; History of the Catholic 
Archbishops of Dublin, 1864 ; Historical Sketch of 
the Persecutions . . . under Cromwell and the Puri- 
tans, 1865; Ada S. Brendani, 1872; Monasticon 
Hibernicum, 1873 ; Spicilegium Ossoriense, being a 
Collection of Documents to illustrate the History of 
the Irish Church from the Reformation to the Year 
1800, 1874-78, 2 vols. * 

MOREHOUSE, Henry Lyman, D.D. (University 
of Rochester, N.Y., 1879), Baptist; b. at Stan- 



MORISON. 



148 



MUDGB. 



ford, Dutchess County, N.Y., Oct. 2, 1834; grad- 
uated at the University of Rochester, N.Y., 1858, 
and at Rochester (N.Y.) Theological Seminary, 
1864; became pastor of the First Baptist Church, 
East Saginaw, Mich., 1864; of East Avenue Bap- 
tist Church, Rochester, N.Y., 1873 ; corresponding 
secretary of the American Baptist Home Mission 
Society, and editor of the Baptist Home Mission 
Monthly, New York, 1879. 

MORISON, James, D.D. (Adrian College, Adri- 
an, Mich., 1862; University of Glasgow, 1882), 
Evangelical Union ; b. at Bathgate, Linlithgow- 
shire, Scotland, Feb. 14, 1816; graduated in arts 
at the University of Edinburgh, and studied the- 
ology at the United Presbyterian Halls of Glas- 
gow and Edinburgh ; was pastor in Kilmarnock, 
1840-51, and in Glasgow, 1851-84. From the 
first year of his pastorate he had a hard battle to 
fight for the doctrine of the universality of Christ's 
atonement. The battle continued for more than 
twenty years. The ecclesiastical outcome is a 
group of about a hundred churches in Scotland, 
called the Evangelical Union. Since 1843 he has 
been principal and professor of New- Testament 
exegesis in Evangelical Union Hall, Glasgow. He 
holds to " the three great universalities : (1) God's 
love to 'all,' (2) Christ's atonement for 'all,' (3) 
the Holy Spirit's influence shed forth on 'all.'" 
He is the author of The Extent of the Atonement, 
London, 1842; Saving Faith, 1842; An Exposition 
of the Ninth Chapter of the Epistle to the Romans, 
1849 ; Vindication of the Universality of the Atone- 
ment, 1861 ; Apology for Evangelical Doctrines, 1863 ; 
A Critical Exposition of the Third Chapter of the 
Epistle to the Romans, 1866 ; A Practical Commen- 
tary on the Gospel of St. Matthew, 1870, 5th ed. 
1883; do. on St. Mark, 1873, 3d ed. 1882 (the last 
two republished from last edition, Boston, Mark 
1882, Matthew 1883). 

MORRIS, Right Rev. Benjamin Wistar, D.D. 
(University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1868), 
S.T.D. (Columbia College, New-York City, 1868), 
Episcopalian, missionary bishop of Oregon; b. 
at Wellsboro', Penn., May 30, 1819; graduated 
from the General Theological Seminai-y, New- 
York City, 1846 ; became rector of St. Matthew's, 
Sunbury, Penn., 1847; of St. David's, Manayunk, 
1851 ; of St. Luke's, Germantown (both suburbs of 
the city of Philadelphia), 1857 ; bishop of Oregon 
and Washington Territory, 1868 ; his diocese lim- 
ited to the former, 1880. 

MORRIS, Edward Dafydd, D.D. (Hamilton Col- 
lege, Clinton, N.Y., 1863), LL.D. (Maryville Col- 
lege, Maryville, Tenn., 1885), Presbyterian ; b. at 
Utica, N.Y., Oct. 31, 1825; graduated at Yale 
College, New Haven, Conn., 1849, and at Auburn 
(N.Y.) Theological Seminary, 1852 ; was pastor 
of the Second Presbyterian Church, Auburn, N.Y., 
1852-55; of the Second Church, Columbus, O., 
1855-67 ; professor of church history, Lane The- 
ological Seminary, Cincinnati, O., 1867-74, and 
since of theology. He was moderator of the Pres- 
byterian General Assembly at Cleveland, O., in 
1875. Besides review articles, he has published 
Outlines of Christian Doctrine, Cincinnati, 1880 
(only for students' use) ; Ecclesiology, Treatise on 
the Church, New York, 1885. 

MORRIS, John Gottlieb, D.D. (PennsylvaniaCol- 
lege, Gettysburg, Penn., 1839), LL.D. (do., 1875), 
Lutheran ; b. at York, Penn., Nov. 14, 1803 ; grad- 



uated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Penn., 1823, 
and at Princeton (N.J.) Theological Seminary, 
1826 ; was pastor of the First English Lutheran 
Church, Baltimore, Md., 1S27-60; librarian of the 
Feabody Institute in that city, 1860-63; since has 
been non-resident professor of pulpit elocution 
and relations of science and revelation, in the the- 
ological seminary, Gettysburg, Penn. ; lecturer on 
natural history in Pennsylvania College. He was 
president of the Maryland State Bible Society, and 
vice-president of the Maryland Historical Society; 
has received diplomas from the Ante-Columbian 
Society of Northern Antiquaries of Denmark, 
from the Nalur hislorische Gesellschaft of Nurem- 
berg, and from the Royal Historical Society of 
London ; and is a corresponding and honorary 
member of ten. or twelve scientific and historical 
societies in the United States. He is the author 
or translator of Henry and Antonio (translated 
from Bretschneider), Philadelphia, 1831 (2d ed. 
under title To Rome and Back again, 1833) ; Von 
Leonard's Geology (trans.), Baltimore, 1840; Life 
of John Arndt, 1853; Martin Behaim, the German 
Cosmographer, 1853; Life of Catharine von Bora, 
1856 ; ' The Blind Girl of Wittenberg, Philadelphia, 
1856 ; Quaint Sayings and Doings concerning La- 
ther, 1859 ; Catalogue of Lepidoptera of North 
America, 1860, and Synopsis of the Diurnal Lepi- 
doptera of the United States, Smithsonian Institute 
(both Washington), 1862; The Lords Baltimore, 
Baltimore, 1874; Bibliotheca Luiherana, Philadel- 
phia, 1876; Fifty Years in the Lutheran Ministry, 
1878 ; A Day in Capernaum (trans, from Delitzsch), 
1879 ; The Diet of Augsburg, 1879 ; Augsburg Con- 
fession and the Thirty-nine Articles, 1879; Journeys 
of Luther : their Relation to the Work of the Refor- 
mation, 1880 ; L^uther at Wartburg and Coburg, 1882 ; 
Life of Luther (trans, from Kdstlin), 1882 ; Lu- 
theran Doctrine of the Lord's Supper, 1883 ; Memoirs 
of the Stork Family, 1886 ; etc. 

MORSE, Richard Cary, Presbyterian; b. at 
Hudson, N.Y., Sept. 19, 1841; graduated at Yale 
College, 1862 ; studied at Union Theological Sem- 
inary, New-York City, 1865-66, '67 (graduated), 
and at Princeton Theological Seminary, N.J., 
1866-67; was ordained Dec. 21, 1868 ; was editor in 
New- York City, 1867-71; has been secretary of the 
executive committee of the Young Men's Christian 
Association of the United States and Canada since 
1873. * 

MOULTON, William Feddian, D.D. (Edinburgh, 
1874), Wesleyan; b. at Leek, Staffordshire, Eng., 
March 14, 1835; graduated at London University, 
1856, and gained the gold medal for mathematics, 
and prizes for scriptural examination and bibli- 
cal criticism. In 1858 he was appointed classical 
tutor in the Wesleyan Theological College, Rich- 
mond ; and in 1874 head master of the Leys 
School, Cambridge, a Wesleyan institution. In 
1872 he was elected a member of the Legal Hun- 
dred; made an honorary M.A. by Cambridge, 
1877 ; and was a member of the New-Testament 
Cornpanyof Bible-revisers(1870-81). He translated 
and edited Winer's Grammar of New-Testament 
Greek, Edinburgh, 1870, 2d ed. 1876; and wrote 
History of the English Bible, London, 1878. * 

MUDCE, Elisha, Christian; b. at Blenheim, 
Canada West, April 17, 1834; was principal of 
Union School, Edwardsburg, Mich. ; minister at 
Maple Rapids, Mich., twenty years ; county super- 



MUELLER. 



149 



MUELLER. 



intendent of schools, Clinton County, Mich., six 
years; in 1882 became president of the Union 
Christian College, Merom, Ind. 

MUEHLAU, (Heinrich) Ferdinand, Ph.D. (Leip- 
zig, 1862), Lie. Theol. (do., 1869), D.D. (hon., Leip- 
zig, 1885), Lutheran ; b. at Dresden, Saxony, June 
20, 1839 ; studied at Erlangen and Leipzig, 1857- 
62 ; was privat-docent at Leipzig, 1869 ; professor 
extraordinary at Dorpat, 1870, and ordinary pro- 
fessor there of exegetical theology in 1871. He 
is the author of De Proverbiorum quce dicunlur 
Aguri et Lemuelis, origine atque indole, Leipzig, 
1869 ; Besitzen wir den unsprunglichen Text der 
Heiligen Schrift? Dorpat, 1884 (pp. 24). With 
Volck he edited the eighth, ninth, and tenth edi- 
tions of Gesenius' Hebraisch und Chaldaisches 
Handwbrlerbuch iiber das Alte Testament, Leipzig, 
187S, 1883, and 1886 ; with Kautzsch, Liber Gene- 
sis sine punclis exscriptus, ed. ii. 1885 ; alone, Fr. 
Bottcher's Neue exegetisch-kritisclie Aehrenlese zum 
Allen Testament, 1863-65, 3 vols. ; and his Lehr- 
buch der hebraischen Sprache, 1866-68, 2 vols. 
Besides GescJiichte der hebraischen Synonymik in 
/. D. M. G. (1863, pp. 316 sqq.), he has written 
numerous geographical articles in Riehm's Hand- 
wbrlerbuch des Biblischen Alterthums. 

MUELLER, George (originally Georg Fried rich), 
Plymouth Brother, founder of the Bristol Orphan- 
age; b. atKroppenst'adt, near Halberstadt, Prussia, 
Sept. 27, 1805. After preliminary training at 
the Cathedral classical school at Halberstadt, at 
Heimersleben, under a classical tutor, and at the 
Nordhausen gymnasium, he entered the Uni- 
versity of Halle, 1825. His early life had been 
careless, even profligate, and his reckless course 
involved him in pecuniary embarrassments. Once 
(during the Christmas holidays of 1821) he was 
imprisoned for debt contracted at a hotel in 
Wolfenbiittel. He often told deliberate lies. 
But shortly after entering the university he was 
converted, and, declining to receive any further 
support from his father, entered upon that life 
of faith in the Lord to supply his needs, which 
has been so remarkable. He determined to be- 
come a missionary, and meanwhile manifested bis 
Christian zeal in visiting the sick, distributing 
tracts, and in conversing upon the subject of reli- 
gion with persons whom he casually met. In 
August, 1826, he began to preach, having obtained 
license to do so in consequence of the very honor- 
able testimonials he brought with him to the uni- 
versity. For two months he lived in Franke's 
Orphan House at Halle, in the free lodgings pro- 
vided for poor divinity students. In March, 1829, 
having through ill health obtained release from 
military duty, — an obligation which he bad feared 
would prevent him from accepting the society's 
appointment received June, 1828, — he went to 
London to prepare himself for missionary work 
among the Jews, in the service of the London 
Society for Promoting Christianity among the 
Jews. But after some months of the prescribed 
study of Hebrew, Chaldee, and German Jewish, 
he left the society, January, 1830; joined the 
Plymouth Brethren ; became minister at Teign- 
mouth ; and married Mary Groves, the daughter 
of Kitto's friend. Of his own accord he declined 
to receive any stated salary, abolished pew-rents, 
and from October, 1830, lived upon voluntary 
offerings put in the box provided for them in the 



chapel. This course often reduced himself and 
wife to great straits ; but by prayer and simple 
faith their wants were always ultimately relieved. 
In 1832 he became pastor of Gideon Chapel', Bris- 
tol. Impressed by the number of destitute chil- 
dren he found in Bristol, he prayed for divine 
guidance in doing something for them. Being 
led thereto, as he believed, he collected the chil- 
dren at 8 a.m., gave them a piece of bread for 
breakfast, then taught them to read, and read the 
Bible to them for about an hour and a half. But 
the plan not working well, he abandoned it, and 
in 1834 started "The Scriptural Knowledge Insti- 
tution for Home and Abroad," which was designed 
to assist day-schools, Sunday schools, and adult- 
schools ; to circulate the Holy Scriptures ; to aid 
missionary work; to board, clothe, and educate 
scripturally, whole orphan children. The institu- 
tion, he decided, should have no patron but the 
Lord, no workers but believers, and no debts. 
Up to 1884 it had provided for the education of 
95,143 children and grown persons in its schools; 
circulated over 1,000,000 copies or portions of the 
Bible; spent £196,633. 12s. hd. on missionary work; 
and trained up 6,892 orphans at a cost of £661,186. 
9s. 2d. It is still flourishing. He then asked the 
Lord to give him a suitable house for the orphan 
children, assistants for the work, and a thousand 
pounds in money. And he was heard. Provided 
with assistants and money, he hired a house on 
Wilson Street, Bristol, and opened his orphanage 
on April 11, 1836. A second house was opened 
about eight months after the first By June, 1837, 
he had received the asked-for thousand pounds. 
He then opened a third house ; a fourth, March, 
1844. He then bought a site on Ashley Down, 
near Bristol, and put up the first building, 1846. 
There are now there five immense orphan-houses, 
containing over two thousand inmates. The last 
one was opened in 1869. In February, 1870, his 
wife, who had so faithfully joined him in all his 
enterprises, died. After a time he re-married. 
Besides managing his orphanages and the institu- 
tion, and preaching to his congregation, he has 
also taken missionary tours through the British 
Isles, the United States (going across the conti- 
nent) and Canada (1877). In 1881 he visited the 
East, and in 1882 India. As is well known, he 
does not in the ordinary way advertise any of his 
enterprises. But the circulation of his Life of 
Trust: Narrative of the Lord's Dealings with George 
MMer, first issued in 1837, and continued in 1841, 
1844, and 1856, which has been reprinted in re- 
peated editions in New York, translated into Ger- 
man (Stuttgart, 1844, 2 parts), and into French 
(Paris, 1848), and other books and pamphlets pub- 
lished under his auspices, secures public atten- 
tion to them. It remains true, however, that the 
Orphanage has no endowment, and none of the 
usual machinery of support. Mr. Miiller looks 
to God to supply the daily food of the thousands 
of children therein gathered, and to pay all the 
expenses of their care. Results have justified his 
confidence. Money comes in, sometimes at very 
critical moments, and the work is sustained. Be- 
sides the Narrative above referred to, Mr. Miiller 
has published Jehovah Magnified : A ddresses, Lon- 
don, 1876; Preaching Tours, 1883, etc. Cf. Mrs. 
E. R. Pitman, George Midler, London, 1885. * 
MUELLER, Karl (Ferdinand Friedrich), Ph.D. 



MULFORD- 



150 



MULFORD. 



Lie. Theol. (both Tubingen, 1876 and 1878), D.D. 
(Jion., Giessen, 1883), German Protestant; b. at 
Langenberg, Wiirtemberg, Sept. 3, 1852 ; studied 
at Tubingen and Gottingen; became vikar, 1875; 
repetent at Tubingen, 1878; privat-docent at Ber- 
lin, 1880; professor, 1882; at Halle, 1884; at 
Giessen, 1886. He is the author of Der KampfLud- 
ivigs des Baiern mit der romischen Kurie, Tubingen, 
1879-80, 2 vols. ; Die Anfdnge des Minoritenordens 
und der Bussbruderschaften, Freiburg-im-Br., 1885. 

MULFORD, Elisha, LL.D. (Yale College, New 
Haven, Conn., 1872), Episcopalian ; b. at Mont- 
rose, Susquehanna County, Penn., Nov. 19, 1833 ; 
d. at Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 9, 1885. He grad- 
uated from Yale College, New Haven, Conn., 1855; 
studied theology at Union Theological Seminary, 
New- York City, at Andover, Mass., and in Halle 
and Heidelberg; was ordained deacon 1859, priest 
1862 ; had charges at Darien, Conn., 1861 ; South 
Orange, N.J., 1861-64; Friendsville, Penn., 1877- 
81. From 1864 to 1877 he was without charge 
at Montrose, Penn. ; after 1881 he resided at 
Cambridge, where he lectured in the Episcopal 
Divinity School. He wrote The Nation, the Foun- 
dation of Civil Order and Political Life in the United 
States, New York, 1870, 9th ed. 1884; The Repub- 
lic of God, an Institute of Theology, 1881, 7th ed. 
1884. 

The main feature of Dr. Mulford's theology, as 
presented in his Republic of God, is the union of 
the utmost liberty of philosophic thought with 
Christian dogmas. He urges the personality of 
God as the central principle of the universe, but 
in a form so comprehensive and elevated as to 
seem no longer inconrpatible with that conception 
of Deity, to which modern thought is approximat- 
ing, of an infinite energy diffused throughout the 
universe, from whom all things proceed, and in 
whom they consist. The nature as well as the 
possibility of a revelation is based upon the pos- 
tulate, that humanity is endowed potentially with 
personality as it exists in God. Revelation is 
the manifestation of the Divine personality in his- 
tory, finding its highest and absolute expression 
in Christ. The organic relation of Christ to hu- 
manity involves the principle of the solidarity of 
the human race. Individualism, which has been 
a ruling idea in Protestant theology, is subordi- 
nated to the conception of man as essentially and 
primarily a member of the race from which in 
his history and fortunes he cannot be detached. 
The redemption in Christ extends to humanity 
as a whole, and is emphasized as an accomplished 
fact, as constituting a great .objective epoch in 
man's spiritual history. It consist in ransoming 
man from bondage to the order of nature, and 
elevating him into the life of the spirit. While 
Dr. Mulford's thought is monistic, every trace of 
dualism or root of evil stronger than the love of 
God being disowned in virtue of the efficacy of the 
Incarnation, yet he affirms the reality and the 
deep significance of the conflict in human experi- 
ence, finding its origin in the opposition between 
nature and' spirit, not between matter and sjitrit as 
it is sometimes popularly represented. The In- 
carnation witnesses that the law of the course 
and constitution of nature has no dominion in 
the sphere of the spiritual ; death, which reigns 
supreme in nature, is not the law of the spirit ; 
the suffering in the kingdom of nature is trans- 



muted by Christ into the principle of self-sacri- 
fice, the essential condition of spiritual life and 
growth. In this struggle between the natural 
and the spiritual, humanity is supported by the 
indwelling Spirit of God, so that the course of 
human history becomes a process in which hu- 
manity is increasingly convicted of sin and of 
righteousness and of judgment. The judgment 
is interpreted, with the prophets of the Old Tes- 
tament, as a constituent factor of life, whose re- 
sult is purification and restoration. And this 
result is a necessary consequence of all judgment, 
whether here or hereafter, whether temporary or 
final ; for death does not break the continuity of 
the spiritual order, and resurrection is not post- 
poned to a distant future, but is immediate. But 
the "last things " naturally find no extensive treat- 
ment in a theology whose object is to enforce the 
reality of the life of the spirit in humanity, in 
this present world. To this life of the spirit, the 
Bible, the church, and the sacraments bear wit- 
ness, by this also becoming divine agencies in the 
education of the race ; but they are the symbols 
of a spiritual order, and not to be identified with 
the order itself. The Bible witnesses to a revela- 
tion, but is not the revelation ; sacraments witness 
to a divine process of purification and feeding, 
but are not themselves the process ; the church 
bears witness to a life of the spirit in humanity, 
which goes beyond its boundaries as an organiza- 
tion. So strong is the emphasis laid upon this 
point, — the reality of the life of the spirit, — 
that Dr. Mulford has devoted to it a chapter 
which he regarded as the most important in his 
book, entitled Christianity not a Religion and not 
a Philosophy, in which he disclaims the formalism 
of the one, and the tendency to abstraction of the 
other. It was the burden of his teaching and 
conversation, that revelation was co-efficient with 
the reason ; that it was through experience, but 
not from experience ; that theology was the in- 
terpretation of life, — an appeal to life closing 
every theological argument ; that the true centre 
of theology must be the living, present God, not 
theories about him, not covenants or attributes 
or doctrines of anthropology. His thought has 
much that resembles Erskine and Maurice ; and, 
as in the case of the latter, the difficulty in under- 
standing him springs mainly from what is distinc- 
tive in his theology, rather than from obscurity of 
style. Among German theologians he was most 
indebted to Rothe, with whom he asserts the con- 
tinuousness of the Incarnation, the abiding pres- 
ence of the spiritual or essential Christ as distin- 
guished from the historical Christ. With Hegel 
he maintains that principle of realism, which was 
also characteristic of the great theologians of the 
scholastic age, that the highest and necessary 
thought of man is identical with reality ; as in 
the condensed expression which sums up his argu- 
ment for the existence of God, — " the idea of 
God is in, with, and through the being of God." 
But apart from his kinship with these and other 
thinkers, his work in theology has a character of 
its own. It was meditated and conceived in that 
inspiring epoch in American history which drew 
from him his first book, The Nation. As in that 
treatise he carried theology into statesmanship, 
finding in the solidarity of the state a divine 
personality, so in his later work he carried the 



MUNGBR. 



151 



MYRBERG. 



national principle into theology, expanding the 
idea of the nation into the Republic of God, — 
the solidarity of mankind in the incarnate 
Christ. A. V. a. ALLEN. 

MUNGER, Theodore Thornton, D.D. (Illinois 
College, Jacksonville, 111., 1883), Congregation- 
alist; b. at Bainbridge, Chenango County, N.Y., 
March 5, 1S30 ; graduated from Yale College, New 
Haven, Conn., 1851, and the theological seminary 
there, 1855 ; was pastor at Dorchester, Mass., 1856- 
60; Haverhill, 1862-70; Lawrence, 1871-75; lived 
in San Jose, Cal., and established a Congregational 
church, 1875-76; pastor at North Adams, Mass., 
1877-85 ; since, pastor of United Church, New 
Haven, Conn. He is the author of On the Thresh- 
old, Boston, 1881, 20th ed. 1885 (reprinted Lon- 
don, Eng.) ; The Freedom of Faith, 1883, 15th ed. 
1885 (two English reprints); Lamps and Paths, 
1885 ; besides numerous sermons and contribu- 
tions to literary magazines and religious news- 
papers. 

MURPHY, James Gracey, LL.D., D.D. (both 
from Trinity College, Dublin, 1842 and 1880 
respectively), Presbyterian ; b. at Ballyaltikilikan, 
parish of Comber, County Down, Ireland, Jan. 12, 
1808 ; entered Trinity College, Dublin, as sizar, 
1827, became scholar 1830, graduated A.B. 1833; 
was minister at Ballyshannon, 1836 ; classical 
head master at the Royal Belfast Academical In- 
stitution, 1841 ; professor of Hebrew, Presbyterian 
College, Belfast, 1847. He is the author of A 
Latin Grammar, London, 1847 ; A Hebrew Gram- 
mar, 1857 ; Nineteen Impossibilities of Part First of 
Colenso on the Pentateuch shoivn to be Possible, Bel- 
fast, 1863; The Human Mind, 1873; and of the 
well-known commentaries upon Genesis (Edin- 
burgh, 1864), Exodus (1866), Leviticus (1872), The 
Psalms (1875), Revelation (London, 1882), Daniel 
(1884), all reprinted in United States except 
Revelation. 



MUSTON, Alexis, Lie. Theol., D.D. (both Strass- 
burg, 1834), Reformed Church of France ; b. at 
La Tour (Vallees Vaudoises), Feb. 11, 1810; edu- 
cated at Lausanne and at Strassburg ; ordained at 
La Tour, 1833 ; exiled from Piedmont (1835), he 
went to Nimes, France, where he was naturalized ; 
since 1836 has lived at Bourdeaux, first as assist- 
ant (1836-40), then as pastor. He is the author 
of Histoire des Vaudois, vol. i. Paris, 1834 (the 
occasion of his exile, it having been put by the 
Roman-Catholic hierarchy upon the Index) ; L' Is- 
rael des Alpes, Paris, 1851, 4 vols, (a complete his- 
tory of the Waldenses, English trans, last ed. 
London, 1875, 2 vols. ; German trans. Duisburg, 
1857) ; articles in the Strassburg Revue de the- 
ologie, the Revue du protestantisme, etc. Cf . article 
Waldenses in Schaff-Herzog Encyclopaedia, vol. iii., 
p. 2476. * 

MYRBERG, Otto Ferdinand, Ph.D. (Upsala, 
1849), Lie. Theol. (Upsala, 1851), D.D. (by the 
King of Sweden, 1868), Lutheran; b. at Gothen- 
burg, Sweden, April 26, 1824 ; studied theology at 
Upsala, and received holy orders in 1859 ; be- 
came dean of the Trinity Church of Upsala, and 
professor of exegetical theology at the University 
of Upsala, 1866. He is the author of In librum 
qui Jn'elis inscribitur brevis commentatio academica, 
Upsala, 1851; De schismate Donatistarum, dissertalio 
academ., 1856 ; Commentarius in epistolam Johan- 
neam, diss, acad., 1859 ; Om aposteln Petrus och den 
dldsta kyrkans falska gnosis (" On the Apostle Peter 
and the False Gnosis of the Early Church "), 1865 ; 
Den hel. shifts lara om fdrsoningen (" The Doctrine 
of the Holy Scriptures on the Atonement "), 1870; 
Pauli bref till Romarne i ny ofversdttning med text- 
kritiska noter (" The Epistle to the Romans, new 
translation with Textual Critical Notes "), 1871; 
Salomos ordsprak, Fran grundtexten cfversatt (" The 
Proverbs, translated from the Hebrew "), 1875 ; 
and several pamphlets. 



NAVILLB. 



152 



NEVIN. 



N. 



NAVILLE, Jules Ernst, Swiss religious philoso- 
pher; b. at Chancy, near Geneva, Dee. 13, 1816; 
studied at the University of Geneva; became licen- 
tiate in theology, and was ordained in 1839 ; was 
professor of philosophy in the university, 1844; 
removed (1846) in consequence of the Genevan 
revolution, and has since held no official position, 
except during 1860-61 when he was professor of 
apologetics in the theological faculty ; but he lec- 
tures in the department of letters, and is an ad- 
mired preacher. He has written many books (see 
Lichtenberger, vol. xiii., pp. 146, 147). The fol- 
lowing have been translated : Modern A theism ; or, 
The Heavenly Father, Boston, 1867, 2d ed. 1882 ; 
The Problem of Evil, New York, 1871 ; The The- 
ory and Practice of Representative Elections, Lon- 
don, 1872; The Christ, Edinburgh, 1880; Mod- 
ern Physics •• Studies Historical and Philosophical, 
1883. * 

NEELY, Right Rev. Henry Adams, D.D.(Hobart 
College, Geneva, N.Y., 1866; Bishops' College, 
Quebec, Can., 1875), Episcopalian, bishop of the 
diocese of Maine ; b. at Fayetteville, Onondaga 
County, N.Y., May 14, 1830; graduated at Ho- 
bart College, Geneva, N.Y., 1849 ; was tutor in 
the college 1850-52, while studying theology under 
Bishop L)e Lancey ; became rector of Calvary 
Church, Utica, N.Y., 1852; of Christ Church, 
Rochester, 1855 ; chaplain of Hobart College, 
1862 ; assistant minister of Trinity Church, with 
charge of Trinity Chapel, New- York City, 1864; 
consecrated bishop, 1867. He is a " conservative 
Anglican." He is the author of occasional ser- 
mons, review articles, etc. 

NEIL, Charles, Church of England; b. in St. 
John's Wood, London, May 14, 1841 ; educated 
at Trinity Hall, Cambridge ; graduated B. A. 1862, 
M.A. 1866; was ordained deacon 1865, priest 1866; 
became curate of Bradford Abbas, near Sher- 
borne, Dorset, 1865; vicar of St. Paul's, Bethnal 
Green, 1866 ; incumbent of St. Matthias, Poplar, 
London, 1S75. He was called to the bar (Inner 
Temple), 1864. He is a liberal Evangelical 
Churchman. He is joint editor of The Clergy- 
man's Magazine, London, 1876, sqq. He is the 
author of Eleven Diagrams illustrating the Lord's 
Prayer, London, 1867 ; Holy Teaching (key to pre- 
ceding), 1S67 ; The Expositor's Commentary (vol. i. 
Romans, 1 877, 2d ed. 1882); A Classified List of 
Subjects proposed for Discussion at the Meeting of 
Ruridecapal Chapters, 1881; The Christian Visitor's 
Handbook, 1882; edited John Todd's Index Rerum, 
London, 1881 ; with Canon Spence and J. S. 
Exell, Thirty Thousand Thoughts, 1883, sqq. (to be 
completed in 6 vols.). Some of his tracts and 
pamphlets are, Am I answerable for my Belief 1 ? 
1871 ; Parochial Reason Why, 1872 ; Cecilia, or Near 
the Museum, 1873; The Divine Aspects of Redemp- 
tion, 1875 ; The Preaching and Value of the Doc- 
trine of Christ crucified, 1875 ; Open-air Preaching, 
or a Common-sense Answer to the Common Cry of 
the Church, " How to reach the Masses," 1881 ; The 
Courier Bible Aid and Reading-marker (No. 1, key 



to Chronicles and Kings, historical and geographi- 
cal card), 1884. 

NESTLE, (Christoph) Eberhard, Ph.D. (Tii- 
bingen, 1874), Lie. Theol. (hon., Tubingen, 1883), 
Evangelical; b. at Stuttgart, Wiirtemberg, May 
1, 1851; studied in Stuttgart, at the evangelical 
theological seminaries at Blaubeuren and Tubing- 
en, and at Leipzig (1874-75), and in England 
(1875-77) ; was tutor at the evangelical theologi- 
cal seminary at Tubingen, 1877-80 ; diaconus at 
Munsingen, Wiirtemberg, 1880-83 ; and since 
has been gymnasial professor at Ulm. He is .an 
adherent of the Vermitllungstheologie. He has 
published Die israelitischen Eigennamen nach Hirer 
religionsgeschichtlichen Bedeutung (prize essay of 
the Tyler Society), Haarlem, 1876 ; Conradi Pel- 
licani de modo legendi atque intelligendi Hebraum, 
Tubingen, 1877 ; Psalterium tetraglottum (Grsece, 
Syriace, Chaldaice, Latine), Tubingen, London, 
Leiden, Paris, 1879 ; Tischendorf's Septuaginta, 
6th ed. Leipzig, 1880 (with appendix, Veteris Testa- 
mend graci codices Valicanus et Sinaiticus cum textu 
recepto collati) ; Brevis linguce Syriacoz grammalica, 
litteratura, chrestomathia, cum glossario, Carlsruhe 
and Leipzig, 1881. 

NEVIN, Alfred, D.D. (Lafayette College, Easton, 
Penn.), LL.D. (Western University of Pennsyl- 
vania, Pittsburgh, Penn.), Presbyterian; b. at 
Shippensburg, Penn., March 14,1816; graduated 
at Jefferson College, Canonsburg, Perm., 1834; 
admitted to the bar at Carlisle, Penn., 1837 ; stud- 
ied theology at the Western (Presbyterian) The- 
ological Seminary, Allegheny, Penn., 1837-40 
(graduated) ; was licensed by the presbytery of 
Carlisle, 1840; became pastor of the Cedar-Grove 
Church, Lancaster County, Penn., 1840; of the 
German Reformed Church, Chambersburg, 1845; 
of the Second Presbyterian Church, Lancaster, 
Penn., 1852; of the Alexander Church (which he 
organized), Philadelphia, 1857; resigned 1861; 
was editor (and proprietor) of The Standard, Phila- 
delphia (now The North-western Presbyterian, Chi- 
cago), 1860-63 ; of The Presbyterian Weekly, Phila- 
delphia(now The Baltimore Observer), 1872-74 ; and 
of The Presbyterian Journal, Philadelphia, 1875-80; 
stated supply of the Union Presbyterian Church, 
Philadelphia, from September, 1885, to January, 
1886. He addressed the alumni of Jefferson 
College, 1858 ; was lecturer in the National School 
of Oratory, Philadelphia, 1878-80 ; was one of the 
original members of the Presbyterian Historical 
Society, Philadelphia(organizedl852, incorporated 
1857), and trustee 1853-60 ; member of the Presby- 
terian Board of Publication, 1858-61 ; trustee of 
Lafayette College, 1858-61, and of the Presbyte- 
rian Hospital in Philadelphia, 1871-78 ; has been 
a number of times a commissioner to the General 
Assembly, and by its appointment has represented 
the Presbyterian Church in the Massachusetts Con- 
gregational Association (1855), in the synod of the 
Reformed Dutch Church (1875), and in the General 
Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Canada 
(1878). He was moderator of the synod of Phila- 



NEVIN. 



153 



NEWMAN. 



delphia, 1856. He was elected member of the 
Pennsylvania (1865) and Wisconsin (1858) histori- 
cal societies, and of the literary societies of several 
prominent colleges in the United States. He is 
the author of Christian's Rest, Lancaster, Penn., 
1843; Spiritual Progression, Chambersburg, Penn., 
1848; Churches of the Valley, Philadelphia, 1852; 
Guide to the Oracles, Lancaster, 1857 (title changed 
to The Book Opened: Analysis of the Bible, 1869 2d 
ed. Cincinnati, O., 1873, 3d ed. Danville, Ind., 
.1882); Words of Comfort, New York, 1867; The 
Age Question, A Plea for Christian Union, Phila- 
delphia, 1868 ; Popular Expositor of the Gospels and 
Acts, Philadelphia, 1872, 4 vols. ; The Voice of God, 
1873; The Sabbath-school Help, 1873, 3d ed. 1874; 
Notes on Exodus, 1873, 3d ed. 1874; Men of Mark 
in Cumberland Valley, Penn., 1876; Notes on the 
Shorter Catechism, 1878; Prayer-meeting Manual, 
1880; Glimpses of the Coming World, 1880 ; Prayer- 
meeting Talks, 1880; Parables of Jesus, 1881; Tri- 
umph of Truth ; or, Jesus the Light and Life of the 
World, 1881 ; Letters to Col. Robert G. Ingersoll, 
Infidelity Rebuked, 1882 ; How they Died, or Last 
Words of Presbyterian Ministers, 1883 ; Encyclo- 
paedia of the Presbyterian Church in the United 
States of America, 18S4; Folded Lambs, 1885; 
Twelve Revival. Sermons, 1885. 

NEVIN, Edwin Henry, D.D. (Franklin College, 
New Athens, O., 1870), Presbyterian; b. at Ship- 
pensburg, Cumberland County, Penn., May 9, 
1814 ; graduated at Jefferson College, Canonsburg, 
Penn., 1833, and at Princeton Theological Semi- 
nary, N.J., 1836 ; became pastor at Portsmouth, 
O., 1837 ; president of Franklin College, New 
Athens, O., 1841 ; pastor at Mount Vernon, O., 
1845; at Cleveland, O., 1851; Lancaster, Penn., 
1865; in Philadelphia (First Reformed), 1870; 
retired from the pastorate 1875, and joined the 
Central Presbytery of Philadelphia. He is the 
author of numerous hymns, which are found in 
nearly all the evangelical hynm-books in the 
United States ; of several pamphlets ; and of Man 
of Faith, Boston, 1858 ; The City of God, Lancas- 
ter, Penn., 1868; The Minister's Handbook, Phila- 
delphia, 1872 ; Thoughts about Christ, 1882 ; one 
of the editors of History of all Religious Denomi- 
nations, Philadelphia, 1872. 

NEVIN, John Williamson, D.D. (Jefferson Col- 
lege, Canonsburg, Penn., 1839), LL.D. (Union 
College, Schenectady, N.Y., 1873), Reformed (Ger- 
man) ; b. in Franklin County, Penn , Feb. 20, 
1803 ; graduated at Union College, Schenectady, 
N.Y., in 1821, and at Princeton (N.J.) Theologi- 
cal Seminary in 1826, where from 1826 to 1828 
he taught Hebrew as substitute for Dr. Charles 
Hodge, who had gone to Europe to study. During 
the following year he was stated supply at Big 
Spring, Penn. From 1829 to 1840 he was pro- 
fessor at Allegheny in the Western Theological 
Seminary. He then followed a call to the theolo- 
gical seminary of the Reformed (German) Church 
at Mercersburg, in which he taught theology from 
that time (1840) until 1851. He was also presi- 
dent of Marshall College, Mercersburg, Penn., 
from 1841 to 1853, and of Franklin and Marshall 
College, Lancaster, 1866 to 1876, when he retired 
to Caernarvon Place, near Lancaster, Penn., where 
he died June 7, 1886. He was one of the founders 
of the " Mercersburg theology," for which see the 
Schaff-Herzog Encyclopaedia, ii., 1473 sqq. He 



edited The Mercersburg Review from 1849 to 1853, 
and wrote the largest part of its contents himself. 
Of the articles contributed by him to the Review 
then and subsequently, especially noteworthy are 
the following: Doctrine of the Reformed Church on 
the Lord's Supper, in Reply to Dr. Charles Hodge 
of Princeton, 1848 ; The Apostles' Creed ■■ Origin, 
Constitution, and Plan, 1849 ; Early Christianity, 
1851; Cyprian, 1852; Dutch Crusade, 1854; Re- 
view of Dr. Hodge's Commentary on Ephesians, 1857 ; 
Introduction to the Tercentenary Edition of the Hei- 
delberg Catechism, 1863 ; The Liturgical Question, 
1863; Vindication of the Revised Liturgy, 18 — ; 
Answer to Professor Dorner, 1865; Revelation and 
Redemption, 18 — . In book form have appeared 
from him, Biblical Antiquities, Philadelphia, 1828, 
2 vols., revised ed. 1849, reprinted Edinburgh, 
1853 ; The Anxious Bench, Chambersburg, Penn., 
1842 ; Dr. Schaff's The Principle of Protestantism, 
translated with introduction and appendage, 1845; 
The Mystical Presence, Philadelphia, 1846 ; His- 
tory and Genius of the Heidelberg Catechism, Cham- 
bersburg, 1847; Antichrist, or the Spirit of Sect 
and Schism, New York, 1848. 

NEWMAN, Albert Henry, D.D. (Mercer Univer- 
sity, Macon, Ga., 1885), LL.D. (South- Western 
Baptist University, Jackson, Tenn., 1883), Bap- 
tist ; b. in Edgefield County, S. C, Aug. 25, 
1852 ; graduated at Mercer University, Macon, 
Ga., 1871, and Rochester (N.Y.) Theological Semi- 
nary, 1875 ; studied Oriental languages in the 
Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Green- 
ville, S.C. (now Louisville, Ky.), 1875-76 ; became 
acting professor of church history in Rochester 
(NY.) Theological Seminary, 1877, and professor 
1880; professor of church history and compara- 
tive religion in the Baptist (Theological) College, 
Toronto, Ontario, Can., 1881 His theological 
position is conservative. He translated (with 
additional notes) Immer's Hermeneulics of the New 
Testament, Andover, 1877 ; and has written nu- 
merous newspaper and review articles. 

NEWMAN, Francis William, LL.D., layman; b. 
in London, June 27, 1805 ; educated at Worcester 
College, Oxford; graduated B.A. (double first- 
class), 1826 ; was fellow of Balliol, 1826-30, but re- 
signed because unable conscientiously to subscribe 
to the Thirty-nine Articles, which was then requi- 
site before obtaining a master's degree. From 
1830 to 1834 he lived and travelled in the East; 
became classical tutor at Bristol College, 1834, and 
in Manchester New College, 1840; professor of 
Latin in University College, London, 1846. He 
resigned in 1863, and has since devoted himself 
to literature. He is the brother of Cardinal New- 
man, and, like him, has left the Church of Eng- 
land, in which he was born ; but, unlike him, he 
has thrown away all religious belief. His writ- 
ings are numerous. Of theological interest are, 
History of Hebrew Monarchy, London, 1847 ; The 
Soul, its Sorrows and Aspirations, 1849; Phases of 
Faith, Passages from my men Creed, 1850; Catholic 
Union, Essay toward a Church of the Future, 1854; 
Theism, Doctrinal and Practical, 1858. * 

NEWMAN, His Eminence John Henry, cardinal 
deacon of the Roman-Catholic Church ; b. in Lon- 
don, Feb. 21, 1801 ; educated at Trinity College, 
Oxford ; graduated B.A. (second-class in classics), 
1820 ; in 1822, fellow of Oriel College ; in 1825, 
vice-principal of St Alban's Hall ; in 1826, tutor 



NEWMAN. 



154 



NICHOLSON. 



of his college; in 1828 became incumbent of St. 
Mary's, Oxford, and chaplain of Littlemore in the 
neighborhood. He resigned his tutorship in 1832, 
but retained his incumbency until 1843, standing 
in the highest esteem for his noble mental and 
moral qualities, and wielding a great influence 
upon the undergraduates. He stood with Pusey 
as recognized leader of the High Church party. 
He engaged in the production of the Tracts for the 
Times, and wrote No. 90 (the last of the series), 
which appeared March, 1841, in which he en- 
deavored to show how the Thirty-nine Articles 
may be interpreted in the Roman-Catholic sense. 
In 1S42 he established at Littlemore a kind of 
monastery, of which he was head for three years. 
At length, in 1845, he took the step to which his 
avowed principles logically led him : seceded to 
the Church of Rome, and entered her priesthood. 
He was in 1847 appointed to found the Oratory 
of St. Philip Ner.i, in England; in 1854, rector 
of the newly founded Catholic University at Dub- 
lin ; resigned in 1858, and returned to Birming- 
ham to take charge of a school for the sons of 
Roman-Catholic gentry at Edgbaston, near that 
city. On May 12, 1879, Pope Leo XIII. created 
him a cardinal deacon of the Holy Roman Church. 
A collected edition of his writings appeared in 
London, 1870-79, 36 vols. ; these include Paro- 
chial and Plain Sermons, 8 vols. ; and three other 
volumes of sermons ; five volumes of miscellanies ; 
two religious novels', Loss and Gain, or The Story 
of a Convert, 1848; Callista, a Sketch of the Third 
Century, 1855 ; his autobiography, Apologia pro 
vita sua, 1864; Arians of the Fourth Century, 1833 ; 
Lectures on Justification, 1838 ; Two Essays on Bibli- 
cal and on Ecclesiastical Miracles, 1843 ; Essay on 
the Development of Christian Doctrine, 1845 ; Diffi- 
culties of Anglicans, 1850, 2 vols. ; Essay in Aid 
of the Grammar of Assent, 1870. He wrote "Lead, 
kindly Light," and other hymns. Cf. Jennings : 
Story of Cardinal Newman's Life, London, 1882. 

NEWMAN, John Philip, D.D. (Rochester Sem- 
inary, N.Y., 1864), LL.D. (Wesleyan University, 
Athens, Tenn., 1882); b. in New- York City, Sept. 
1, 1826; graduated at Cazenovia Seminary, 1848; 
entered the ministry of the Methodist-Episcopal 
Church, 1848 ; was editor of The New-Orleans 
Advocate, 1866-69; pastor of the Metropolitan 
Methodist-Episcopal Church, Washington, D.C., 
1869-72, 1875-78; and chaplain to the United- 
States Senate, 1869-75. He visited Greenland in 
1870. In December, 1873, he was appointed by 
President Grant inspector of United-States con- 
sulates, and in this capacity made a tour of the 
world, 1873-74. From 1882 to 1884 he preached 
in the Madison-ave. Congregational Church, New- 
York City. He was Gen. Grant's pastor, 1869-85. 
He is a member of the British Society of Biblical 
Archaeology. He is the author of From Dan to 
Beersheba, or The Land of Promise as it now ap- 
pears, New York, 1864 ; The Thrones and Palaces 
of Babylon and Nineveh, from the Persian Gulf to 
the Mediterranean, 1876; Sermons preached in the 
Metropolitan Church, Washington, D.C., 1876; 
Christianity Triumphant, New York, 1884. 

NEWTH, Samuel, D.D. (Glasgow, 1875), Con- 
gregationalist ; b. in London, Feb. 15, 1821; 
graduated at London University, B.A. 1841, M.A. 
1842 ; was pastor at Broseley, Salop, 1842 ; pro- 
fessor of classics and mathematics, Western Col- 



lege, Plymouth, 1845; of mathematics and eccle- 
siastical history, New College, London, 1854 ; and 
since 1872 has been principal and professor of 
New-Testament exegesis and ecclesiastical history. 
He was a member of the New-Testament Revision 
Company, 1870-81 ; and chairman of the Congre- 
gational Union of England and Wales, 1880. He 
is the author of Elements of Mechanics, London, 
1850, 6th ed. 1879 ; First Book of Natural Phi- 
losophy, 1854, 40th thousand 1885; Mathematical 
Examples, 1859, 3d ed. 1871 ; Memoir of Rev. 
Alfred Newth, 1876 ; Lectures on Bible Revision, 
1881. 

NEWTON, Richard, D.D. (Kenyon College, 
Gambier, O., 1845), Episcopalian (Low Church); 
b. in Liverpool, Eng., July 25, 1813; graduated 
at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 
1836, and at General Theological Seminary, New- 
York City, 1839 ; became rector of St. Paul's 
Church, Philadelphia, 1840 ; of Church of Epiph- 
any, 1862 ; of Church of the Covenant, 1882. 
He has published twenty-three volumes in all; 
some of these have been translated into more than 
twenty different languages ; they are mostly dis- 
courses to children and youth. Of those recently 
issued may be mentioned, Pearls from the East, 
Stories and Incidents from Bible History, Phila- 
delphia, 1881 ; Covenant Names and Privileges, 
New York, 1882 ; A Bible Portrait-Gallery, Phila- 
delphia, 1885 ; Heroes of the Reformation, 1885. 

NEWTON, Richard Heber, D.D. (Union Col- 
lege, Schenectady, N.Y., 1881), Episcopalian (Broad 
Churchman) ; b. in Philadelphia, Oct. 31, 1840 ; 
studied in the University of Pennsylvania, Phila- 
delphia, and Episcopal Divinity School, Philadel- 
phia ; was assistant to his father ; became minis- 
ter in charge, Trinity Church, Sharon Springs, 
N.Y., 1864; rector of St. Paul's, Philadelphia, 
1866 ; and rector of All Souls' Church, New York, 
1869. He is the author of Children's Church (a 
Sundav-school hymn-book and service-book), New 
York, 1872 ; The Morals of Trade, 1876 ; Woman- 
hood, 1879 ; Studies of Jesus, 1881 ; Right and Wrong 
Uses of the Bible, 1883 (1st ed. 25,000 copies), 2d 
ed. 1884 ; Book of the Beginnings, 1884 ; Philistin- 
ism, 1885 ; Problems, 1886. 

NICCOLLS, Samuel Jack, D.D. (Centre Col- 
lege, Danville, Ky., 1867), LL.D. (Hanover College, 
Hanover, Ind., 1865), Presbyterian ; b. in West- 
moreland County, Penn., Aug. 3, 1838; graduated 
at Jefferson College, Canonsburg, Penn., 1857, 
and at Western Theological Seminary, Allegheny, 
Penn., 1860; became pastor at Chambersburg, 
Penn., 1860; of the Second Presbyterian Church, 
St. Louis, Mo., 1864. He was moderator of the 
General Assembly of 1872, at St. Louis ; in 1883 
declined election to professorship of pastoral the- 
ology in Western Theological Seminary. Besides 
many published sermons, he has written The East- 
ern Question in Prophecy, St. Louis, 1878. 

NICHOLSON, Right Rev. William Rufus, D.D. 
(Theological Seminary of the Diocese of Ohio, 
Gambier, 1857), Reformed Episcopalian; b. in 
Green County, Miss., Jan. 8, 1S22; graduated at La 
Grange College, North Ala., 1840; became pastor 
of the Poydras-street Methodist-Episcopal Church, 
New Orleans, La., 1842 ; entered the Protestant- 
Episcopal Church, and became rector of St. John's, 
Cincinnati, O., 1849; of St. Paul's, Boston, 1859; 
of Trinity Church, Newark, N.J., 1872 ; of Second 



NICOLL. 



155 



NORMAN. 



Reformed Episcopal Church, Philadelphia, 1874; 
was consecrated bishop in February, 1876. He 
is the author of some pamphlets and essays, of 
which may be mentioned, James the Lord's Brother, 
and Jesus, were equally the Sons of Mary (in Prot- 
estant-Episcopal Quarterly Review, New York, 1860); 
Reasons why I became a Reformed Episcopalian, 
Philadelphia, 1875 ; Concerning Sanctification, 1875 ; 
The Priesthood of the Church of God, 1876 ; The 
Real Presence in the Lord's Supper, 1877 ; A Call 
to the Ministry, 1877. 

NICOLL, William Robertson, Free Church; b. 
in Free Church manse, Auchindoir, Aberdeenshire, 
Oct. 10, 1851; graduated at University of Aber- 
deen, M.A., 1870; completed curriculum at Free 
Church College, Aberdeen, and became minister at 
Mortlach, Banffshire, 1874; at Kelso, 1877. Since 
1880 he has edited The Household Library of Exposi- 
tion; since January, 1885, The Expositor, in succes- 
sion to Dr. Cox ; and since 1886 three new series, — 
The Foreign Biblical Library, The Theological Ed- 
ucator, and The Expositor's Bible. He has published 
Calls to Christ, London, 1877, 2d ed. 1878; Songs 
of Rest, Edinburgh, 1879, 5th ed. London, 1885 
(2d series, 1885) ; The Incarnate Saviour, A Life 
of Jesus Christ, Edinburgh, 1881 (reprinted, New 
York, 1S81) ; The Lamb of God, 1883, 2d ed. Lon- 
don, 1884; English Theology in the Victorian Era, 
a Biographical and Critical History (announced). 

NIELSEN, Fredrik Kristian, D.D. (Copenhagen, 
1879), Danish Lutheran; b. at Aalborg, North 
Jutland, Denmark, Oct. 30, 1846; graduated at 
the University of Copenhagen ; was catechist at 
the Church of Our Saviour from 1873 to 1877, and 
has since been professor of divinity in the univer- 
sity. He is orthodox in the faith, a liberal Lu- 
theran in theology, and a Presbyterian in matters 
of church government. Of his woi-ks (all in Dan- 
ish) may be mentioned, The Christian Faith and 
Free Thought, Copenhagen, 1872 ; The Roman 
Church in the Nineteenth Century, 1876-81, 2 vols. 
(German trans., Gotha, 1878-82, 2 vols. ; vol. 1, 
2d ed., 1880) ; The Waldensians in Ltaly (German 
trans., Gotha, 1880, pp. 40) ; Free Church and 
Established Church, 1882 ; Christianity and Free- 
Masonry (opposed), 1882, 3d ed. 1882 (German 
trans., Leipzig, 1882, 3d ed. 1884) ; Characteristics 
and Critics (a collection of essays and reviews), 
1883 ; Handbook of Church History (Part 1, The 
Ancient Church), 1884-85. 

NILES, Right Rev. William Woodruff, S.T.D. 
(Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., 1870; Dart- 
mouth College, Hanover, N.H., 1879), Episcopa- 
lian, bishop of New Hampshire; b. at Hatley, 
Province of Lower Canada (now Quebec), May 
24, 1832; graduated at Trinity College, Hartford, 
Conn., 1857, and at the Berkeley Divinity School, 
Middletown, Conn., 1861; tutor in his alma 
mater, 1857-58; rector of St. Philip's, Wiscas- 
set, Me., 1862-64 ; professor of the Latin language 
and literature in his alma mater, 1S64-70 ; rector 
of St. John's, Warehouse Point, Conn., 1868-70; 
bishop, 1870. At the time of his consecration he 
was a British subject, and was not naturalized 
until December, 1873. He edited 7'he Churchman, 
Hartford, Conn., 1S66-67. Pie is the author of 
addresses, essays, etc. 

NILLES, Nikolaus, Roman Catholic; b. atRiipp- 
weiler, Luxemburg, Germany, June 21, 1828; 
studied at the Collegium Germanicum at Rome, 



1847-52; became priest there, 1852; pastor at 
Tiintingen, Luxemburg, 1855 ; Jesuit, 1858 ; act- 
ing professor at Innsbruck, Austria, 1859 ; ordi- 
nary professor of church law there, 1860, and at 
the same time regens of the theological convict , 
and since 1861 member of the Luxemburg Archae- 
ological Society. Besides numerous popular reli- 
gious works, he has written, Maria, die machtige 
Patronin zur Eiche, oder die grafliche Kirche und 
Schule bei Ansenburg, Luxemburg, 1857 ; Com- 
mentarius in proozmium breviarii et missalis de com- 
puto ecclesiastico , Arras and Innsbruck, 1864; 
Commentarius de rationibus festi ss. cordis Jesu e 
fontibus juris canon, erutis, Innsbruck, 1867, 5th 
ed. 1885; De rationibus festorum mobilium utriusque 
ecclesice occidentalis atque orienlalis commentarius 
usui clericorum accommodatus, Wien, 1868; Selecta 
pietatis exercita erga ss. cor Jesu et puriss. cor 
Mar'103, Innsbruck, 1869; Kalendarium manuale 
utriusque ecclesia orientalis et occidentalis academiis 
clericorum accommodatum, 1879-85, 2 vols. 

NINDE, William Xavier, D.D. (Wesleyan Uni- 
versity, Middletown, Conn., 1874), Methodist 
bishop; b. at Cortland, N.Y., June 21, 1832; 
graduated at the Wesleyan University, Middle- 
town, Conn., 1855; became pastoi', 1856; professor 
of practical theology, Garrett Biblical Institute, 
Evanston, 111., 1873; president of same, 1879; 
bishop of the Methodist-Episcopal Church, 1884. 

NIPPOLD, Fnedrich Wilhelm Franz, Ph.D. (Tu- 
bingen, I860), Lie. Theol. (Heidelberg, 1865), 
D.D. hon., Leiden, 1870), German theologian ; b. 
at Emmerich, Sept. 15, 1838 ; studied at Halle and 
Bonn ; travelled in the East, 1860 ; became privat- 
clocent at Heidelberg, 1865; professor extraordi- 
nary there, 1867 ; ordinary professor at Bern 1871, 
and at Jena 1884. He belongs to the school of 
Rothe, and is in friendly relations with the Old 
Catholics. He is the author of Handbuch der 
neueslen Kirchengeschichle seit der Restauration von 
1814, Elberfeld, vol. i. 1867, 3d ed. 1880, vol. ii. 
1883; W eiche Wege fiihren nach Rom? Geschicht- 
liche Beleuchtung der romischen Illusionen iiber die 
Erfolge der Propaganda, Heidelberg, 1869 ; Richard 
Rothe, Ein Lebensbild, Wittenberg, 1873-74 ; 2 vols., 
2d ed. 1877-78 ; Berner Beitrage zur Geschichte der 
schweizerischen Reformationskirchen (edited with 
original contributions), Bern, 1884 ; Zur geschichl- 
lichen Wurdigung der Religion Jesu, Vorlrdge, Pre- 
digten, Abhandlungen, 1884 ; edits the new edition 
of Hagenbach's Kirchengeschichle, Leipzig, 1885, 
sqq. 

NITZSCH, Friedrich August Berthold, Lie. 
Theol. (Berlin, 1858), D.D. (hon., Greifswald, 
1866), German theologian ; b. at Bonn, Feb. 19, 
1832 ; studied at Berlin, Halle, and Bonn, 1850- 
55 ; was Collaborator in the gymnasium of the 
" Grauen Kloster " in Berlin, 1857-58; became 
privat-docent at Berlin, 1859 ; ordinary professor of 
theology at Giessen, 1868 ; at Kiel, 1872. He is 
the author of Das System des Boethius und die ihm 
zugeschriebenen theologischen Schriflen, Berlin, 1860; 
Augustinus Lehre vom Wunder, 1865; Gi'undriss 
der christlichen Dogmengeschichte, 1. Thl. (all pub- 
lished) 1870; Luther und Aristoteles, Kiel, 1883. 

NORMAN, Richard Whitmore, D.C.L. (Bishops' 
College, Lennoxville, Can., 1878), Episcopal 
Church of Canada; b. at Southborough, near 
Bromley, Kent, Eng., April 24, 1829; educated 
at King's College, London, and Exeter College, 



NORTHRUP. 



156 



NYSTROM. 



Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1851, M.A. 
1854; was ordained deacon 1852, and priest 1853; 
curate of St. Thomas, Oxford, 1852 ; fellow of St. 
Peter's College, Radley, 1853-57 ; head master of 
St. Michael's College, Tenbury, 1857-61 ; warden 
of St. Peter's College, Radley, 1861-66 ; assistant 
minister of St. John the Evangelist, Montreal, 
Can., 1867-72; of St. James the Apostle, Mon- 
treal, 1872-83 ; rector of St. Matthias, Montreal, 
since 1883. He has been honorary fellow of St. 
Michael's College, Tenbury, since 1856 ; honorary 
canon of Montreal, and vice-chancellor of Bishops' 
College, Lennoxville, Can., since 1878; fellow of 
McGill College, Montreal, since 1884; chairman 
of Protestant school board since 1880; honor- 
ary clerical secretary of the Provincial Synod, 
1880 ; vice-president of the Montreal Philharmonic 
Society, 1880, and of the Art Association, Montreal, 
1884 ; chairman of Montreal Botanic Garden Asso- 
ciation, 1885 ; member of the executive committee 
and many other important diocesan committees. 
He is a moderate but decided Anglican. He is 
the author of Manual of Prayers for the Use of 
Schools, Oxford, 1856, 3d ed. 1862 ; Occasional 
Sermons, 1860; Sermons preached in Radley Col- 
lege Chapel, 1864; and the following pamphlets, 
etc. : Ritualism, Montreal, 1867 ; Thoughts on the 
Conversion of the Heathen, 1867 ; St. John our 
Example, 1867; Gallio (sermon), 1868; Harvest 
(two sermons), 1868-69 ; Anniversary .Sermon (Port 
Hope School, 1869 ; Dunham Ladies' College, 1884) ; 
Confession (three sermons), 1873 ; Considerations 
on the Revised New Testament, 1881 ; Sermon to 
Young Men,-1882 ; Sermon to Young Women, 1882 ; 
Lecture on Hymnology, 1885. 

NORTHRUP, George Washington, D.D. (Uni- 
versity of Rochester, JST.Y., 1864), LL.D. (Kala- 
mazoo College, Kalamazoo, Mich., 1879), Baptist; 
b. at Antwerp, Jefferson County, N.Y., Oct. 15, 
1825 ; graduated from Williams College, Williams- 
town, Mass., 1854, and from Rochester (N.Y.) 
Theological Seminary, 1857 ; became professor of 
church history in the latter institution, 1857, and 
president of the Baptist Union Theological Semi- 
nary, Morgan Park, Chicago, 111., 1867. 

NOWACK, Wilhelm Gustav Hermann, Ph.D. 
(Halle, 1872), Lie. Theol. (Berlin, 1873), D.D. 
(Berlin, 1883), German Protestant; b. in Berlin, 
March 3, 1850 ; studied at Berlin, 1869-73 ; be- 
came inspector in the Berlin Johanneum, 1S72 ; 
temporary Divisionspfarrer, 1875 ; Pfarrverweser at 



St. Gertrud's in Berlin, 1876, and in the orphan- 
age of Rummelsburg, near Berlin, 1877 ; prival- 
docent at Berlin, 1875; professor extraordinary of 
theology, 1880; ordinary professor at Strassburg, 
1881. He belongs to the historico-critical school 
of Ewald-Dillmann. He is the author of Die 
Bedeutung des Hieronymus fur die alttestamentliche 
Textkritik, Gottingen, 1875 ; Die assyrisch-babylon- 
ischen Keilinschriften und das Alte l^estament, Ber- 
lin, 1878 ; Der Prophet Hosea erklart, 1880 ; edited 
second edition of E. Bertheau on Proverbs, and of 
F. Hitzig on Ecclesiasles, in the Kurzgefassl, exe- 
getisches Handbuch zum Alten Testament, Leipzig, 
1883. 

NYSTROM, Johan Erik, Ph.D. (Upsala, 1866), 
General Baptist; b. in Stockholm, Sweden, Sept. 
8, 1842 ; graduated at University of Upsala, 1866 ; 
was teacher of languages in the New Elementary 
School of Stockholm, 1867; in Greek and Hebrew 
in the Baptist Seminary there, 1867-72 ; secretary 
of the Swedish Evangelical Alliance, 1872-78; 
missionary to the Jews at Beirut, Syria, 1878-81. 
In 1871 he was a member of the Evangelical 
Alliance deputation to the Russian Emperor on 
account of the persecuted Lutherans in the Baltic 
provinces ; in 1872 travelled in aid of the Baptist 
building-fund, through Germany, England, and 
Scotland; in 1884 was deputy of the Swedish Bap- 
tists to the Evangelical Alliance Conference in 
Copenhagen ; in 1885 was elected a member of 
the Swedish Parliament for three years. He is 
the translator into Swedish of Sophocles' Antigone, 
I. verses 1-383, with commentary (Ph.D. disserta- 
tion), Stockholm, 1866 ; Nicholl's Help to the Plead- 
ing of the Bible, 1866; Dr. Rudelbach on Civil 
Marriage, 1868; Lyon's Homo contra Darwin, 1873; 
Merle d'Aubigne's History of the Refonnation in the 
Time of Calvin, 1874-77; Sankey's Gospel Hymns, 
1876; Spurgeon's John Ploughman's Talks, 1880; 
Spurgeon's Clue of the Maze, 1884; and of other 
works ; and is the author (in Swedish) of Bible 
Dictionary, 1868, 2d ed. 1883 ; Four Letters on Re- 
ligious Liberty, 1868; Christian Hymns from Ancient 
and Modern Times, 1870 ; Lecture on the " Ldseri " 
(i.e., "reading," a nickname for living Christian- 
ity), 1872; Library of Biblical Antiquities, 1874; 
Letters to Brother Olof upon the Doctrine of Atone- 
ment, 1876 ; What is wanting in our Church, 1876 ; 
Spiritual Songs for Young Men's Christian Associa- 
tions, Sunday Schools, and Prayer-meetings, 1877 ; 
Illustrated Missionary News, 1877. 



OETTINGEN. 



157 



ORMISTON. 



O. 



OETTINGEN, Alexander von, Magister Theol., 

D.D. (both Dorpat, 1854 and 1856 respectively), 
Lutheran theologian ; b. at Wissust, near Dorpat, 
Russia (Livonia), Dec. 24, 1827 ; studied theology 
at Dorpat, 1845-49, then at Erlangen and Berlin ; 
became privat-docent at Dorpat, 1854; declined 
call to Erlangen ; became professor extraordinary 
at Dorpat, 1856, and the same year ordinary pro- 
fessor of systematic theology, history of doctrines, 
and ethics. During 1S61 and 1862 he was at Me- 
ran on account of the illness of his wife, a daugh- 
ter of Professor Karl von Raumer of Erlangen ; 
and, as pastor of the Evangelical Diaspora Con- 
gregation, there built its first Protestant chapel. 
He is the author of Die synagoqale Elegikdes Volkes 
Israel insbesondere die Zion-Elegie Judah ha Leci's 
■als Ausdruck der Hoffnung Israels im Lichte der 
heiligen Schrift dargestellt (his Magister disserta- 
tion), Dorpat, 1S54; De peccato in spirilum sanctum, 
qua cum eschatologia Christiana contineatur ratione 
■disputatio (his Doctor dissertation), 1856 ; Durch 
Kreuz zum Licht, Predigten gehalten in Meran im 
Winter 1861-62, Erlangen, 1862; Die Moralstatistik 
in Hirer Bedeutung fur eine Socialethik, 1868-69, 2 
vols., 3d ed. 18S2 ; Die Moralstatistik und die christ- 
liche Sittenlehre, Versuch einer Socialethik aufempir. 
■Grundlage, 1874 ; Antiultramontana, Kritische Be- 
leuchtung der Unfeldbarkeitsdoctrin vom Standpunkt 
•evangelischer Glaubensgewissheit, 1876 ; Vorlesungen 
iiber Goethe's Faust, 1879-80, 2 vols. ; Obligatorische 
und fakultative Civilehe nach den Ergebnissen der 
Moralstatistik, Leipzig, 1881 ; Ueber akuten und 
chronischen Selbstmord, Ein Zeitbild, Dorpat, 1882; 
Christliche Religionslehre auf reichsgeschichtlicher 
Grundlage, Erlangen, 1885-86, 2 vols. He was 
joint editor of the Dorpater Z eilschrift fur Theologie 
und Kirche, 1859-72, 14 vols. ; and editor of Hip- 
pel's Lebensldufe, jubilee ed. Leipzig, 1878, 3 vols., 
2d cheap ed. 1S79. 

OLSSON, Olof, b. at Karlskoga, Vermland, 
Sweden, March 31, 1841 ; studied at Leipzig, and 
graduated at the University of Upsala; pastor 
.at Persberg, 1864-67, and at Sunnemo, 1867-69, 
in Sweden ; came to America, 1869 ; pastor at 
Lindsborg, Kan., 1869-76; professor of The- 
•ology in Augustana College and Theological 
Seminary, 1876-83 ; professor of church history, 
symbolics, and catechetics in Augustana Theologi- 
cal Seminary (Swedish Lutheran) at Rock Island, 
111., 1883- ; editor of various Swedish papers and 
periodicals, 1873-83. Published in Swedish, Remi- 
niscences of Travel, 1880 (translated into Norwe- 
gian, Christiania, 1882); also in Swedish, At the 
Cross, 187S (reprinted in Sweden, 4th ed. 1882) ; 
author of many tracts in Swedish, some of which 
have had a very large circulation. 

OLTRAMARE, Marc Jean Hugues, Swiss Prot- 
estant theologian; b. at Geneva, Dec. 27, 1813; 
studied arts and theology at Geneva ; was ordained 
1838 ; continued his studies at Tiibingen and Ber- 
lin, 1841-42; returned home; was a city pastor, 
1845-54. Since 1854 he has been professor of 
New- Testament exegesis in the university. He 



was a member of the National Consistory, 1851- 
59 ; and, under commission of the Venerable Com- 
pany of Pastors, prepared a new French version 
of the New Testament, which appeared, Geneva, 
1872 (many subsequent editions). He is the author 
of Commentaire sur VEpitre aux Romains, Geneva, 
1843, 2d ed. 1881-82 ; Instruction e'vangelique sur 
trois questions : Qui est Jesus Christ ? Qu'est-il venu 
faire? Que f aire pour etre sauve? 1845; Cate'chisme 
a I'usage des Chretiens reformed, 1859, 4th ed. 1877; 
Le Salut, les Sacrements (in Conference ssur les 
principes de lafoi reforme'e, 1853-54, 2 vols.); Cal- 
vin (in Calvin : cinq discours, 1864) ; and sermons, 
etc. 

OORT, Henricus, Dutch Orientalist; b. at Eem- 
nes, Utrecht, Dec. 27, 1836 ; studied theology at 
Leiden, and graduated doctor in 1860 ; was suc- 
cessively pastor of the Reformed Church at Zand- 
poortl860, at Harlingen 1867 ; professor of Oriental 
literature at the Athenaeum, Amsterdam, 1873; 
and since 1875 has been professor of Hebrew and 
Jewish antiquities at Leiden. He is the author 
(in Dutch) of The Religion of the Baalim among 
the Israelites, 1864 (English trans, by Bishop Co- 
lenso, 1865) ; The Last Centuries of Israel, 1877- 
78, 2 vols. ; The Gospel and the Talmud compared 
in their Morality, 1881. With Hooykaas he wrote 
The Bible for Young People, 1871-73, 6 vols. (Eng- 
lish trans, by P. H. Wicksteed, London, 1873-79, 
6 vols. ; reprinted Boston, 1878-79, 3 vols., under 
title The Bible for Learners) . 

ORELLI, (Hans) Conrad von, Ph.D. (Leipzig, 
1871), D.D. (hon., Greifswald, 1885), Swiss Prot- 
estant ; b. at Zurich, Jan. 25, 1846 ; studied at 
Ziirich, Lausanne, Erlangen, Tubingen, and Leip- 
zig ; became orphan-house preacher at Zurich, 1869 ; 
privat-docent, 1871; professor extraordinary of the- 
ology at Basel, 1873; ordinary professor at Basel, 
1881. He is the author of Die hebraischen Synony- 
ma der Zeit und Ewigkeit, Leipzig, 1871 ; Durchs 
Heilige Land, Tagebuchblatler, Basel, 1878, 3d ed. 
1884 ; Die Unwandelbarkeit des apostolischen Evan- 
geliums (address before the Evangelical Alliance), 
Basel, 1879 ; Die alttestamenlliche Weissagung von 
der Vollendungd. Gottesreiches, Wien, 1882 [(English 
trans., The Old-Testament Prophecy of the Con- 
summation of God 's Kingdom traced in its Historical 
Development, Edinburgh, 1885) ; many articles in 
Herzog 2 and in the Calw Bibellexicon, 1885. 

ORMISTON, William, D.D. (University of the 
City of New York, 1865), LL.D. (University of 
Victoria College, Cobourg, Can., 1881), Reformed 
(Dutch) ; b. in the parish of Symington, Lanark- 
shire, Scotland, April 23, 1821 ; went to Canada 
in 1834 ; graduated at the University of Victoria 
College, Cobourg, Can., B.A. 1848, M.A. 1856; 
was classical tutor in Victoria College, 1845-47, 
and professor of moral philosophy in the same, 
1847-48 ; pastor of Presbyterian church at Clarke, 
County of Durham, Can., 1849-53 ; mathematical 
master, and lecturer in natural philosophy and 
chemistry, in the normal school, Toronto, 1853-57 ; 
examiner in Toronto University 1854-57 ; super- 



OSBORN. 



158 



OVERBECK. 



intendent of grammar (classical) schools in the 
Province of Ontario, 1853-63; pastor of Central 
Presbyterian Church at Hamilton, 1857-70; and 
since 1870 has been a pastor of the Collegiate 
Reformed Dutch Church, New-York City. He 
assisted in preparing a full series of school-books, 
1866-68 ; edited the American edition of the Eng- 
lish translation of Meyer on Acts, New York, 1883; 
has contributed to various periodicals, and pub- 
lished a few sermons and addresses. 

OSBORN, Henry Stafford, LL.D. (Lafayette 
College, Easton, Penn., 1864), Presbyterian; b. in 
Philadelphia, Penn., Aug. 17, 1823; graduated at 
the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 
1841, and at Union Theological Seminary, New- 
York City, 1845; was stated supply at Coventry, 
R.I., 1845-46; pastor at Hanover Court House, 
Va., 1846-49; Richmond, Va., 1849-53; Liberty, 
Va., 1853-58 ; stated supply at Salem, Va., 1858- 
59; pastor at Belvidere, N.J., 1859-66 ; professor 
in Lafayette College, Easton, Penn., 1866-70; 
since 1870 has been at Oxford, 0., stated supply, 
1870-71, 1873 to date ; professor in Miami Uni- 
versity, Oxford, O., 1871-73. He is the author 
of Biblical Tables, Philadelphia, 18 — ; Palestine, 
Past and Present, 1858 ; Little Pilgrims in the Holy 
Land, 1859 ; Teachers'' Guide to Palestine, 1868 ; 
New Descriptive Geography of Palestine, Oxford, 
O., 1877; Ancient Egypt in the Light of Modern 
Discoveries, Chicago, 1883. * 

OSGOOD, Howard, Baptist; b. on Magnolia 
Plantation, parish of Plaquemines, La., Jan. 4, 
1831 ; graduated at Harvard College, Cambridge, 
Mass., 1850; was pastor at Flushing, N.Y., 1856- 
58 ; New York, 1860-65 ; professor in Crozer The- 
ological Seminary, Chester, Penn., 1868-74, and 
in Rochester (N.Y.) Theological Seminary since 
1875. He has been since 1874 a member of the 
Old-Testament Revision Company. He trans- 
lated Lange's general and special Introduction to 
Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers, in the American 
Lange series, New York, 1876. 

OSWALD, Johann Heinrich, Lie. Theol., D.D. 
(both Minister, 1843 and 1855), Roman Catholic; 
b. at Dorsten, Westphalia, Germany, June 3, 1817 ; 
studied theology in the seminary at Minister, and 
in the University of Bonn ; became privat-docent 
at Minister, then professor in the Semin. Theo- 
dorianum at Paderborn ; then went to his present 
professorship at Braunsberg. He is the author 
of Die dogmatische Lehre von den heiligen Sacra- 
menten der katholischen Kirche, Minister, 1856, 2 
vols., 4th ed. 1877 ; Eschatologie, Paderborn, 1868, 
4th ed. 1879 ; Die Lehre von der Heiligung, 1873, 
3d ed. 1885; Die Erlbsung in Christo Jesu, 1878, 
2 vols., 2d ed. 1886 ; Die religiose Urgeschichte der 
Menschheit, das ist der Urstand des Menschen, der 
S'dndenfall im Paradiese und die Erbsilnde, nach 
der Lehre der katholischen Kirche, 1881; Angelo- 
logie, 1883 ; Schopfungslehre im allgemeinen und in 
besonderer Beziehung auf den Menschen, 1885; be- 
sides other minor treatises. 

OTTO, (Johann) Karl (Theodor), Ritter von 
Otto (by the Emperor Franz Joseph I. at Vienna, 
July 18, 1871, raised to the hereditary nobility), 
Ph.D. (Jena, 1841), Lie. Theol. {lion., Kbnigsberg, 
1844), D.D. {hon., Kbnigsberg, 184S), German 
Protestant; b. Oct. 4, 1816; studied philosophy 
and theology at Jena, 1838-41 ; became privat- 
docent of historical theology and exegesis of the 



New Testament at Jena, 1844 ; professor extraor- 
dinary of theology there, 1848; since 1851 has 
been ordinary professor of church history in the 
evangelical theological faculty at Vienna. From 
1852-61 he was ordinary professor of New-Testa- 
ment exegesis ; from 1863-67 was member of the 
imperial educational council. Since 1841 he has 
been a member of the Societas Latina Jenensis, 
since 1848 of the Societas Hagana, since 1879 of the 
Society forthe History of Protestantism in Austria. 
He is a knight of the Greek Order of the Saviour 
(1858), of the Austrian Order of the Iron Crown, 
third class (1871), of the Gi'and Duke of Saxony 
Order of the White Hawk, first division (1872), of 
the Prussian Order of the Red Eagle, third class 
(1S73), received the Austrian (1862) and the Grand 
Duke of Saxony's (1857) gold Verdienst-Medaille 
fur W. u. K. Since 1869 he has been an Austrian 
Imperial Regierungsrath ; since 1876 has been presi- 
dent of the examining commission for Protestant 
ministers at Vienna, lie is the author of De 
Justini Martyris scriptis et doclrina, Jena, 1841;. 
De Viclorino Strigelio liberioris mentis in ecclesia 
lutherica vindice, 1843; De epistola ad Diognetum 
S. Justini philosophi et martyris nomen proz se ferente, 
1845, 2d ed. Leipzig, 1852 ; Zur Charakteristik des 
heiligen Justinus, Philosophen und Martyrers, Wien, 
1852 ; Des Patriarchen Gennadios von Constanti- 
nopel Confession, kritisch untersucht u. herausge- 
geben, Nebst einem Excurs iiber Arethas' Zeitalter, 
1864 ; De gradibus in theologia, 1874. He edited 
the posthumous commentaries of Baumgarten Cru- 
sius upon Matthew (Jena, 1844), Mark and Luke 
(1845). But his chief work is his edition of the 
works of the Christian apologists of the second- 
century, Corpus apologetarum Christianorum sceculi 
secundi, Jena, 1842-72, 9 vols. (vols, i.-v., Justin 
Martyr, 1842-48, 3d ed. 1876-S1 ; vol. vi. ? Tatian, 
1851; vol. vii., Athenagoras, 1857; vol. viii., The- 
ophilus of Antioch, 1861; vol. ix., Hermias, Qua- 
drat us, Aristides, Arislo, Miltiades, Melito, Apolli- 
naris, 1872). He shares in editing Jahrbuch der 
Gesellschaft fur die Geschichte des Protestantismus 
in Oesterreich, Wien and Leipzig, 1880, sqq. ; and 
contributed to it the article, Die Anfange der Refor- 
mation im Erzherzogthum Oesterreich (1880, 1883). 
His principal other articles are : Beziehungen auf 
die Johanneischen und Paulinischen Schriften bei 
Justinus Martyr und dem Verfasser des Briefes an 
Diognetos (in Illgen's Ztsch.f. d. hist. Theol., 1841, 
1842, 1843, 1844, 1859); Der dem Patriarchen 
Gennadios von Constantinopel beigelegte Dialog iiber 
die FJauptstiicke des chrisil. Glaidiens (in same, 1850, 
1864) ; Justinus der Apologet (in Ersch. u. Gruber 
sect, ii., Th. 30) ; De inscriptione et adate Apolo- 
gue Athenagoricce (in Zlsch. f d. hist. Theol., 
1856) ; Florianus, etc. (in Piper's Die Zeugen der 
Wahrheit) ; Ueber den apostol. Gruss (in Jahrb. f. 
deulsche Theol., 1867) ; Haben Barnabas, Justinus 
und Jrenozus den zweiten Pelrushrief (3, 8) benutzt ? 
(in Zlsch. f wiss. Theol, 1877) ;' Ueber das Zeit- 
alter des Erzbischofs Arethas (in same, 1S78). 

OVERBECK, Franz Camillo, Ph.D. (Leipzig, 
I860), D.D. {hon., Jena, 1870), Swiss Protestant; 
b. in St. Petersburg, Nov. 4 (16), 1837; studied 
at Leipzig and Gbttingen, 1856-60; became privat- 
docent at "Jena, 1864; professor extraordinary of 
theology at Basel, 1870 ; ordinary professor, Basel, 
1871. He edited the fourth edition of De Wette 
on A cts (Leipzig, 1870), and has written Qucestionum 



OXENDEN* 



159 



OXENHAM. 



Hippolytearum specimen, Jena, 1864 ; Ueber Entsteh- 
ung und Recht einer rein historischen Betrachtung 
der Neutestam. Schriften in der Theologie, Base], 
1871, 2d ed. 1874; Ueber die ChristlichLeit unserer 
.heuligen Theologie, Eine Streit- und Friedenssclirift, 
Leipzig, 1873; Studien zur Geschichte der alien 
Kirche, 1st part, Schloss-Chemnitz, 1875; Zur 
Geschichte des Kanons, 1880. 

OXENDEN, Right Rev. Ashton, D.D. (by decree 
of Convocation, 1869), Church of England; b. at 
Broome, near Canterbury, Sept. 25, 1808; educated 
at University College, Oxford; graduated B.A. 
1833 ; was ordained deacon 1833, priest 1834 ; was 
rector of Pluckley, Kent, 1848-69 ; lord bishop of 
Montreal and metropolitan of Canada, 1869-78; 
rural dean of Canterbury, 1879-84; since 1879, 
vicar of Hackington (or St. Stephen's), near Can- 
terbury. He is the author of numerous devotional 
works, many of which have had large sales on 
both sides of the Atlantic. The following may 
■be mentioned ; Cottage Sermons, 1853 ; The Ear- 
nest Communicant, 1856; The Pathway of Safety, 
1856 ; 'The Christian Life, new ed. 1870 ; Our Church 
and its Services, new ed. 186S; The Parables of 
our Lord, new ed. 1868 ; Portraits from the Bible, 



1872, 2 vols. ; The Earnest Churchman, 1878 ; 
Short Comments on the Gospels, for Family Worship, 
1S85. 

OXENHAM, Henry Nutcombe, Roman Catholic; 
b. at Harrow, Eng., Nov. 15, 1829 ; educated at 
Balliol College, Oxford; graduated B.A. (second- 
class in classics) 1850, M.A. 1854; held cui'acies 
from 1854 to 1857; joined the Roman-Catholic 
Church in 1857, and was successively in the Lon- 
don Oratory (1859-60), professor at St. Edmund's 
College, Ware (1860), and master at the Oratory 
School, Birmingham, 1861; resigned at Christmas 
of that year. He is the author of numerous 
review articles, of the English translation of Dol- 
linger's First Age of the Church (London, 1866, 3d 
ed. 1877) and Lectures on Re-union of the Churches 
(1872), and of vol. 2 of Hefele's History of the 
Councils of the Church (1876); and of the follow- 
ing original works : Poems, 1854, 3d ed. 1871 ; 
Church Parties, 1857 ; Catholic Doctrine of the Atone- 
ment, 1865, 3d ed. 1881 ; Recollections of Ober- 
ammergau, 1872, 2d ed. 1880 ; Catholic Eschatology 
and Universalism, 1876, 2d ed. 1878 ; Short Studies 
in Ecclesiastical History and Biography, 1884 ; Short 
Studies, Ethical and Religious, 1885. 



PACKARD. 



160 



PALMER. 



P. 



PACKARD, Joseph, D.D.(Kenyon College, Gam- 
bier, O., 1847), Episcopalian ; b. at Wiscasset, Me., 
Dec. 23, 1812 ; graduated at Bowdoin College, 
Brunswick, Me., 1831, and studied (1833) in An- 
dover (Mass.) Theological Seminary; since 1836 
has been professor of biblical learning in the 
Protestant-Episcopal Seminary of Virginia, near 
Alexandria, and is now dean. He contributed the 
commentary on Malachi to the American edition 
of Lange, and was one of the American revisers of 
the Old Testament (1870-85). 

PADDOCK, Right Rev. Benjamin Henry, S.T.D. 
(Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., 1867), Episco- 
palian, bishop of Massachusetts; b. at Norwich, 
Conn., Feb. 29, 1828; graduated at Trinity Col- 
lege, Hartford, Conn., 1848, and at the General 
Theological Seminary, New- York City, 1852 ; was 
assistant teacher in the Episcopal Academy of 
Connecticut, Cheshire, 1848-49; assistant minister 
at the Church of the Epiphany, New-York City, 
while deacon, 1852-53 ; rector of St. Luke's, Port- 
land, Me., 1853, but withdrew after three months 
on account of climate ; was rector of Trinity, Nor- 
wich, Conn., 1853-60; of Christ Church, Detroit. 
Mich., 1860-69; of Grace Church, Brooklyn 
Heights, Long Island, N.Y., 1869-73; consecrated 
bishop, 1873. He is the author of sundry articles 
in reviews and periodicals, canonical digests, ser- 
mons, charges (1876, 1879,1880), etc. : among which 
may be mentioned, Ten Years in the Episcopate, 
1883 ; The First Century of the Diocese of Massa- 
chusetts, 1885; The Pastoral Relation, etc. 

PADDOCK, Right Rev. John Adams, S.T.D. 
(Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., 1870), Episco- 
palian, missionary bishop of Washington Terri- 
tory; b. at Norwich, Conn., Jan. 19, 1825; grad- 
uated at Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., 1845, 
and at the General Theological Seminary, New- 
York City, 1849 ; was rector of Christ Church, 
Stratford, Conn., 1849-55; of St. Peter's, Brook- 
lyn, N.Y., 1S55-80; consecrated bishop, 1880. 
Since his work began, the number of churches in 
his diocese has doubled ; a Church hospital has 
been erected; and two Church schools built, cost- 
ing about sixty thousand dollars, and endowed with 
one hundred thousand dollars. He is the author 
of History of Christ Church, Stratford, Conn., 185- ; 
occasional sermons and addresses. 

PAINE, Levi Leonard, D.D. (Yale College, New 
Haven, Conn., 1875), Congregationalist ; b. at 
Holbrook (formerly East Randolph), Mass., Oct. 
10, 1832 ; graduated at Yale College, New Haven, 
Conn., 1856; was tutor there, 1859-61; pastor at 
Farmington, Conn., 1861-70 ; and since 1871 has 
been professor of ecclesiastical history in Bangor 
(Me.) Theological Seminary; has published some 
addresses and sermons. 

PAINE, Timothy Otis, LL.D. (Colby University, 
Waterville, Me., 1875), New-Jerusalem Church 
(Swedenborgian); b. at Winslow, Kennebec Coun- 
ty, Me., Oct. 13, 1824; graduated at Waterville 
College (now Colby University), Me., 1847. Since 
1856 he has been pastor of the Swedenborgian 



Church at Elmwood, Plymouth County, Mass. ; 
since July 3, 1866 (the date of its organization), 
teacher of Hebrew in the theological school of the 
General Convention of the New Jerusalem Church 
in the United States, now located at Boston, Mass. 
" In all these thirty years he can hardly be said 
to have taken vacations, or made exchanges with 
ministers ; working through summer, autumn, win- 
ter, and spring, again and again, with only one 
end never for a day out of view, trying to answer 
the one question : How did the holy forms de- 
scribed in the Scriptures look? He began his 
study before 1847, but received the first leading 
thought on the sabbath afternoon of Dec. 26, 
1852." He is the author of Solomon's Temple, or 
the Tabernacle ; The First Temple ; House of the 
King, or House of the Forest of Lebanon ; Idolatrous 
High Places ; The City on the Mountain (Rev. xxi.); 
The Oblation of the Holy Portion ; and The Last 
Temple (with 21 plates of 61 figures, accurately 
copied by the lithographer from careful drawings, 
made by the author), Boston, 1861; Solomon's 
Temple and Capitol, Ark of the Flood and Taber- 
nacle, or The Holy Houses of the Hebrew, Chaldee, 
Syriac, Samaritan, Sepluagint, Coptic, and Itala 
Scriptures (with 42 full plates and 120 text-cuts,, 
being photographic reproductions of the original 
drawings made by the author), Boston and New 
York, 1885. 

PALMER, Benjamin Morgan, D.D. (Oglethorpe 
University, Milledgeville, Ga., 1852), LL.D. (West- 
minster College, Fulton, Mo., 1870), Presbyterian 
(Southern Church) ; b. in Charleston, S.C., Jan. 
25, 1818 ; graduated at the University of Georgia,. 
183S, and at the Theological Seminary, Colum- 
bia, S.C., 1841 ; became pastor of the First Pres- 
byterian Church, Savannah, Ga., 1841; of the 
First Presbyterian Church, Columbia, S.C, 1843; 
of the First Presbyterian Church, New Orleans, 
La., December, 1856. His church seats fourteen 
hundred persons, and numbered in 1886 six hun- 
dred communicants. He was professor of church 
history and polity in the Columbia (S.C.) Theo- 
logical Seminary, 1853-56; was moderator of the 
First Southern Assembly, Augusta, Ga., 1861. 
He has declined elections to professorships in three 
theological seminaries; viz., of Hebrew at Dan- 
ville, Ky. (1853), of pastoral theology at Prince- 
ton, N. J. (1860), of the same at Columbia, S.C. 
(1881); also the chancellorship of the South-West- 
ern Presbyterian University, Clarksville, Tenn. 
(1874) ; and calls at different times to churches 
in Macon (Ga.), Charleston (S.C), Philadelphia, 
Baltimore, and New York. He was a director of 
the Columbia Theological Seminary, S.C, 1842- 
56, and has been a director in the South- Western 
Presbyterian University, Clarksville, Tenn., since 
1873, and in Tulane University, New Orleans, La., 
since its organization in 1882. He has been com- 
missioner to ten General Assemblies (three of them 
before the Civil War) ; since 1847 one of the ed- 
itors and contributors of The Southern Presbyterian 
Review, Columbia, S.C, of which he was one of 



PALMER. 



161 



PARK. 



the founders. He is the author of The Life and 
Letters of Rev. James Henley Thorn well, D.D., 
LL.D., Richmond, 1875; Sermons, New Orleans, 
La., 1875-76, 2 vols. ; The Family in its Civil and 
Churchly Aspects, New York, 1876 ; and addresses, 
sermons, pamphlets, etc. 

PALMER, Ven. Edwin, D.D. (Oxford, 1878), 
archdeacon of Oxford, Church of England; b. at 
Mixbury, Oxfordshire, July 18, 1824; entered 
Balliol College, Oxford, 1842 ; obtained the Hert- 
ford and Ireland scholarships, 1843; the chancel- 
lor's prize for Latin verse, 1844, and for the Latin 
essay, 1847 ; graduated B.A. (first-class classics) 
1845, M.A. 1850; in Balliol College was fellow, 
1S45-67 ; philological lecturer, 1858-66 ; tutor, 
1866-70; Was Corpus professor of the Latin lan- 
guage and literature in the University of Oxford, 
1870-78; ordained deacon 1854, priest 1868; was 
select preacher to the University of Oxford, 1865- 
66, 1873-74 ; became archdeacon of Oxford, and 
canon of Christ Church, 1878. He was a mem- 
ber of the New-Testament Company of Revisers 
of the Authorized Version, 1873-81 ; and edited 
the Greek Testament with the Revisers' Readings, 
published by the Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1881. 

PALMER, Ray, D.D. (Union College, Schenec- 
tady, N.Y., 1852), Congregationalist ; b. at Little 
Compton, R.I., Nov. 12, 1808; fitted for college 
at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. ; graduated 
at Yale College, New Haven, Conn., 1830; taught 
the higher classes in a private seminary for young 
ladies in New-York City, 1830-31 ; was asso- 
ciated with Professor E. A. Andrews in the New 
Haven (Conn.) Young Ladies' Institute (which 
was one of the earliest attempts in this country 
to furnish young ladies advantages as nearly as 
possible equal to those of the other sex), 1831 ; 
licensed to preach by the New Haven West Asso- 
ciation, 1832 ; was pastor of the Central Congre- 
gational Church, Bath, Me., 1835-50; during this 
period was on the board of overseers of Bowdoin 
College, Brunswick, Me., and took an active in- 
terest in education and literature ; in 1847 he 
made a tour through Europe, notes of which were 
published in The Christian Mirror of Portland, 
Me. ; was pastor of the First Congregational 
Church, Albany, N.Y., 1850-66 ; secretary of the 
American Congregational Union at New York, 
1866-78, during which time more than six hun- 
dred church edifices were erected by the aid of the 
society. He was on the board of visitors of the 
Andover (Mass.) Theological Seminary, 1865-78, 
and regularly attended its examinations and busi- 
ness meetings. He has of late years lived in liter- 
ary retirement at Newark, N.J. His printed dis- 
courses and other publications in pamphlet form 
are quite numerous. He has often written for the 
higher periodicals articles critical, philosophical, 
and miscellaneous, and very widely for the leading- 
religious papers. His hymns are familiar to the 
whole English-speaking world, and some of them 
have been translated into many languages ; his 
best known hymn, " My faith looks up to Thee," 
into twenty or more. Not to mention some smaller 
early volumes, he has written : Spiritual Growth, 
or Aid to Growth in Grace, Boston and Philadel- 
phia, 1839, republished and entitled Closet Hours, 
Albany, 1851 ; Remember Me, or The Holy Com- 
munion, Boston, 1855, new ed. New York, 1873; 
Hints on the Formation of Religious Opinions, New 



York, 1860, new ed. 1877, republished in London 
and Edinburgh ; Hymns and Sacred Pieces, New 
York, 1865 ; Hymns of my Holy Hours, 1868 ; Home, 
or the Unlost Paradise, 1868; Earnest Words on 
True Success in Life, 1873 ; Complete Poetical 
Works, 1876 ; Voices of Hope and Gladness, New 
York and London, 1880. 

PARET, Right Rev. William, D.D.(Hobart Col- 
lege, Geneva, N.Y., 1867), Episcopalian, bishop 
of Maryland; b. in New- York City, Sept. 23, 
1826 ; graduated at Hobart College, Geneva, N.Y., 
1849 ; studied theology under Bishop De Lancey ; 
became successively rector of St. John's Church, 
Clyde, N.Y., 1852; of Zion Church, Pierrepont 
Manor, N.Y., 1854; of St. Paul's, East Saginaw, 
Mich., 1864; of Trinity Church, Elmira, N.Y., 
1866; of Christ Church, Williamsport, Penn., 
1868; of Church of the Epiphany, Washington, 
D.C., 1876 ; bishop of Maryland, 1885. 

PARK, Edwards Amasa, D.D. (Harvard Uni- 
versity, Cambridge, Mass., 1844); b. at Provi- 
dence, R.I., Dec. 29, 1808; graduated at Brown 
University, Providence, R.I., 1826; at Andover 
(Mass.) Theological Seminary, 1831 ; was pastor 
at Braintree, Mass., 1831-33 ; professor of mental 
and moral philosophy at Amherst College, Mass., 
1835-36 ; professor of sacred rhetoric at Andover 
(Mass.) Theological Seminary, 1836-47 ; professor 
of Christian theology at Andover, 1847-81. He 
held a professorship at Andover forty-five years. 
In theology he has adopted the tenets set forth in 
the creed of Andover Theological Seminary (see 
article " Andover Theological Seminary," Schaff- 
Herzocj Encyclopcedia, vol. i., pp. 81, 82). These 
articles are often called " New-England Theology " 
(see Encyclopaedia, vol. ii., pp. 1634-1638). In 1842- 
43 he spent sixteen months in Switzerland and 
Germany. In 1862-63 he spent the larger part of 
sixteen months in Germany. In 1869-70 he spent 
about sixteen months in England, Italy, Egypt, 
Palestine, and Greece. He began to write for the 
religious periodicals in 1828. Since that time he 
has written for The A merican Quarterly Register, 
The Spirit of the Pilgrims, American Quarterly Ob- 
server, American Biblical Repository, The Congrega- 
tional Quarterly, Christian Review, Bibliotheca Sacra, 
Smith's Dictionary of the Bible (American edition), 
McClintock and Strong's Cyclopaedia, Schaff-Herzog 
Encyclopcedia. In 1844 Professor B. B. Edwards 
and Prof essor Park founded the Bibliotheca Sacra: 
Professor Edwards was editor-in-chief from 1844 
to 1851 ; Professor Park was editor-in-chief from 
1851 till 1884. Thus he was an editor of the 
work for forty years, and was concerned in the 
publication of forty volumes. He has published 
sixteen pamphlets. Among these are : a Memo- 
rial of Rev. Charles B. Storrs, D.D., president of 
Western Reserve College (Boston, 1833) ; of Pro- 
fessor Moses Stuart (Andover, 1852) ; Professor 
B. B. Edwards (Andover, 1852) ; Rev. Joseph S. 
Clark, D.D. (Boston, 1S61) ; Rev. Richard S. 
Storrs, D.D., pastor at Braintree, Mass. (Boston, 
1874) ; Rev. Samuel C. Jackson, D.D. (Andover, 
1878) ; Rev. Leonard Woods, D.D., LL.D., presi- 
dent of Bowdoin College (Andover, 1880). His 
last pamphlet was on The Associate Creed of An- 
dover Theological Seminary (Boston, 1883, pp. 98). 
He was one of the editors and translators of Selec- 
tions from German Literature, Andover, 1839 ; 
edited The. Writings of Rev. William Bradford 



PARKER. 



162 



PATERSON. 



Horner, 1842, 2d ed. with an introductory essay of 
forty-nine pages, 1849 ; The Preacher and Pastor 
(to which he wrote an introduction of thirty-six 
pages), 1845; The Writings of Professor B. B. 
Edwards (to which was prefixed a memoir of 370 
pages), Boston, 1853; published a Memoir of the 
Life and Character of Samuel Hopkins, D.D., 1852, 
2d ed. 1854 (which was also prefixed to the works 
of Dr. Hopkins). In connection with Professor 
Austin Phelps, D.D., and Dr. Lowell Mason, he 
compiled and edited The Sabbath Hymn-Book, New 
York, 1858 (between the years 1858 and 1866, with 
the appendages of tunes for congregational wor- 
ship, it reached a circulation of about 120,000) ; 
in connection with the Hymn Book he, with Drs. 
Austin Phelps and Daniel L. Furber, published a 
volume entitled Hymns and Choirs, Andover, 1860 
(of this work, an essay of sixty-one pages on The 
Text of Hymns was written by Professor Park). 
He edited The Atonement, Discourses and Treatises 
by Edwards, Smalley, Maxcy, Emmons, Griffin, 
Barge, and Weeks, With an Introductory Essay [of 
eighty pages], Boston, 1860; wrote a Memoir of 
Nathanael Emmons, 1861 (which was prefixed to the 
theological works of Dr. Emmons in 6 vols. 8vo.). 
His last publication is a volume of fourteen Dis- 
courses on some Theological Doctrines as related to 
the Religious Character, Andover, 1885. 

PARKER, Edwin Pond, S.T.D. (Yale College, 
New Haven, Conn., 1872), Congregationalist ; b. 
at Castine, Me., Jan. 13, 1836 ; graduated at Bow- 
doin College, Brunswick, Me., 1856, and at Ban- 
gor Theological Seminary, Me., 1859 ; since Jan. 
11, 1860, has been pastor of the Second Church 
in Hartford, Conn. 

PARKER, Joseph, D.D., Congregationalist; b. 
at Hexham, Northumberland, Eng., April 9, 1830; 
educated at University College,JLondon, and pri- 
vately; entered the Congregational ministry, 
and became successively pastor at Banbury 
(Oxfordshire), 1853; Manchester (Cavendish 
Chapel), 1858; and of the City Temple, London, 
1869. In 1884 he was chairman of the Congrega- 
tional Union. His church seats more than two 
thousand persons, and is largely attended. His 
sermons are taken down in short-hand. He has 
published Emmanuel, Lond., 1859 ; Hidden Springs, 
1864 ; Wednesday Evenings at Cavendish Chapel, 
Homilelic Hints, 1865 ; Ecce Deus, Essays on the 
Life and Doctrine of Jesus Christ, 1868, 5th ed. 
1875 ; Springdale Abbey, Extracts from the Letters 
and Diaries of an English Preacher, 1869; The 
Paraclete, 1874, new ed. 1876 ; The Gospel by 
Matthew (homiletic analysis), 1869; Ad Clerum, 
1870 ; Pulpit Notes, with Introductory Essay on the 
Preaching of Jesus Christ, 1873 ; The Priesthood 
of Christ, 1876 ; Adam, Noah, and Abraham, 1880 ; 
The Inner Life of Christ, as revealed in the Gospel 
of Matthew, 1881-82, 3 vols. ; Apostolic Life, 1882- 
84, 3 vols. ; The People's Bible: Discourses on Holy 
Scripture, 1885 sqq., to be completed in 25 vols. ; 
Tyne Chylde, my Life and Ministry, partly in the 
Daylight of Fact, partly in the Limelight of Fancy, 
1883, 2d ed. 1885; Weaver Stephen, Odds and 
Evens in English Religion, 1885. Almost all these 
works have been republished in America. 

PARKHURST, Charles Henry, D.D. (Amherst 
College, Mass., 1880), Presbyterian; b. at Frarn- 
ingham, Mass., April 17, 1842; graduated at 
Amherst College, Mass., 1866 ; studied theology 



in Halle (1869) and Leipzig (1872-73); was prin- 
cipal of high school, Amherst, 1867 ; professor in 
Williston Seminary, Easthampton, Mass., 1870- 
71 ; pastor (Congregational) at Lenox, Mass., 
1874-80; and since 1880 has been pastor of the 
Madison-square Presbyterian Church, New- York 
City. He is the author of articles in different 
periodicals ; and Forms of the Latin Verb illustrated 
by the Sanscrit, Boston, 1870; The Blind Man's 
Creed, and other Sermons, New York, 1883 ; Pattern 
in the Mount, and other Sennons, 1885. 

PARRY, Right Rev. Edward, D.D. (Oxford, 
1870), bishop suffragan of Dover (suffragan to the 
archbishop of Canterbury), Church of England ; b. 
at Government House, Sydney, New South Wales, 
in the year 1830 ; entered Bailiol College, Oxford, 
1849; graduated B.A. (first-class classics) 1852, 
M.A. 1855; ordained deacon 1854, priest 1855; 
was tutor of the University of Durham, 1853-56 ; 
curate of Sonning, Berkshire, 1856 ; domestic 
chaplain to the bishop of London, 1857-59 ; rector 
of Acton, Middlesex, and rural dean, 1856-69 ; 
bishop suffragan, 1870 (one of the first two 
suffragan bishops consecrated in the Anglican 
Church for three hundred years). Since 1870 he 
has been commissary to the bishop of Madras; 
since 1874, same to the bishop of Gibraltar. He- 
is the author of A Memoir of Rear-Admiral Sir 
W. Edward Parry (his father), London, 1856; An 
Ordination Sermon preached in Whitehall Chapel, 
1857; Memorials of Commander Parry, R.N. (his 
brother), 1870, 2d ed. 1879; A Sermon preached in 
Canterbury Cathedral after Dean Alford's Funeral, 
1871. * 

PASSAGL1A, the Abbe Carlo, D.D., Roman 
Catholic ; b. at Prive de San Paolo, near Lucca, 
Italy, in the year 1814 ; educated at Rome ; became 
a Jesuit, and professor of theology in the Roman 
University. He edited the dogmatic theology of 
Petavius ; wrote A Commentary on the Prerogatives 
of St. Peter, Ratisbon, 1850 ; On the Eternity of 
Future Punishment ; in defence of the immaculate 
conception ; but particularly a Latin pamphlet 
urging the Pope to renounce the temporal power 
(Rome, 1861), which was put upon the Index, and 
obliged him to leave Rome. He was made by 
Victor Emmanuel a theological professor at Turin ; 
in 1863 sat in the Italian Parliament. In No- 
vember, 1882, he made his peace with the Holy 
See, and resumed his priestly functions. * 

PATERSON, Hugh Sinclair, M.D. (Glasgow, 
1862), Presbyterian ; b. at Campbelltown, Argyll- 
shire, Feb. 26, 1832 ; educated at the University 
of Glasgow ; entered the ministry of the Free 
Church, 1854 ; became minister of Free St. Mark's, 
Glasgow, 1854; removed to London in 1872 as 
minister of Belgrave Presbyterian Church ; in 
1880 came to his present charge, Trinity Pres- 
byterian Church, Notting Hill, London. He has 
edited Dickinson's Quarterly (1878-81); since Jan- 
uary, 1880, The British and Foreign Evangelical 
Review (quarterly); and since Nov. 3, 1881, Word 
and Work (weekly). He is the author of Studies 
in Life, The Human Body and its Functions, and 
Health Studies (all in 1880, several thousands sold, 
republished in 1 vol., Life, Function, and Health, 
1884); "In defence:" The Earlier Scriptures, 1883; 
The Fourfold Life, 1884 ; Crosses and Crowns, 1884 ; 
Christ and Criticism, 1884 ; Faith and Unfaith, their 
Claims and Conflicts, 1885. 



PATON. 



163 



PAXTON. 



PATON, John Brown, D.D. (University of Glas- 
gow, 1882), Congregationalist ; b. in Loudon Par- 
ish, Ayrshire, Scotland, Dec. 17, 1830 ; educated 
at Spring-hill Theological College, affiliated with 
London University, where he graduated B. A. 1849 
'(Old-Testament honors examination, 1850); won 
Dr. Williams divinity scholarship, 1851 ; graduated 
M.A. (both in classics and philosophy), and gold 
medal in philosophy, 1853; became pastor of 
Congregational Church at Sheffield, 1854; princi- 
pal of the Congregational Institute, Nottingham, 
1863. He was editor of The Eclectic Review, 1859- 
62 ; and consulting- editor of Contemporary Review 
since 1882. In theology, especially in apologetic 
tendencies, he is allied to Dorner ; in his doctrine 
of the Church, an Independent. He is the author 
of Evangelization of Town and Country, London, 
1861 ; "Inspiration," Criticism of Theories of J. D. 
Morell and Professor F Newman, 1862 , A Review 
■of the "Vie de Jesus:" containing Discussions on 
the Doctrine of Miracle, the Mythical Theory, and the 
Authenticity oj the Gospels, 1864; The Origin oj 
the Priesthood in the Church, 1875; Supernatural 
Religion: a Criticism, 1878; The Inner Mission of 
Germany, and its Lessons to us, 1885; The Inner 
Mission of the Church (in one volume with Women's 
Work in the Church and The Present State of Europe 
in Relation to the Spread of the Gospel), 1885; The 
Twofold Alternative (containing- Religion or Atheism 
and A Priesthood or a Brotherhood), 1885; Evening 
Schools under Healthy Conditions, 1886 ; Contem- 
porary Controversies on the Doctrine of the Church 
■and the Relations of Church and State, 1886. 

PATTERSON, Robert Mayne, D.D. (College of 
New Jersey, Princeton, 1880), Presbyterian ; b. in 
Philadelphia, Penn., July 17, 1832; graduated from 
the Philadelphia High School, 1849, and (after 
five years' reporting in United-States Senate, and 
special study) from Princeton (N.J.) Theological 
Seminary, 1859; pastor at Great Valley, Penn., 
1859; South Church, Philadelphia, 1867; editor 
of Philadelphia Pan-Presbyterian Council in 1880; 
member of the Philadelphia and Belfast Councils ; 
editor of Presbyterian Journal, 1881 ; author of 
several volumes and of review articles, and of 
papers read to Philadelphia and Belfast Councils. 

PATTISON, Thomas Harwood, D.D. (Madison 
University, Hamilton, NY., 1880), Baptist; b. at 
Lauuceston, Cornwall, Eng., Dec. 14, 1838 ; gradu- 
ated at Regent's Park Baptist College, London, 
1862; pastor at Newcastle-on-Tyne and Koch- 
dale, Eng., 1865; New Haven, Conn., 1875; Al- 
bany, N.Y., 1879 _; professor of homiletics and 
pastoral theology in Rochester (N.Y.) Theologi- 
cal Seminary, 1881. He contributed to Religious 
Republics, London, 1869 ; published Present-Day 
Lectures, 1 872 ; and is the American correspond- 
ent of The Freeman, a London Baptist journal. 

PATTON, Alfred Spencer, D.D. (Madison Uni- 
versity, Hamilton, N.Y., 1865), Baptist ; b. in Suf- 
folk, Eng., Dec. 12, 1825; came to America when a 
child ; graduated at Columbian University, Wash- 
ington, D. C . , 1848 ; became pastor at West Chester, 
Penn., 1848; Haddonfield, N.J., 1852; Hoboken, 
N.J., 1854; Roxbury, Mass., 1859; Utica, N.Y., 
1863 ; retired from pastorate, 1872, and has ever 
.since been editor and proprietor of The Baptist 
Weekly, New- York City. In 1862 and 1863 he 
•was chaplain of the Massachusetts Senate. 

PATTON, Francis Landey, D.D. (Hanover Col- 



lege, Ind., 1872), LL.D. (Wooster University, O., 
1878), Presbyterian ; b. at Warwick, Island of 
Bermuda, Jan. 22, 1843 ; graduated at Princeton 
(N.J.) Theological Seminary, 1865; pastor Eighty- 
fourth-Street Church, New-York City, 1865; at 
Nyack, 1867; pastor South Church, Brooklyn, 
1S71 ; professor of theology in the Presbyterian 
Theological Seminary, Chicago, 111., 1871; and of 
relations of philosophy and science to religion, 
Theological Seminary, Princeton, 1881. He is 
also professor of ethics in the College of New 
Jersey, Princeton. He was pastor elect of the 
Jefferson-Park Church, Chicago, 1874, and pastor 
1879-81 ; editor of The Interior, 1873-6 ; and mod- 
erator of the General Assembly at Pittsburgh, 
Penn., in 1878. Besides numerous articles in peri- 
odicals, he has published Inspiration of the Scrip- 
tures, Philadelphia, 1869 ; Summary of Christian 
Doctrine ; and is one of the editors of The Presby- 
terian Review. 

PATTON, William Weston, D.D. (Indiana As- 
bury University, Greencastle, Ind., 1863), LL.D. 
(University of the City of New York, 1882), Con- 
gregationalist ; b. in New-York City, Oct. 19, 
1821 ; graduated at the University of the City of 
New York, 1839, and at Union Theological Semi- 
nary, New-York City, 1842 ; became pastor of 
Phillips Congregational Church, Boston, Mass., 
1843; of the Fourth Church, Hartford, Conn., 
1846; of the First Church, Chicago, 111., 1857; 
was editor of The Advance, Chicago, 111., 1867- 
72; lecturer on modern scepticism at Oberlin 
(O.) and Chicago (111 ) Congregational theological 
seminaries, 1874-77 ; since 1877, president of 
Howard University, Washington, D.C., and in 
its theological department professor of natural 
theology and evidences of Christianity. He took 
an earnest part in the anti-slavery movement ; 
was chairman of the committee which presented 
to President Lincoln, Sept. 13, 1862, the famous 
memorial from Chicago asking for a proclama- 
tion of emancipation ; was vice-president of the 
North-Western Sanitary Commission during the 
Civil War, and as such made repeated visitations 
of the Eastern and Western armies, and pub- 
lished various pamphlet reports ; visited Great 
Britain and the Continent on behalf of the freed 
men in 1866. He is the author of The Young Man, 
Hartford, Conn., 1847 (republished as The Young 
Man's Friend, Auburn, N.Y., 1850) ; Conscience 
and Law, New York, 1850; Slavery and Infidelity, 
Cincinnati, 1856; Spiritual Victory, Boston, 1874; 
Prayer and its Remarkable Answers, Chicago, 1875, 
20th ed. New York, 1885; and numerous articles 
in the various theological magazines. 

PAXTON, John R., D.D. (Union College, Sche- 
nectady, N.Y., 1882), Presbyterian ; b. at Canons- 
burg, Penn., Sept. 18, 1843; graduated at Wash- 
ington and Jefferson College, Washington, Penn., 
1866, and at Western Theological Seminary, Alle- 
gheny, Penn., 1869 ; became pastor at Church ville, 
Md., 1871; of Pine-street Church, Harrisburg, 
Penn., 1874 ; of New- York-avenue Church, Wash- 
ington, D.C., 1878; of West Church, New- York 
City, 1882. 

PAXTON, William Miller, D.D. (Jefferson Col- 
lege, Canonsburg, Penn., 1860), LL.D. (Washing- 
ton and Jefferson College, Washington, Penn., 
1883), Presbyterian; b. in Adams County, Penn., 
July 7, 1824 ; graduated at Pennsylvania College, 



PAYNE. 



164 



PBIRCE. 



Gettysburg, 1843, and at Princeton (N.J.) Theo- 
logical Seminary, 1848 (having studied law after 
leaving college) ; was pastor at Greencastle, Penn., 
1848-50 ; of First Church, Pittsburgh, Penn., 1851- 
65; professor of sacred rhetoric in the Western 
Theological Seminary, Allegheny, Penn., 1860- 
67 ; pastor of First Church, New- York City, 1866- 
83; and since has been professor of ecclesiastical, 
homiletical, and pastoral theology in the Prince- 
ton (N.J.) Theological Seminary. From 1872 to 
1875 he was lecturer on sacred rhetoric in Union 
Theological Seminary, New- York City. He was 
moderator of the General Assembly of the Pres- 
byterian Church at Madison, Wis., in 1880. He 
has published a Memorial of Rev. Francis Herron, 
D.D., Pittsburgh, 1861. 

PAYNE, Charles Henry, D.D. (Dickinson Col- 
lege, Carlisle, Penn., 1870), LL.D. (Ohio State 
University, Athens, O., 1876), Methodist; b. at 
Taunton, Mass., Oct. 24, 1830; graduated at 
Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., 1856; 
studied theology in the Biblical Institute, Con- 
cord, N.H. (now the Boston School of Theology); 
was pastor from 1857 until 1876, when he be- 
came president of Ohio Wesleyan University, 
Delaware, O. He was a member of the commit- 
tee to revise the hymn-book of the Methodist- 
Episcopal Church, 1876 ; of the (Ecumenical 
Methodist Conference, London, September, 1881 ; 
and of the General Conference of the Methodist- 
Episcopal Church, 1880 and 1884. He is the 
author of Guides and Guards in Character Build- 
ing, New York, 1883, 6th ed. 1886, republished 
London, 1884 ; and of the pamphlets, The Social 
Glass and Christian Obligation, 1868 ; Shall our 
American Sabbath be a Holiday, or a Holy-day? 
Philadelphia, 1872 ; Daniel, the Uncompromising 
Young Man, New York, 1872. 

PAYNE-SMITH, Very Rev. Robert, Dean of 
Canterbury, Church of England; b. in Gloucester- 
shire, in November, 1818 ; educated at Pembroke 
College, Oxford ; graduated B.A. (second-class in 
classics) 1841, M.A. 1843; Boden Sanscrit scholar, 
1840 ; Pusey and Ellerton Hebrew scholar, 1843 ; 
was ordained deacon 1843, priest 1844 ; and became 
successively head master of the Kensington pro- 
prietary school (1853), sub-librarian of the Bod- 
leian Library, Oxford (1857), canon of Christ 
Church, Oxford, and regius professor of divinity, 
and rector of Ewelme (1865), and dean of Canter- 
bury (1871). He was Bampton lecturer in 1869, 
and an Old- Testament reviser (1870-84). He is 
the author, translator, and editor of S. Cyrilli Alex, 
comment, hi Lucoz evangel, qua supersunt Syriace, 
Oxford, 1858 ; St. Cyril's Commentary on St. Luke's 
Gospel, in English, 1859, 2 vols.; Ecclesiastical His- 
tory of John, Bishop of Ephesus (translated), 1860 ; 
The AuUienticily and Messianic Interpretation of the 
Prophecies of Isaiah vindicated, 1862; Catalogus 
codicum Syriacorum et Carshunicorum in bibliotheca 
Bodleiana, 1864 ; Thesaurus Syriacus, 1868 sqq. ; 
Prophecy a Preparation for Christ (Bampton Lec- 
ture), 1869 ; commentary on Jeremiah, in Bible 
{Speaker's) Commentary ; on Isaiah, in S. P. G. 
Commentary ; and on Genesis, in Bishop Ellicott's 
Commentary. * 

PEABODY, Andrew Preston, D.D. (Harvard 
College, Cambridge, Mass., 1852), LL.D. (Univer- 
sity of Rochester, N.Y., 1863), Unitarian ; b. at 
Beverly, Mass., March 19, 1811; graduated at 



Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., 1826, and 
at the theological seminary in connection with it, 
1832; was pastor at Portsmouth, N.H., 1833-60; 
professor of Christian morals, and preacher to Har- 
vard University, 1860-81. He edited The North- 
American Review, 1852-61; and has published, be- 
sides articles, sermons, etc., Lectures on Christian 
Doctrine, Boston, 1844, 3d ed. 1857; Christian Con- 
solations, 1846, 6th ed. 1872 ; Conversation, its Faults 
and Graces, 1856, 3d ed. 1882 ; Christianity the Re- 
ligion of Nature (Lowell Lectures), 1864; Sermons 
for Children, 1866, 2d ed. 1867; Reminiscences of 
European Travel, New York, 1868 ; Manual of 
Moral Philosophy, 1873 ; Christianity and Science 
(Union Seminary Lectures), 1874 ; Christian Belief 
and Life, Boston, 1875; Baccalaureate Sermons, 
1885 ; and translations of Cicero's De officiis ( 1 883) 
and De senectute (1884) ; De Amicitia and Scipio's 
Dream, 1884 ; Plutarch on the Delay of the Divine 
Justice, 1885 ; A translation of Cicero's Tusculan 
Disputations (On the contempt of death, On bear- 
ing pain, etc.), 1886. 

PECK, Thomas Ephraim, D.D. (Hampden-Sid- 
ney College, Prince-Edward County, Va., 1867), 
LL.D. (Washington and Lee University, Lexing- 
ton, Va., 1883), Presbyterian; b. at Columbia, S.C., 
Jan. 29, 1822; graduated at South-Carolina Col- 
lege, Columbia, 1840; pastor in Baltimore, 1846- 
60 ; professor of church history and polity in 
Union Theological Seminary, Hampden-Sidney, 
Va., 1860-83, and since of systematic and pastoral 
theology. He has published review articles and 
sermons. 

PEIRCE, Bradford Kinney, D.D. (Wesleyan 
University, Middletown, Conn., 1868), Methodist;. 
b. at Royalton, Windsor County, Vt., Feb. 3, 
1819 ; graduated at Wesleyan University, Middle- 
town, Conn., 1841; received into New-England 
Conference, Methodist-Episcopal Church, 1843 ; 
was editor Sunday-school Messenger and Sunday- 
school Teacher, Boston, 1844-45 ; agent of Ameri- 
can Sunday-School Union, 1854-56 ; senator from 
Norfolk County in Massachusetts Legislature, 
1855-56 ; superintendent and chaplain of State In- 
dustrial School for Girls, Lancaster, Mass., 1856- 
62; chaplain of House of Refuge, New- York City, 
1863-72; and since has been editor of Zion's Her- 
ald, Boston. He is a trustee of Boston University 
(since 1874), of Wellesley College (since 1876), 
and of Cushing Academy, Ashburnham, Mass. 
(since 1877), and was of Wesleyan University, 
Middletown, Conn., from 1870 to 1881. He is the 
author of Temptation, Boston, 1840, 2d ed. New 
York, 1844; One Talent improved, New York, 1845 ; 
The Eminent Dead, Boston, 1846 (second and sub- 
sequent editions at Nashville, Tenn.) ; Bible Schol- 
ar's Manual, New York, 1847; Notes on the Acts, 
1848; Questions upon Acts, Genesis, and Exodus, 
1848; The Token of Friendship, Boston, 1850; a 
series of reports upon Juvenile Reform and Indus- 
trial School, Lancaster, Mass., 1856-61; edited, by 
order of Legislature of Massachusetts, in 1856, a 
new edition, with additional notes and newspaper 
articles published at the time, of the debates and 
proceedings of the convention of the Common- 
wealth of Massachusetts, held in the year 1788, 
which ratified the Constitution of the United 
States, octavo, printed by the State ; a series of 
chaplain's reports of House of Refuge, 1862-72; 
Life in Woods, or Adventures of Audubon, N.Y., 



PELHAM. 



165 



PEROWNB. 



1S63; collection of hymns and ritual for House 
of Refuge, New York, 1864 ; Trials of an Inventor: 
Life arid Discoveries of Charles Goodyear, 1866 ; 
Stories from Life which the Chaplain Told, Boston, 
1866 ; Sequel to Stories from Life, 1867 ; The Word 
of God Opened, New York, 1868, 2d ed. 1874 ; A 
Half-Century with Juvenile Offenders, New York, 
1869; Under the Cross, Boston, 1869; The Young 
Shetlander and his Home ■ Biographical Sketch of 
Thomas Edmondston, New York, 1870; The Chap- 
lain with the. Children, 1870; Hymns of the Higher 
Life, 1S71 ; various articles. 

PELHAM, Hon. and Right Rev. John Thomas, 
D.D. (per Literas Regias, 1857), lord bishop of 
Norwich; b. in London, June 21, 1811; edu- 
cated at Christ Church, Oxford; graduated B.A. 
1832, M.A. 1857; ordained deacon 1834, priest 
1835 ; was rector of Berg Apton, Norfolk, 1837- 
52 ; perpetual curate of Christ Church, Hampstead, 
1852-55 ; rector of St. Marylebone, London, 1855- 
57 ; consecrated bishop, 1857 

PELOUBET, Francis Nathan, D.D. (University 
of East Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn., 1S84), Con- 
gregationalist ; b. in New-York City, Dec. 2, 1831 ; 
graduated at Williams College, Williamstown, 
Mass., 1853, and from the theological seminary, 
Bangor, Me., 1857 ; was pastor of Congregational 
church at Lanesville (1857-60), Oakham (1861-66), 
Attleboro' (1866-71), and Natick (1871-83), all in 
Massachusetts. He is the author (with Mrs. Mary 
A. Peloubet) of Select Notes on the International 
Sunday-school Lessons, Boston, 1875 sqq. (12 vols, 
to 1886 inclusive, circulation over 230,000 vols.) ; 
International Question Book, 1874 sqq. (two grades, 
senior and intermediate, 26 vols.); Sunday-school 
Quarterly, 1880 sqq ; Intermediate Quarterly, 18S1 
sqq. (circulation of question-books and quarterlies 
over 1,370,000) ; Smith- Peloubet Bible Dictionary 
(a revision, with additions to date, of Smith s 
condensed Dible Dictionary), Philadelphia, 1884 ; 
Select Songs for the Sunday School and Social Meet- 
ings, New York, 1884 ; occasional discourses, and 
temperance lesson-leaves. 

PENDLETON, James Madison, D.D. (Denison 
University, Granville, O., 1865), Baptist; b. in 
Spottsylvania County, Va., Nov. 20, 1811 ; was 
pastor at Bowling Green, Ky., 1837-57 , professor 
of theology, Union University, Murfreesboro', 
Tenn., 1857-61 ; pastor at Hamilton, Q., 1862-65, 
and at Upland, Penn., 1865-83. He has never 
had a collegiate education, but received an hon- 
orary A.M. from Georgetown College, Ky., 1841. 
He is the author of Three Reasons why I am a Bap- 
tist, Cincinnati, O., 1853, last ed. St. Louis, Mo., 

1884 ; Sermons, Nashville, Tenn., 1859 ; Church 
Manual, Philadelphia, 1868 (40 editions of 500 
copies each) ; Christian Doctrines, 1878, 13th ed. 

1885 (each edition 500 copies) ; Distinctive Princi- 
ples of Baptists, 1881, 3d ed. 1885 (each edition 
500 copies) ; with Rev. Dr. G. W. Clark, Brief 
Notes on the New Testament, 1884; The Atonement 
of Christ, 1885. His Three Reasons was translated 
into Welsh. 

PENICK, Right Rev. Charles Clifton, D.D. 
(Kenyon College, Gambier, O., 1877), Episco- 
palian, retired bishop ; b. in Charlotte County, 
Va., Dec, 9, 1843 ; studied in Hampden-Sidney 
College, Va., and graduated at the Theological 
Seminary of Virginia, near Alexandria, 1869 ; 
was rector of Emmanuel Church, Goodson, Va., 



1869-70; of St. George's Church, Mount Savage, 
Md., 1870-73; of the Church of the Messiah, Bal- 
timore, Md., 1873-77 ; bishop of Cape Palmas and 
parts adjacent, Africa, 1877-83; since 1883 has 
been rector of St. Andrew's Church, Louisville, 
Ky. He entered the Confederate army in 1861, 
and served through the war. He founded Cape 
Mount Station, Liberia, West Africa. He is the 
author of More than a Prophet, New York, 1880. 

PENTECOST, George Frederick, D.D. (Lafay- 
ette College, Easton, Penn., 1884), Congregational- 
ist; b. at Albion, 111., Sept. 23, 1842; apprenticed 
to a printer at fifteen ; went to Kansas Territory 
at seventeen, was there as printer for a year; then 
became private secretary to Govs. Denver and 
Walsh, then clerk in United-States District Court 
and in Supreme Court of the Territory ; studied 
law; entered Georgetown College, Ky., but left 
it in 1862, and joined the Eighth Kentucky Union 
Cavalry under Col. Bristow (subsequently gen- 
eral, and secretary of the treasury under President 
Grant). He left the service in 1864, with the rank 
of captain. Since 1864 he has held the following- 
pastorates : First Baptist Church, Greencastle, 
Ind., 1864-66 ; First Baptist Church, Evansville, 
Ind., 1866-68; First Baptist Church, Covington, 
Ky., 1868-69 ; Hanson-place Baptist Church, 
Brooklyn, N.Y., 1869-72 ; Warren-avenue Baptist 
Church, Boston, Mass., 1872-77 ; evangelist, 1877- 
81 ; since 1881 has been pastor of Tompkins-avenue 
Congregational Church, Brooklyn, N.Y. He has 
been three times abroad, always on invitation to 
preach and do evangelistic work, twice with Mr. 
Moody. Pie is the author of Angel in Marble, 
Boston, 1876, 3d ed. 1884, London 1884 ; In the 
Volume of the Book, New York, 1879, 3d ed. 1880, 
London, 1884; Out of Egypt, London, 1884, New 
York, 18S5 (the last two books have had a joint 
circulation of 40,000 copies) , many tracts and 
pamphlets; since 1885, editor of Words and Weap- 
ons for Christian Workers (monthly), New York, 
1885 sqq. 

PEROWNE, Very Rev. John James Stewart, 
D.D. (Cambridge, 1873), Church of England; b. 
at Burdwan, Bengal, India, March 13, 1823; was 
Crosse scholar, and educated at Corpus Christi 
College, Cambridge; graduated B.A. 1845, M.A. 
1848, B.D. 1856; was members' prizeman (Latin 
essay) in 1844, 1846, 1847, and Tyrwhitt's Hebrew 
scholar in 1848; ordained deacon 1847, priest 
1848; was examiner for classical tripos, 1S51-52, 
select preacher to the university, 1853, 1861, 1873, 
1876, 1879, and 1882 ; vice-principal of St. David's 
College, Lampeter, 1862-72; examining chaplain 
to the bishop of Norwich, 1865-78 ; prebendary 
of St. Andrew's, and canon of Llandaff Cathedral, 
1869-78; prselector in theology in Trinity College, 
Cambridge, 1872-78 ; fellow of Trinity College, 
1873-75; Hulsean professor of divinity, 1875-78. 
In 1868 he was Hulsean lecturer; in 1874-75, Mar- 
garet preacher; in 1874-76, Whitehall preacher. 
He was a member of the Old-Testament company 
of Bible-revisers, 1870-84, and of the royal com- 
mission on ecclesiastical courts, 1881-83. In 1875 
he was appointed honorary chaplain to the Queen ; 
and in 1878, dean of Peterborough. He is the 
author of The Book of Psalms, a Neiv Translation, 
with Notes, Critical and Exegetical, London, 1864- 
68, 2 vols. 6th ed. 1886; Immortality (Hulsean 
Lectures), 1869 ; Sermons, 1873. He is the editor 



PERRIN. 



166 



PERRY. 



of The Cambridge Bible for Schools, 1877 sqq., to 
which series he contributed the notes on Jonah, 
1878. 

PERRIN, Lavalette, D.D. (Yale College, New 
Haven, Conn., 1869), Congregationalist ; b. at 
Vernon, Conn., May 15, 1816 ; graduated at Yale 
College, New Haven, Conn., 1840, and at Yale 
Theological Seminary, 1843 ; was pastor at Go- 
shen, Conn., 1843-57 ; of First Church, New 
Britain, Conn., 1858-70; since 1S72, pastor of the 
Third Church, Torrington, Conn. ; since 1876, 
annalist of General Conference of Congregational 
Churches of Connecticut; since 1880, treasurer 
of National Council of Congregational Churches; 
since 1882, member of corporation of Yale Col- 
lege. He took the initiatory steps in organizing 
the State Conference in 1867, and the Connecticut 
Congregational Club, Dec. 18, 1876; projected and 
is agent of the Memorial Hall estate in Hartford, 
Conn. He is conservative in doctrinal, and pro- 
gressive in practical, theology ; accepting the old 
creeds, and favoring such new measures as accord 
with them. He has published several sermons 
on various subjects. 

PERRY, George Gresley, Church of England; 
b. at Churchill, Somerset, Dec. 21, 1820; scholar 
of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 1837; gradu- 
ated B.A. (second-class classics) 1840, M.A. (Lin- 
coln College) 1843 ; was fellow of Lincoln College, 
1842-52, in which was tutor, 1847-52; master of 
the schools, 1S47-48 ; ordained deacon 1844, priest 
1845 ; has been rector of Waddington, Lincoln- 
shire, since 1852 ; rural dean of Longoboby ; canon 
and prebendary of Milton Manor in Lincoln Ca- 
thedral since 1861; proctor for diocese of Lincoln, 
1867-81 ; proctor in the Convocation of Canter- 
bury. He is a moderate Anglican. He is the 
author of History of the Church of England from 
the Death of Elizabeth to the Present Century, Lon- 
don, 1861-64, 3 vols. ; Victor: a Tale of the Great 
Persecution, 1864; Life of Bishop Grosseteste, 1865; 
History of the Crusades, 1865, 3d ed. 1872 ; Croy- 
Land Abbey, 1867 ; Christian Fathers, 1870 ; Vox 
ecclesice Anglicanaz, 1870; Student's Manual of 
English Church History, part i. 1881, part ii. 1877, 
3d ed 1885; Life of St. Hugh, Bishop of Lincoln, 
1879 ; The Reformation in England, 1886. 

PERRY, Right Rev. William Stevens, S.T.D. 
(Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., 1869) ; LL.D. 
(William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Va., 
1876), D.C.L. (University of Bishops' College, 
Lennoxville, Can., 1885), Episcopalian, bishop of 
Iowa; b. at Providence, R.I., Jan. 22, 1832; 
graduated at Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., 
1854 ; studied theology first at the Alexandria 
-Theological Seminary, Va., then privately with 
Rev. Drs. A. H. Vinton, Boston, and J. S. Stone, 
Brookline, Mass. ; became assistant minister at 
St. Paul's, Boston, Mass., 1857; rector of St. 
Luke's, Nashua, N.H., 1858; of St. Stephen's, 
Portland, Me., 1861; of St. Michael's, Litchfield, 
Conn., 1864; of Trinity, Geneva, N.Y., 1869; 
president of Hobart College, Geneva, N.Y., April, 
1876; bishop, Sept. 10, 1876 He was deputy 
from New Hampshire to the General Convention, 
1859 ; from the diocese of Maine, 1862, at which 
convention he was made assistant secretary ; suc- 
ceeded to the secretaryship, 1865 ; was elected 
secretary to the House of Clerical and Lay Depu- 
ties in the General Convention, 1868, 1871, and 



1874; historiographer of the American Church, 
1868 ; professor of history in Hobart College, 
1871-73. With Dr. J. Cotton Smith he edited 
The Church Monthly, Boston, 1864. A full list of 
his numerous and valuable writings down to date 
is given in Batterson's Sketch-book of the American 
Episcopate, Philadelphia, 2d ed. 1885. Leaving 
out sermons, charges, and minor publications, of 
these may be mentioned, Historical Sketch of the 
Church Missionary Association of the Eastern Dis- 
trict of Massachusetts, Boston, 1859 ; Journals of 
the General Convention of the Protestant-Episcopal 
Church of the United Slates, of America (with illus- 
trative historical notes and appendices by the 
Rev. Francis L. Hawks and the Rev. William 
Stevens Perry), vol. l. (all published), Philadel- 
phia, 1861; Bishop Seabury and Bishop Provoost: 
an Historical Fragment, privately printed, 1862 ; 
Documentary History of the Protestant-Episcopal 
Church in South Carolina, Francis L. Hawks and 
William Stevens Perry editors, No. 1 (all pub- 
lished), 1862 ; The Collects of the Church, pri- 
vately printed, 1863, 2d ed. 1878; The Connection- 
of the Church of England with Early American Col- 
onization, Portland, 1863; Bishop Seabury and the 
" Episcopal Recorder " a Vindication, privately 
printed, 1863 ; A Century of Episcopacy in Portland 
(a sketch of the history of the Episcopal Church in 
Portland, Me., from the organization of St. Paul's, 
Falmouth, Nov. 4, 1763, to the year 1883), Portland, 
1863 ; Documentary History of the Protestant-Episco- 
pal Church in the United States of America (contain- 
ing numerous hitherto unpublished documents 
concerning the Church in Connecticut), Francis 
L. Hawks and William Stevens Perry editors, 
New York, 1863-64, 2 vols. ; Liturgic Worship. 
Sermons on the Book of Common Prayer, by Bishops 
and Clergy of the Protestant-Episcopal Church, New 
York, 1864 (edited, the course planned, and one 
of the sermons delivered, by William Stevens 
Perry) ; A Memorial of the Rev. Thomas Mather 
Smith, D.D., privately printed, 1866; A History 
of the Book of Common Prayer, with a Rationale of 
its Offices, by Francis Proctor (with an introduc- 
tory chapter on the History of the American Liturgy, 
by William Stevens Perry), New York, 1868, new 
ed. London and New York, 18S1 ; Questions on the 
Life and Labors of the Great Apostle, 1869 ; The 
Churchman's Year-Book, Hartford, 1870; do., 1871; 
Historical Collections of the American Colonial 
Church,vo\. i., Virginia, 1871; do., vol. ii., Penn- 
S3'lvania, 1872 ; do., vol iii., Massachusetts, 1873; 
do., vol. iv., Maryland, 1878; do., vol. v., Dela- 
ware, 1878 ; Life Lessons from the Book of Proverbs, 
New York, 1872, 4th ed. 1885; A Sunday-school 
Experiment, 1874, 3d ed. 1877 ; Handbook of the 
General Convention, 1874, 4th ed. 1881; Journals 
of the General Convention, 1785 to 1835, 3 vols. : 
Historical Notes and Documents illustrating the Or- 
ganization of the Protestant-Episcopal Church in 
the United States of America, 1874 ; The Re-union 
Conference at Bonn, 1875. A Personal Narrative, 
1876; The American Cathedral, 1877; Missions 
and Missionary Bishoprics in the American Church 
(a paper read before the Church Congress held 
at Stoke-upon-Trent, Eng., October, 1875), pri- 
vately printed, 1877; Scriptural Reasons for the 
Use of Forms of Prayer, Davenport, 1878 ; The 
Second Lambeth Conference : a Personal Narrative, 
1879 ; A Brief Account of the Proceedings of the 



PETERKIN. 



167 



PHILLIPS. 



General Convention held in the City of Boston 1877, 
New York, 1880 ; Some Summer Days Abroad, 
Davenport, 1880 : Ober-Ammergau in 1875 and 1880, 
privately printed, 1881 ; Easter with the Poets, 
Davenport, 1881 ; The Church's Year, Davenport, 
18S1 ; Catechetical Instruction, with an introduction, 
1882; The Church's Growth and the Church's Needs 
in Iowa, 1882 ; Griswold College : Shall it be built 
up? a few words to Churchmen, 1883; A Pastoral 
about the Lenten fast, 1883 ; Historical Sketch of 
the Protestant-Episcopal Church, 1784-1884, New 
York, 1884; A Discourse on the Centenary of the 
Consecration of Bishop Seabury, 1884 ; The Election 
of the First Bishop of Connecticut, an historical 
review, 1885 ; The Men and Measures of the Massa- 
chusetts Conventions of 1784-85, a centenary dis- 
course, Boston, 1885; The History of the American 
Episcopal Church, 1587-1883, vol. i., The Planting 
and Growth of the American Colonial Church, 
1587-1783, Boston, 1S85; do., vol. ii., The Organi- 
zation and Progress of the American Church, 1783- 
1883, Boston, 1885; Ten Episcopal Addresses, 
1S77-86. 

PETERKIN, Right Rev. George William, D.D. 
(Kenyon College, Gambier, O., and Washington 
and Lee University, Lexington, Va., both 1878), 
Episcopalian, first bishop of West Virginia; b. 
at Clear Spring, Md., March 21, 1841 ; studied at 
the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 1858- 
59 ; graduated at the Theological Seminary of 
Virginia, near Alexandria, 1868; ordained deacon 
186S, priest 1869; became rector of St. Stephen's 
Church, Culpepper, Va., 1869 ; of Memorial 
Church, Baltimore, Md., 1873 ; consecrated bishop, 
1878. 

PETERS, George Nathaniel Henry, Lutheran 
(Wittenberg Synod) ; b. at New Berlin, Union 
County, Penn., Nov. 30, 1S25; graduated at Wit- 
tenberg College, Springfield, O., 1850; pastor at 
Woodbury, Springfield, Xenia, and Plymouth, 0., 
but long since retired. He is a conservative pre- 
millenarian ; and, besides numerous articles, has 
published, as the result of thirty years' labor, The 
Theocratic Kingdom of our Lord Jesus Christ, New 
York, 1884, 3 vols. 

PETERS, John Punnett, Ph.D. (Yale College, 
New Haven, Conn., 1876), Episcopalian; b. in 
New- York City, Dec. 16, 1852 ; graduated at Yale 
College, New Haven, Conn., A.B., 1873; studied 
theology at Yale Divinity School, and Oriental 
languages at Berlin (1879-81) and Leipzig (1882- 
83) ; was tutor in Yale, 1876-79 ; ordained priest, 
1877; chaplain of American Episcopal Church at 
Dresden, 1881-82; assistant minister at St. Mi- 
chael's Church, New- York City, 1883-S4; and since 
September, 1884, has been professor of Old-Testa- 
ment languages and literature in the Protestant- 
Episcopal Divinity School, Philadelphia, Penn. 
lie translated Midler's Political History of Recent 
Times, New York, 1883; and edited, with Rev. 
E. T. Bartlett, The Scriptures for Young People, 
1886. 

PFLEIDERER, Otto, D.D. (honoris causa, Jena, 
1870), German Protestant; b. at Stetten, near 
Cannstatt, Wiirtemberg, Sept. 1, 1839 ; studied 
under Baur at Tubingen, 1857-61 ; became pastor 
at Heilbronn, 1S68; superintendent at Jena 1870, 
and the same year ordinary professor of theology, 
and Kirchenrath ; went to Berlin as professor of 
theology, 1875. He belongs to the historical, crit- 



ical, dogmatic, and liberal school of Baur. He 
is the author of Die Religion, ihr Wesen und ihre 
Geschichte, Leipzig, 1869, 2 vols., 2d ed. 1878; 
Moral und Religion, gekrbnte Preisschrift, Haarlem, 
1870; Der Paulinismus, Leipzig, 1873; F. G.Fichte. 
Lebensbild eines deutschen Denkers und Patriolen, 
Stuttgart, 1877; Relirjionsphilosophie auf qeschicht- 
licher Grundlage, Berlin, 1878, 2d ed. 1883-84, 2 
vols. ; Zur religiosen Verstdndigung, 1879 ; Grund- 
riss der christlichen Glaubens- und Sittenlehre, 1880, 
3d ed. 1886; Lectures on the Influence of the Apos- 
tle Paul on the Development of Christianity (Hibbert 
Lectures for 1885), London, 1885. 

PHELPS, Austin, D.D. (Amherst College, Mass., 
1S56), Congregationalist ; b. in West Brookfield, 
Mass., Jan. 7, 1820; graduated at the University 
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1837; was pastor 
of Pine-street Church, Boston, Mass., 1842-48; and 
professor of sacred rhetoric in Andover (Mass.) 
Theological Seminary, 1848-79. He has published 
The Still Hour, Boston, 1859 ; Hymns and Choirs, 
Andover, 1860; The New Birth, Boston, 1867; 
Sabbath Hours, 1870; Studies of the Old Testament, 
1879 ; The Theory of Preaching, 1881 ; Men and 
Books, 1882; My Portfolio, 1882; English Style, 
1883; My Study, 1885; and numerous articles. 

PHELPS, Sylvanus Dryden, D.D. (Madison 
University, Hamilton, N.Y., 1854), Baptist; b. at 
Suffield, Conn., May 15, 1816 ; graduated at Brown 
University, Providence, R.I., 1844; at Yale Divin- 
ity School, New Haven, Conn., 1847; was pastor 
of First Baptist Church, New Haven, Conn., 
1846-74; of Jefferson-street Church, Providence, 
R.I., 1874-76 ; and since has been proprietor and 
editor of The Christian Secretary, Hartford, Conn. 
He has published Eloquence of Nature, and other 
Poems, Hartford, 1842; Sunlight and Heartldight 
(poems), New York, 1856; Holy Land: a Year's 
Tour, 1863, republished under title, Bible Lands, 
Chicago, 1869, 11th ed. 1877; The Poet's Song 
for the Heart and the Home, 1867; Rest Days in a 
Journey to Bible Lands: Sermons preached in the 
Four Quarters of the Globe, 1S86. 

PHILLIPS, Philip, Methodist layman; b. in 
Chautauqua County, N.Y., Aug. 13, 1834; brought 
up on the farm of a neighbor; early attracted 
attention by his singing, received his first musical 
education at the country singing-school, and later 
from Dr. Lowell Mason ; began his first singing- 
school at Alleghany, N.Y., in 1853; conducted 
such schools subsequently in adjacent towns and 
cities. His parents were Baptists, and he was 
one himself from 1852 to 1860; but in 1860 he 
and his wife (whom he had married that year) 
joined the Methodist Church at Marion, O., and 
have ever since been in that denomination. He 
brought out his first musical publication, Early 
Blossoms, in 1860, and sold twenty thousand copies 
of it. In 1861 he moved to Cincinnati, and opened 
a music-store. His next book, Musical Leaves, Cin- 
cinnati, 1862, sold to the extent of seven hundred 
thousand copies. During the war he entered vig- 
orously into the work of the Christian Commis- 
sion, and raised much money for it by his Home 
Songs, and his personally conducted " services of 
song" in different parts of the country. He then 
issued The Singing Pilgrim, and since other books. 
In 1866 his music-store in Cincinnati was burned,, 
and he moved his business to New York. In 1868 
he first visited England, and successfully held ser- 



PHILPOTT. 



168 



PIRIE. 



vices of song in all parts of the United Kingdom. 
He prepared The American Sacred Songster for 
the British Sunday-school Union, of which eleven 
hundred thousand copies have been sold. He has 
since held his praise and Bible-reading services in 
all parts of the world. He is the only man who 
has belted the entire globe with his voice in song, 
conducting 574 services during the journey. See 
Philip Phillips : Song Pilgrimage around and 
throughout the World, with biographical sketch by 
Alexander Clark, Chicago, 1880, London, 1883. 

PHILPOTT, Right Rev. Henry, D.D. (Cam- 
bridge, 1847), lord bishop of Worcester, Church 
of England ; b. at Chichester, Nov. 17, 1807 ; 
educated at St. Catharine's College, Cambridge ; 
graduated B.A. (senior wrangler, and Smith's 
prizeman, and first-class classical tripos) 1829, 
M.A. 1832; ordained deacon 1831, priest 1833; 
was fellow of his college, assistant tutor, then 
tutor, and then was master with a canonry of 
Norwich annexed, 1845-60; chaplain to his late 
Royal Highness the Prince Consort, 1854-60; vice- 
chancellor of the University of Cambridge, 1856- 
58 ; consecrated bishop, 1861 ; has been since 1S61 
clerk of the closet to the Queen , and is also pro- 
vincial chaplain of Canterbury. * 

PICK, Bernhard, Ph.D. (University of New- 
York City, 1877), Lutheran ; b. at Kempen, Prussia, 
Dec. 19, 1842 ; educated at Breslau and Berlin ; 
graduated at Union Theological Seminary, New- 
York City, 1868 ; became pastor at New York, 
1868; North Buffalo, N.Y., 1869; Syracuse, N.Y., 
1870; Rochester, N.Y., 1874; Allegheny, Penn., 
1881. He became member of the German Oriental 
Society of Halle-Leipzig, 1877, and of the Society 
of Biblical Literature and Exegesis (U.S. A.), 1881. 
Since 1872 he has been a constant contributor to 
McClintock and Strong's Cyclopaedia , translated 
Delitzsch's Jewish Artisan Life in the Time of Jesus, 
New York, 1883 ; is author of Luther as a Hymnist, 
Philadelphia, 1875; Judisches Volksleben zur Zeit 
Jesu, Rochester, N.Y., 1880; Luther's " Ein feste 
Burg " in Nineteen Languages, 1880, 2d ed. (in 
twenty-one languages) Chicago, 1883 ; Index to 
Lange's Commentary on the Old Testament, New 
York, 1S82; and of articles in reviews, etc. 

PIEPER, Franz Augustus Otto, Lutheran (Mis- 
souri Synod) ; b. at Carwitz, Pommerania, Ger- 
many, June 27, 1852 ; graduated at North-western 
University, Watertown, Wis., 1872, and at Con- 
cordia Seminary, St. Louis, Mo., 1875; was pastor 
at Manitowoc, Wis., 1875-78; and since has been 
professor of theology in Concordia Seminary. He 
is the author of Das Grundbekenntniss der evange- 
lisch-lutherischen Kirche, St. Louis, Mo., 1880. 

PIERCE, George Foster, D.D., bishop of the 
Methodist-Episcopal Church South; b. in Greene 
County, Ga., Feb. 3, 1811; d. near Sparta, Ga., 
Sept. 3, 1884 ; he was the son of the famous Lovick 
Pierce; studied law, but abandoned it for the min- 
istry, and in 1831 was received into the Georgia 
Conference of the Methodist-Episcopal Church. 
After filling various important appointments in 
South Carolina and Georgia, he became in 1848 
president of Emory College, Ga., and so remained 
until 1854, when he was elected a bishop. He 
was a very influential man in his denomination. 
He was the author of Incidents of Western Travel, 
edited by T. O. Summers, Nashville, 1857 ; and 
numerous sermons. * 



PIERCE, Right Rev. Henry Niles, D.D. (Uni- 
versity of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, 1863), LL.D. 
(William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Va., 
1869), Episcopalian, bishop of Arkansas ; b. at 
Pawtucket, R.I., Oct. 19, 1820; graduated at 
Brown University, Providence, R.I., 1842; was 
rector of St. John's, Mobile, Ala., 1857-68 ; of 
St. Paul's, Springfield, 111., 1868-70; consecrated 
bishop, 1870. Besides occasional sermons, essays, 
addresses, etc., he has written The Agnostic, and 
other Poems, New York, 1884. 

PIERSON, Arthur Tappan, D.D. (Knox College, 
Galesburg, 111., 1874), Presbyterian ; b. in New- 
York City, March 6, 1837 ; graduated at Hamilton 
College, Clinton, N.Y., 1857, and at Union The- 
ological Seminary, New- York City, 1860 ; pastor 
at Binghamton, N.Y., 1860; Waterford, N.Y., 
1S63 ; Detroit, Mich , 1869 ; Indianapolis, 1882 ; 
and Philadelphia (Bethany Church), 1883. He 
is a frequent contributor to periodicals. 

PIGOU, Francis, D.D. (Trinity College, Dublin, 
1878), Church of England; b. at Baden-Baden, 
Germany, Jan. 8, 1832; educated at Trinity Col- 
lege, Dublin ; graduated B.A. 1853, divinity testi- 
monium 1854, M.A. 1857, B.D. 1878; was or- 
dained deacon 1855, priest 1856 ; curate of Stoke 
Talmage, Oxfordshire, 1855-56; chaplain to Bishop 
Spencer at Marbceuf Chapel, Paris, 1S56-58; 
curate of St. Philip, Regent Street, and of St. 
Mary, Kensington, London, 1858-60 ; perpetual 
curate of St. Philip, Regent Street, London, 1860- 
69 ; vicar of Doncaster, 1869-75 ; rural dean of 
Doncaster, 1870-75; honorary chaplain in ordi- 
nary to the Queen, 1871-74 ; became chaplain in 
ordinary, 1874; vicar and rural dean of Halifax, 
1875 ; canon of Ripon Cathedral, 1885. He has 
held " missions " in England and America (1S85), 
and many "retreats." He is the author of Faith 
and Practice (sermons), London, 1865 ; Early Com- 
munion, 1877; Addresses to District Visitors and Sun- 
day-school Teachers, 1880 ; Addresses delivered on 
Various Occasions, 1883. 

PIPER, Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, German Prot- 
estant; b. at Stralsund, May 7, 1811; studied 
at Berlin and Gbttingen, 1829-33; was repetent at 
Gbttingen, 1833; privat-docent at Berlin, 1840; 
professor extraordinary, 1842 ; and since 1849 
director of the Christian Archaeological Museum, 
which he had himself founded. From 1850 to 
1870 he edited the Evangelischer Kalender (Berlin) ; 
and has written much upon Christian archaeology, 
of which may be mentioned, Geschichte des Oster- 
festes, Berlin, 1845; Mythologie der christlichen 
Kirche, Weimar, 1847-51, 2 vols. ; Einleitung in 
die monumentale Theologie, Gotha, 1867 ; Evan- 
gelischer Kalender, Berlin, 1875. * 

PIRIE, Very Rev. William Robinson, D.D. 
(King's College and University of Aberdeen, 
1846), principal of Aberdeen University, Church 
of Scotland ; b. in the manse of Slains, Aberdeen- 
shire, July 26, 1804; d. at Chanonry, Old Aber- 
deen, Nov. 3, 1885. He matriculated at King's 
College and University of Aberdeen, 1816, and 
attended all the classes, but did not graduate, it 
being unusual and almost useless at that time to 
do so; became minister of Dyce, Aberdeenshire, 
1830 ; professor of divinity at Marischal College 
and University of Aberdeen, 1843; professor of 
divinity and church history in Aberdeen Uni- 
versity, 1860 ; principal of the university, 1877. 



PITCHER. 



169 



PLUMMER. 



He was moderator of the General Assembly of the 
Church of Scotland, 1864; author of the Patronage 
Abolition Act in Church of Scotland ; first chair- 
man of school board of Aberdeen under Education 
Act of 1872. He was a conservative in politics. 
He was the author of Inquiry into the Constitution 
of the Human Mind, Aberdeen, 1858; Natural 
Theology, Edinburgh, 1868; Philosophy of Chris- 
tianity, 1872 ; pamphlets upon Position, Principles, 
and Prospects of the Church of Scotland (Edin- 
burgh, 1884), and upon other church questions, 
which went through many editions. 

PITCHER, James, Lutheran; b. at Knox, 
Albany County, N.Y., Oct. 11, 1845; graduated 
at Hartwick Seminary, N.Y., 1869, and since 
1872 has been president. 

PITRA, His Eminence Jean Baptiste, D.D., 
cardinal of the Roman-Catholic Church ; b. at 
Champforgueil, near Autun, Aug. 31, 1812 ; was 
early consecrated ; taught rhetoric in the seminary 
at Autun ; entered the order of St. Benedict, and 
lived in the abbey of Solesme. There he devoted 
himself to historical research. In 1858 he was 
sent by the Pope to Russia to study the Slavic 
liturgy, and on his return was in the service of 
the Propaganda. On March 16, 1863, he was 
created a cardinal priest of the Holy Roman 
Church; in 1869 he became librarian of the 
Vatican ; and in 1879 he was raised to the rank 
of cardinal bishop of Frascati. He is the author 
of Hisloire de Saint Leger, Paris, 1846 ; Vie du 
R. P. Lihermann, 1855, 2d ed. 1873; Spicilegium 
Solesmense, 1852-60, 5 vols, (a monumental work 
of immense value, as it is a treasure-house of 
hitherto unprinted documents relating to ecclesi- 
astical history, the result of a visit to nearly all 
the great European libraries) ; Juris ecclesiastici 
Grcecorum historia et monumenla, Rome, 1864 ; 
Triodion kalanaclicon, 1879 (these two volumes 
are the result of four years journeys and of special 
study since 1858, when he was directed by the 
Pope to devote his attention to the ancient and 
modern canons of the Oriental churches); Hymno- 
graphie de I'Eglise grecque, 1867. 

PITZER, Alexander White, D.D. (Arkansas Col- 
lege, Ark., 1876), Presbyterian (Southern Church) ; 
b. at Salem, Roanoke County, Va., Sept. 14, 1834; 
studied at Virginia Collegiate Institute (now Ro- 
anoke College), 1848-51 ; graduated at Hampden- 
Sidney College, Prince Edward County, Va., 1854; 
studied at Union Theological Seminary, Prince 
Edward County, Va., 1854-55, and at Danville 
Theological Seminary, Ky., 1855-57, and graduat- 
ed 1857 ; was pastor at Leavenworth, Kan., 1857- 
61; Sparta, Ga., 1862-65; Liberty, Va., 1866-67; 
organized Central Presbyterian Church, Washing- 
ton, D.C., in 1868, and has since been its pastor; 
since 1875 has been professor of biblical history 
and literature in Howard University in the same 
city. Since 1S65 he has been a trustee of Hamp- 
den-Sidney College; since 1872, stated clerk of 
presbytery of Chesapeake ; since 1873, president 
of the Washington-City Bible Society by annual 
unanimous re-election (was chairman of special 
committee of the society to report on the Canter- 
bury revision, and reported favorably ; under his 
presidency the city has been twice canvassed) ; 
since 1874, secretary of the Washington-City 
branch of the Evangelical Alliance. He was a 
member of the Prophetic Conference in New York, 



1878, and suggested and aided in preparing the 
Doctrinal Basis, which was unanimously adopted. 
He introduced in the Southern General Assembly 
held at Atlanta, Ga., in 1882, resolutions to estab- 
lish fraternity with the Northern Assembly, and 
aided in passage of the same. He favors the union 
of American Presbyterians on the basis of con- 
sensus of Presbyterian creeds. He is the author 
of Ecce Deus Homo (published anonymously), Phil- 
adelphia, 1867; Christ, Teacher of Men, 1877, The 
New Life not the Higher Life, 1878 ; contributions 
to reviews (North- American, Presbyterian, Southern 
Presbyterian, Southern, Homiletic), magazines (Cath- 
olic Presbyterian, Pulpit Treasury), and newspapers 
(New-York Observer, Christian Observer, Presbyte- 
rian, New-York Evangelist) ; Journal, Philadelphia. 

PLATH, Karl Heinrich Christian, Lie. Theol. 
(Berlin, 1869), Lutheran ; b. at Bromberg, Sept. 
8, 1829 ; educated at Halle (1849-52), Bonn (1852- 
53), and at Wittenberg Theological Seminary 
(1854-56) ; was preacher at Halle, and gymnasial 
teacher, 1856-63 ; third secretary of the Berlin 
Mission, 1863-71 ; first secretary of Gossner's Mis- 
sion, Berlin, since 1871 ; privat-docent in University, 
1869 ; titular professor, 1883. He visited India in 
winter of 1877-78 on behalf of Gossner's Mission. 
He is author of Leben des Freiherrn von Canstein, 
Halle, 1861 ; Sieben Zeugen des Herren aus allerlei 
Volk, Berlin, 1867 ; Die Erwahlung der Volker irn 
Lichte der Missionsgeschichte, 1867 ; Drei Neue Mis- 
sionsfragen, 186S; Die Missionsgedanken des Frei- 
herrn von Leibnitz, 1869; Missions- Siudien, 1870; 
Die Bedeulung der Atlanlik-Pacifik Eisenbahn fur 
das Reich Goltes, 1871; Die Kullurhistorische Be- 
deutung der Kolhsmission in Oslindien, 1876 ; Goss- 
ner's Mission unter Hindus und Kolhs um Neujahr 
1878, 1879 ; Nordindische Missionseindrucke, 1879, 
2d ed. 1881; Eine Reise nach 'Indien fur kleine und 
grosse Leute beschrieben, 1880; Welche Slellung ha- 
ben die Glieder der chrislhchen Kirche dem modernen 
Judenthum gegenuber einzunehmen ? 1881 ; Was ma- 
chen wir Christen mit unsem Juden f Nordlingen, 
1881; Shakespeares Kaufrnann von Venedig. Ein 
Beitrag zum Verstandnisse der Judenfrage, Greifs- 
wald, 1883. 

PLUMB, Albert Hale, D.D. (Brown University, 
Providence, R.I., 1882), Congregationalist ; b. at 
Gowanda, Erie County, N.Y., Aug. 23, 1829; 
graduated at Brown University, Providence, R.I., 
1855, and at Andover Theological Seminary, 
Mass., 1858; became pastor of First Church, 
Chelsea, Mass., 1858; and of Walnut-avenue 
Church, Boston Highlands, Mass., 1872. 

PLUMMER, Alfred, D.D. (Durham, 1882), 
Church of England; b. at Heworth parsonage, on 
the Tyne, Feb. 17, 1841 ; was Gifford exhibitioner 
of Exeter College, Oxford ; first-class in mod- 
erations in 1861; graduated B.A. (second-class 
classics) 1863, M.A. (of Trinity College) 1866; 
ordained deacon, 1866 ; fellow of Trinity College, 
1864-74; tutor and dean, 1867-74; master of the 
schools, 1868; pro-proctor, 1873; master of Uni- 
versity College, Durham, 1874 ; senior proctor, 
1877. In June, 1871, he bore the degree of D.D. 
by diploma sent by the University of Oxford to 
Dr. von Dollinger, one of whose last students he 
had been (1870 and 1872), and whom he had met 
at the Bonn re-union conferences of 1874 and 
1875. Dr. Plummer translated Dollinger's Fables 
respecting the Popes, London, 1871 ; Prophecies and 



PLUMPTRE. 



170 



PORTER. 



the Prophetic Spirit, 1873 ; and Hippolyttis and Cal- 
listus, Edinburgh, 1876 (each with additional ori- 
ginal matter); and has also published Intemperate 
Criticism, Durham, 1879; and written on SS. Peter 
and Jude, in Ellicott's Commentary, London, 1879; 
on St. John's Gospel (1880, 2d ed. 1884) and Epis- 
tles (1883), in The Cambridge Bible; on St. John's 
Gospel, in Cambridge Greek Testament, 1882 ; and 
the Historical Introduction in The Pulpit Commen- 
tary, London, 1880. 

PLUMPTRE, Very Rev. Edward Hayes, D.D. 
(Glasgow, 1875), Church of England ; b. in Lon- 
don, Aug. 6, 1821 ; was scholar of University Col- 
lege, Oxford; graduated B.A. (double first-class) 
1844, M.A. 1847. He was fellow of Brasenose 
College, 1844-47; assistant preacher at Lincoln's 
Inn, 1851-58 ; select preacher at Oxford, 1851-53, 
1864-66, 1872-73; chaplain of King's College, 
London, 1847-68 ; professor of pastoral theology 
there, 1853-63 ; dean of Queen's College, Lon- 
don, 1855-75; prebendary of Portpool, in St. 
Paul's Cathedral, 1863-81 ; professor of exegesis 
in King's College, London, 1863-81; examining 
chaplain to the bishop of Gloucester and Bristol, 
1865-67; Boyle lecturer, 1S66-67; rector of Pluck- 
ley, Kent, 1869-73; Grinfield lecturer on the Sep- 
tuagint at Oxford, 1872-74; examiner in school 
of theology at Oxford, 1872-73; vicar of Bickley, 
Kent, 1873-81 ; principal of Queen's College, 
London, 1875-77; examining chaplain to the late 
archbishop of Canterbury, 1879-82. On Dec. 21, 
1881, he was installed dean of Wells. He was 
a member of the Old-Testament company of 
revisers, 1S70-74. He has been a frequent con- 
tributor to theological and literary journals. In 
Smith's Dictionaries he wrote many articles ; for 
The Bible (Speaker's) Commentary he wrote the 
comments on The Book of Proverbs (1873); for 
Bishop Ellicott's New-Testament Commentary for 
English Readers, those on the first three Gospels, 
the Acts, and Second Corinthians (1877); for the 
same's Old-Testament Commentary, those on Isaiah, 
Jeremiah, and Lamentations (1883-84); for The 
Cambridge Bible, those on Ecclesiastes, James, Peter, 
and Jude . and for Dr. Schaff's Popular Commen- 
tary on the New Testament, those on First and 
Second Timothy (1883). He edited The Bible Edu- 
cator, 1875. He has likewise published The Call- 
ing of a Medical Student (4 sermons), 1849 ; The 
Study of Theology and the Ministry of Souls (3 ser- 
mons), 1853; King's College Sermons, 1860; Dan- 
gers Past and Present, 1862; Sophocles (translation), 
1865, 2d ed. 1867; JEschylus (translation), 1868; 
St. Paul in Asia Minor and the Syrian Antioch, 
1877 ; The Epistles to the Seven Churches, 1877, 2d 
ed. 1S79 ; Movements in Religious Thought, 1879 ; 
Biblical Studies, 1870, 4th ed. 1884; Introduction to 
the Neiv Testament, 1883 ; Things New and Old, 
1884; Theology and Life (sermons), 1884; Spirits 
in Prison, and other Studies on Life after Death, 
1884, 3d thousand 1885 ; Life and Letters of Thomas 
Kerr, Bishop of Bath and Wells, 1886. 

PLUNKET, Right Hon. and Most Rev. William 
Conyngham, Lord, D.D. (Trinity College, Dublin, 
1876), lord archbishop of Dublin, Glendalough, 
and Kildare, Church of Ireland, second son of 
Lord Plunket; b. in Dublin, Ireland, in the year 
1828 ; succeeded to the title on the death of his 
father in 1871; graduated B.A. at Trinity Col- 
lege, Dublin, 1853, M.A. 1864; was ordained 



deacon 1857, priest 1858: was rector of Kilmoylan 
and Cummer, Tuam, 1858-64; chaplain and private 
secretary to the bishop of Tuam, and treasurer 
of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, 1864-67 ; pre- 
centor of St. Patrick's, 1869-77 ; consecrated lord 
bishop of Meath, 1876; translated to archbish- 
opric of Dublin, 1884. 

POOR, Daniel Warren, D.D. (College of New 
Jersey, Princeton, 1857), Presbyterian ; b. at Tilli- 
pally, Ceylon, Aug. 21, 1818; graduated at Am- 
herst (Mass.) College, 1S37; studied the next two< 
years in Andover (Mass.) Theological Seminary; 
was pastor (Congregational) at Fairhaven, Mass., 
1843-49; Newark, N.J. (Presbyterian), 1849-69: 
and at Oakland, Cal., 1869-71; professor of 
church history in the San Francisco (Cal.) The- 
ological Seminary, 1S71-76; and since has been 
corresponding secretary of the Presbyterian Board 
of Education, Philadelphia. He translated and 
edited, in connection with Dr. Wing, Kling's com- 
mentary on Corinthians in the American edition 
of Lange, New York, 1868. 

POPE, William Burt, D.D. (Edinburgh, 1876), 
Methodist; b. at Horton, N.S., Feb. 19, 1822; 
studied theology at Richmond College, Eng. ; 
from 1841 to 1867 was a Methodist pastor; and 
since 1867 has been professor of theology in Dids- 
bury College, Manchester. In 1877 he was presi- 
dent of the British Wesleyan Conference. He is 
the author of a translation of Stier's Words of the 
Lord Jesus, and of the Risen Saviour, Edinburgh, lO 
vols. ; also of Discourses on the Kingdom and Reign 
of Christ, London, 1869 ; Person of Christ (Fernley 
Lecture), 1st and 2d ed. 1875; A Compendium of 
Christian Theology, 1875-76, 3 vols. ; The Prayers 
of St. Paul, 1S76; Discourses, chiefly on Lordship 
of the Incarnate Redeemer, 1st to 3d ed. 1880; 
Sermons, Addresses, and Charges of a Year, 1S78 ; 
A Higher Catechism of Theoloq,/, 1883, 2d ed. 1884. 

PORTER, Josias Leslie, D.D. (Edinburgh, 1864), 
LL.D. (Glasgow, 1864), D.Litt. (Queen's Univer- 
sity, Ireland, 1881), Presbyterian; b. at Burt, 
County Donegal, Ireland, Oct. 4, 1823; graduated 
at Glasgow, B.A. 1842, INI. A. 1843; studied the- 
ology at the Free Church College and University, 
both Edinburgh, 1843-45 ; in the Presbyterian 
Church of England, pastor at Xewcastle-on-Tyne, 
1846-49 ; missionary of the Presbyterian Church 
of Ireland in Damascus, 1849-59; professor of 
biblical criticism in the Assembly's College, Bel- 
fast, Ireland, 1860-77 ; appointed by the British 
Parliament commissioner of education in Ireland, 
1878; and by the Queen, president of Queen's 
College, Belfast, and senator of the Queen's Uni- 
versity, 1879 ; and in 1880 senator of the Royal 
University of Ireland. He was moderator of the 
Irish General Assembly, 1875; was largely en- 
gaged in preparing the great scheme of interme- 
diate education in Ireland, 1S78-79, and in fram- 
ing the constitution and the educational courses 
of the Royal University, 18S1-S4. He has trav- 
elled very extensively in Palestine, Syria, Arabia, 
Asia Minor, Turkey, Egypt, North Africa, Europe, 
and America, 1S49-S0. He is the author of Five 
Years in Damascus, with Travels and Researches in 
Lebanon, Palmyra, and Hauran, London, 1855, 
2 vols., 2d ed. 1870; Hand-book for Syria and 
Palestine (Murray's), 1858, 2 vols., 3d ed. 1875; 
The Pentateuch and the Gospels, Edinburgh, 1864;. 
The Giant Cities of Bashan, and Holy Places of 



PORTER. 



171 



PRENTISS. 



Syria, 1865; The Life and Times of Henry Cooke, 
D.D., LL.D. (his father-in-law), London, 1871, 
3d ed. Belfast, 1877 ; The Pew and Study Bible, 
1876 ; numerous articles in the Bibliotheca Sacra, 
Andover, U.S.A. ; Journal of Sacred Literature, 
London ; Smith's Dictionary of the Bible ; Kitto's 
Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature, ed. W. L. Alex- 
ander; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 8th ed. ; numer- 
ous pamphlets, reviews, and lectures. He edited 
Kitto's Bible Readings, Edinburgh, 1866 ; and 
Brown's Bible, London, 1873. 

PORTER, Noah, D.D. (University of New- York 
City 1858, Edinb. 1886), LL.D, (Western Reserve 
College, O., 1870; Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., 
1871), Congregation alist; b. at Farmington, Conn., 
Dec. 14, 1811; graduated at Yale College, New 
Haven, Conn., 1831 ; was master of Hopkins Gram- 
mar School, New Haven, 1831-33; tutor at Yale, 
1833-35; pastor at New Milford, Conn., 1836-43; 
at Springfield, Mass., 1843-46; Clark professor of 
metaphysics and moral philosophy at Yale College, 
1846-71 ; president of Yale College, 1871-86. He 
is the author of Historical Discourse at Farmington, 
Nov. 4; 1840 (commemorating two-hundredth an- 
niversary of its settlement), Hartford, 1841 ; The 
Educational Systems of the Puritans and Jesuits 
compared, New York, 1851 ; The Human Lntellect, 
1868, 3d ed. 1876; Books and Reading, 1870, 6th 
ed. 1881; American Colleges and the American 
Public, 1870, 2d ed. 1878 ; Elements of Intellectual 
Science, 1871, 2d ed. 1876 ; Sciences of Nature 
versus the Science of Man, 1871 ; Evangeline : the 
Place, the Story, and the Poem, 1882 ; Science and 
Sentiment, 1882 ; The Elements of Moral Science, 
Theoretical and Practical, 1885; Bishop Berkeley, 
1885; Kant's Ethics, a Critical Exposition, Chi- 
cago, 1886. He was the principal editor of the 
revised editions of Webster's Unabridged Diction- 
ary, Springfield, Mass., 1864 and 1880. 

POST, George Edward, M.D. (University of 
New- York City, 1860), Presbyterian; b. in New- 
York City, Dec. 17, 1838 ; graduated at the New- 
York Free Academy (now the College of the City 
of New York), 1854; studied medicine; gradu- 
ated at the Union Theological Seminary, New- 
York City, 1861 ; was chaplain in the United-States 
Army, 1861-63 ; from 1863 till 1868 was a mis- 
sionary at Tripoli, Syria; and since has been pro- 
fessor of surgery in the Protestant College at 
Beirut. He contributed to the American edition 
of Smith's Dictionary of the Bible, and is an author- 
ity in biblical natural history. 

POTTER, Right Rev. Henry Codman, D.D. 
(Union College, Schenectady, N.Y., 1865; Trini- 
ty College, Hartford, Conn., 1883), LL.D. (Union 
College, Schenectady, N.Y., 1881), Episcopalian, 
assistant bishop of New York ; b. at Schenectady, 
N. Y., May 25, 1835 ; graduated from the Protest- 
ant-Episcopal Theological Seminary of Virginia, 
1857; became rector of Christ Church, Greens- 
burgh, Penn., 1857; St. John's Church, Troy, N.Y., 
1859; assistant minister of Trinity Church, Bos- 
ton, 1866; rector of Grace Church, New- York City, 
1868; assistant bishop of New York (with the 
right of succession), October, 1883. He has pub- 
lished Sisterhoods and Deaconesses at Home and 
Abroad, New York, 1871 ; Gates of the East, a 
Winter in Egypt and Syria, 1876 ; Sermons of the 
City, 1881. 

POTTER, Right Rev. Horatio, D.D. (Trinity 



College, Hartford, Conn., 1838), LL.D.(Hobart Col- 
lege, Geneva, N.Y., 1856), D.C.L. (Oxford, 1860), 
Episcopalian, bishop of New York ; b. at Beekman 
(now Lagrange), Dutchess County, N.Y., Feb. 9, 
1802 ; graduated at Union College, Schenectady, 
N.Y., 1820; was rector at Saco, Me., 1828-33; at 
St. Peter's, Albany, 1833-54 ; provisional bishop 
of New York 1854-61, bishop 1861. He has pub- 
lished numerous sermons, charges, etc. * 

POWER, Frederick Dunglison, Disciple; b. near 
Yorktown, York County, Va., Jan. 23, 1851 ; grad- 
uated at Bethany College, Bethany, W. Va., 1871 ; 
became pastor at Charlottesville, Va., 1874; ad- 
junct professor of ancient languages, Bethany 
College, 1874; pastor Vermont-avenue Christian 
Church, Washington, D.C. (the late President 
Garfield's church), 1875. He was chaplain of the 
Forty-seventh Congress. 

PRATT, Lewellyn, D.D. (Williams College, Wil- 
liamstown, Mass., 1877), Congregationalist; b. in 
Essex, Conn., Aug. 8, 1832 ; graduated at Williams 
College, Williamstown, Mass., 1852 ; became pro- 
fessor of natural science, National College, Wash- 
ington, D.C, 1865 ; of Latin, Knox College, Gales- 
burg, 111., 1869; pastor at North Adams, Mass., 
1871 ; professor of rhetoric at Williams College, 
1876 ; professor of practical theology at Hartford 
(Conn.) Theological Seminary, 1880. He has- 
published various magazine and review articles. 

PREGER, Johann Wilhelm, D.D. (Erlangen, 
1874), German Protestant; b. at Schweinfurt, Aug. 
25, 1827; studied at Erlangen and Berlin; became 
professor in the Munich Protestant preachers' sem- 
inary, 1850 ; and since 1851 has been professor of 
religion and history in the Munich gymnasium. 
In 1868 he was elected a member of the Bavarian 
Academy of Sciences. He is the author of Die 
Geschiclite der Lehre vom geistlichen Amte auf Grund 
der Geschiclite der Rechtfertigungslehre, Nordlingen, 
1857 ; Matthias Flacius Illyricus und seine Zeit, Er- 
langen, 1859-61, 2 vols. ; Die Briefe Heinrich Suso's 
nach ein. Handschrift des X V. Jahrh., Leipzig, 1867 ; 
Dantes Matelda, 1873 ; Das Evangelium ozternum. und 
Joachim von Floris, 1874 ; Geschichte der deutschen 
Mystik im Mittelalter, 1874-81, 2 vols. ; Beitrdge zur 
Geschichte der Waldesier, Miinchen, 1875 ; Tractat 
des David von Augsburg iiber die Waldesier, 1878; 
Beitrdge u. Erbrterungen zur Geschichte des Deutschen 
Reiches in den Jahren 1380-81)., 1880 ; Ueber die 
Anfdnge d. kirchenpolitischen Kampfes unter Lud- 
wig dem Baier, 1882. 

PRENTISS,-George Lewis, D.D. (Bowdoin Col- 
lege, Brunswick, Me., 1854), Presbyterian ; b. at 
Gorham, Me., May 12, 1816; graduated at Bow- 
doin College, Brunswick, Me., 1835, and was as- 
sistant in Gorham Academy, 1836-37. He studied 
theology at the universities of Halle and Berlin 
(1839-41), enjoying the friendship of Tholuck in 
the former place ; and became pastor of the South 
Trinitarian Church, New Bedford., Mass., April, 
1845. In April, 1851, he was installed pastor of 
the Mercer-street Presbyterian Church, New-York 
City; resigned on account of ill health in the 
spring of 1858, and sought rest in Europe for the 
next two years. On his return, the " Church of 
the Covenant," Murray Hill, New- York City, was 
gathered by him ; and he remained its pastor from 
the spring of 1862 until April, 1873, when he re- 
signed to become Skinner and McAlpin professor 
of pastoral theology, church polity, and mission- 



PRESSENSB. 



172 



PRIME. 



work, in Union Theological Seminary, New-York 
City; and this position he now occupies. Besides 
numerous sermons, addresses, and articles in peri- 
odicals, he has published A Memoir of Seargent S, 
Prentiss (his brother), New York, 1855, 2 vols., 
new ed. 1879 ; A Discourse in Memory of Thomas 
Harvey Skinner, D.D., LL.D., 1871 ; The Life and 
Letters of Elizabeth Prentiss (his wife), 1882. 

PRESSENSE, Edmond (Dehault) de, D.D. {hon., 
• Breslau 1869, Montauban 1876, Edinburgh 1884), 
French Protestant; b. in Paris, Jan. 24, 1824; 
studied arts at the University of Paris ; theology 
under Vinet at Lausanne (1842-45), and under 
Tholuck and Neander at Halle and Berlin (1846- 
47) ; was pastor of the Free Evangelical Congre- 
gation of the Taitbout at Paris, 1847-70 ; deputy 
to the National Assembly from the Department of 
the Seine, 1871-76; elected a life senator of France, 
1883. He is president of the Synodical Commission 
of the Free Church of France, in whose organiza- 
tion he took a prominent part, and active in the 
Evangelical Alliance and in the evangelization of 
France. He is a chevalier of the Legion of Honor. 
Since 1854 he has edited the Revue chre'tienne, 
Paris, which he founded. Of his numerous pub- 
lications may be mentioned, Conferences sur le 
christianisme dans son application aux questions so- 
ciales, Paris, 1849; Du catholicisme en France, 1851; 
Le Re'dempteur, 1854, 2d ed. 186- (English trans., 
The Redeemer, Discourses, Edinburgh, 1864, Bos- 
ton, 1867; German trans., Der Erlbser, Gotha, 
1883 ; also in Swedish and Dutch) ; La Famille 
chre'tienne, 1856, 2d ed. 18 — (German trans., Leip- 
zig, 1864) ; Histoire des trois premiers siecles de 
I'Eglise chre'tienne, 1858-77, 4 vols. (German trans, 
by Ed. Fabarius, Leipzig, 1862-78, 6 parts ; Eng- 
lish trans, by Annie Harwood, London and New 
York, 1869-78, 4 vols.); Discours religieux, 1859; 
L'Ecole critique et Jesus Christ, 1863 ; Le pays de 
VEvangile, 1864, 3d ed. 187- (English trans., The. 
Land of the Gospel, Notes of a Journey in the East, 
London, 1865) ; L'Eglise et la Revolution francaise, 
1864, 2d ed. 1867 (English trans., Religion and the 
Reign of Terror , or, The Church during the French 
Revolution, trans, by J. P. Lacroix, New York, 
1868; byT. Stroyau, London, 1869) ; Jesus Christ, 
son temps, sa vie, son azuvre, 1866, 7th ed. 1884 
(English trans, by Annie Harwood, London, 1866, 
4th ed. 1871 ; German trans, by Ed. Fabarius, 
Halle, 1866); Etudes e'vange'liques, 1867-68, 2 series 
(English trans, by Annie Harwood, Mystery of 
Suffering, and other Discourses, London, 1868 ; Ger- 
man trans., Evangelische Studien, Halle, 1869, 2d 
ed. 1884) ; La vraie Liberie (four discourses), 1869 ; 
Rome and Italy at the Opening of the (Ecumenical 
Council (trans, from the French), New York, 1870; 
Le Concile du Vatican, son histoire et ses consequences 
politiques et religieuses, 1872 (German trans, by 
Ed. Fabarius, Das Vaticanische Concil, Nordlingen, 
1872) ; La liberie' religieuse en Europe depuis 1870, 
1874 ; Le devoir, 1875 ; La question eccle'siastique en 
1877, 1878 ; L'apostolat missionnaire, 1879 ; Etudes 
contemporaries, 1880 (English trans, by A. H. 
Holmden, Contemporary Portraits, New York, 1880) ; 
Les origines, 1882 (English trans., Study of Origins ; 
Problems of Being and Duty, London, 1883 ; Ger- 
man trans, by Ed. Fabarius, Die Urspriinge, Halle, 
1884). 

PRESTON, Thomas Scott, Roman Catholic; 
b. at Hartford, Conn., July 23, 1824 ; graduated 



at Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., 1843; entered 
the Protestant-Episcopal ministry, 1846 ; became 
a Roman Catholic, 1849, and priest 1850; do- 
mestic prelate of his Holiness, 1881 ; and is 
now vicar-general and chancellor of the diocese 
of New York, and parish priest of St. Ann's. He 
is the author of Ark of the Covenant, Discourses 
upon the Joys, Sorrows, and Glories of the Mother 
of God, New York, 1860 ; Life of Mary Magdalen, 
1861 ; Sermons for the Seasons, 1864 ; Lectures on 
Christian Unity, 1866 ; Purgatorian Manual, 1867 ; 
Reason and Revelation, 1868 ; Christ and the Church, 
1870 ; Lectures upon the Devotion to the Sacred 
Heart of Jesus Christ, 18 — ; The Vicar of Christ, 
18 — ; The Disine Sanctuary : Series of Meditation 
upon the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, 1878; Divine 
Paraclete, 1880; Protestantism and the Bible, 1880; 
Protestantism and the Church, 1882 ; God and 
Reason, 1884 ; Watch on Calvary, 1885. * 

PRIME, Edward Dorr Griffin, D.D. (Jefferson 
College, Canonsburg, Penn., 1857), Presbyterian ; 
b. at Cambridge, N.Y., Nov. 2, 1814; graduated 
at Union College, Schenectady, N.Y., 1832, and 
at Princeton (N.J.) Theological Seminary, 1838; 
was pastor at Scotch to wn,N.Y., 1839-51; American 
chaplain at Rome, winter of 1854-55 ; since 1853 
has Deen co-editor of The New- York Observer. He 
has published Around the World, New York, 1872 
(several editions) ; Forty Years in the Turkish 
Empire (memoirs of Dr. William Goodell), 1875, 
6th ed. 1883. 

PRIME, Samuel Irenaeus, D.D, (Hampden Sid- 
ney College, Va., 1854) Presbyterian ; b. at Balls- 
ton, Saratoga County, N. Y., Nov. 4, 1812 ; d. while 
on a vacation trip, at Manchester, Vt., Saturday, 
July 18, 1885. He was educated in the academy 
at Cambridge, N.Y., and at Williams College, 
Williamstown, Mass. ; graduated from the latter, 
1829 ; and studied theology at Princeton (N.J.) 
Theological Seminary, 1832-33. He ever after- 
wards remained a firm friend and active supporter 
of his literary and of his theological alma mater. 
He was pastor at Ballston Spa 1833-35, and at 
Matteawan, N.J., 1837-40. He became editor 
of The New- York Observer in 1840, and con- 
tinued to occupy this position till his death, 
being at the same time the chief proprietor of 
this old and influential family paper, which is 
read in all parts of the United States, as well 
as in many reading-rooms of Europe. He was 
for some time corresponding secretary and one 
of the directors of the American Bible Society, 
corresponding secretary of the Evangelical Alli- 
ance, president of Wells College, and a trustee 
of Williams College. He took an active and lead- 
ing part in all the affairs of the Presbyterian 
Church, and in the Christian and philanthropic 
enterprises of the age. He repeatedly visited 
Europe. He wrote a number of books which 
had an extraordinary circulation at home and 
abroad (see list below). Among these we men- 
tion Travels in Europe and the East ; The Bible in 
the Levant ; The Alhambra and the Kremlin; Life 
of Samuel F. B. Morse , the Irenceus Letters (from 
The New- York Observer) ; and especially the Power 
of Prayer (1859, enlarged 1873), and Prayer and 
its Answer (1882). The Irenceus Letters are unique, 
and show an extraordinary faculty of clothing 
every-day topics and experiences with a fresh 
interest, and extracting from them lessons of prac- 



PRIME. 



173 



PUENJBR. 



tical wisdom. He left a third series, of an auto- 
biographical character, which were published after 
his death (in The New-York Observer, 1886). 

Dr. Prime was an indefatigable worker till 
within a few days of his death; and hardly a week 
passed without one of his Irenceus Letters, so highly 
prized by the readers of the Observer. His health, 
however, began to fail some years before his 
death. 

With the Evangelical Alliance of America, 
founded in 1866, he was closely identified almost 
from the beginning. He attended the fifth Gen- 
eral Conference at Amsterdam in 1867, read there 
the report on Religion in America, prepared by 
the late Dr. Henry B. Smith, and extended an 
invitation to the European Alliances to hold the 
sixth General Conference in the city of New York. 
The invitation was cordially accepted. On his 
return from Europe, he was elected one of the 
corresponding secretaries of the American Alli- 
ance, and served it in that capacity without any 
compensation till Jan. 28, 1884. He took a very 
prominent Share in the preparations for the great 
New- York Conference, which, after two vexatious 
postponements, was held in the autumn of 1873. 
It is still well remembered as the first interna- 
tional and inter-continental religious meeting in 
America, and its influence for good reached every 
country on the globe. He advocated the cause of 
the Alliance, — which is the cause of Christian 
union and religious liberty, — in The Observer, 
and at many public meetings. He was very active 
in the anti-Romish controversy. 

Dr. Prime was a wise counsellor, a man of 
an uncommon amount of common-sense, execu- 
tive ability, and sound judgment, of quick wit, 
rich humor, and a hopeful temperament. He was 
eloquent in speech, and had a fluent, easy, and 
racy pen. Possessed of a generous heart, strong 
convictions, and large catholicity, he was one of 
the leaders of public opinion, and, altogether, one 
of the most untiring and useful writers and 
workers of his age and country. His genial 
humor, generous sympathy, and inexhaustible 
fund of illustrations and anecdotes, made him 
one of the most agreeable of friends and compan- 
ions ; and his company will long be missed in the 
social circles which he used to grace and delight 
with his presence. 

On account of growing infirmities, he resigned 
his active secretaryship of the Evangelical Alli- 
ance, Jan. 28, 1884; but continued to attend the 
meetings regularly, and accepted the appoint- 
ment of honorary corresponding secretary, which 
was offered him unanimously at the seventeenth 
annual meeting, Jan. 26, 1885. After his death 
a special meeting was called on Monday, July 27, 
where a suitable paper, prepared by Dr. King, 
was presented, adopted, and entered on the min- 
utes. And on Tuesday, Jan. 5, 1886, an interest- 
ing memorial service in his honor was held at 
Association Hall, New- York City, in which Rev. 
Drs. R. S. Storrs (Congregationalist), E. Bright 
(Baptist), and J. M. Buckley (Methodist) made 
appreciative addresses to a large representative 
audience. See report in The New-York Observer, 
Jan. 14, 1886. 

Many of his publications were anonymous ; but 
he was the acknowledged author of the following 
volumes, most if not all of which have passed 



through several editions : The Old White Meeting- 
house, or Reminiscences of a Country Congregation, 
New York, 1845 ; Life in New York, 1845 ; Annals 
of the English Bible, abridged from Anderson, and 
continued to the Present Time, 1849 ; Thoughts on 
the Death of Little Children, 1850 ; Travels in Europe 
and the East, 1885; Poiver of Prayer (history of 
the Fulton-street prayer-meeting, New- York City), 
1859 ; The Bible in the Levant ; or, the Life and 
Letters of the Rev. C. N. Righter, Agent of the 
American Bible Society in the Levant, 1859 ; Letters 
from Switzerland, 1860 ; Memoirs of the Rev. Nicho- 
las Murray, D.D. (Kirwan), Boston, 1862 ; Five 
Years of Prayer [in the Fulton-street prayer- 
meeting] with the Answers, New York, 1864; Walk- 
ing with God, Life hid with Christ, 1872 ; Songs of 
the Soul, gathered out of many Lands and Ages, 
1873 ; Alhambra and the Kremlin, Journey from 
Madrid to Moscow, 1873 ; Fifteen Years of Prayer 
in the Fulton-street Prayer-meeting, New York, 1873 ; 
Under the Trees, 1874 ; Life of Samuel F. B. Morse, 
1875 ; Prayer and its A?iswer illustrated in the first 
Twenty-five Years of the Fulton-street Prayer-meet- 
img, 1882 ; Lrenaus Letters, 3 series 1882 (with 
portrait), 1885 (with sketch of Dr. Prime's life), 
1886 (containing his autobiography in the form 
of letters). philip schaff. 

PRINS, Johannes Jacobus, D.D. (Leiden, 1838), 
Dutch theologian ; b. at Langezwaag, in the year 
1814; studied in Amsterdam and at Leiden; was 
Reformed pastor at Eemnes-Binnendyks (Utrecht), 
1838 ; Alkmaar and Rotterdam, 1843-55; profess- 
or of exegetical and practical theology at Leiden, 
1855-76, till 1885 (retired) of N. T. criticism and 
hermeneutics, and of history of primitive Chris- 
tian literature, in the same university. He was 
a member of the synod, university preacher, and 
is one of the directors of The Hague Society for 
the Defence of the Christian Religion. He was 
one of the synodical translators of the New Tes- 
tament. He is the author of Disputatio theologica 
inauguralis de locis Euangelistrarum, in quibus Jesus 
baptismi ritum subiisse traditur (his D.D. disserta- 
tion), Amsterdam, 1838 ; and in Dutch of " Man- 
ual of Elementary Religious Instruction," 1842 ; 
"Manual of Bible Knowledge," 1851, 2 parts; 
" The Reality of the Resurrection," 1861 ; " The 
Lord's Supper in the Corinthian Church of St. 
Paul's Day," 1868; "Ecclesiastical Law of the 
Reformed Church of the Netherlands," 1870; 
" The Epistle to the Galatians," 1878, etc. 

PUAUX, Francois, French Protestant; b. at 
Vallon Ardeche, Dec. 24, 1806 ; practised law 
for a while, but turned to theology, and was 
pastor successively at Luneray, Rochefort, and 
Mulhouse. He has been a voluminous author. 
Among his works may be mentioned, Anatomie 
du papisme, Paris, 1845; Histoire de la Reformation 
francaise, 1857-64, 7 vols. * 

PUENJER, (Georg Christian) Bernhard, Ph.D. 
(Jena, 1874), D.D. (hon., Heidelb.,1883), Protestant 
theologian ; b. at Friedrichsgabekoog, Schleswig- 
Holstein, June 7, 1850 ; d. at Jena, May 13, 1885. 
He was educated at Jena, Erlangen, Zurich, and 
Kiel, 1870-74 ; became privat-docent in the theologi- 
cal faculty of Jena, 1878 ; professor extraordinary, 
1880. He was the author of De M. Served doctrina, 
Jena, 1876 ; Geschichte der ch.ristlichen Religions- 
philosophie seit der Reformation, Braunschweig, 
1880-83, 2 vols. ; Die Aufgaben des heuligen Prol- 



PULLMAN. 



174 



QUINT ARD. 



estantismus, Jena, 1885 (pp. 23) ; and founder and 
editor of the Theolugischer Jahresbericht, Leipzig, 
1882-85 (now conducted by Professor R. L. 
Lipsius). * 

PULLMAN, James Minton, D.D. (St. Lawrence 
University, Canton, N.Y., 1879), Universalist ; b. 
at Portland, Chautauqua County, N.Y., Aug. 21, 
1836; graduated at St. Lawrence Divinity School, 
Canton, N.Y., 1860; was pastor First Universal- 
ist Church, Troy, N.Y., 1861-68; of Sixth Uni- 
versalist Church (Our Saviour), New- York City, 
1868-85; since 1885 of First Universalist Church, 
Lynn, Mass. He organized and was first presi- 
dent of the Young Men's Universalist Association 
of New- York City, 1869 ; was secretary of the 
Universalist General Convention, 1868-77, and 
chairman of the publication board of the New- 
York State Convention, 1869-74; trustee of St. 
Lawrence University, Canton, N.Y., 1870-85; 
president "Children's Country "Week," 1883-85; 
president of the Alumni Association of St. Law- 
rence University, 1885-86 ; since 1885, trustee of 
New-England Conservatory of Music, and presi- 
dent of the Associated Charities of Lynn, Mass. 
Under him the new Church of Our Saviour, New- 



York City (dedicated 1874), was built. His theo- 
logical standpoint is "the ethical interpretation 
of Christianity, as opposed to the magical inter- 
pretation; belief in the perfectibility of man (no 
evil is remediless) ; the inexorableness of the 
Divine love ; the complete success of Jesus Christ 
(here and elsewhere), and the final moral har- 
mony of the universe (evil completely eradicated 
and overcome)." His publications are sermons, 
lectures, pamphlets, and review articles. 

PUREY-CUST,Very Rev. Arthur Perceval, D.D. 
(Oxford, 1880), dean of York, Church of England; 
b. in England, in the month of February, 1828 . 
educated at Brasenose College, Oxford ; graduated 
B.A. 1850, M.A. (All Souls' College) 1854, B.D. 
1880; ordained deacon 1851, priest 1852; was 
fellow of All Souls' College, 1850-54 ; curate of 
Northchurch, 1851-53 ; rector of Cheddington, 
1853-62; rural dean of Mursley, 1858-62; vicar 
of St. Mary, and rural dean of Reading, 1862-75 ; 
vicar of Aylesbury, 1875-76 ; archdeacon of Buck- 
ingham, 1875-80; since 1874 he has been hon- 
orary canon of Christ Church, Oxford ; and since 
1880, dean of York. 



Q- 



QUINTARD, Right Rev. Charles Todd, M.D. 

(University of the City of New York, 1846), S.T.D. 
(Columbia College, New- York City, 1866), LL.D. 
(Cambridge, Eng., 1867), Episcopalian, bishop of 
Tennessee ; b. at Stamford, Conn., Dec. 22, 1824; 
appointed physician in New-York Dispensary, 
1847 ; professor of physiology and pathological 
anatomy in the Medical College, Memphis, Tenn., 



1851 ; ordained deacon 1854, priest 1855 ; became 
rector of the Church of the Advent, Nashville, 
Tenn., 1858; was chaplain in the Confederate 
army during the civil war ; consecrated bishop, 
1865 ; was vice-chancellor of the University of the 
South, 1866-72. He is the author of occasional 
sermons, charges, tracts, and letters, and of Prepa- 
ration for Confirmation, New York, 187-. 



RADSTOCK. 



175 



RANKE. 



R. 



RADSTOCK, Granville A. W. Waldegrave, 

lord, Irish peer, lay evangelist, Church of Eng- 
land ; b. in England in the year 1833 ; succeeded 
to his title in 1857. After graduating from Ox- 
ford (Balliol College), he planned a political 
career for himself ; but, being converted, he con- 
secrated his talents and his property to gospel 
work, and for the past quarter of a century has 
been a lay evangelist at home and abroad. He 
carried on an important work among the Russian 
nobility until his expulsion from the country. 
He has also labored in Scandinavia. A volume 
of his addresses was published, London, 1872. 

RAEBICER, Julius Ferdinand, German Prot- 
estant; b. at Lohsa, April 20, 1811; studied at 
Leipzig and Breslau, 1829-34 ; became privat- 
docent at Breslau, 1838; professor extraordinary, 
1847 ; ordinary professor, 1859. Among his pub- 
lications may be mentioned, Ethice librorum apo- 
cryphorum V. T., Breslau, 1838; Kritische Unter- 
suchungen iiber den Inhalt der korinther Briefe, 
1847; De christologia Paulina contra Baurium com- 
mentatio, 1852 ; Theologik oder Encyklopddie der 
Theologie, Leipzig, 1880 (English trans., Ency- 
clopaedia of Theology, Edinburgh, 1885, 2 vols.). 

RAINY, Robert, D.D. (Glasgow, 18— Edin- 
burgh, 18 — ), Free Church of Scotland; b. in 
Glasgow, Jan. 1, 1826 ; graduated at its univer- 
sity, 1843 ; and studied theology at New College, 
Edinburgh, completing the course in 1848 ; be- 
came minister of the Free Church at Huntly, 1851 ; 
of the Free High Church, Edinburgh, 1854; pro- 
fessor of church history in New College, Edin- 
burgh, 1862 ; principal, 1874. He is the author 
of Three Lectures on the Church of Scotland, Edin- 
burgh, 1872, 5th ed. 1884 ; The Delivery and De- 
velopment of Christian Doctrine (Cunningham Lec- 
tures), 1874; The Bible and Criticism, London, 
1878; various pamphlets, and occasional publica- 
tions. 

RALSTON, Thomas Neely, D.D. (Wesleyan 
University, Florence, Ala., 1857), Methodist 
Church South ; b. in Bourbon County, Ky., March 
21, 1806 ; studied at the Baptist College of George- 
town, Ky., but did not graduate; was received 
into the Kentucky Conference in 1827; was a 
member of the General Conference of the Meth- 
odist-Episcopal Church at Baltimore in 1840, 
before the division ; member of the Convention 
at Louisville, Ky., in 1845, which organized the 
Methodist-Episcopal Church South, and of the 
general conferences of that church at Petersburg, 
Va., in 1846 (was secretary), at St. Louis, Mo., 
in 1850, and at Columbus, Ga., in 1854. He was 
chairman of the committee to revise the Discipline 
of the Methodist-Episcopal Church South; was 
principal of the Methodist Female Collegiate High 
School at Lexington, Ky., 1843-47. He edited 
The Methodist Monthly (Lexington, Ky.), for 1851. 
He is the author of Elements of Divinity, Louis- 
ville, Ky., 1847, several later editions, republished, 
revised and enlarged by addition of Evidences, 
Morals, and Institutions of Christianity (also pub- 



lished separately, 18 — ), Nashville, Tenn., 1871, 
3d ed. 1875 (the book in its first form was trans- 
lated into Norwegian, 1858, in its enlarged form 
into Chinese, 1886) ; (under pseudonym, " Eu- 
reka ") Ecce Unitas ; or, A Plea for Christian 
Unity, Cincinnati, O., 1875; Bible Truths, Nash- 
ville, Tenn., 1884. 

RAND, William Wilberforce, D.D. (University 
of the City of New York, 18S3). Reformed (Dutch); 
b. at Gorham, Me., Dec. 8, 1816 ; graduated at 
Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., 1837, and at 
Bangor Theological Seminary, Me., 1840 ; licensed 
by Waldo Congregational Association, Me., 1840; 
pastor of the Reformed Dutch Church of Canas- 
tota, N. Y., 1841-44 ; editor of the American Tract 
Society, New- York City, 1848-72 ; publishing sec- 
retary of the same since 1872. He is the author 
of Songs of Zion, New York, 1851 (88,000 copies 
printed), revised and enlarged, 1865 (86,000 copies 
printed) ; Dictionary of the Bible for General Use, 
1860 (206,000 copies have been printed), en- 
larged and largely re-written, 1886; other smaller 
books. 

RANDOLPH, Right Rev. Alfred Magill, D.D. 
(William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Va., 
1875), Episcopalian, assistant bishop of Virginia; 
b. at Winchester, Frederick County, Va., Aug. 31, 
1836 ; graduated at William and Mary College, 
Williamsburg, Va., 1855, and at the Theological 
Seminary of Virginia, 1858 ; became rector of St. 
George's, Fredericksburg, Va., 1860; of Emman- 
uel Church, Baltimore, Md., 1867; bishop, 1875. 

RANKE, Ernst, D.D. (hon., Marburg, 1851), Ph.D. 
(Erlangen, 1846), Evangelical German theologian; 
b. at Wiehe, Thuringia, Sept. 10, 1814; studied at 
Leipzig (1834), Berlin (1835-36), and Bonn (1836- 
37); was private tutor in his brother's family, 1837- 
39 ; pastor at Buchau, 1840-50 ; and professor of 
theology at Marburg, 1850 to date. He is a Lu- 
theran, but favors the union of the Lutheran and 
Reformed churches. He is consistorialrath. He is 
the author of Das kirchliche Perikopensystem aus 
den dltesten Urkunden der romischen Liturgie, Ber- 
lin, 1847 ; Das Buch Tobias metrisch iibersetzt, Bay- 
reuth, 1847 ; Kritische Zusammenstellung der . . . 
neuen Pericopenkreise, 1850 ; Der Fortbesland d. 
herkom. Pericopenkreises, Gotha, 1859 ; and editor 
of Fragmenta versionis Latinoz antihieronymiance 
Prophetarum Hosew, Amosi, Michoz, aliorum e cod. 
mscr. eruit. atque adnotat. crit. instruxit, Marburg, 
1856-58, 2 parts ; Marburger Gesangbuch von 1549 
mit verwandlen Liederdnecken hrsg. u. historisch- 
kritisch erlautert, 1862 ; Codex Fuldensis. N. T. lat. 
. . . prolegomenis introduxit, commentariis adorna- 
vit, 1868; Par palimpsestorum Wirceburgensium, 
Vienna, 1871 ; Fragmenta antiq. ev. Lucani ver. 
Lat., 1874; Chorgesdnge sum Preis der h. Eliza- 
beth, aus mittelalterl. Antiphonarien hrsg., Leipzig, 
1883-84, 2 parts. He has also written poems: 
Gedichle, Erlangen, 1848 ; Zuruf au das deutsche 
Volk, 1849 ; Carmina academica, Marburg, 1866 ; 
Lieder aus grosser Zeit, 1870, 2d ed. 1875 ; Horaz 
Lyricce, Vienna, 1874 ; Die Schlacht im Teutoburger 



RANKE. 



176 



REDFORD. 



Wald, Marburg, 1876 ; Rhythmica, Vienna, 1881 ; 
De Laude Nivis (a Latin poem), Marburg, 1886. 

RANKE, Leopold von, b. at Wiehe, Thuringia, 
Dec. 21, 1795; d. in Berlin, Sunday, May 23, 
1886 ; studied at Leipzig ; was appointed head 
teacher in the Frankfort (on the Oder) gymna- 
sium in 1818 ; and since 1825 has been professor 
of history at the University of Berlin. In 1827 he 
was sent by the Prussian government to Vienna, 
Venice, and Rome, to conduct historical researches. 
In 1841 he was appointed historiographer of Prus- 
sia ; in 1848, elected a member of the Frankfort 
National Assembly ; and in 1866, ennobled. He 
was an historian of the first rank, and continued 
his labors till his ninety-first year. Of those more 
immediately relating to theological study, which 
have been translated, may be mentioned, The His- 
tory of the Roman and Germanic Peoples, from 1494 
to 1535; The Popes of Rome, their Church and 
their State, especially of the Conflict with Protestant- 
ism in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century, 3 
vols. ; German History in the Times of the Refor- 
mation; A History of England, principally in the 
Seventeenth Century; French History; Universal 
History, vol. 1, trans. 1884 (the sixth part of the 
Weltgeschichte, extending to the death of Otto the 
Great, appeared in 1885). * 

RAUSCHENBUSCH, Augustus, Baptist ; b. at 
Altena, Southern Westphalia, Germany, Feb. 13, 
1816 ; studied at Berlin and Bonn ; in 1841 was 
installed pastor of the Lutheran Church at Alte- 
na ; in 1850 joined the Baptists in America, and 
was assistant secretary (for the Germans) of the 
American Tract Society; then pastor of a Ger- 
man Baptist Church in Gasconade County, Mo. ; 
and in 1858 professor of the German department 
of the Rochester Theological Seminary. From 
1848 to 1866 he was editor of the German monthly 
paper and the German Almanac of the American 
Tract Society, and prepared numerous German 
books and tracts for the society. Since he has 
largely contributed to the German Baptist weekly 
paper, Der Sendbote, and to several other Baptist 
periodicals. 

RAUWENHOFF, Lodewijk Willem Ernst, D.D. 
(Leiden, 1852), Dutch theologian ; b. at Amster- 
dam, July 27, 1828; studied theology at Am- 
sterdam and Leiden, 1846-52 ; became pastor at 
Mydrecht (Utrecht) 1852, Dordrecht 1856, Leiden 
1859; professor in the University of Leiden, 1860; 
of church histoi'y, history of doctrine, and patris- 
tics, 1860-81 ; of theological encyclopaedia and 
philosophy of religion, 1881 to date. With A. 
Kuenen and A. D. Loman he has, since 1867, edited 
the Theologisch Tijdschrift, Leiden, 1867 sqq. He 
is the author of De loco Paulino qui est de Awaluoei 
(his D.D. dissertation), Leiden, 1852; and in 
Dutch of "Christian Independence," Dordrecht, 
1857 ; " The Heroes of History," 1862 ; " History 
of Protestantism," 1865-71, 3 vols.; "The Old 
Faith and the New" (against Strauss), 1873 
(German trans, by F. Nippold, Leipzig, 1873) ; 
" State and Church," 1875; and numerous articles 
in different periodicals. 

RAWLINSON, George, Church of England; 
b. at Chadlington, Oxfordshire, Eng., Nov. 23, 
1815 ; entered Trinity College, Oxford ; wrote the 
Denyer theological prize essay in 1842 and 1843 ; 
graduated B.A. (first-class in classics) 1838, M.A. 
(Exeter College) 1841 ; ordained deacon 1841, 



priest 1842 ; was fellow of Exeter College, 1840- 
46; tutor, 1842-46; sub-rector, 1844-45; curate of 
Merton, Oxfordshire, 1846-47 ; classical modera- 
tor at Oxford, 1852-54; public examiner, 1855- 
57, 1868-79, 1875-79; Bampton lecturer, 1859. 
Since 1861 he has been Camden professor of an- 
cient history to the university; since 1872, a canon 
of Canterbury; since 1873, proctor in convocation. 
Canon Rawlinson is a moderate High Church- 
man, but anxious in no way to narrow the liberty 
of opinion which has historically been claimed 
and allowed within the Anglican communion. ' In 
politics he is a moderate (or Conservative) Liberal. 
He supported Mr. Gladstone in all his Oxford 
contests, and received his canonryfrom the Crown 
on the recommendation of Mr. Gladstone as prime 
minister. In the elections of 1885, however, he 
found himself unable to support the (advanced) 
Liberal candidates. He is well known as a speaker 
in the Convocation of Cantei-bury, at church con- 
gresses, and elsewhere. Besides numerous articles 
in reviews and magazines (Contemporary, Prince- 
ton, etc ), in Smith's Dictionary of the Bible, Cas- 
sell's Bible Educator, and in ninth edition Ency- 
clopaedia Brilannica, commentaries on Kings, Ezra, 
Nehemiah, and Esther in The Bible (Speaker's) 
Commentary (1872-73), on Exodus in Bishop Elli- 
cott's Commentary (1882), and on Exodus, Ezra, 
Nehemiah, and Esther in The Pulpit Commentary 
(1880-82), he is the author of The History of 
Herodotus, a new English version with copious 
notes (in conjunction with Sir Henry Rawlinson 
and Sir Gardner Wilkinson), London, 1858-60, 
4 vols., 5th ed. 1881 ; The Historical Evidences of 
the Truth of the Scripture Records (Bampton lec- 
tures), 1859, 2d ed. 1860 ; The Contrasts of Chris- 
tianity with Heathen and Jewish Systems (in nine 
sermons), 1861 ; The Five Great Monarchies of the 
Ancient Eastern World, 1862-67, 4 vols., 2d ed. 
1870 ; A Manual of Ancient History, Oxford, 1870, 
2d ed. 1880 ; Historical Illustrations of the Old 
Testament, London, 1871 ; The Sixth Great Oriental 
Monarchy (Parthia), 1873 ; The Seventh (the Sas- 
sanians), 1876; St. Paul in Damascus and Arabia, 
1877; The Origin of Nations, 1878; A History of 
Egypt, 1881, 2 vols. ; The Religions of the Ancient 
World, 1882 ; Egypt and Babylon from Scripture 
and Profane Sources, 1884. 

RAYMOND, Miner, D.D. (Wesleyan University, 
Middletown, Conn., 1854), LL.D. (North-western 
University, Evanston, 111., 1884), Methodist; b. 
in New- York City, Aug. 29, 1811 ; educated at 
the Wesleyan Academy, Wilbraham, Mass. ; be- 
came teacher in the same, 1834 ; received honor- 
ary M.A. from Wesleyan University, 1840; pastor 
in Massachusetts (Worcester, Boston, and West- 
field), 1841 ; principal of the Wesleyan Academy, 
1848 ; professor of systematic theology in Garrett 
Biblical Institute, Evanston, 111., 1864. He has 
been a member of six general conferences. He 
published a Systematic Theology, Cincinnati, O., 
1877, 3 vols. 

REDFORD, Robert Ainslie, Congregationalist ; 
b. at Worcester, Eng., March 21, 1828; studied 
at Glasgow University, Spring Hill College, Bir- 
mingham; and graduated at London University, 
M.A. 1852, LL.B. 1862; was pastor of Congrega- 
tional Church at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1853-55; 
Hull, 1855-73 ; Streatham Hill, London, 1873-76 ; 
since 1876, of Union Church, Putney, London; 



REED. 



177 



REISCHLE. 



since 1873 he has been professor of systematic 
theology and apologetics in New College, London. 
He is the author of Sermons, London, 1869 ; The 
Christian's Plea against Modern Unbelief, a Hand- 
book of Christian Evidence, 1881, 2d ed. 1882; 
Prophecy, its Nature and Evidence, 1882; The Au- 
thority of Scripture, 1883 ; Studies in the Book of 
Jonah, 1S83 ; Primer of Christian Evidence, 1884 ; 
Four Centuries of Silence, or from Malachi to 
Christ, 1885; has contributed to commentaries 
upon Genesis, Leviticus, Nehemiah, and Acts, in 
Pulpit Commentary, 1S81 sqq. 

REED, Villeroy Dibble, D.D. (Union College, 
Schenectady, N.Y., 1858), Presbyterian ; b. at 
Granville, Washington County, N.Y., April 27, 
1815; graduated at Union College, Schenectady, 
N.Y., 1835 ; studied at Auburn (N.Y.) and Prince- 
ton (N.J.) Theological Seminaries, 1835-36 ; was 
pastor at Stillwater, N.Y., 1839-44; Lansingburgh, 
N.Y., 1844-58 ; president of Alexander College, 
Dubuque, Io., 1858; stated supply at Buffalo, 
N.Y., 1858-60; Cohoes, N.Y., 1860-61; pastor at 
Camden, N.J., 1861-84. He was appointed in 
1866 one of the Old School Assembly's Committee 
of fifteen on Re-union, and was its secretary. He 
has been president of the Presbyterian Board of 
Ministerial Relief from its organization in 1876. 
He has published only occasional sermons. 

REICHEL, Right Rev. Charles Parsons, D.D. 
(Trinity College, Dublin, 1858), lord bishop of 
Meath, Church of Ireland; b. at Fulnec, near 
Leeds, Yorkshire, Eng., in the year 1816; was 
scholar of Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, 1841 ; 
graduated B.A. (senior moderator classics) 1843, 
divinity testimonium (first-class) 1844, M.A. 1847, 
B.D. 1853; was ordained deacon and priest, 1846; 
was professor of Latin, Queen's College, Belfast, 
1850-64; Donellan lecturer at Trinity College, 
Dublin, i854 ; vicar of Mullingar, 1864-75 ; rector 
of Trim, and archdeacon of Meath, 1875-85; select 
preacher at Cambridge, Eng., 1876 and 1883, and 
at Oxford 1880-82 ; professor of ecclesiastical his- 
tory, Trinity College, Dublin, 1878 ; prebendary 
of Tipper, and canon of St. Patrick's Cathedral, 
Dublin; dean of Clonmacnois, 1882-85; conse- 
crated bishop, 1885. He is a member of the 
Senate of Trinity College, Dublin. He is the 
author of The Nature and Offices of the Church 
(Donellan Lectures), London, 1856 ; Sermons on 
the Lord's Prayer ; Lectures on the Prayer-book ; 
Sermons on Modern Infidelity, London, 1864 ; The 
Resurrection, God or Baal (two sermons), 1878; 
Origins of Christianity, etc., Sermons before the Uni- 
versities of Oxford and Dublin, 1882; Short Trea- 
tises on the Ordinal; and a number of occasional 
discourses. 

REID, John Morrison, D.D. (University of the 
City of New York, 1858), LL.D. (Syracuse Uni- 
versity, N.Y., 1883), Methodist; b. in New-York 
City, May 30, 1820; graduated at the University 
of the City of New York, 1839; became principal 
of Mechanics Institute School of the city, 1839- 
44; Methodist pastor, 1844; president of Genesee 
College, Lima, N.Y., 1858; editor of Western 
Christian Advocate, Cincinnati, O., 1864; of North- 
western Christian Advocate, Chicago, 1868 ; corre- 
sponding secretary of the Missionary Society of 
the Methodist-Episcopal Church, New- York City, 
1872. He is the author of Missions and Missionary 
Societies of the Methodist-Episcopal Church, New 



York, 1879, 2 vols. ; (editor of) Doomed Religions, 
1884; multitudinous tracts, magazine and other 
articles. 

REID, William James, D.D. (Monmouth Col- 
lege, 111., 1874), United Presbyterian; b. at South 
Argyle, Washington County, N.Y., Aug. 17, 1834; 
graduated at Union College, Schenectady, N.Y., 
1855, and at Allegheny (UP.) Theological Semi- 
nary, Penn., 1862; has been pastor of the First 
United Presbyterian Church, Pittsburg, Penn., since 
1862; principal clerk of the General Assembly of 
the United Presbyterian Church since 1875 ; was 
corresponding secretary of the United Presbyte- 
rian Board of Home Missions, 1868-72. He is 
the author of Lectures on the Revelation, Pittsburg, 
Penn., 1878; United Presbyterianism, 1881, 2d ed. 
1883 ; various sermons and pamphlets. 

REIMENSNYDER, Junius Benjamin, D.D. (New- 
berry College, Newberry, S.C., 1880), Lutheran 
(General Synod) ; b. at Staunton, Va., Feb. 24, 
1842 ; graduated at Pennsylvania College, Gettys- 
burg, Penn., 1861, and at the Gettysburg Theolo- 
gical Seminary, 1865; became pastor at Lewistown, 
Penn., 1865; Philadelphia (St. Luke's), 1867; 
Savannah, Ga. (Ascension), 1874; New-York City 
(St. James), 1881. He was delegate to General 
Council of the Lutheran Church, Jamestown, N. Y., 
1874; to General Synod (South), Staunton, Va., 
1876, and Newberry, S.C., 1878; to General Coun- 
cil (North) from General Synod (South), bearing 
fraternal greetings, Bethlehem, Penn., 1876; to 
General Synod (North), Springfield, O., 1883, and 
Harrisburg, Penn., 1885. He is the author of 
Heavenward, or the Race for the Crown of Life, 
Philadelphia, 1874, 4th ed'. 1877; Christian Unity 
(sermon), Savannah, Ga., 1875; Duelling (sermon), 
1878 ; Doom Eternal, the Bible and Church Doc- 
trine of Everlasting Punishment, Philadelphia, 1880; 
Spiritualism (sermon), New York, 1882 ; Lutheran 
Literature, Distinctive Trails and Excellencies, 1883; 
Luther, Work and Personality of, Biographical Sketch, 
1883; Usefulness after Death (sermon), New York, 
1885 ; Six Days of Creation, Lectures on the Mosaic 
Account of the Creation, Fall, and Deluge, Phila- 
delphia, 1886. 

REINKENS, Joseph Hubert, D.D. (Munich, 
1850), Old-Catholic bishop; b. at Burtscheid, near 
Aachen, Prussia, March 1, 1821; became priest, 
1848 ; privat-docent at Breslau, 1850 ; professor ex- 
traordinary, 1853; ordinary professor, 1857. He 
joined Dollinger in the Nuremburg declaration 
(Aug. 26, 27, 1870) against the infallibility dogma; 
and on Aug. 11, 1873, was ordained an Old-Catho- 
lic bishop, with his residence at Bonn. He is the 
author of De Clemente presbyter -o Alexandrino, Bres- 
lau, 1851 ; Hilarius von Poitiers, Schaffhausen, 
1864 ; Martin von Tours, 1866 ; Die Geschichtsphi- 
losophie des h. Augustinus, 1866; Papst und Papst- 
thum, Minister, 1870 ; Die papstlichen Dekrete vom 
18 Juli, 1870, 1871 ; Revolution und Kirche, Bonn, 
1876 (3 editions) ; Ueber Einheit der katholischen 
Kirche, Wurzburg, 1877; Me/chior von Diepenbrock, 
Leipzig, 1881 ; Lessing uber Toleranz, 1883. 

REISCHLE, Max Wilhelm Theodor, German 
Protestant ; b. in Vienna, June 18, 1858 ; edu- 
cated at the theological seminary (" Stift ") at 
Tubingen, 1876-80, and at Berlin and Gdttingen, 
1882-83; was vicar at Gmiind, 1881-82; repe- 
lent at Tubingen since 1883. He belongs to the 
school of Ritschl. 



RENAN. 



178 



REUSS. 



RENAN, Joseph Ernst, b. at Treguier, Cotes 
du Nord, Feb. 27, 1823 ; was educated at the 
Seminary of St. Sulpice, Paris, where he studied 
with avidity Hebrew, Arabic, and Syriac, but 
abandoned the intention of becoming a priest. 
In 1845 his Etude de la langue grecque au moyen 
age, was crowned by the institute. In 1848 lie 
gained the Volney prize for a memoir upon the 
Shemitic languages by his Histoire generate et sys- 
temes compare's des langues Se'mitiques, 1855, 2d ed. 
1858, 2 vols. In 1848 he was sent by the Academie 
des Inscriptions to Italy ; in 1856, elected a mem- 
ber ; in 1860, sent on a mission to Syria; in 1862, 
appointed professor of Hebrew at the College of 
France; in 1863, published his Life of Jesus; was 
in consequence dismissed from his professorship, 
and not re-instated until 1870. In 1860 he was 
appointed to the Legion of Honor; in July, 1884, 
made a commander. In 1878 he was elected a 
member of the French Academy; in April, 1881, 
director ; in June, 1883, vice-rector (manager) of 
the College of France. Of his works may be 
mentioned, translations of Job (1859), Song of 
Songs (I860), Ecclesiastes (1882) ; essays, Essais 
de morale et de critique, 1853, 3d ed. 1867 ; Etudes 
d'histoire religieuse, 1857, 7th ed. 1864 (English 
trans, by O. B. Frothingham, Studies of Religious 
History and Criticism, New York, 1864) ; his col- 
laboration on vol. xxiv. of Histoire lilte'raire de la 
France , Orientalia, Mission en Phe'nice, 1865-74, 
Rapport sur les progres de la litte'rature orientale et 
sur les ouvrages relatifs a I'Orient, 1868 ; Corpus 
inscriptionum semiticarum, 1881 sqq. Of more gen- 
eral interest are his Averroes et I'averrdisme, 1852, 
2d ed. 1860 ; Les dialogues philosophiques, 1876 ; 
Caliban, 1878 ; and especially the remarkable 
series upon the " Histoire des origines du chris- 
tianisme," Vie de Jesus (1863), Les Apotres (1866), 
Saint Paul et sa mission (1869), L'Ante'christ (1871), 
Les e'vangiles et la seconde generation chretienne 
(1877), L'Eglise chretienne (1879), Marc Aurele et 
la fin du monde antique (1881) ; the Hibbert lec- 
tures for 1880 : The Influence of the Institutions, 
Thought, and Culture of Rome on Christianity and 
the Development of the Catholic Church (English 
trans., London, 1880, 3d ed. 1885) ; and his semi- 
autobiography, Souvenirs d'Enfance et de jeunesse, 
1883 (English trans., Recollections of my Youth, 
London and New York, 1883). * 

RENOUF, Peter Le Page, Roman-Catholic lay- 
man ; b. in the isle of Guernsey, 1824 ; educated 
at Pembroke College, Oxford ; entered the Church 
of Rome, 1842 ; became professor of ancient his- 
tory and Eastern languages on the opening of the 
Catholic University of Ireland, 1855, but in 1864 
one of her Majesty's inspectors of schools. He is 
the author of several works in Egyptology, and of 
The Condemnation of Pope Honorius, London, 1868 
(" furiously attacked by the Roman-Catholic press, 
and placed on the Index ") ; The Case of Honorius 
reconsidered with Reference to Recent Apologies, 
1869 ; Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Re- 
ligion as illustrated by the Religion of Ancient Egi/pt 
(Hibbert lectures for 1879), 1880, 2d ed. 1885. * 

REUSCH, Franz Heinrich, Lie. Theol. (Mini- 
ster, 1849), D.D. (Minister, 1859), Old Catholic; 
b. at Brilon in Westphalia, Germany, Dec. 4, 
1825; student at Bonn, Tubingen, and Munich, 
1843-47 ; consecrated priest at Cologne, 1849 ; 
chaplain in Cologne, 1849-53; became repetent in 



the theological " convictorium," and privat-docent 
at Bonn, 1854 ; professor extraordinary of theol- 
ogy there, 1858; ordinary professor, 1861. He was 
suspended, then excommunicated (March, 1872), 
by the archbishop of Cologne for refusing accept- 
ance to the Vatican Decrees (1871). He played 
a prominent part in the organization of the Old- 
Catholic movement, 1S71. He was rector of the 
Bonn University in 1873. From 1866 to 1877 
he edited the Tkeologische Litter aturblatt. He is 
the author of Erklarung des Buches Baruch, Frei- 
burg, 1853 ; Das Buch Tobias, 1857 ; Liber Sapi- 
ential grace secundum exemplar Vaticanum, 1858; 
Lchrbuch der Einleitung in das Alte Testament, 
1859, 4th ed. 1870; Observations critics in Librum 
Sapientice, 1861 ; Bibel und Natur, 1862, 4th ed. 
1876 (English trans., Nature and the Bible, Edin- 
burgh, 1886, 2 vols.); Libellus Tobit e Codice 
Sinaitico editus et recensitus, Bonn, 1870 ; Luis de 
Leon und die spanische Inquisition, 1873; Berichte 
ilber die Unions-Conferenzen zu Bonn, 1874, 1875 ; 
Predigten, 1876; Gebelbuch, 1877; Die biblische 
Schopfungsgeschichte, 1877 ; Die deutschen Bischbfe 
und der Aberglaube, 1879; Der Process Galilei's und 
die Jesuiten, 1879; Der Index der verbotenen Biicher, 
1S83-85, 2 vols. ; minor writings, articles in peri- 

REUSS, Eduard (Wilhelm Eugen), Lie. Theol. 
(Strassburg, 1829), D.D. (lion., Jena, 1843), Ph.D. 
(/ion., Halle, 1875), LL.D. (Georgetown College, 
Georgetown, Ky.), Protestant theologian ; b. at 
Strassburg, July 18 r 1804 (29 Messidor XII.); 
studied at Strassburg, first philology 1819-22, 
then theology there and at Gottingen and Halle 
1822-26, and Oriental literature at Paris under 
De Sacy 1827-28; became privat-docent in the the- 
ological faculty at Strassburg, 1828 ; professor 
extraordinary, 1834; ordinary professor, 1836, 
and so remains. Of his numerous works may be 
mentioned, De statu literarum theologicarum per 
scecula VII. et VII I., Strassburg, 1825; De libris 
Veteris Teslamenti apocryphis plebi non negandis, 
1829 ; Ideen zur Einleitung in das Evangelium 
Johannis, 1840; Geschichte der heiligen Schriften, 
Neues Testament, Halle, 1842, 5th ed. Braun- 
schweig, 1874 (Eng. trans, by Edward L. Hough- 
ton, Boston, 1884, 2 vols.) ; Altes Testament, 
Braunschweig, 1881 ; Die johanneische Theologle, 
Jena, 1847 ; Fragments litteraires et critiques rela- 
tifs a I'histoire de la bible francaise I. -VI II., Strass- 
burg, 1851-67 ; Histoire de la the'ologie chretienne 
au siecle apostolique, 1852, 2 vols., 3d ed. 1864 
(trans, into Dutch, Haarlem, 1854; Swedish, Stock- 
holm, 1866 ; English, London, 1872); Die deutsche 
Historienbibel vor Erfindung d. Bilcherdrucks, Jena, 
1859 ; L'Epitre aux Hebreux, Strassburg, 1860 ; 
Ruth, 1861 ; Les Sibylles chre'tiennes, 18Q1; Histoire 
du canon des saintes Ecritures dans I'Eglise chre- 
tienne, 1862, 2d ed. 1863 (English trans., Edin- 
burgh, 1884); Das Buch Hiob, 1869; Bibliotheca 
N. T. grceci, Braunschweig, 1872 ; La Bible, Tra- 
duction nouvelle avec commenlaire, Paris, 1874-80, 
13 parts in 17 vols. ; Reden an Theologie-Studirende, 
Leipzig, 1878, 2d ed. Braunschweig, 1879. With 
Professors Baum and Cunitz, he edited the first 
twenty volumes of the monumental edition of 
Calvin's Opera, Braunschweig, 1863 sqq. (since 
alone), but he furnished throughout the Prole- 
gomena. It is to be completed in about forty-five 
volumes (vol. xxxi., 1886). 



RBUTER. 



179 



RIDDLE. 



REUTER, Hermann Ferdinand, Lie. Theol. 
(Berlin, 1843), Ph.D. (lion., Greifswald, 1865), 
Lutheran ; b. at Hildesheim, Aug. 30, 1817 ; stud- 
ied at Gbttingen and Berlin ; became prival-docent 
at Berlin, 1843 ; professor extraordinary of church 
history at Breslau, 1852; D.D. from Kiel, 1853; 
ordinary professor at Greifswald, 1855 ; professor 
at Breslau 1866, and at Gottingen 1876. In 1869 
he became a royal consistorial councillor, and in 
1881 abbot of Bursfeld. He is the author of 
Johannes von Salisbury, Berlin, 1842; Abhandlungen 
zur syslematisclien Theologie, 1855 ; Geschiclite Alex- 
anders III. und der Kirche seiner Zeit, 1846, 1 vol., 
2d ed. 1860-64, 3 vols. ; Geschichie der religibsen 
Aufklarung im Mitlelaller, 1875-77, 2 vols. 

REVEL, Albert, Waldensian; b. at Torre Pel- 
lice, Waldensian Valley, Italy, Jan. 2, 1837; edu- 
cated in the Waldensian college of his native place, 
in the Waldensian theological school at Florence, 
and in the New College (Free Church), Edinburgh ; 
was ordained in 1861 ; became professor of Latin 
and Greek literature in the Waldensian college 
at Torre Pellice, 1861, and professor of biblical 
literature and exegesis to the Waldensian Church, 
Florence, 1870. Since 1880 he has been a mem- 
ber of the Oriental Academy of the Royal Insti- 
tute of Florence. He is the author of L'Epislola 
di S. Jacobo, Florence, 1868 ; L'Epistola di S. 
Clemenle Romano d Corinti, 1869; Antichita bibliche, 
1872 ; Teoria del cullo, 1875 ; Le origini del Papalo, 
1875 ; Cento lezioni sulla vita di Gesu, 1875 ; Sloria 
letteraria dell' antico Testamento, Poggibonsi, 1879 ; 
Manuale par lo studio della lingua ebraica, Florence, 
1879 ; / Salmi ; verzione e commento sopra i Salmi 
i.—xl., 1880 ; II Nuovo Testamento, tradotto sul testo 
originale, 1881. 

REVILLE, Albert, D.D. (Leyden, 1862), French 
Protestant; b. at Dieppe, Seine-Inferieure, Nov. 
4, 1826; studied at Dieppe, Geneva, and Strass- 
burg, and in 1848 became a bachelor in theology ; 
was pastor of the Walloon Church at Rotterdam, 
1851-72, and then resided near Dieppe, engaged in 
philosophical studies, until, in 1880, he was called 
to the . chair of the history of religions in the 
College of France, Paris. He is the author of 
Manuel d'histoire comparee de la philosophie et de la 
religion (after Scholten), 1859 (English trans., 
Manual of Religious Instruction, London, 1864) ; 
De la redemption, Paris, 1860 ; Essais de critique 
religieuse, 1860; Eludes critiques sur I'lSvangile 
selon Saint Matthieu, 1862'; Theodore Parker, sa vie 
et ses ozuvres, 1869 ; Manuel d 'instruction religieuse, 
1863, 2d ed. 1866 ; Apollonius, English trans., Lon- 
don, 1866 ; Histoire du dogme de la divinitede Jesus 
Christ, 1869, 2d ed. 1876 (English trans., History 
of the Doctrine of the Deity of Jesus Christ, London, 
1870); The Devil, his origin, greatness, and deca- 
dence, English trans., 1871, 2d ed. 1877; The Song 
of Songs, English trans., 1873; Prole'gomenes de 
Vhistoire des religions, 1881 (English trans., 1884); 
The Native Religions of Mexico and Peru, English 
trans., 1884 (Hibbert lectures for 1884). 

REYNOLDS, Henry Robert, D.D. (Edinburgh 
University, 1869), Congregationalist; b. at Romsey, 
Hampshire, Eng., Feb. 26, 1825; educated at Cow- 
ard College and University College; graduated 
at London University B. A. 1843; became pastor 
at Halsted, Essex, 1846; at Leeds, 1849; presi- 
dent of Countess of Huntingdon's College, Ches- 
hunt, Herts, I860- He is the author of Beginnings 



of the Divine Life, London, 1858, 3d ed. 1860; Notes 
of the Christian Life, 1865; John the Baptist (Con- 
gregational Union lecture for 1874), 1874, 2d ed. 
1876; Philosophy of Prayer, and other Essays, 1882; 
joint author of Yes and No, Glimpses of the Great 
Conflict, 1860, and of commentary on Hosea and 
Amos in Bishop Ellicott's Old-Testament Commen- 
tary, 1884 ; author of commentary on the Pastoral 
Epistles in Expositor (first series), and of exposi- 
tion, commentary, and introduction to the Gospel 
of John in the Pulpit Commentary ; joint editor 
and compiler of Psalms, Hymns, and Passages of 
Scripture for Christian Worship, 1853; editor of 
Ecclesia, Church Problems considered in a Series 
of Essays, 1870, 2d ed. 1871 (contributed essay on 
" The Forgiveness and Absolution of Sins ") ; second 
series, 1871 (essay, The Holy Catholic Church) ; 
for eight years (1866-74) edited with Rev. Dr. 
Allon The British Quarterly Review ; for five years, 
The Evangelical Magazine. Besides his contribu- 
tions to periodicals, he has written for Kitto's 
Cyclopcedia and Smith and Wace's Dictionary of 
Christian Biography. 

RICE, Edwin Wilbur, D.D. (Union College, 
Schenectady, N.Y., 1884), Congregationalist; b. 
at Kingsborough, N.Y., July 24, 1831 ; graduated 
at Union College, Schenectady, N.Y., 1854; and 
studied in Union Theological Seminary, New- 
York City, 1855-57; taught, 1857-58; was mission- 
ary of American Sunday-school Union, 1859-64; 
ordained in 1860; superintendent of its missions, 
1864-70 ; assistant secretary of missions, and as- 
sistant editor of periodicals, Philadelphia, 1871- 
78 ; editor, 1878, and of periodicals and publica- 
tions since 1879. He planned and prepared the 
lesson papers of the American Sunday-school 
Union, 1872 sqq. ; the Scholar's Handbook on the 
International Lessons, 1874 sqq. ; wrote the geo- 
graphical and topographical articles in Schaff's 
Bible Dictionary, Philadelphia, 1880, 3d ed. 1885; 
edited Paxton Hood's Great Revival of the Eigh- 
teenth Century, 1882 ; Kennedy's Four Gospels, 
1881 ; and has independently produced, Pictorial 
Commentary on St. Mark, 1881, 2d ed. 1882; His- 
torical Sketch of Sunday Schools, 1886. 

RICHARDSON, Ernest Cushing, Congregation- 
alist; b. at Woburn, Mass., Feb. 9, 1860; gradu- 
ated at Amherst College, Mass., 1880, and at the 
Hartford Theological Seminary, Conn., 1883 ; was 
assistant librarian of Amherst College, 1879-80 ; 
assistant librarian of Hartford Theological Semi- 
nary, 1882-84; since 1884 librarian, and since 
1885 assistant secretary, of the American Library 
Association. He is the author of several papers 
in the Proceedings of the American Library Asso- 
ciation (1885 and 1886), one in the Journal of the 
Society of Biblical Exegesis (1886), and various 
notes, articles, or reviews in the Library Journal, 
New York, and Bibliotheca Sacra, Oberlin, O. 

RIDDLE, Matthew Brown, D.D. (Franklin and 
Marshall College, Lancaster, Penn., 1870), Con- 
gregationalist; b. in Pittsburg, Penn., Oct. 17, 
1836 ; graduated at Jefferson College, Canons- 
burgh, Penn., 1852, and from New Brunswick 
(N.J.) Theological Seminary, 1859; was chaplain 
Second New-Jersey Regiment, 1861; Reformed 
(Dutch) pastor at Hoboken, N.J., 1862-65; at 
Newark, 1865-69 ; in Europe, 1869-71 ; since 1871 
has been professor of New-Testament exegesis in 
Hartford (Conn.) Theological Seminary. He was' 



RIDGAWAY. 



180 



RIGGENBACH. 



a member of the New-Testament Revision Com- 
pany. He translated and edited Galatians, Ephe- 
sians, and Colossians, in the American edition of 
Lange's Commentary ; wrote (with Dr. Schaff) upon 
Matthew, Mark, and Luke (1879), Romans (1882), 
alone upon Ephesians and Colossians (1882), in 
Schaff' s Illustrated Popular Commentary ; upon 
Mark (1881), Luke (1883), and Romans (1884) in 
Schaff 's International Revision Commentary; edited 
Mark and Luke (1884) in American edition of 
Meyer's Commentary; revised and edited Robin- 
son's Greek Harmony of the Gospels (Boston, 1885), 
and Robinson's English Harmony (1886) ; edited 
portions of vols, vii., viii. of Bishop Coxe's edition 
Ante-Nicene Fathers, contributing the Teaching 
of the Twelve Apostles and Second Clement. With 
Rev. Dr. J. E. Todd he prepared the notes on the 
International Sunday-school Lessons (New Testa- 
ment), 1877 to 1881, for the Congregational Pub- 
lishing Society, Boston. 

RIDGAWAY, Henry Bascom, D.D. (Dickinson 
College, Carlisle, Penn., 1869), Methodist; b. in 
Talbot County, Maryland, Sept. 7, 1830 ; gradu- 
ated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Penn., 1849 ; 
•was successively pastor in Virginia, Baltimore 
(Md.), Portland (Me.), New-York City, and Cin- 
cinnati (0-); professor of historical theology in 
Garrett Biblical Institute, Evanston, 111., 1882-84, 
and since of practical theology. He was frater- 
nal delegate to the Methodist-Episcopal Church 
South, 1882; and one of the regular speakers in 
the Methodist Centennial Conference at Balti- 
more, 1881. He is the author of The Life of 
Alfred Cookman, New York, 1871; The Lord's 
Land, a Narrative of Travels in Sinai and Palestine 
(1873, 1874), 1876 ; The Life of Bishop Edward S. 
Janes, 1882 ; Bishop Beverly Waugh, 1883 ; Bishop 
Matthew Simpson, 1885. 

RIEHM, Eduard (Carl August), Lie. Theol. 
(Heidelberg, 1853), D.D. (lion., Halle, 1864), Ger- 
man Protestant theologian ; b. at Diersburg, in 
Baden, Dec. 20, 1830; studied at Heidelberg and 
Halle ; became city curate at Durlach, 1853; gar- 
rison preacher at Mannheim, 1854 ; privat-docent 
at Heidelberg, 1858; professor extraordinary there, 
1861 ; the same at Halle, 1862 ; ordinary professor 
there, 1866. A believer in revelation, he claims 
freedom for critical study of the Bible. He was 
a member of the Luther Bible Revision Commis- 
sion, 1865-81 ; rector of the University of Halle- 
Wittenberg, 1881-82. He is the author of Die 
Gesetzgebung Mosis im Lande Moab, Goth a, 1854; 
Der Lehrbegriff des Hebrderbriefes, Basel and Lud- 
wigsburg, 1858-59, 2 parts, 2d ed. 1867; De natura 
et notione symbolica Cheruborum, 1864; Die beson- 
dere Bedeutung des A.T.fiir die religiose Erkennt- 
niss und das religiose Leben der christlichen Gemeinde, 
Halle, 1864; Hermann Hupfeld, 1867; Das erste 
Buch Mose nach der deutschen Uebersetzung D. 
Martin Luthers in revidirten Text, mil Erlaulerungen, 
1873 ; Initium Theologian Lutheri S. exempla scholi- 
orum quibus D. Lutherus Psalterium interpretari cai- 
pit (part 1, Septem Psalmi pcenitentiales, Textum 
originalem nunc primum de Lutheri autographo 
exprimendum curavit), 1874; Zur Erinnerung an 
D. Carl Bernhard Hundeshagen, Gotha, 1874; Die 
Messianischen Weissagungen, 1875, second edition 
1885; Der Begriff der Siihne im Allen Testament, 
1877; Kirche und Theologie, Halle, 1880; Reli- 
gion und Wissenchaft (rector's oration), Gotha, 



1881; Der biblische Schbpfungsbericht, Halle, 1881; 
Zur Revision der Lutherbibel, ueber die messian- 
ischen Stellen des Alten Testaments, 1882; Luther als 
Bibelubersetzer, Gotha, 1884. He edited the second 
edition of Hupfeld, Die Psalmen, Gotha, 1867-71, 
4 vols. ; and a Handiobrterbuch des biblischen Alter- 
thums, Bielefeld, 1875-84, pp. 1,849, 1 vol. ; and 
(1865) has been joint editor of the quarterly 
Theologische Studien und Kriliken. 

RICC, James Harrison, D.D. (Dickinson Col- 
lege, Carlisle, Penn., 1864), Wesleyan ; b. at 
Newcastle-on-Tyne, Eng., Jan. 16, 1821 ; educated 
at Old Kingswood School; taught there and in 
other schools, 1835-45; entered the Wesleyan 
ministry in 1845 ; in 1866 was elected a member 
of the " Hundred," and in 1868 principal of the 
Wesleyan Training College, Westminster, London. 
In 1878 he was chosen president of the Wesleyan 
Conference. His name is associated with the ad- 
mission of laymen into the conference that year, 
and with the Thanksgiving Fund initiated at the 
same time, which has realized over three hundred 
thousand pounds for Methodist work. He was 
one of the original members of the London school 
board, and is now a member of the Royal Com- 
mission on Education. He was English corre- 
spondent of The New Orleans Christian Advocate, 
1851- 52, and of The Christian Advocate, New York, 
for many years. He is the editor of The London 
Quarterly Review. He is the author of The Prin- 
ciples of Wesleyan Methodism, London, 1850 ; Con- 
nexionalism and Congregational Independency, 1851; 
Modern Anglican Theology, 1857, 3d ed. 1879; 
The Churchmanship of John Wesley, 1868, 2d ed. 
1879 ; Essays for the Times on Ecclesiastical and 
Social Subjects, 1866 ; National Education, 1873 ; 
The Living Wesley as he was in his Youth and in 
his Prime, 1875; Connexional Economy of Wesley- 
an Methodism, 1879 ; Discourses and Addresses on 
Leading Truths of Religion and Philosophy, 1880 ; 
The Sabbath and the Sabbath Law before Christ, 
1881 (2 editions); The Character and Life-Work 
of Dr. Pusey, 1883 ; Was Wesley a High Church- 
man? and Is Modern Methodism Wesleyan Method- 
ism ? or, John Wesley, the Church of England, and 
Wesleyan Methodism, 1883. 

RIGGENBACH, Bernhard Emil, Ph.D. (Tu- 
bingen, 1874), Lie. Theol. (Basel, 1876), Swiss 
Reformed; b. at Karlsruhe, Oct. 25, 1848; stud- 
ied at Basel and Tubingen, 1867-71 ; was ordained 
1871 ; pastor at Arisdorf, Baselland, 1872-81 ; in 
the penitentiary, Basel, since 1885; privat-docent of 
New Testament and practical theology at Basel 
since 1882. His theological standpoint is positive 
biblical. He is the author of Johann Ebeiiin von 
Gunzburg und sein Reformprogramm. Ein Beitrag 
zur Geschichte des xvi. Jahrhunderts, Tubingen, 
1874 ; Taschenbuch fur die schweizerischen reform- 
ierten Geistlichen, Basel, 1876 sqq. (xi. Jahrgang, 
1886) ; Das Chronikon des Konrad Pellikan, zur 
vierten Sdkularfeier der Universitdt Tubingen heraus- 
gegeben, 1877; Das Armenwesen der Reformation, 
1882; Frauengestalten aus der Geschichte des Reiches 
Gottes, 1st and 2d ed. 1884 (Danish trans., 1885) ; 
numerous articles in Herzog and the All g. -Deutsche 
Biographic 

RIGGENBACH, Christoph Johannes, Swiss 
Protestant theologian; b. at Basel, Oct. 8, 1818; 
studied at Basel, Berlin, and Bonn, 1836-41 ; be- 
came pastor in Bennevil, Baselland, 1843; ordinary 



RIGGS. 



181 



ROBERTS. 



professor of theology at Basel, 1851 ; and, in 1878, 
president of the missions committee. Besides 
many sermons, he has published Vorlesungen iiber 
das Leben Jesu, Basel, 1858 ; Der Kircliengesang in 
Basel seit der Reformation, 1870 ; Der sogenannte 
Brief des Barnabas, 1873 ; and the comments upon 
Thessalonians in Lange's Commentary. 

RICCS, Elias, D.D. (Hanover College, Ind., 
1853), LL.D. (Amherst College, Mass., 1871), 
Presbyterian ; b. at New Providence, N.J., Nov. 
19, 1810; graduated at Amherst College, Mass., 
1S29, and at Andover Theological Seminary, Mass., 
1832 ; was missionary of the A. B. C. F. M. in 
Greece (at Athens and Argos), 1832-38 ; in Smyr- 
na, Asia Minor, 1838-53; since that in Constan- 
tinople. He has made but one visit to the United 
States (in 1856). Being detained in New York 
for electrotyping an Armenian Bible, he taught 
Hebrew in the Union Theological Seminary (1857- 
58), and was invited to become professor in that 
department. The translation of the Scriptures 
into the Turkish language, after having engaged 
the labors of many others, was in 1873 placed by 
the British and Foreign Bible Society and the 
American Bible Society in the hands of a com- 
mittee consisting at first of the Revs. W. G. Schauf- 
fler, D.D. (of the American Bible Society, formerly 
of the A. B. C. F. M.), George T. Herrick, Elias 
Riggs, D.D. (of the A. B. C. F. M.), and Robert 
H. Weakley (of the Church Missionary Society), 
as a result of whose labors, and those of native 
Turkish scholars, the entire Bible was published 
in both Arabic and Armenian characters in 1878. 
Experience having shown the need of retouching 
this version in a way to render it more intelligible 
to common readers, the same Bible societies, in 
1883, consented to the organization of a larger 
committee (comprising so far as practicable the 
members of the former committee), and placed 
this work in their hands. The revised Turkish 
version, the work of this large committee, was 
issued 1886. Dr. Riggs is the author of A Manual 
of the Chaldee Language, containing a Grammar 
(chiefly translation of Winer), Chrestomathy, and 
a Vocabulary, Andover, Mass., 1832 (revised edi- 
tion, New York, 1858, and since several editions); 
The Young Forester, a Brief Memoir of the Early 
Life of the Swedish Missionary Fjelstedt (Massa- 
chusetts Sabbath-school Society); Grammatical 
Notes on the Bulgarian Language, Smyrna, 1844; 
Grammar of the Modern Armenian Language, with 
a Vocabulary, Smyrna, 1847, second edition, Con- 
stantinople, 1856 ; Grammar of the Turkish Lan- 
guage as written in the Armenian Character, Con- 
stantinople, 1856; Translation of the Scriptures into 
the Modern Armenian Language, completed with 
the aid of native scholars, Smyrna, 1853 (reprinted 
in many editions in Constantinople and New 
York) ; Translation of the Scriptures into the Bul- 
garian language, completed with the aid of native 
scholars throughout, and on the New Testament 
of the Rev. Dr. Albert L. Long (now professor in 
Robert College), Constantinople, 1871 (several 
editions. Constantinople and Vienna); A Harmony 
of the Gospels (in Bulgarian), Constantinople, 1880; 
A Bible Dictionary (in Bulgarian), 1884; minor 
publications, such as tracts, hymns, and collec- 
tions of hymns, in Greek, Armenian, and Bulga- 
rian. 

RICCS, James Stevenson, Presbyterian; b. in 



New- York City, July 16, 1853 ; graduated at the 
College of New Jersey, Princeton, 1874 ; studied 
at Leipzig, 1875 ; graduated at Auburn Theolo- 
gical Seminary, N.Y., 1880; became pastor at 
Fulton, N.Y., 1880; adjunct professor of bib- 
lical Greek in Auburn Theological Seminary, 
1884. 

RITSCHL, Albrecht, Ph.D. (Halle, 1843), Lie. 
Theol. (Bonn, 1846), D.D. (hon., Bonn, 1855), 
LL.D. (Gbttingen, 1881) ; b. in Berlin, March 25, 
1822; studied at Bonn and Halle; became prival- 
docent at Bonn, 1846; professor extraordinary 
there, 1852 ; ordinary professor, 1859 ; professor 
at Gbttingen, 1864; consistorial councillor, 1874. 
He thus describes his theological standpoint: 
"In strictest recognition of the revelation of God 
through Christ; most accurate use of the Holy 
Scripture as the fountain of knowledge of the 
Christian religion ; view of Jesus Christ as the 
ground of knowledge for all parts of the theologi- 
cal system ; in accord with the original documents 
of the Lutheran Reformation respecting those pecu- 
liarities which differentiate its type of doctrine 
from that of the middle ages." 1 He is a deter- 
mined opponent of Protestant scholasticism, is the 
only living German theologian who has a "school ; " 
but since 1881, he says, he has been in the position 
of the prophet Jeremiah (Jer. xviii. 18). He is 
the author of Doctrina Auguslini de creatione mundi, 
peccato, gratia (Diss, inauguralis') , Halle, 1843; 
Das Evangelium. Marcions und das kanonische Evan- 
gelium des Lucas, Tubingen, 1846; Die Entstehung 
der altkalholischen Kirche, Bonn, 1850, 2d ed. (en- 
tirely worked over; standpoint of the Tubingen 
school, adopted in the first, abandoned), 1857; 
Ueber das Verhdltniss des Bekenntnisses zur Kirche, 
Ein Votumgegendieneulutherische. Doclrin, 1854; 
Die christliche Lehre von der Rechtferliqunq und Ver- 
sohnung, 1870-74, 3 vols., 2d ed. 1S82-S3 (English 
trans., vol. i., A Critical History of the Christian 
Doctrine of Justif cation and Reconciliation) ; Die 
christliche Vollkommenheil, Gbttingen, 1874 ; Schleier- 
machers Reden iiber die Religion und Hire Nachivir- 
kungen auf die evang. Kirche Deutschlands, Bonn, 
1874; Unterrichl in der chrisllichen Religion, 1875, 
3d ed. 1886; Ueber das Gewissen, 1876; Theolo 
gie u. Melaphysik. Zur Verstandigung u. Abwehr, 
1881; Geschichte des Pietismus, 1880 sqq., 3d and 
last vol. 1886. 

RITSCHL, Otto, Lie. Theol. (Halle, 1885), 
German Protestant theologian, son of the preced- 
ing; b. at Bonn, June 26, I860; studied at Bonn, 
Gbttingen, and Giessen, 1878-84 ; became privat- 
docent of theology at Halle, 1885. He is the au- 
thor of De epistulis Cxjprianicis, dissertatio inaugu- 
ralis, Halle, 1885 ; Cyprian von Karthago und die 
Verfassung der Kirche, eine kirchengeschichlliche 
und kirchenrechtliche Untersuchung, Gbttingen, 
1885. 

ROBERTS, William, D.D. (University of the 
city of New York, 1863), Welsh Calvinistic 
Methodist; b. at Llanerchymedd, Wales, Sept. 
25, 1809; after education at Presbyterian Col- 
legiate Institute, Dublin, Ireland, was pastor and 



1 " In strengster Anerkeunung der Offenbarung Gottes 
durch Christus, genauster Beniitzung der heiligen Schrift als 
Erkerjnttiissgrund derchristlichen Religion, Verwendung Jesu 
Christi als dee Erkeuntnissgrundes fiir alle Glieder des Sys- 
tems, im Einklang rait den Urkunden der lutherischen Refor- 
mation in Hinsicht des eigenthiimlichen von der TJneologie des 
Mittelalters abweichenden Lehitypus." 



ROBERTS. 



182 



ROBINSON. 



principal of academy, Holyhead, Wales ; preacher 
of Countess of Huntingdon's chapel, Runcorn, 
Eng., 1348-55; pastor of Welsh Presbyterian 
Church, New- York City, 1855-68; Welsh pastor 
at Scranton, Penn., 1869-75; and since at Utica, 
N.Y. He has been several times moderator of 
the United-States Welsh Presbyterian General 
Assembly, and representative in councils of the 
Alliance of Reformed Churches. He edited the 
Traethodydd, New York, 1857-61, and since 1871 
the Cyfaill (denominational organ), Scranton and 
Utica; and has written, The Abrahamic Covenant, 
New York, 1858; The Election of Grace, 1859 
(both in Welsh). 

ROBERTS, William Charles, D.D. (Union Col- 
lege, Schenectady, N.Y., 1872), Presbyterian ; b. 
at Alltmai, near Aberystwith, Wales, Sept. 23, 
1832 ; graduated at the College of New Jersey, 
Princeton, 1855, and at Princeton Theological 
Seminary 1858; became pastor of First Church, 
Wilmington, Del., 1858 ; First Church, Columbus, 
O., 1862; Second Church, Elizabeth, N.J., 1864; 
Westminster Church, Elizabeth, N.J., 1866; elect- 
ed corresponding secretary of the Board of Home 
Missions, New- York City, 1 881. He was chairman 
of the committee which laid the foundations of 
the AVooster University, O. ; declined the presi- 
dency of Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N.J., 
18S2; declined a professorship in Western Theo- 
logical Seminary, Allegheny, Penn., and accept- 
ed the presidency of Lake Forest University, 111., 
1886 ; was moderator of synods of Ohio (1864) 
and New Jersey (1875); member of the first (Edin- 
burgh, 1877) and third (Belfast, 1884) councils 
of the Reformed Churches, and read paper on 
American colleges ; was trustee of Lafayette Col- 
lege, Easton, Penn., from 1859 to 1863, and has 
been trustee of College of New Jersey, Princeton, 
since 1866. He is the author of a series of letters 
• on the great preachers of Wales, translation of 
the Shorter Catechism into Welsh, and a number 
of occasional sermons. 

ROBERTS, William Henry, D.D. (Western Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, 1883), Pres- 
byterian, son of William Roberts; b. at Holyhead, 
AVales, Jan. 31, 1844; graduated at the College 
of the City of New York, 1863; was statistician 
United-States Treasury Department, Washing- 
ton, D.C., 1863-65; assistant librarian of Con- 
gress, 1866-72; graduated at Princeton (N.J.) 
Theological Seminary, 1873; pastor at Cranford, 
N.J., 1873-77; from 1877 to 1886 was librarian 
of Princeton Theological Seminary; became in 
1886 professor in Lane Theological Seminary, 
Cincinnati, O. ; from 1880 to 1884, permanent 
clerk of the General Assembly ; since 1884, stated 
clerk. With Rev. Dr. W. E. Schenck, he prepared 
General Catalogue of Princeton Theological Semi- 
nary, 1881, and has published sermons, articles, 
etc. 

ROBERTSON, Right Rev. Charles Franklin, 
S.T.D. (Columbia College, New- York City, 1868), 
D.D. (University of the South, Sewanee, Tenn., 
1883), LL.D. (University of Missouri, Columbia, 
Mo., 1883), Episcopalian, bishop of Missouri; b. 
in New- York City, March 2, 1835 ; graduated at 
Yale College, New Haven, Conn., 1859, and at the 
General Theological Seminary, New- York City, 
1862 ; became rector of St. Mark's, Malone, N.Y., 
1862; of St. James, Batavia, 1868; bishop, 1868; 



died in St. Louis, Mo., May 1, 1886. He was 
vice-president of the St. Louis Social Science Asso- 
ciation, of the National Conference of Charities 
and Corrections ; member of historical associations 
and societies. He was the author of papers on 
Historical Societies in Relation to Local Historical 
Effort, St. Louis, 1883; The American Revolution 
and the Mississippi Valley, 1S84; The Attempt to 
separate the West from the American Union, 1885; 
The Purchase of the Louisiana Territory in its In- 
fluence on the American System, 1885; pamphlets, 
sermons, charges, etc. 

ROBINS, Henry Ephraim, D.D. (University of 
Rochester, N.Y., 1868), Baptist; b. at Hartford, 
Conn., Sept. 30, 1827; graduated at Newton 
(Mass.) Theological Institution, 1861; pastor at 
Newport, R.I., 1862-67 ; Rochester, N.Y., 1867- 
73 ; president of Colby University, Waterville, 
Me., 1873-82; since 1882 has been professor of 
Christian ethics in Rochester (N.Y.) Theological 
Seminary. 

ROBINSON, Charles Seymour, D.D. (Hamilton 
College, Clinton, N.Y., 1866), LL.D. (Lafayette 
College, Easton, Penn., 1885), Presbyterian; b. 
at Bennington, Vt., March 31, 1829 ; graduated 
at Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., 1849; 
studied at Union (New- York City) and Princeton 
(N.J.) Theological Seminaries; was pastor in 
Troy and Brooklyn, N.Y. ; Paris, France; and 
since 1870 of Memorial Church, New- York City. 
He has published Songs of the Church, New York, 
1862 ; Songs for the Sanctuary, 1865 ; Songs for 
Christian Worship, 1866; Short Studies for Sunday- 
school Teachers, 1868; Chapel Songs, 1872; Psalms, 
Hymns, and Spiritual Songs, 1874 ; Christian Work 
(sermons), Bethel and Penuel (do., both 1874); 
Spiritual Songs, 1878 ; Spiritual Songs for Social 
Worship, 1880; Studies in the New Testament, 1880; 
Spiritual Songs for Sunday School, 1881 ; Studies 
of Neglected Texts, 1883 ; Laudes Domini (hymn- 
book), 1884; Simon Peter: Early Life and Times, 
1887; Sermons in Songs, 1885. His hymn and 
tune books sell between seventy-five and eighty 
thousand a year. His sermons have passed 
through several editions. 

ROBINSON, Ezekiel Oilman, D.D., LL.D. (both 
Brown University, Providence, R.I., 1853 and 
1872), Baptist; b. at Attleborough, Mass., March 
23, 1815; graduated at Brown University, Provi- 
dence, R.I., 1838, and at Newton (Mass.) Theo- 
logical Institution, 1842 ; pastor at Norfolk, Va., 
1842-45 ; professor of Hebrew in Covington (Ky.) 
Theological Seminary, 1846-49 ; pastor in Cin- 
cinnati, O., 1849-52; professor of theology in 
Rochester (N.Y.) Theological Seminary, 1852-72 ; 
president, 1864-72; and since 1872 has been presi- 
dent of Brown University. He edited Christian 
Review, 1859-64 ; revised Neander's Planting and 
Training of the Christian Church, 1S64; published 
Yale Lectures, 1883. 

ROBINSON, Thomas Hastings, D.D. (Hamil- 
ton College, Clinton, N.Y., 1868), Presbyterian; 
b. at North-East, Erie County, Penn., Jan. 30, 
1828; graduated at Oberlin College, O., 1850, 
and at Western Theological Seminary, Allegheny, 
Penn., 1854; pastor in Harrisburg, Penn., 1854- 
84; and since has been professor of sacred rhet- 
oric, church government, and pastoral theology 
in the Western Theological Seminary, Allegheny, 
Penn. 



ROHLING. 



183 



RUETSCHI. 



ROHLING, Johann Francis Bernard Augustin, 
Lie. Theol. (Miinster, 1865), Ph.D. (Jena, 1867), 
D.D. (Miinster, 1871), Roman Catholic ; b. at 
Neuenkirchen, near Miinster, Westphalia, Ger- 
many, Feb. 15, 1839 ; studied theology in the Uni- 
versity of Miinster ; was instituteur du comte de 
Merode en Belgique et en France, 1863-64 ; chap- 
lain and con-rector at Rheinberg, near Wesel, 
1865; repetent of dogmatics and ethics at Miinster; 
vicar of St. Martin's Church, and prival-docent of 
biblical literature, 1866-70; professor extraordi- 
nary of exegesis of the Old and New Testament, 
1870-74; professor of theology at St. Francis' 
Seminary, near Milwaukee, Wis., U.S.A., 1874- 
75; since April, 1876, ordinary professor of bib- 
lical studies and exegesis at the University of 
Prague, Bohemia. In 1883 he was prohibited by 
the Austrian Government from writing against 
the Jews, on account of the so-called " excited 
times." He is the author of the German transla- 
tion of Lamy's book against Renan, Miinster, 1864 ; 
Hosea's Ehe, Tubingen, 1865 ; Der Jehova-Engel, 
1866 ; Mose's letzles Lied, .Jena, 1867 ; Erkldrung 
der Psalmen, Miinster, 1S71 ; Isaias, 1872; Evan- 
gelien, Acta, Rdmer-Corinthe}--Galaterbr.,187S; Dan- 
iel, Mainz, 1876; Spruche Salomo's, 1880; Der 
Talmudjude, Miinster, 1871, 6th ed. 1876 ; Louise 
Lateau, Paderborn, 1873, 9 editions; Der Anti- 
christ, St. Louis, 1875; Medulla tlieologioz moralis, 
1875 ; Kalechismus des 19. Jalirhunderls fiir Juden, 
Protestanten und Katholiken, Mainz, 1878 ; Fiinf 
Briefe iiber den Talmudismus und das Blutritual der 
Juden, Paderborn, 1st to 3d eds. 18S3 ; Die Po- 
lemik und das Menschenopfer des Rabbinismus, 1st to 
5th thousand 1883. 

ROLLER, Theophile, French Protestant; b. at 
Aubusson (Creuse), April 5, 1830 ; educated at 
Paris and Montauban ; Reformed pastor at Bol- 
bec (Seine-Infe'rieure), 1853-57 ; at Naples, Italy, 
1857-63 ; in different parts of France and Italy, 
1864-66 ; at Rome, 1867-73 ; in 1874 he retired, 
because of his health, to Tocqueville (Seine-In- 
ferieure), and devoted himself entirely to the 
composition of his great work, Les catacombes 
de Rome : histoire de Cart et des croyances reli- 
gieuses pendant les premiers siecles du christianisme, 
Paris, 1879-80, 2 vols, folio, with a hundred 
plates. 

ROMESTIN, Augustus Henry Eugene de, 
Church of England ; b. in Paris, France, May 9, 
1830; scholar of Winchester College, Eng., 1843- 
48, of St. John's College, Oxford ; graduated B.A. 
1852, M.A. 1854; was ordained deacon 1852, priest 
1854 ; was curate of Mells, Somerset, 1853 ; of St. 
Thomas Martyr, Oxford, 1853-54 ; English chap- 
lain at Freiburg-im-Breisgau 1863-65, and at Baden- 
Baden 1865-68; chaplain of Woolland, Dorset, 
1868-69; perpetual curate of Freeland, Oxford, 
1874-85; rural dean of Woodstock, 1879-85; vicar 
of Stony Stratford, Buckinghamshire, 1885 ; warden 
of House of Mercy, Great Maplestead, Essex, since 
1885. His theological standpoint is that of the 
school of Dr. Pusey. He is the author of Sketch 
of Primary Education in Germany, London, 1866 ; 
Last Hours of Jesus, 1866 ; Teaching of the Twelve 
Apostles, 1884, 2d ed. 1885; St. Augustine, On in- 
structing the Unlearned, Concerning Faith of Things 
not seen, On the Advantages of Believing, The En- 
chiridion to Laurentius, and Concerning Faith, Hope, 
and Charity, Latin and English, 1885 ; articles in 



newspapers, magazines, etc., on various subjects, 
1856-86. 

ROPES, Charles Joseph Hardy, Congregation- 
alist ; b. in St. Petersburg, Russia, Dec. 7, 1851 ; 
graduated at Yale College, New Haven, Conn., 
1872, and at Andover Theological Seminary, Mass., 
1875; pastor at Ellsworth, Me., 1877-81; and 
since 1881 professor of New-Testament language 
and literature in Bangor Theological Seminary, 
Me. He translated and edited (with Professor 
Dr. E. C. Smyth) Uhlhorn's Conflict of Chris- 
tianity with Heathenism, New York, 1879. 

ROPES, William Ladd, CongTegationalist; b. 
at Newton, Mass., July 19, 1825; graduated at 
Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., 1846, and at 
Andover Theological Seminary, Mass., 1852 ; was 
pastor at Wrentham, Mass., 1853-62 ; acting pastor 
of Crombie-street Church, Salem (residence at Cam- 
bridge, Mass.), 1862-63 ; acting pastor at South 
Hadley, Mass., and Windsor Locks, Conn., 1865— 
66 ; since 1866 has been librarian of Andover 
Theological Seminary. 

ROSSI, Giovanni Battista de, Italian archae- 
ologist, Roman Catholic ; b. in Rome, Feb. 23, 
1822; educated at the Collegium Romanum; un- 
der the Jesuit Marchi's impulse devoted himself 
to archaeology, particularly to the Catacombs, and 
in this department is the universally acknowledged 
chief. In 1886 the emperor of Germany con- 
ferred upon him the cross of the Order of Merit. 
His two monumental works are Inscriptiones 
christianae urbis Romano,, Rome, 1857-61 ; La 
Roma soterranea Christiana, 1869-77, 3 vols. Since 
1863 he has issued Bullelino di archozologia Chris- 
liana. * 

RUDIN (Eric Georg) Waldemar (Napoleon), 
Ph.D. (Upsala, 1857), D.D. (by the king's appoint- 
ment, 1877, in consequence of a theological ex- 
amination before the faculty of Upsala, 1871), 
Swedish Lutheran theologian ; b. at O. Ryd, 
Ostrogothia, Sweden, July 20, 1833; studied at 
the University of Upsala; ended the course in 
philosophy 1857, in theology 1859 ; was sec'y of 
the National Evangelical Society at Stockholm, 
1859-62 ; director of the Foreign Missionary In- 
stitute there, 1862-69 ; vice-chaplain of the parish 
of St. Clara, Stockholm, 1869-72 ; privat-docent in 
the University of Upsala, 1872 (appointed 1871)- 
75 ; adjunct in theology, 1875-77 ; professor ex- 
traordinary of exegetical theology, 1877 to date. 
He was appointed a court preacher 1873. Since 
1884 he has been a member of the committee for 
the revision of the Swedish translation of the 
Old Testament. He is a moderate Lutheran, 
friendly to the biblical theology of Beck, and to 
the mystics. He is the author in Swedish of 
" Intimations of Eternity " (sermons on the texts 
of the Church Year), Stockholm, 1872-73, 2d ed. 
1878; "Biblical Psychology," Upsala, 1st part 
1875 ; " Soren Kierkegaard," 1880 ; " Synopsis of 
the Gospels," 1881; "Gospel of Mark," translated, 
with notes, 1883 ; " Introduction to Old-Testa- 
ment Prophecy," 1884 ; " Commentary on the Minor 
Prophets," 1884 sqq.; "Discussions on Theological 
and Ecclesiastical Subjects (1. Is it worth while 
to Instruct our Children in the Old Testament ? 
2. On the Influence of Personality in Preach- 
ing"), 1885-86 ; several sermons, addresses, tracts, 

RUETSCHI, Albert Rodolph, D.D. {lion., Zurich, 



RUETSCHI. 



184 



RYLE. 



1864), Swiss Reformed; b. in Bern, Dec. 3, 1820; 
studied at Bern, Berlin (1844-45), and Tubingen 
(1845) ; became prival-docent at Bern, 1845; pastor 
at Trub 1848, at Kirchberg 1853; rector of Bern 
Cathedral since 1867 ; honorary professor at the 
University of Bern since 1878. He was president 
of the Synod, 1864-72; of the Synodal rath, 1878- 
82. He edited Lutz's Biblische Dogmatik, Pforz- 
heim, 1847 ; and has written numerous articles in 
Herzog's Real-Encyclopddie, and in Sludien und 
Kritiken and other theological periodicals. 

RUETSCHI, Rudolf, Lie. Theol. (hon., Bern, 
1882), Swiss Reformed; b. at Trub, Canton Bern, 
Jan. 13, 1851 ; studied at Bern 1870-74, Berlin 
1874-75, Tubingen 1875; became pastor at Reu- 
tigen, Canton Bern, 1875; at Miinchenbuchsee, 
1880 ; prival-docent at the University of Bern, 
1883. He has been since 1880 teacher of religion 
in the normal school at Hofwyl. He is the author 
of Welches isl das Prinzip des evangelischen Proles- 
tantismus ? Bern, 1880 ; Geschichte und Kritik der 
kirchlichen Lehre von der ursprunglichen Vollkom- 
menlieit und vom Siindenfall (prize essay of the 
Hague Association), Leiden, 1881. 

RULISON, Right Rev. Nelson Somerville, D.D. 
(Kenyon College, Gambier, O., 1879), Episcoplian, 
assistant bishop of Central Pennsylvania; b. at 
Carthage, Jefferson County, N.Y., April 24, 1843; 
graduated at the General Theological Seminary, 
New- York City, 1866 ; became assistant minister 
at the Church of the Annunciation, New- York 
City, 1866 ; rector of Zion Church, Morris, N.Y., 
1867; of St. John's Church, Jersey City, N.J., 
1870; of St. Paul's Church, Cleveland, O., 1877; 
bishop, 1885. He has published a few sermons 
in pamphlet form, etc. 

RUNZE, Georg August, Wilhelm, Ph.D. (K6- 
nigsberg, 1876), Lie. Theol. (Berlin, 1879), German 
Protestant; b. at Woltersdorf, Pomerania, Feb. 13, 
1852 ; studied theology and philosophy at Greifs- 
wald and Berlin, 1870-74 ; was tutor in a noble 
family in Curland, 1874-76 ; adjunct of the Dom- 
kandidatenslift in Berlin, 1876-77 ; in the army, 
1877-78 ; inspector des Sludentenkonvikl " Johan- 
neum"in Berlin, 1878-80; prival-docent of spec- 
ulative and philosophical theology in Berlin 
University since 1880. He holds to Dorner's 
Vermiltelungs theology in general. He is the 
author of Schleiermachers Glaubenslehre in Hirer 
Abhangigkeil von seiner Philosophic kritisch dargelegl 
und an einer Speziallehre erldutert, Berlin, 1877 ; 
Der ontologische Gollesbeweis, Krilische Darstellung 
seiner Geschichte seit Anselm bis auf die Gegenwart, 
Halle, 1882; Grundriss der evangelischen Glaubens- 
und Sittenlehre, Berlin (1. Theil ; Allgemeine Dog- 
matik mit Einschluss der Religionsphilosophie, 1883; 
II. Theil; Spezielle Dogmatik, 1884) ; arts. Unsler- 
blichkeit and Willensfreiheit, in Herzog ; and arti- 
cles in periodicals, etc. 

RUST, Herman, D.D. (Franklin and Marshall 
College, Lancaster, Penn., 1872), Reformed (Ger- 
man) ; b. in Bremen, Germany, Dec. 8, 1816 ; 
graduated at Marshall College (1848) and Theolo- 
gical Seminary (1850), Mercersburg, Penn. ; pastor 
in Cincinnati, O., 1851-62, and since has been 
professor of church history and exegesis in Hei- 
delberg Theological Seminary, Tiffin, O. 

RYAN, Most Rev. Patrick John, LL.D. (Uni- 
versity of the State of New York, through Man- 
hattan ville College of Christian Brothers, 1860), 



Roman Catholic, archbishop of Philadelphia ; b. 
at Thurles, Ireland, Feb. 20, 1831 ; completed the 
ecclesiastical course at Carlow College, Ireland, 
1852 ; was professor in Theological Seminary, St. 
Louis, Mo., 1852-54; rector of the Cathedral in 
that city, 1855-60; pastor of the Church of the 
Annunciation, 1860-68, and of St. John's, 1868; 
vicar-general of the diocese, 1868-84; coadjutor 
bishop of St. Louis, 1872 ; archbishop of Phila- 
delphia, Penn., 1884. He preached the English 
Lenten course in Rome (1868), the dedication ser- 
mon of the Cathedral, New- York City (1879), and 
lectured before the Legislature and University of 
Missouri. He is the author of published lectures 
on What Catholics do not believe, St. Louis, 1877; 
Some of the Causes of Modern Religious Scepticism, 
1883 ; and of occasional sermons. 

RYDBERG, Abraham Viktor, D.D. (Upsala, 
1876); b. at Jonkbping, Province of Smaland, Swe- 
den, Dec. 18, 1829; studied philosophy at the 
University of Lund, 1848-52 ; was literary editor 
of Gbleborgs Handelstidning (" The Gothenburg 
Daily Commercial "), 1855-76 ; lay representa- 
tive at the Church Congress of the Swedish State 
Church, 1868; member of the lower house of the 
Swedish Parliament as representative of the city 
of Gothenburg, 1870-72 ; has been professor at 
the high school of Stockholm since 1884. He was 
elected as member of the Swedish Academy in 
1877 ; made knight of the Order of the North 
Star in 1879. Nominally a Lutheran, he is in 
reality Unitarian. He is the author (in Swedish) 
of "Romantic Stories," Gothenburg, 1856, 2d ed. 
Gefle, 1865; "The Freebooter on the Baltic," 
Gothenburg, 1857, 2d ed. Gefle, 1866; "The Last 
Athenian," Gothenburg, 1859, 2d ed. Stockholm, 
1866, 3d ed. 1876 (trans, into English [Philadel- 
phia, 1879] Danish, and German) ; " The Doctrine 
of the Bible on Christ," Gothenburg," 1862, 4th ed. 
1880 ; " The Jehovah Worship among the Hebrews 
before the Babylonian Captivity," Gothenburg, 
1864, 2d ed. Gefle, 1869 ; " Magic of the Middle 
Ages," Stockholm, 1865 (English trans., New 
York, 1879); "On the Pre-existence of Man," 
Stockholm, 1868 ; " Genealogy of the Patriarchs 
in Genesis and the Chronology of the LXX." 
Gothenburg, 1873 ; " Adventure of Little Vigg on 
Christmas Eve," Gothenburg, 1874, 2d ed. 1875 ; 
" Roman Legends about St. Paul and St. Peter," 
Stockholm, 1874; "Roman Days," Stockholm, 
1875 (English trans., London, 1879); "Transla- 
tion of Goethe's Faust," Stockholm, 1876; "On 
Eschatology," Stockholm, 1880; numerous pam- 
phlets. 

RYLANCE, Joseph Hine, D.D. (Western Re- 
serve College, Hudson, O., 1867), Episcopalian ; 
b. near Manchester, Eng., June 16, 1826; educated 
at King's College, London University ; graduated, 
1861 ; curate in London, 1861-63 ; rector in Cleve- 
land, O., 1863-67; Chicago, 111., 1867-71; and 
since 1871 has been rector of St. Mark's, New- 
York City. His theological standpoint is that 
of Christian rationalism. He is the author of 
Preachers and Preaching, London, 1862; Social 
Questions, New York, 1880. 

RYLE, Right Rev. John Charles, D.D. (by diplo- 
ma, 18S0), lord bishop of Liverpool, Church of 
England; b. at Macclesfield, May 10, 1816; entered 
Christ Church, Oxford ; took Craven University 
scholarship in 1836; graduated B.A. (first-class 



RYL.E. 



185 



RYLB. 



in classics) 1837, M. A. 1871 ; became successively 
curate of Exbury, Hants, 1841 ; rector of St. 
Thomas, Winchester, 1843 ; of Helmingham, Suf- 
folk, 1844; vicar of Stradbroke, Suffolk, 1861 (rural 
dean, 1870; honorary canon of Norwich Cathedral, 
1872; select preacher at Cambridge 1873-74, at 
Oxford 1874-76); dean designate of Salisbury, 1880 
(never took possession, because within a short 
time after nomination he became bishop of Liv- 
erpool, upon the formation of the diocese, 1880). 



He has written about one hundred theological 
tracts on doctrinal and practical subjects, of which 
more than two millions have been circulated, and 
many have been translated into foreign languages 
(they are now published in six volumes) ; Coming 
Events and Present Duties, 1867, 2d ed. 1879 ; Bish- 
ops and Clergy of Other Days, London, 1868 ; The 
Christian Leaders of the Last Century (in England), 
1869 ; Expository Thoughts on the Gospels, 1856-69, 
7 vols., 11th ed. 1873-79. 



SABINE. 



186 



SANDERSON. 



S. 



SABINE, William Tufnell, Reformed Episcopa- 
lian ; b. in New-York City, Oct. 16, 1838 ; gradu- 
ated at Columbia College 1859, and at the General 
Theological Seminary 1862, both in New- York 
City ; became rector in Philadelphia, Penn., 1863 ; 
in New- York City, 1866 ; pastor of the First Re- 
formed Episcopal Church, New- York City, 1874. 
He has published various pamphlets. 

SAGE, Adoniram Judson, D.D. (Rochester Uni- 
versity, N.Y., 1872), Baptist; b. at Massillon, O., 
March 29, 1836; graduated at the University of 
Rochester, NY., 1860, and at Rochester Theologi- 
cal Seminary, 1863 ; became pastor at Shelburne 
Falls, Mass., 1863-67; in Philadelphia, Penn., 
1868-69; Hartford, Conn., 1872-84; professor of 
Latin, University of Rochester, N.Y., 1870-71; 
since 1884 has been professor of homiletics in the 
Baptist Union Theological Seminary, Morgan 
Park, near Chicago, 111. 

SALMON, George, D.D. (Dublin, 1859 ; Edin- 
burgh, 1884), D.C.L. (Oxford, 1868), LL.D. (Cam- 
bridge, 1874), Church of Ireland; b. in Dublin, 
Sept. 25, 1819 ; educated at Trinity College, Dub- 
lin; graduated B.A. (senior moderator in mathe- 
matics) 1839, M.A. 1843, B.D. 1859; was fellow 
from 1841 to 1866 ; and has been regius professor 
of divinity since 1866. He was ordained deacon 
in 1844, priest in 1845. He is fellow of the Royal 
Societies of London and Edinburgh, correspond- 
ing member of the Institute of France, and hon- 
orary member of the Royal Academies of Berlin, 
Gottingen, and Copenhagen. Besides mathemati- 
cal works, he has issued College Sermons, 1st series, 
London, 1861 ; 2d series {Reign of Law), 1873; 3d 
series {Non-miraculous Christianity), 1881 ; Intro- 
duction to the New Testament, 1885; 2d ed. 1886. 

SALMOND, Stewart Dingwall Fordyce, D.D. 
(Aberdeen University, 1881), Free Church of 
Scotland; b. at Aberdeen, June 22, 1838; edu- 
cated at King's College and University, Aberdeen; 
graduated, 1858; was assistant professor, 1861-64; 
classical examiner, 1864-67 ; minister at Barry, 
Forfarshire, 1865-76; since 1876 professor of 
systematic theology and New- Testament exegesis 
in the Free Church College, Aberdeen. He trans- 
lated with notes the works of Hyppolytus (except 
the " Refutation of the Heresies ") in the Ante- 
Nicene Library, vols. v. and ix., Edinburgh, 1868- 
69 ; Julius Africanus, etc., in vol. ix. ; Theognostus, 
etc. (fragments), vol. xiv., 1869 ; Gregory Thau- 
maturgus, etc., vol. xx., 1871; Augustine's Har- 
mony, etc., in vols. viii. and ix. Augustine's works, 
1873 ; wrote the notes on Epistles of Peter in 
Schaff's Popular Commentary on the New Testament, 
vol. iv., 1883; The Life of the Apostle Peter, 1884; 
edited Bible-class Primers, 1881 sqq., and Commen- 
tary on the Epistle of Jude, London (in press). 
He has besides written numerous articles in 
periodicals. 

SAMSON, George Whitefield, D.D. (Columbian 
University, Washington, D.C., 1858), Baptist; b. 
at Harvard, Mass., Sept. 29, 1819; graduated at 
Brown University, 1839, and at Newton Theologi- 



cal Institution, Newton Centre, Mass., 1843; was 
pastor E-street Church, Washington, D.C., 1843- 
50; Jamaica Plain, Boston, Mass., 1850-52; E- 
street, Washington, D.C., 1853-59; president of 
Columbian College, Washington, D.C., 1859-71 ; 
of Rutgers Female Seminary, New- York City, 
1871-75; pastor of First (Mount Morris) Church, 
Harlem, New-York City, 1873-81 ; since 1883 has 
been secretary in charge of Liberia College; since 
1884 has conducted private collegiate instruction; 
since 1886 has been acting president of Rutgers 
Female College, New- York City. He is the 
author of To daimonion, or the Spiritual Medium, 
Boston, 1852, 2d ed. (under title Spiritualism Tested) 
1860; Thanksgiving Discourse, 1853; Memoir of 
M. J. Graham (prefaced to ed. of Graham's Test 
of Truth), 1859; Outlines of the History of Ethics, 
I860; Elements of Art Criticism, Philadelphia, 1867, 
abridged ed. 1868; Physical Media in Spiritual 
Manifestations, illustrated from Ancient and Modern 
Testimony, 1869 ; The Atonement, viewed as As- 
sumed Divine Responsibility, 1878 ; Divine Law as 
to Wines, established by the Testimony of Sages, 
Physicians, and Legislators agamst the Use of Fer- 
mented and Intoxicating Wines, confirmed by Egyp- 
tian, Greek, and Roman Methods of preparing 
Unfermented Wines for Festal, Medicinal, and Sac- 
ramental Uses, New York, 1 880, 2d ed. 1885 ; English 
Revisers' 1 Greek Text shown to be Unauthorized ex- 
cept by Egyptian Copies discaixled by the Greeks, 
1882; Guide to Self Education, 1886. 

SANDAY, William, D.D. (Durham, 1882; Edin- 
burgh, 1877), Church of England; b. at Holme 
Pierrepont, Nottingham, Aug. 1,1843; educated 
at Corpus Christi College, Oxford ; graduated 
B.A. (first-class in classics) 1865, M.A. (Trinity 
College^ 1868 ; was fellow of Trinity College, 
Oxford, 1866-73; ordained deacon 1867, priest 
1869 ; lecturer of St. Nicholas, Abingdon, 1871- 
72 ; vicar of Great Waltham, Essex, 1872-73 ; of 
Barton-on -the- Heath, Warwickshire, 1873-76; 
public examiner in the Honors School of Theol- 
ogy at Oxford, 1876-77 ; principal of Bishop Hat- 
field's Hall, Durham, 1876-83; examining chap- 
lain to the bishop of Durham, 1879-81 ; select 
preacher at Cambridge, 1880 ; became Dean Ire- 
land's professor of exegesis of Holy Scripture, 
Oxford, 1882 ; and tutorial fellow of Exeter Col- 
lege, Oxford, 1883. He is the author of Author- 
ship and Historical Character of the Fourth Gospel, 
London, 1872 ; The Gospels in the Second Century, 
1876 ; commentary on Romans and Galatians in 
Bishop Ellicott's Commentary, 1878; (joint editor 
of) Variorum Bible, 1880 ; Inaugural Lecture, Ox- 
ford, 1883. 

SANDERSON, Joseph, D.D. (University of 
Kittanning, Penn., 1868), Presbyterian; b. at Bal- 
libay, County Monaghan, Ireland, May" 23, 1823; 
graduated at the Royal College, Belfast, 1845; 
went to America, 1846 ; was classical teacher in 
the Washington Institute, New- York City, 1847- 
49 ; studied theology under care of the Associate 
Presbytery of New York, by which licensed, 1849; 



SANKEY. 



18' 



SAYCE. 



became pastor of Associate Presbyterian Church, 
Providence, R.I., 1849, and of Stanton-street Pres- 
byterian Church, New- York City, 1853 ; removed 
with his congregation to their new church, Lex- 
ington Avenue and Forty-sixth Street, 1860 ; re- 
signed, 1869 ; was prevented from preaching by 
partial aphonia until 1871; was acting pastor of 
Saugatuck Congregational Church, Conn , 1872- 
78 ; assistant editor of the Homiletic Monthly, New 
York, 1S81-S3 ; editor of the Pulpit Treasury, 
New York, since 1883. He is the author of Jesus 
on the Holy Mount, New York, 1S69, last ed. 1884 ; 
Memorial Tributes, 1883, last ed. 18S5. 

SANKEY, Ira David, Methodist lay evangelist; 
b. at Edinburgh, Lawrence County, Penn., Aug. 
28, 1840; in business at New Castle, Penn., 1855- 
71 ; joined Mr. Moody in evangelical work in 
Chicago in the latter year, and has been with 
him ever since. He leads the singing in the re- 
vival meetings, and sings alone, and is a worker 
in the inquiry-rooms. lie has edited several col- 
lections of hymns, which have had an enormous 
circulation, and has written and adapted numer- 
ous tunes. * 

SAPHIR, Adolph, D.D. (Edinburgh, 1878), 
Presbyterian; b- at Pesth, Hungary, Sept. 26, 
1831 ; received his elementary education at Pesth 
until 1844; attended the gymnasium of the Graue 
Kloster, Berlin, till 1848 ; studied in Glasgow 
University and Marischal College, 1848-49, 1850- 
51 ; in Theological College of the Free Church, 
Edinburgh, 1S51-54; graduated B.A. at Univer- 
sity of Glasgow, 1S54 ; became missionary to the 
Jews in Hamburg, Germany, 1854 ; German 
preacher in Glasgow, 1855; minister of English 
Presbyterian Church, South Shields, 1856 ; Green- 
wich, London, 1861 ; Notting Hill, London, 1872 ; 
of Belgrave Presbyterian Church, London, 1881. 
He was the first convert of the Scotch Jewish mis- 
sion at Pesth ; was baptized in 1843, with father, 
mother, brother, and three sisters ; has devoted 
himself to promoting interest in Jewish missions 
by addresses, pamphlets, and in other ways. He 
holds to the Old Reformation theology, but gives 
prominence to the historical and prophetical ele- 
ments of Scripture. He is the author of Diaries 
oj Philipp Saphir, by his Brother, Edinburgh, 1852 ; 
Conversion, 1861, 10th ed. (under title Found by 
the Good Shepherd) London [1880] ; Christ and the 
Scriptures, London, 1864, 28th thousand, 1884 
(trans, into Dutch, German, 3d ed. Leipzig, 1882, 
prefaces by Kogel and Delitzsch ; Italian, Hunga- 
rian, Swedish, Norse, Hindi, Slavonian) ; Lectures 
on the Lord's Prayer, 1869, 9th ed. 1884; Christ 
Crucified (lectures on 1 Cor. ii.), 1872, 4th ed. 
18 — ; Christ and the Church, Lectures on the Apos- 
tolic Commission, 1874, 2d ed. 1884; Expository 
Lectures on Epistle to the Hebrews, 1875-76, 2 vols., 
several later editions ; The Hidden Life, Thoughts 
on Communion with God, 1877, later editions; Our 
Life-Day, Thoughts on Johnxix. 4, 1878, reprinted, 
New York, 1879 ; The Compassion of Jesus, 1880, 
2d ed. 1882 (trans, into German) ; Martin Luther, 
a Witness for Christ and the Scriptures, 1884, 3d ed. ; 
translation of Auberlen, The Prophet Daniel and 
Book of Revelation, Edinburgh, 1856 ; German 
tracts for the Jews {Der Weihnachtsbaum , Wer ist 
der Jude ? Wer ist der Aposlat ?), which have passed 
through many editions since 1854, and been trans- 
lated into Italian and into Jewish German . Who 



is the Apostate ? into English (1878) and Dutch; 
All Israel shall be saved, 188-, 3d thousand, 1885 
(translated into German, Leipzig, 1884, 2d ed. 
1885, and Danish) ; The Everlasting Nation, 3d ed. 
1885 ; eight tracts for children, Christian Perfec- 
tion, 1885 ; many other expository and devotional 
pamphlets. 

SAUSSAYE, Pierre Daniel Chantepie de la, 
D.D. (Utrecht, 1871), Dutch Protestant'; b. at 
Leeuwarden, April 9, 1848; educated at Leiden 
and Rotterdam. Since 1878 he has been professor 
of the history of religions at the University of 
Amsterdam. From 1874 to 1882 he was, with 
Drs. J. J. P. Valeton, jun., and Is Van Dyk, editor 
of Studien, a theological review, and wrote many 
papers, mostly in the field of biblical theology and 
history of religion. He has since contributed to 
other periodicals. His separate publications are, 
Methodologische bydrage lot het onderzoek naar den 
oorsprong van den godsdienst (his D.D. dissertation), 
Utrecht, 1871 ; Vier Schetsen uit de Godsdienst- 
geschiedenis, 1883 (German trans, preparing) ; 
expects to issue in 1888, at Freiburg-im-Br., in 
German, a compendious history of religions for 
the Theologische Lehrbiicher series. 

SAVAGE, George Slocum Folger, D.D. (Iowa 
College, Grinnell, lo., 1870), Congregationalist ; 
b. at Upper Middletown (now Cromwell), Conn., 
June 29, 1817 ; graduated at Yale College, New 
Haven, Conn., 1844; studied at Andover (Mass.) 
Theological Seminary 1844-45, and at Yale Theo- 
logical Seminary 1845-47, and graduated ; was 
pastor at St. Charles, 111., 1847; Western secre- 
tary of the American Tract Society, Chicago, 111., 
1860 ; Western secretary of the Congregational 
Publishing Society, Chicago, 1870 ; secretary and 
treasurer of the Chicago Theological Seminary, 
1872 ; since 1885, secretary. He has been trustee 
of Beloit College, Wis., since 1850; director of 
Chicago Theological Seminary since 1854. He 
was corresponding editor of The Prairie Herald, 
1849-52, and of The Congregational Herald, 1852- 
55 ; editor and publisher of The Bi-Monthly Con- 
gregational Review, 1868-71, — all published in 
Chicago ; and is author of sermons, addresses, etc. 

SAVAGE, Minot Judson, Unitarian; b. at Nor- 
ridgewock, Me., June 10, 1841; graduated at 
Bangor (Me.) Theological Seminary, 1864 ; be- 
came American home (Congregational) missionary 
in California, 1864 ; was at Framingham, Mass., 
1867; became pastor at Hannibal, Mo., 1869; 
Unitarian pastor in Chicago, 1873, of the "Church 
of the Unity," Boston, 1874. He is the author of 
Christianity the Science of Manhood, Boston, 1873, 
2d ed. 18174 ; The Religion of Evolution, 1876 ; 
Light on the Cloud, 1876; Bluffton, a Story of To- 
Day, 1878 ; Life Questions, 1879 ; The Morals of 
Evolution, 1880 ; Talks about Jesus, 1880; Minister's 
Hand-book, 1880, 2d ed. 1882 ; Belief in God, 1881 ; 
Beliefs about Man, 1882; Poems, 1882; Beliefs 
about the Bible, 1883 ; The Modern Sphinx, 1883 ; 
Sacred Songs for Public Worship (edited with H. 
M. Dow), 1883; Man, Woman, and Child, 1884; 
The Religious Life, 1886 ; Social Problems, 1886. 

SAYCE, Archibald Henry, LL.D. (hon., Trinity 
College, Dublin, 1881), Church of England; b. at 
Shirehampton, near Bristol, Sept. 25, 1846 ; was 
a scholar and taberdar of Queen's College, Oxford 
(1865), where he took a first-class in moderations 
(1866) and again in final classical schools (1868); 



SCARBOROUGH. 



188 



SCHAFF. 



graduated B.A. (first-class in classics) 1869, M.A. 
1871 ; ordained deacon 1870, priest 1871 ; became 
fellow of his college 1869, tutor 1870, and later 
senior tutor, deputy professor of comparative 
philology 1876, and was public examiner 1877-79. 
In 1874 he joined the Old-Testament Revision 
Company. He is an honorary member of the 
Royal Academy of Spain, the Asiatic Society of 
Bengal, and the Anthropological Society of Wash- 
ington. He edited George Smith's History of 
Babylonia, London, 1877, 2d ed. 1884; Sennacherib, 
1878 ; and Chaldean Genesis, 1880 ; and has writ- 
ten, Assyrian Grammar for Comparative Purposes, 
1872 ; Principles of Comparative Philology, 1873, 
3d ed. 1884 (French trans. 1884) ; Astronomy and 
Astrology of the Babylonians, 1874 ; Elementary 
Assyrian Grammar, 1875, 2d ed. 1877; Lectures on 
the Assyrian Syllabary and Grammar, 1877 ; Baby- 
lonian Literature, 1877 ; Introduction to the Science 
of Language, 1880, 2d ed. 1883 ; The Monuments 
of the Hittites, 1881 ; The Cuneiform Inscriptions of 
Van deciphered and translated, 1882 ; The First 
Three Books of Herodotus, edited ivith Notes and 
Appendices, 1883 ; The Ancient Empires of the 
East, 1884; Fresh Light from the Monuments, 1884; 
Introduction to the Books of Ezra, Nehemiah, and 
Esther, 1885. 

SCARBOROUGH, Right Rev. John, D.D. (Trin- 
ity College, Hartford, Conn., 1872), Episcopalian, 
bishop of New Jersey; b. in Castle Wellan, Ire- 
land, April 25, 1831 ; graduated at Trinity College, 
Hartford, Conn., 1854, and at the General Theo- 
logical Seminary, New- York City, 1857; became 
assistant minister of St. Paul's Church, Troy, 
N.Y., 1857; rector of the Church of the Holy Com- 
forter, Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 1860; and of Trinity 
Church, Pittsburg, Penn., 1867 ; bishop, 1875. * 

SCHAEFER, Aloys, D.D. (Wurzburg, 1879), 
Roman Catholic ; b. at Dingelstadt, Saxony, May 
2, 1853 ; studied philosophy and theology at 
Prague and Wurzburg, 1873-79; became chaplain 
in the Court Church at Dresden, 1879; professor 
in the royal lyceum at Dillingen, Bavaria, 1881 ; 
professorextraordinaryof New-Testamentexegesis 
at Miinster, 1885. He is the author of Die biblische 
Chronologie vom Auszug aus JEgypten bis zum Beginn 
des babylonischen Exils, unit Berilcksichtigung der 
Resultale der ^Egyptologie und Assyriologie (prize 
essay at Wurzburg), Miinster, 1879; essays on 
biblico-mariology in the Theol. prakt. Quartals- 
schrift, Linz, 1885 sqq. 

SCHAEFFER, Charles William, D.D. (Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1879), Lutheran 
(General Council); b. at Hagerstown, Md., May 
5, 1813 ; graduated at University of Pennsylvania, 
Philadelphia, 1832; was pastor in Montgomery 
County, Penn., 1835-41; at Harrisburg, Penn., 
1841-49; at Germantown, Penn., 1849-75; has 
been professor in the theological seminary of the 
Lutheran Church, Philadelphia, since 1864; and 
a member of the Board of Trustees in the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania since 1857. He is the author 
of Early History of the Lutheran Church in America, 
Philadelphia, 1857, 2d ed. 1864 ; Bogatzkfs Golden 
Treasury, translated 1858, several later editions ; 
Family Prayer, a Book of Devotions, 1859, 5th ed. 
1885; Halle Reports, translated from the German, 
with extensive historical, critical, and literary 
annotations, vol. i., 1880; WackernageVs Life of 
Luther, translated 1883 ; Hans Sachs' Wittenberg 



Nightingale, translated 1883 ; numerous articles 
for reviews, etc. 

SCHAEFFER, Hermann Moritz, Baptist; b. at 
Lage, Lippe-Detmold, Germany, Aug. 22, 1839 ; 
emigrated in 1854 ; studied in the German depart- 
ment of Rochester (N.Y.) Theological Seminary, 
1861-64 ; graduated from the English department, 
1867; became pastor of the First German Baptist 
Church, New- York City, 1867; professor of bib- 
lical literature in the German department, Roches- 
ter Baptist Seminary, 1872. * 

SCHAFF, David Schley, Presbyterian; b. at 
Mercersburg, Penn., Octob. 17, 1852 ; graduated 
at Yale College, New Haven, Conn., 1873, and at 
Union Theol. Seminary, N. Y. City, 1876 ; pastor 
at Hastings, Neb., 1877-81; associate editor of 
Schaff-Herzog Encyclopaedia, N. Y. City, 1881-83 ; 
pastor of First Presbyterian Church, Kansas City, 
Mo., 1883 to date. He contributed to Schaff's 
(his father's) Bible Dictionary, Phila., 1880; edited, 
abridged, and adapted to the Revised Version, 
Howson and Spence's commentary on Acts (origin- 
ally published in Schaff's Popular Commentary) for 
the International Revision Commentary, N.Y., 1882. 

SCHAFF, Philip, Lie. Theol. (Berlin, 1841), 
D.D. (hon., Berlin, 1854), LL.D. (Amherst College, 
Mass., 1874), Presbyterian ; b. at Coire, Switzer- 
land, Jan. 1, 1819; studied at Coire, in the gym- 
nasium at Stuttgart, and in the universities of 
Tubingen, Halle, and Berlin ; travelled as tutor 
of a Prussian nobleman, through Italy and other 
countries of Europe, 1841 ; returned to Berlin, and 
lectured in the university there as privat-docent, 
on exegesis and church history, 1842-44; was 
called in 1843 (upon the recommendation of 
Neander, Tholuck, Julius Miiller, and others) to 
a professorship in the theological seminary of the 
German Reformed Church of the United States, 
then located at Mercersburg, Penn., and held the 
position until 1863 (including eleven months spent 
in Europe, 1854). He was charged with heresy, 
but acquitted by the synod at York, 1845. He 
lectured on all departments of theology, and was 
chairman of two committees which prepared a 
new liturgy (1857) and a new hymn-book (1859). 
During the Civil War, when the seminary at Mer- 
cersburg (on the borders of the scene of conflict) 
was turned into a military hospital, he removed 
to New- York City, December, 1863 ; was secretary 
of the New- York Sabbath Committee, 1864-69; 
and delivered courses of lectures on church history 
in the theological seminaries at Andover, Hart- 
ford, and New York (Union) ; made a second visit 
to Europe (1865), in behalf of Sunday observance 
and Sunday schools ; was called to a professorship 
in the Union Theological Seminary, New-York 
City, 1869 ; was professor of theological encyclopae- 
dia and Christian symbolics, 1870-72 ; of Hebrew, 
1872-74 ; since 1875, of sacred literature. He is 
one of the founders and honorary secretaries of 
the American branch of the Evangelical Alliance; 
and was sent three times (1869, 1872, 1873) as 
commissioner to Europe to make arrangements 
for the sixth General Conference of the Alliance, 
which, after a second postponement in consequence 
of the Franco-German war, was held in New York, 
October, 1873. He was also one of the Alliance 
delegates to the emperor of Russia in 1871, to in- 
tercede with him in behalf of the religious liberty 
of his subjects in the Baltic provinces, and pre- 



SCHAFF. 



189 



SCHAFF. 



pared the official report. He was sent as a dele- 
gate to the General Conferences of the Alliance 
at Basel (1879), and at Copenhagen (1884). He 
attended, as a delegate, the meeting in London 
which organized the Alliance of the Reformed 
Churches in 1875, and its first General Council in 
Edinburgh, 1877 ; and was chairman of the pro- 
gramme committee for its second General Coun- 
cil in Philadelphia, 1880 (in behalf of which he 
made the arrangements in Europe). He is presi- 
dent of the American Bible-revision Committee, 
which he organized in 1871 at the request of the 
British Committee ; and he was sent to England 
in 1875 to negotiate with the British revisers and 
university presses about the terms of co-operation 
and publication of the Anglo-American Revision. 
He attended several meetings of the British Com- 
mittee in the Jerusalem Chamber, London, the 
last in July, 1884. In 1877 he made a tour through 
Bible lands, in 1884 through Scandinavia and Rus- 
sia, in 1886 through Spain, France, and Germany. 
His books are mostly historical and exegetical. 

I. His principal works are : History of the Apos- 
tolic Church, Mercersburg, 1851, in German (Eng. 
trans., by Dr. Yeomans, New York, 1853, Edin- 
burgh, 1854, several editions without change; 2d 
German revised ed., Leipzig, 1854; Dutch trans., 
Tiel, 1857) ; History of the Christian Church, New 
York, 1858 sqq., A.D. 1-600, 3 vols. (German ed., 
Leipzig, 1867, 2d ed. 1869, 3 vols.); entirely re- 
written in English, and more than doubled in size, 
New York and Edinburgh, 1882-84, 3 vols., vol. iv., 
A.D. 590-1073, New York and Edinburgh, 1885; 
3d revision of the entire set, 1S86 (to be continued); 
Bibliotheca Symbolica Ecclesioz Universalis : The 
Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical 
Notes, New York and London, 1877, 3 vols., 4th ed. 
1884; A Companion to the Greek Testament and the 
English Version, New York and London, 1883, re- 
vised ed. 1885 ; The Oldest Church Manual, called 
the Teaching of the Twelve Apostles (an independent 
supplement to the second volume of his revised 
Church History) New York, 1885, revised ed. 1886 ; 
The Person of Christ, Boston, 1865, 12th ed., New 
York and London, 1882 (translated into German, 
French, Dutch, Greek, Russian, Japanese, etc.); 
Through Bible Lands: Notes of Travel in Egypt, 
the Desert, and Palestine, New York and London, 
1878, several editions ; Bible Dictionary, with illus- 
trations, Philadelphia (American Sunday-school 
Union, 1880, 3d ed. revised, 1885, translated into 
several languages) ; Commentaries on Matthew and 
on Galalians (in his Popular Commentary), and large 
additions to the American edition of Lange on 
Matthew, Luke (the first 3 chs.) John, and Romans 
(especially in the textual and critical department) ; 
Christ and Christianity, New York and London, 
1885; St. Augustin, Melanchthon, and Neander, N.Y. 
and Lond., 1886; August Neander, Gotha, 1886. 

II. His earliest books wei-e written andpublished 
in Germany ; viz., Die Siinde wider den heiligen Geist, 
Halle, 1841 ; and Das Verhaltniss des Jakobus, Bru- 
ders des Herrn, zu Jakobus Alphai, Berlin, 1842. 

III. His other publications, German and Eng- 
lish, including those which he edited in connection 
with other American scholars, are as follows: Das 
Princip des Protestantismus (his inaugural address, 
German and English, translated by Dr. Nevin), 
Chambersburg, 1845 ; What is Church History ? A 
Vindication of the Idea of Historical Development, 



Philadelphia, 1846 ; Der heilige Auqustinus, Berlin, 
1854 (trans, by Th. C. Porter, N.Y. and Lond.); 
Amerika (lectures delivered in Berlin on a visit 
in 1854), Berlin, 1854, 2d ed. 1858, enlarged ed. 
1865 (in English, New York, 1866, also in Dutch); 
German Universities, Philadelphia, 1857 (translated 
into Dutch, Utrecht, 1858) ; Christlicher Katechis- 
mus, Philadelphia, 1863, many editions in German 
and English (Christian Catechism for Sunday 
Schools and Families, Philadelphia, 1863 ; new ed. 
by the American Sunday-school Union, Phila- 
delphia, 1881, etc. ; translated into Syriac, Arabic, 
Chinese, and Japanese) ; Der Biirgerkrieg u. d. 
christl. Leben in America (lectures delivered in 
Berlin on a visit in 1865), Berlin, 1865, 3d ed. 
1866. He edited, with hyninological introduction 
and notes, Deutsches Gesangbuch, Philadelphia and 
Berlin, 1859, new ed. with tunes and appendix, 
1874 ; Deutsches Sonntagsschul gesangbuch, Phila- 
delphia, 1864; Der Heidelb. Katechismus (with its 
history to the tercentenary celebration in 1863), 
Philadelphia, 1863, revised ed. 1866; Christ in 
Song, New York 1868, London 1869 and 1876; 
Lightfoot, Trench, and Ellicott, On the Revision of 
the English Version of the New Testament (3 essays 
in 1 vol., with introductory essay on Bible revision), 
New York, 1873; Proceedings of the General Confer- 
ence of the Evangelical Alliance in New York, 1874 ; 
W. E. Gladstone's Rome and the Newest Fashions 
in Religion (with introduction on the Vatican 
Council), New York, 1875. He prepared, with the 
co-operation of many scholars from various denom- 
inations, the Anglo-American edition of Lange's 
Commentary on the Old and New Testaments (with 
supplementary volume on the Apocrypha by E. C. 
Bissell), New York and Edinburgh, 1864-80, 25 
vols., a new ed. 1886; Popular Illustrated Commen- 
tary on the New Testament, New York and Edin- 
burgh, 1878-83, 4 vols, (re-issued in revised form, 
on basis of Revised Version, under title, Interna- 
tional Revision Commentary on the New Testament, 
New York, 1882 sqq.). He edited, in connection 
with Professor Henry B. Smith, The Philosophical 
and Theological Library, New York and London, 
1872-79 (in which appeared Ueberweg's History 
of Philosophy, 1872-74, 2 vols. ; Van Oosterzee's 
Christian Dogmatics, 1874, 2 vols. ; and Practical 
Theology, 1879) ; with Rev. Drs. Hitchcock and 
Zachary Eddy, Hymns and Songs of Praise, New 
York, 1874; with Mr. Arthur Gilman, Library of 
Religious Poetry, New York, 1881, new ed. 1886 ; 
with Rev. Samuel M. Jackson and Rev. D. S. 
Schaff, The Religious Encyclopaedia, based on 
Herzog, New York and Edinburgh, 1884, 3 vols., 
revised ed. 1887; and with Rev. Samuel M. Jack- 
son, the Dictionary of Contemporary Divines, N.Y., 
1887. He founded and edited the Deutsche Kirchen- 
freund (the first German theological monthly in 
America), Mercersburg, Penn., 6 vols., 1848-53; 
and Evangelische Zeugnisse, Phila., 1863-66. He 
was one of the associate editors of Johnson's Univ. 
Cyclopaedia, N.Y., 1875, rev. 1886. He assumed 
in 1886 the editorship of A Select Library of the 
Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, to be published by 
the " Christian Literature Company " at Buffalo, 
N.Y., in about 25 volumes, with the aid of a num- 
ber of patristic scholars in England and America. 
The first volume appeared October, 1886. Besides 
the above, he has written documents, reports, ad- 
dresses, review and encyclopaedia articles, etc. 



SCHANZ. 



190 



SCHENKBL. 



SCHANZ, Paul, Ph.D. (Tubingen, 1867), D.D. 
(Tiibingen, 1876), Roman Catholic; b. at Horb, 
Wiirtemberg, March 4, 1841 ; studied at Tiibingen, 
1861-65 ; in Rottenburg Seminary, 1865-66 ; be- 
came professor of mathematics and the natural 
sciences in the Rottweil gymnasium, 1870; of 
New-Testament exegesis in the Roman-Catholic 
theological faculty at Tubingen, 1876 ; of dog- 
matics and apologetics in the same, 1883. He is 
the author of Cardinal NicolauH von Cusa als 
Mathematiker (program), Rottweil, 1872; Die as- 
tronomischen Anschauungen des Nicolaus von Cusa 
und seiner Zeit, 1873; Die chrislliche Weltanschau- 
ung und die modernen Naturtcissenschaften (aca- 
demical lecture), Tubingen, 1876; Die Composition 
des Matthaeusevangeliums (program), 1877 ; Ein- 
leilung in das N.T. von Prof. Dr. Aherle (edited), 
1877 ; Galileo Galilei und sein Process, Wiirzburg, 
1878. 

SCHEELE, Knut Henning Gezelius von, D.D. 
(Upsala, 1877), Lutheran ; b. in Stockholm, 
Sweden, May 31, 1838; graduated at Upsala; be- 
came privat-docent, 1865; provost, 1877; ordinary 
member of consistory, 1878 ; professor, 1879, and 
inspector of the teachers' seminary (1880), and 
censor of the demission examinations in the Swed- 
ish upper schools (1884); in 1885 appointed bish- 
op of Visby. He was member of the House of 
Nobility in the Swedish parliament, 1865-66 ; 
president of the General Seminary Meeting in 
Stockholm, 1880 and 1884 ; member of the Basel 
Alliance Conference, 1879, and reported on Scan- 
dinavia; also of the General Swedish Clergy Con- 
ferences in Stockholm, 1881 and 1884. He is the 
author in Swedish of The Ontological Evidence of 
the Existence of God, Upsala, 1863; The Prepa- 
rations of the Theological Rationalism, 1868, 2d ed. 
Stockholm, 1877 ; The Church Catechising, Upsala, 
1869, 4th ed. Stockholm, 1881 ; The Christmas 
Cycle of the Second Series of the New Evangelical 
Pericops (in the Swedish Church), Upsala, 1874 ; 
Theological Symbolic, 1877-79, 2 parts (German 
trans., Gotha, 1881) ; From the Court into the Sanc- 
tuary, Apologetic Essays, Stockholm, 1879 (Nor- 
wegian trans., Christiania, 1880); The Fight for 
the Peace, Apologetic Essays, 1881 ; Compendium of 
Theological Symbolic, Upsala, 1885; sermons, and 
review articles. 

SCHEGQ, Peter, Roman Catholic; b. at Kauf- 
beuren, June 6, 1815 ; d. at Munich, July 9, 1885. 
He was professor of biblical hermeneutics and 
New-Testament exegesis at the University of 
Munich ; founded, with three hundred thousand 
marks (fifteen thousand pounds), a Roman-Catho- 
lic orphan-asylum in his native place; and wrote 
commentaries on the Psalms (Munich, 2d ed. 1857, 
3 vols.), Minor Prophets (1854, 2 vols., 2d ed. 1S62), 
Matthew, Mark, Luke (1856-70, 8 vols., 2d ed. 
1863 sqq.) ; Geschichte der letzten Propheten, Re- 
gensburg, 1853-54, 2 parts; Sechs Biicherdes Lebens 
Jesu, Freiburg-im-Br., 1874-75, 2 vols. ; Erinner- 
ungen an Dr. Bonifacius, Bischof von Spcyer, Mu- 
nich, 1877 ; Das Todesjahr des Kbnigs Herodes u. 
das Todesjahr Jesu Christ), 1882 ; Jakobus, der Bru- 
der des lierrn, und sein Brief, 1883 ; Das hohe Lied 
Salomos, 1885 (derived almost entirely from De- 
litzsch ; cf . notice by V. Ryssel, in Schiirer's Lite- 
ralurzeitung, No. 17, Aug. 22, 1885). 

SCHELL, Herman, Ph.D. (Freiburg, 1872), 
D.D. (Tubingen, 1883); Roman Catholic; b. at 



Freiburg-im-Breisgau, Feb. 28, 1850 ; educated 
at Freiburg, 1868-70; at Wiirzburg, 1870-73; in 
the College of Anima, Rome, 1879-81; became 
professor extraordinary of apologetics at Wiirz- 
burg, 1884. He is the author of Die Einheit des 
Seelenlebens aus den Principien der aristotelischen 
Philosophic entwickelt, Freiburg, 1873; Das Wirken 
des dreieinigen Gottes, Mainz, 1885, 2 vols. 

SCHENCK, William Edward, D.D. (Jefferson 
College, Canonsburg, Penn., 1861), Presbyterian ; . 
b. at Princeton, N.J., March 29, 1819; graduated 
at the College of New Jersey, Princeton, 1838, and 
at Princeton Theological Seminary, 1841 ; became 
pastor at Manchester, N.J., 1842; of Hammond- 
street Church, New- York City, 1845 ; of First 
Church at Princeton, N.J., 1848; superintendent 
of church extension in Presbytery of Philadelphia, 
Penn., 1852; corresponding secretary of the Pres- 
byterian board of publication, Philadelphia, 1854. 
He was editor of the board of publication, 1862- 
70 ; permanent clerk of the General Assembly 
(Old School), 1862-70; has been trustee of the 
General Assembly (and vice-president of the board 
of trustees) since 1864; director of Princeton The- 
ological Seminary since 1866. He is the author 
of A Historical Account of the First Presbyterian 
Church of Princeton, N.J., Princeton, 1851; Aunt 
Fanny's Home, Philadelphia, 1865 ; Children in 
Heaven, 1866; N earing Home, 1867; General Cata- 
logue of Princeton Theological Seminary, Trenton, 
1881 ; sermons, tracts {God our Giude, 1867 ; The 
Fountain for Sin, 1868 [in German], etc.); necro- 
logical reports of the Princeton Theological Semi- 
nary, 1875-85 ; minor works. 

SCHENKEL, Daniel, D.D., German Protestant 
theologian ; b. at Dagerlen, Canton Zurich, Switz- 
erland, Dec. 21, 1813; d. at Heidelberg, Ger- 
many, May 19, 1885. He studied at Basel and 
Gdttingen ; became privat-docent at Basel, 1S38 ; 
pastor in the minster at Schaffhausen, in succes- 
sion to F. E. von Hurter (see Encyclopaedia), 1841, 
and kirchenralh, 1842 ; ordinary pi-ofessor of theol- 
ogy at Basel, 1849 ; professor, seminardirector, and 
university preacher at Heidelberg, 1851 ; later 
also a kirchenralh. At twenty-five he was editor 
of the Basler Zeitung, in which he vigorously, op- 
posed Swiss radicalism. He was at first nearly 
orthodox, but became the head of the Protes- 
(antenverein, and from 1860 to 1872 edited in its 
interest the Allgemeine kirchliche Zeitschrift, pub- 
lished at Elberfeld. He was the author of Johan- 
nes Schenkel, Pfarrer zu Unterhallau, Hamburg, 
1837 ; De ecclesia Corinthia primozva factionibus 
turbata, Basel, 1838; Die Wissenschqft und die 
Kirche, 1839 ; Vier und zwanzig Predigten iiber 
Grund und Ziel unseres Glaubens, Zurich, 1843, 
2 vols. ; Die confessionellen Zerwiirfnisse in Schaff- 
hausen und Friedrich Hurler's Uebertritl. zur romisch- 
katholischen Kirche, Basel, 1844 ; Die protestantische 
Geistlichkeit und die Deulsch-Katholiken , Zurich, 
1S46 ; Das Wesen des Protestanlismus aus den Quel- 
len des Iieformationszei takers beleuchlel, Schaffhau- 
sen, 1846-51, 3 vols., 2d ed. 1862 ; Die religiosen 
Zeitkiimpfe in ihrem Zusammenhange mil dem Wesen 
der Religion und der religiosen Gesammtemvicklung 
des Protestanlismus, Hamburg, 1847; Das Kommen 
des Herrn in unserer Zeit, Schaffhausen, 1849 ; 
W. M. L. de Wette und die Bedeulung seiner The- 
ologie fur unsere Zeit, 1849 ; Predigten, 1850-51, 
2 vols. ; Das Princip des Protestanlismus, 1852 ; 



SCHERER. 



191 



SCHMIDT. 



Gesprache iiber Protestantismus unci Katholicismus, 
Heidelberg, 1852-53, 2 parts ; Evangelische Zeug- 
nisse von Chrislo (sermons on texts from the Gos- 
pel of John), 1853-54, 2 vols.; Das Wesen des 
evangelischen Glaubens (lectures on behalf of the 
Inner Mission), Frankfurt-am-Main, 1854; Der 
Unionsberuf des evangelischen Protestantismus, Hei- 
delberg", 1855; Die Reformatoren und die Reforma- 
tion, Wiesbaden, 1856 ; Die chrislliche Dogmatik 
vom Standpunkte des Gewissens, 1858-59, 2 vols. ; 
Die Erneuerung der deutschen evangelischen Kirche 
nach den Grundsdtzen der Reformation, Gotha, 1860; 
Die kirchliche Frage und ihre proteslantische Lbsung, 
Elberfeld, 1862; Die Bildung der evangelischen 
Theologen fur den praktischen Kirchendienst, Heidel- 
berg, 1863; Das Charakterbild Jesu, Wiesbaden, 
1864, 4th ed. 1873 (English trans, by W. II. Fur- 
ness, Character of Jesus portrayed, Boston, 1866, 
2 vols.) ; Zur Orientierung iiber meine Schrift, "Das 
Charakterbild Jesu," 1864 ; Die protestantische Frei- 
heit in ihrem gegenwdrtigen Kampfe mil der kirch- 
lichen Reaktion, 1865; Christenthum und Kirche im 
Einklange mit der Culturentwicklung, 1867, 2 parts, 
2d ed. 1872; Der deutsche Protestantenverein und 
seine Bedeulung in der Gegenwart, nach den Akten 
dargestelll, 1868, 2d ed. 1871 ; Luther und seine 
Kampfgenossen, Lahr, 1868 ; Bibel-Lexikon (edited, 
with Dillmann, Hausrath, Holtzmann, Keim, Lip- 
sius, Reuss, Schrader, and others), Leipzig, 1868- 
75, 5 vols. ; Brennende Fragen in der Kirche der 
Gegenwart, Wiesbaden, 1869, 2d ed. 1871 ; Luther 
in Worms und in Wittenberg und die Erneuerung 
der Kirche in der Gegenwart, Elberfeld, 1870 ; Die 
Grundlehren des Christen'thums aus dem Beivusstsein 
des Glaubens im Z usammenhange dargestelll, Leip- 
zig, 1877 ; Das Christusbild der Apostel und der 
nachaposlolischen Zeit, 1879 ; numerous sermons, 
essays, and minor works. * 

SCHERER, Edmond Henri Adolphe, B. Theol., 
Lie. Theol., D.D. (all Strassburg, 1839, 1841, 1843, 
respectively), French Protestant; b. in Paris, 
April 8, 1815; studied theology at Strassburg; 
became professor of exegesis at the Genevan 
School of Theology, where he had Gaussen for 
his colleague (1845), and where he edited the Re- 
formation au dix-neuvieme siecle (1845-48). In 
1849 he resigned because of a change of views, 
and became a leader among the Liberals, and a 
prolific writer for the religious press. In 1860 he 
removed to Versailles ; has since written many 
critical and political articles for Le Temps; rep- 
resented Seine et Oise in the National Assembly, 
1871 ; and on Dec. 15, 1875, was appointed a 
senator for life. Of his religious works may be 
mentioned, Prole'gomenes a la dogmatique de I'Eglise 
reforme'e, Paris, 1843; Alexandre Vtnet, 1853; Let- 
tres a mon cure, 1853, 2d ed. 1859 ; Melanges d'his- 
toire religieuse, Paris, 1864; Diderot, 1884; besides 
these he has published several volumes of literary 
and critical essays. 

SCHERESCHEWSKY, Right Rev. Samuel 
Isaac, D.D. (Kenyon College, Gambier, O., 1876), 
S.T.D. (Columbia College, New- York City, 1877); 
b. at Tanroggen, Russian Lithuania, May 6, 1831 ; 
educated at the rabbinical college at Zhitomer 
(Russia), the University of Breslau (Germany), and 
the General Theological Seminary (New- York 
City) ; elected missionary bishop of China, 1875 
(declined) and 1877; resigned on account of serious 
and prolonged illness, 1883. He has translated 



the Old Testament from Hebrew into Mandarin 
Chinese, Mark into Mongolian, with Bishop Bur- 
don of Hong Kong the Prayer-Book into Man- 
dai'in Chinese, and was one of the committee to 
translate the New Testament into it. * 

SCHLOTTMANN, Konstantin, D.D. ( 

-), German Protestant theologian ; b. at 



Minden, March 7, 1819 ; became privat-docent at 
Berlin, 1S47 ; Prussian embassy preacher at Con- 
stantinople, 1850; ordinary professor of theology 
at Zurich 1855, at Bonn 1859, and at Halle 1866. 
He is one of the revisers of the German Bible. 
Among his writings may be mentioned, Das Buch 
Hiob rerdeutscht und erluutert, Berlin, 1851; De 
Philippo Melanchlhone reipublicce Ulterariaereforma- 
lore, Bonn, 1860; De reipublicm litterarioz originibus, 
1861 ; David Strauss als Romantiker des Heiden- 
thums, Halle, 1878 ; Erasmus redivivus sine de curia 
hucusque romana insanabili, 1883; Wider Kliefoth 
und Luthardt. In Sachen der Luther-Bibel, 1885. * 

SCHMID, Aloys, D.D. (Munich, 1850), Roman 
Catholic; b. at Zaumberg, Bavaria, Dec. 22, 1825; 
studied at Munich, 1844-50; was professor in the 
Zweibriicken gymnasium, 1852-54; professor of 
philosophy in the royal lyceum at Dillingen, 1852- 
66 ; has been professor of apologetics and dog- 
matics in the University of Munich since 1866. 
He is an archiepiscopal ecclesiastical councillor. 
He is the author of Die Bisthumsynode, Regens- 
burg, 1850-51, 2 vols. ; Entwicklungsgeschichte der 
HegeFschen Logik, 1858; Thomistische und Scotis- 
tische Gewisslieitslehre, Dillingen, 1859 ; Wissen- 
schaftliche Richtungen auf dem Gebiete des Katholi- 
cismus in neuester und in gegenwdrtiger Zeit, Munich, 
1862; Wissenschaft und Auctoritdt, 1868; Unter- 
suchungen iiber den lelzlen Grund des Offenbarungs- 
glaubens, 1879. 

SCHMID, Andreas, D.D. (Munich, 1866), Ro- 
man Catholic; b. at Zaumberg, Bavaria, Jan. 9, 
1840; studied theology at Munich, 1860-63; was 
ordained priest, 1863 ; became subregens of the 
Georgianum priests' seminary at Munich, 1865; 
director of the same, and professor of pastoral 
theology in the University of Munich, 1877. He 
is the author of Der chrislliche Altar und sein 
Schmuck, Regensburg, 1871. 

SCHMID, Heinrich, German Lutheran theolo- 
gian ; b. at Harburg, near Nordlingen, July 31, 
1811 ; studied at Halle, Berlin, and Erlangen ; 
became at the latter repetent 1837, privat-docent 
1846, professor extraordinary 1848, and ordinary 
1854, and retired in 1881. He has written, Die 
Dogmatik der evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche dar- 
gestellt und aus den Quellen belegt, Erlangen, 1843, 
6th ed. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1876 (English trans., 
The Doctrinal Theology of the Lutheran Church, 
Philadelphia, 1876); Geschichte der synkretitistischen 
Slreitigkeiten in der Zeit des Georg Calixt, Erlangen, 
1846 ; Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte, Nordlingen, 
1851, 2d ed. 1856; Die Theologie Semlers, 1858; 
Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte, 1859, 3d ed. 1877 ; 
Geschichte des Pietismus, 1863 ; Der Kampf der lu- 
therischen Kirche um Lulhers Lehre vom Abendmahl 
im Reformationszeilalter, Leipzig, 1867, 2d ed. 1873 ; 
Handbuch der Kirchengeschichte, Erlangen, 1880- 
81, 2 parts. D. 1885. * 

SCHMIDT, Charles Cuillaume Adolphe, Lie. 
Theol., D.D. (both Strassburg, 1835 and 1836), 
Lutheran ; b. at Strassburg, Alsace, June 20, 
1812 ; studied theology in its university, 1828-33; 



SCHMIDT. 



192 



SCHNEDERMANN. 



became privat-docent, 1837 ; professor of practical 
theology in its Protestant seminary, 1839 ; of the 
same in the university, 1843 ; of ecclesiastical his- 
tory, 1863 ; professor emeritus, 1877. He is the 
author of jStudes sur Farel, Strassburg, 1834; Vie 
de Pierre Martyr Vermigli (thesis for his degree of 
licentiate in theology), 1835; Essai sur les mys- 
tiques du XIV sihcle (thesis for his degi-ee of D.D.), 
1836; Essai sur Jean Gersort, 1839 ; Meister Eckart 
(in Tlieol. Studien u. Kritiken), 1839 ; Plaintes d'un 
laique allemand du XI V sihcle sur la decadence de 
la chretienle, 1840 ; Ueher die Sekten zu Strassburg 
im Mitlelalter, 1840; Johannes Tauler von Strass- 
burg, Hamburg, 1841 ; Heinrich Suso (in Tlieol. 
Studien u. Kritiken), 1842; Claudius von Turin, 
1843 ; Gerard Roussel predicateur de la reine Mar- 
guerite de Navarre, Strassburg, 1845 ; Lltude sur le 
mysticisme allemand au XIV siecle (in Me'moires de 
Vacademie des sciences morales), 1847 ; Histoire et 
doctrine de la secte des Cathares ou Albigeois, Paris, 
1849, 2 vols. ; Essai hislorique sur la socie'te civile 
dans le monde romain et sur sa transformation par 
le cliristianisme, Strassburg, 1853 (German trans., 
Leipzig, 1857 ; Dutch trans., Amsterdam, 1862 ; 
English trans., The Social Results of Early Chris- 
tianity, London, 1885) ; Die Gottesfreunde im vier- 
zehnten Jahrhundert (in Beilrage zu den theologischen 
Wissenschaften von Reuss u. Cunitz), Jena, 1854 ; 
La vie et les travaux de Jean Sturm, fondaleur du 
gymnase de Strasbourg, Strassburg, 1855 ; Peter 
Martyr Vermiglis Leben und Schriften, Elberfeld, 
1858 ; Rulman Merswin, Die neun Feisen, nach dem 
Autograph herausgegeben, Leipzig, 1859; Girolamo 
Zanchi (in Theol. Studien u. Kritiken), 1859 ; His- 
toire du chapitre de Saint Thomas de Strasbourg 
pendant le moyen age, Strassburg, 1860; Calio Se- 
cundo Curioni (in Zeilschrift fiir hist. Theologie), 
1860; Wilhelm Farel und Peter Viret, Elberfeld, 
1860; Melanchthons Leben, 1860; Berlhold von Re- 
gensburg (in Theol. Studien und Kritiken), 1864 ; 
Nicolaus von Basel, Leben und Schriften, Wien, 
1866 ; Traite's mystiques e'crits en 1547-1549, Basel, 
1876; Histoire litteraire de I' Alsace a la fin du 15. 
siecle et au commencement du 16., Paris, 1878, 2 vols. ; 
Poesies huguenotes du 16. siecle, Strassburg, 1881 ; 
Zur Gescliichte der dltesten Bibliotheken und der 
ersten Buchdrucker zu Strassburg, 1882; Precis de 
I'histoire de I'E^glise d' Occident au moyen age, Paris, 
1885. 

SCHMIDT, Christoph Hermann, D.D. Qion., 
Halle, 1881), Protestant theologian ; b. at Fricken- 
hofen, Wurtemberg, Feb. 23, 1832; studied at 
Tubingen, 1850-54; was there repelenl, 1858-61; 
diakonus in Kalw, 1863-69, and at Stuttgart, 1869- 
81 ; became ordinary professor of theology at 
Breslau, 1881. He has written Gescliichte der 
inneren Mission in Wurttemberg, Hamburg, 1879 ; 
Das Verhaltniss der christlichen Glaubenslehre zu den 
anderen A ufgaben akademischer Wissenschafl, Gotha, 
1881 ; Die Kirche, Hire biblische Idee und die Formen 
ihrer Erscheinung, Leipzig, 1884. 

SCHMIDT, Paul (Wilhelm), Ph.D. (Halle, 1865), 
Lie. Theol. (Berlin, 1867), D.D. (hon., Strassburg, 
1885), Protestant theologian ; b. in Berlin, Dec. 
25, 1845; educated at Berlin; was privat-docent 
there, 1869-76 ; editor of the Protestantische Kir- 
chenzeilung, 1870-76 ; general secretary of the 
German Protestant Union, 1874-76 ; became or- 
dinary professor of theology at Basel, 1876 ; since 
1880 has been a member of the Basel Kirchenrath. 



He was a contributor to the Protestanten-Bibel, 
Neuent Testaments, Leipzig, 1873, 3d ed. 1879 
(English trans, by Francis Henry Jones, B.A., 
A Short Protestant Commentary on the Books of the 
Neio Testament, London, 18S2-84, 3 vols.) ; and 
has written independently, Spinoza u. Schleier- 
macher, Berlin, 1868 ; Neutestamentliche Hyperkri- 
tik, an dem jilngslen An griff gegen die JEclitheil des 
Philipperbriefes auf Hire Methode hin vntersucht. 
Nebst e. Erklarg. d. Briefes, 1880; Der erste Thes- 
salonicherbricf, neu erkldrt, Nebst e. Excurs ub. d. 
zweiten gleichnam. Brief, 1885 ; numerous articles 
and pamphlets upon theological and ecclesiastical 
subjects, e.g., as in F. von Holtzendorff's Zeit u. 
Streit fragen. 

SCHMIDT, Woldemar Cottlob, D.D. (hon., 
Gottingen, 187-), Protestant theologian; b. at St. 
Afra in Meissen, Saxony, June 2, 1836 ; studied 
at Leipzig and Gottingen, 1854-57; was "teacher 
of religion " at Plauen, Zwickau, and St. Afra 
gymnasiums, 1858-66 ; became professor extraor- 
dinaiy at Leipzig 1866, and ordinary professor 
1876. He is the author of Der Lehrgehalt des 
Jakobusbriefes, Leipzig, 1869 ; Der Bericht der 
Apostelgeschichte iiber Stephanies (Program), 1882 ; 
articles and reviews in Jahrbucher fiir deutsche 
Theologie, 1866 sqq. ; book-notices in Harnack 
and Schiirer's Theolog. Lit-Zeitung, 1876 sqq. ; arti- 
cles " Hermeneutik," "Kanon d. N. T.," "Paulus," 
etc., in the 2d ed. of Herzog's Real Encyklopddie ; 
editor of 5th ed. Meyer's Commentary on Ephe- 
sians, Gottingen, 1878. 

SCHMIEDEL, Paul Wilhelm, Lie. Theol. (Jena, 
1878), Protestant theologian; b. at Zaukeroda, 
near Dresden, Saxony, Dec. 22, 1851 ; studied at 
Leipzig 1871-74, at Jena 1874-75; became privat- 
docent of theology at Jena, 1878. He is a mod- 
erate liberal. He is the author of Quce intercedat 
ratio inter doctrinam epislola ad Hebrozos misso3 et 
Pauli apostoli doctrinam, Jena, 1878; articles upon 
"Kanon (A. u. N. T.)," " Katholische Briefe," 
" Kolossse, Briefe an die Kolosser und an die 
Epheser," " Korinthei'briefe," in Ersch u. Gruber, 
Allgemeine Encyclopddie der Wissenschaften und 
Kiinste, Leipzig. 

SCHMUCKER, Beale Melancthon, D.D. (Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1870), Lu- 
theran (General Council) ; b. at Gettysburg, Penn., 
Aug. 26, 1827 ; graduated at Pennsylvania College, 
Gettysburg, Penn., 1844, and at the Theological 
Seminary there 1847 ; was pastor at Martinsburg, 
Va., 1848-51; Allentown, Penn., 1852-62; Easton, 
Penn., 1862-67 ; Reading, Penn., 1867-81 ; since 
at Pottstown, Penn. He has been corresponding 
secretary of the General Council of the Lutheran 
Church since 1867, secretary of Committee for 
Foreign Missions of the General Council since 
1869. He edited Liturgy of Pennsylvania Synod, 
Philadelphia, 1860; Church-Book for the Use of 
Evangelical Lutheran Congi-egations, 1868, 2d ed. 
1870 ; Halle Reports, Reprinted with Historical and 
Explanatory Notes (with Drs. W. J. Mann and 
W. Germann), vol. i. 1886 ; pamphlets, etc. 

SCHNEDERMANN, Ceorg Hermann, Ph.D. 
(Leipzig, 1878), Lie. Theol. (Leipzig, 1880), Lu- 
theran theologian ; b. at Chemnitz, Saxony, July 
3, 1852 ; studied at Leipzig 1872-75, at Erlangen 
1874; was teacher in Switzerland and Westpha- 
lia, 1875-77; member of the Theological Semi- 
nary at Leipzig, 1877-79 ; became privat-docent of 



SCHODDE. 



193 



SCHOLZ. 



theology there 1880; at Basel, 1883. He belongs 
to the school of Frank of Erlangen. He is the 
author of Die Controverse des Ludovicus Cappellus 
mil den Buxtor/en iiber das Alter der hebr. Puncta- 
tion (doctor's dissertation, 1878), Leipzig, 1879; 
De fidei notione elhica Paulina (Habilitationsschrift), 
1880 ; Der christliche Glaube und die heilige Schrift 
(lecture), Basel, 18S4; Dan Judenlhum und die 
chrisdiche Verkiindigung in den Evangelien. Ein 
Beitrag zur Grundlegung der bibl. Theologie und 
GescJiichle, Leipzig, 1884; editor (with Delitzsch) 
of Weber's System der altsynagogalen palastinischen 
Theologie, 1880 ; has written essays on phases of 
Pharisaical Judaism for Luthardt's jubilee, 1881, 
in Luthardt's Zl. f. K. Wiss., 1882-84, and in the 
Basel Kirchenfreund, 1885-86. 

SCHODDE, George Henry, Ph.D. (Leipzig, 
1876), Lutheran (General Council) ; b. at Alle- 
gheny City, Penn., April 15, 1854; graduated at 
Capital University, Columbus, O. (at college 1872, 
theological seminary 1874) ; studied at Tubingen 
1874-75, Leipzig 1876 ; became pastor at Wheel- 
ing, W. Va., 1877 ; professor of Greek in the col- 
lege of Capital University, 1881 (also has taught 
in the Hebrew department of the theological 
seminary). He is the author of The Book of 
Enoch, translated from the Elhiopic, Andover, 1882; 
and of numerous contributions to the Journal of 
the German Oriental Society, Bibliotheca Sacra, Lu- 
theran Quarterly, Independent, etc. 

SCHOELL, Carl Wilhelm, Ph.D. (Tubingen, 
1851), Lutheran ; b. at GUglingen, Wiirtemberg, 
Aug. 4, 1820 ; educated at Tubingen ; became in 
1846 assistant minister, and in 1859 pastor of 
the German Lutheran Church in the Savoj', now 
Cleveland Street, London. He has been exam- 
iner in the German language and literature to the 
Military Education Division, War Office, London, 
since 1858 ; to the Civil Service Commission, Lon- 
don, since 1864; and in the University of London 
since 1882 (as from 1872-75). He is the author 
of De ecclesiastical Britonum Scotorumque historiae 
fontibus, Berlin, 1851 ; and contributor to Herzog's 
Real Encyklopddie, 1st and 2d editions. 

SCHOENFELDER, Josephus Maria, D.D. (Mu- 
nich, 1860), Roman Catholic; b. at Forchheim, 
Bavaria, June 8, 1838 ; educated at Bamberg, 
Erlangen, and Munich ; was sacellanus at Bam- 
berg, 1S61-65; professor of theology at Hildes- 
heim, 1866 ; chorvicar of St. Cajetan in Munich, 
1867-71 ; court preacher at St. Michael's, Munich, 
1871-74; privat-docent in the University of Mu- 
nich, 1869-73; professor extraordinary of theology, 
1873-74 ; since 1874 ordinary professor; since 1886 
canon of St. Cajetan 's. He is also senator. He 
is the author of Die Kirchengeschichte des Johannes 
von Ephesus, Munich, 1862 ; Salomonis Episcopi 
Bassorensis Liber Apis, Bamberg, 1866 ; Onkelos und 
Peschittho, Munich, 1869 ; treatises and articles in 
theological periodicals. 

SCHOLTEN, Jan Hendrik, Ph.D., D.D. (both 
Utrecht, 1835 and 1836, respectively), Dutch Prot- 
estant theologian ; b. at Vleuten, near Utrecht, 
Aug. 17, 1811 ; d. at Leiden, April 10, 1885. He 
studied at the University of Utrecht ; became 
pastor at Meerkerk, 1838 ; professor of theology 
in the Athenaeum at Franeker, 1840 ; the same in 
the University of Leiden, 1843; retired in 1881. 
He was rector of the university in 1847, 1857, and 
1877. He was the head of the critical school of 



Dutch theologians, and the author of the so-called 
"modern theology," which arose about 1858, and 
which rejects the supernatural ; looks upon Chris- 
tianity as the religion of Jesus, rather than as 
founded upon Jesus; and God as a transcendent 
entity, devoid of all anthropomorphic attributes 
which would limit his infinitude, but the source 
of all force and all life. Among his numerous 
writings may be mentioned his theses for his 
doctorates, De Demosthenis eloquentim characlere, 
Utrecht, 1835, and De Dei erga hominem amore, 
principe religionis Christianas: loco, 1836 ; his inau- 
gural address at Leiden, De Religione Christiana, 
suce ipsa divinitalis in animo humano vindice, Leiden, 
1843 ; his three rectoral addresses, De pugna theo- 
logiam inter ac philosophiam recto ulriusque studio 
tollenda, 1847 ; De sacris Uteris, theologian nostra 
ozlale libere excultm, fontibus, 1857; and (in Dutch), 
" The role of Theology in the Dutch Universities 
as affected by the Law of 1876," 1877. His prin- 
cipal works, in Dutch and Latin, are, " Principles 
of the Theology of the Reformed Church," Leiden, 
1848-50, 2 vols., 4th ed. 1861 (French trans, by 
C. B. Huet in the Revue de theologie of Strassburg, 
German trans, by F. Nippold in the Zls. f hist. 
Theologie, 1865) ; Dogmatices Christiana; initio, 1853- 
54, 2d ed. 1858 ; Geschiedenis der godsdienst en wijs- 
begeerte, 1853, 3d ed. 1863 (French trans, by A. 
Reville, Paris, 1861, 2d ed. 1864; German trans, 
by Redepenning, Elberfeld, 1868; English trans., 
London, 1870); "Historical and Critical Intro- 
duction to the New Testatment," 1853, 2d ed. 1856 
(German trans., Leipzig, 1856) ; " The Freedom of 
the Will," 1859 (French trans, in the Revue de the'o- 
logie et philosophie, Lausanne, 1875); "The Causes 
of Contemporary Materialism," 1859 (French 
trans, by A. Reville in the Revue, Strassburg, 1860); 
" A Critical Study of the Gospel of John," 1864 
(German trans, by Lang, Berlin, 1867) ; " The 
Oldest Witnesses to the Writings of the New Tes- 
tament," 1866 (German trans, by C. Manchot, 
Bremen, 1867) ; " Supernaturalism en rapport with 
the Bible, Christianity, and Protestantism," 1867; 
" The Oldest Gospel : Critical Examination of the 
Relations of the Gospels of Matthew and Mark," 
1868 (German trans, by Redepenning, Elbei'feld, 
1869) ; " The Formula of Baptism," 1869 (German 
trans, by Max Gubalke, Gotha, 1885); "The Paul- 
ine Gospel : a Critical Examination of the Gospel 
of Luke, and its Relation to Mark, Matthew, and 
the Acts," 1870 (German trans, by Redepenning, 
Elberfeld, 1881); "The Apostle John in Asia 
Minor," 1871 (German trans, by B. Spiegel, Ber- 
lin, 1872); "Did the Third Evangelist write the 
Acts ? " 1873 ; Afscheidsrede bij het neerleggen van 
het hoogleerarsambl, 1881 (his address on retiring 
from his professorship, in which he reviews his 
theological development) ; Hislorisch-critische Bij- 
dragen naar Aanleiding van de nieuwste Hypothese 
aangaande Jezus en den Paulus der vier Hoofd- 
brieven, 1882. * 

SCHOLZ, Anton, Th.D. (Wiirzburg, 1856), 
Roman Catholic; b. at Schmachtenberg, Bavaria, 
Feb. 25, 1829 ; educated at Munich and Wiirzburg; 
became co-operator at Zell, 1853 ; secretary of the 
late Bishop Anton von Stahl in Wiirzburg, 1854 ; 
pastor at Eisingen, near Wiirzburg, 1861; pro- 
fessor of Old-Testament exegesis and biblical Ori- 
ental languages at Wiirzburg, 1872. He made 
an extensive scientific journey through Palestine 



SCHOLZ. 



194 



SCHULZE. 



in 1870. He is the author, of De irihabilitaiione 
sp'iritus Sancti (inaugural dissertation), Wurzburg, 
1S72 ; Der Masoreth. Text u. d. LXX. Ubersetzung 
d. Buck. Jeremias, Regensburg, 1875 ; Commentar 
zu Jeremias, Wurzburg, 1880 ; Die alexandrinische 
Uebersetzung des Buck Iesaias, 1880 ; Commentar 
zu Hoseas, 18S2 ; do., Joel, 1884; Das Buck Judith, 
eine Prophetie, 1885. 

SCHOLZ, Paul, Lie. Theol. (Breslau, 1852), 
D.D. {lion., Miinster, 1862), Roman Catholic ; b. at 
Breslau, Germany, June 29, 1828; was educated at 
Breslau; became priest and chaplain at Guhrau, 
1852 ; repetent of theology in the University of 
Breslau, and teacher of religion in the Matthias 
gymnasium in the same city, 1853; privat-docent 
of theology in the university, 1857 ; professor ex- 
traordinary, 1861; ordinary professor, 1868. He 
is the author of Handbuch der Tlieologie des Alien 
Bundes im Lichte des Neuen, Regensburg, 1861-62, 
2 vols. ; Commenlariwn de caritate Christiana intra 
familice, civitatis ecclesiaz fines (4th and last part of 
Diekhoff 's Compend. ethicoe christ. cath.), Paderborn, 
1861; Die Ehen der Sbhne Gottes mit den Tochtern 
der Menschen, Regensburg, 1865; Die heiligen Al- 
terihumer des Volkes Israel, 1868-69,2 vols.; Gbtzen- 
dienst und Zauberwesen bei den alien Hebraeern und 
den benachbarten Vblkern, 1877. 

SCHRADER, Eberhard, Ph.D.(G6ttingen,1860), 
D.D. (hon., Zurich, 1870), German Protestant (criti- 
cal school of Ewald and De Wette) ; b. at Bruns- 
wick, Jan. 5, 1836 ; studied at Gottingen ; became 
ordinary professor of theology at Zurich 1863, at 
Giessen 1870, at Jena 1873 ; professor of Oriental 
languages at Berlin, 1875. He is a member of 
the Royal Prussian Academy. He is the author 
of De lingua) JElhiopicce, Gottingen, 1860; Sludien 
zur Kritik u. Erkldrung der biblischen Urgeschichte. 
Gen. i.-xi., Zurich, 1863; (edited 8th ed. of De 
Wette's) Lehrbuch der historisch-kritischen Einlei- 
tung in die kanonischen u. apokryphischen Biicher 
des A. T, Berlin, 1869 ; Die assyrisch-babylonischen 
Keilinschriften, Kritische Untersuchung der Grund- 
lagen Hirer Entzifferung, Leipzig, 1872 ; Die Keilin- 
schriften u. d. Alle Testament, Giessen, 1872, 2d ed. 
1883 (English trans., The Cuneiform Inscriptions 
and the Old Testament, London, 1885-86, 2 vols.) ; 
Die Hollenfahrl der I star, Giessen, 1874; Keilin- 
schriften und Geschichlsforschung, 1878. 

SCHROERS, Johann Heinrich, D.D. (Wurz- 
burg, 1880), Roman Catholic ; b. at Krefeld, Prus- 
sia, Nov. 26, 1852 ; studied theology, history, and 
jurisprudence at Bonn, Wurzburg, Innsbruck, 
and Miinster ; became privat-docent of canon law 
and historical theology at Freiburg, 1885 ; ordi- 
nary professor at Bonn, 1886. Author of Der 
Streit tiber die Prad estivation im 9. Jahrhundert, 
Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1884 ; Hinkmar, Erzbischof 
von Reims, sein Leben und seine Schriften, 1884. 

SCHUERER, Emil, Ph.D. (Leipzig, 1868), D.D. 
(Tubingen, honoris causa, 1877), Lutheran ; b. at 
Augsburg, May 2, 1844; studied at Erlangen, 
Berlin, and Heidelberg, 1862-66; became privat- 
docent at Leipzig 1869, professor extraordinary 
1873; ordinary professor at Giessen, 1878. He 
has edited Theologische Literaturzeitung from its 
foundation in 1876 (with Harnack since 1881), 
and is the author of Schleiermacher's Religionsbe- 
grifif und die philosophischen Vorausselzungen des- 
selben, Leipzig, 1868 ; De controversiis paschalibus 
secundo post Chr. nat. sozculo exorlis, 1869 ; Lehrbuch 



der neuteslamenllich. Ze it geschichte, 1874, 2d edition 
under title, Geschichte des jildischen Volkes, 1886- 
87, 2 vols. (English trans., Edinb.,1886 sqq.) ; Die 
Gemeindeverfassung der Juden in Rom in der Kaiser- 
zeit nach den Inschriften dargestellt, 1879 ; Ueber 
<jtaydv to nuaxa J oh. 18: 28, Giessen, 1883. 

SCHUETTE, Conrad Herman Louis, Lutheran ; 
b. at Varrel, Hanover, Germany, June 17, 1843 ; 
graduated at Capital University, Columbus, O., 

1863, in theology 1865; became pastor at Dela- 
ware, O., 1865 ; professor of mathematics and 
natural philosophy, Capital University, 1873, and 
of theology 1881. He has written Church-member's 
Manual, Columbus, 1873; The State, the Church, 
and the School, 1883. 

SCHULTZ, Friedrich Wilhelm, Protestant the- 
ologian ; b. at Friesack (Mark Brandenburg), 
Sept. 24, 1828; studied at Berlin, 1847-51; be- 
came privat-docent there, 1S53; professor extraor- 
dinary, 1856 ; and ordinary professor, 1864, at 
Breslau. He has written Das Deuteromium erklart, 
Berlin, 1859 ; Die Schbpfungsgeschichte nach Natur- 
wissenschaft und Bibel, Gotha, 1865; and the com- 
ments on Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther, in Lange's 
Commentary, Bielefeld, 1875. See App. # 

SCHULTZ, Hermann, Lie. Theol., D.D. (both 
Gottingen, 1861 and 1865), Protestant theologian.; 
b. at Liichow, Hanover, Dec. 30, 1S36 ; studied at 
Gottingen and Erlangen, 1853-56; became teacher 
in Hamburg, 1857; repetent 1859, and. privat-docent 
1S61, at Gottingen; ordinary professor at Basel 

1864, at Strassburg 1872, at Heidelberg 1874, at 
Gottingen 1876, and in 1881 consistorial coun- 
cillor. He is also university preacher. He has 
written Die Vorausselzungen der chrisllichen Lehre 
von der Unsterblichkeit, Gottingen, 1861 ; Alttesta- 
mentliche Tlieologie, Frankfurt-a.-M., 1869, 3d ed. 
Gottingen, 1885 ; Zu den kirchlichen Fragen der 
Gegenwart, Frankfurt, 1869; Die Stellungdes christ- 
lichen Glaubens zur heiligen Schrift, Karlsruhe, 1872, 
2d ed. 1878; Die Lehre von der Goltheit Christi, 
Gotha, 1881; Predigten gehalten in der Universi- 
tdtskirche zu Gottingen, 1883. 

SCHULTZE, Augustus, Moravian; b. at Now- 
awes, near Potsdam, Prussia, Feb. 3, 1840; grad- 
uated at Moravian College at Niesky, and theo- 
logical seminary at Gnadenfeld, Silesia, 1861 ; 
became professor at Niesky, 1862 ; assistant prin- 
cipal, 1869 ; professor of exegesis and dogmatics 
in Moravian College and Theological Seminary 
at Bethlehem, Penn., 1870, president, 1885; also 
editor of Der Briider Botschafter, and a member of 
the " Provincial Elders' Conference " of the Amer- 
ican Moravian Church, 1881. He has published 
pamphlets, etc. 

SCHULTZE, Maximilian Victor, Lie. Theol. 
(Leipzig, 1879), Lutheran theologian; b. at Fiir- 
stenberg, Germany, Dec. 13, 1851 ; studied at Basel, 
Jena, Strassburg, and Gottingen ; became privat- 
docent at Leipzig, 1879 ; professor extraordinary of 
theology at Greifswald, 1884. He is the author of 
Die Katakomben von S. Gennaro del Poveri in Neapel, 
Jena, 1877; Archaologische Sludien uber altchrist- 
liche Monumente, Vienna, 1880; Die Katakomben, 
Hire Geschichte und ihre Monumente, Leipzig, 1882. 

SCHULZE, Ludwig Theodor, Lie. Theol. (Ber- 
lin, 1856), Ph.D. (Berlin, 1858), D.D. {hon., Ros- 
tock, 1874), Lutheran theologian ; b. in Berlin, 
Feb. 27, 1833 ; studied philosophy and theology 
there, 1851-56 ; became privat-docent of New-Tes- 



SCHWANE. 



195 



SCOTT. 



tament exegesis and biblical theology there, 1859; 
professor extraordinary at Konigsberg, 1863 ; in- 
spector and director at Magdeburg, 1866 ; ordinary 
professor of theology at Rostock, 1874. He is the 
author of De fontibus ex quibus hisloria Ilycsosorum 
haurienrla sit, Berlin, 1858; Ueber die Gottesoffen- 
barungen (Engel des Herrn) im alien Bunde (in Stu- 
dien u. Kritiken, 1859) ; Ueber die Wunder des Herrn, 
mit Bezieliung auf das Leben Jesu von Renan, Ko- 
nigsberg, 1864; Martha u. Maria, Gotha, 1866; 
Ueber die Auferstehung Jesu Christi (in Beweis des 
Glaubens, 1867) ; Das Wunder im Verhaltniss zur 
Siindenvergebung (do., 1868) ; Ueber die assyrisch- 
babylonischen Ausgrabungen in Hirer Bezieliung auf 
das A-T. (do., 1880) ; Passions-Osterfeier (sermons), 
Gotha, 1866 ; Vom Menschensolin u. vom Logos, 1867 ; 
Friede im Herrn (sermons), 1871 ; anweisung zum 
planmassigen Lesen der heiligen Schrift, Leipzig, 
1875; Philipp Wackernagel nach seinem Leben u. 
Wirlcen, 1879 ; Friedrich Adolf Philippi, ein Lebens- 
bild, Ndrdlingen, 1883 ; Luther unci die evangelische 
Kirche (Luther jubilee address), Rostock, 1883 ; 
editor of 3d ed. Wuttke's Christi. Sittenlehre, Leip- 
zig, 1874-75, 2 vols. 2d ed. (with latest literature), 
1886; contributed "Einleitung ins N.T.""Neu- 
testamentliche Zeitgeschichte,' - " Leben Jesu u. 
apostolisch. Zeitalter " in Zockler's Handbucli der 
theologischen Wissenschaften, Nordlingen, 1883, 2d 
ed. 1885 ; and has published numerous sermons, 
articles, etc., in different periodicals and separately. 

SCHWANE, Josephus, Lie. Theol. (Minister, 
1851), D.D. (Minister, 1860), Roman Catholic; b. 
at Dorsten, Westphalia, Germany, April 2, 1824; 
studied at Minister 1843-48, at Bonn and Tubing- 
en 1848-50; became privat-docent in the theological 
faculty at Miinster, 1853 ; professor extraordinary 
there, 1859 ; ordinary professor, 1867. He is the 
author of Ueber die scientia media in the Tiibinger- 
Quartalschrift, Tubingen, 1850; Das gottliche Vor- 
herivissen, Miinster, 1855; De controversia inter S. 
Slaphanum el S. Cyprianum, 1859 ; Dogmengeschiehte 
der vornicdnisclien Zeit 1862, der patristischen Zeit 
1869, der mittleren Zeit 1882, De operibus superero- 
gatoriis, 1868 ; Specielle Moraltheologie, Freiburg, 
I., II. 1878, III. 1875, 2d ed. 1885; Allgemeine 
Moraltheologie, 1885. 

SCHWARZ, Karl Heinrich Wilhelm, Protestant 
theologian ; b. at Wiek auf Riigen, Nov. 19, 1812 ; 
became privat-docent 1842, and professor extraor- 
dinary at Halle 1849 ; superior consistorial coun- 
cillor and court preacher at Gotha, 1856; first 
court preacher, 1858 ; superintendent, 1876. He 
was one of the founders of the Protestant Verein : 
and among other works has written, Das Wesen der 
Religion, Halle, 1847; Lessing als Theologe, 1854; 
Zur Geschiclite der neuesten Theologie, Leipzig, 
1856, 4th ed. 1869. Died March 25, 1885. * 

SCHWEINITZ, Edmund de, S.T.D. (Columbia 
College, New- York City, 1871), Moravian bishop; 
b. at Bethlehem, Penn., March 20, 1825; gradu- 
ated at the Moravian Theological Seminary there, 
1844; studied at Berlin, 1845; pastor at Canal 
Dover, O., 1850; Lebanon, Penn., 1851-53; Phila- 
delphia (First Church), 1853-60; Lititz, Penn., 
1860-64; and Bethlehem, Penn., 1864-80; conse- 
crated bishop, 1870. He is president of the pro- 
vincial board — i.e., the governing board — of the 
American Province of the Unitas Fratrum, and of 
the theological seminary. He belongs to a family 
that for more than a hundred years has furnished 



ministei-s in an unbroken line to the American 
branch of the Moravian Church, and is a great- 
great-grandson of Count Zinzendorf . He is the 
author of The Moravian Manual, Philadelphia, 
1859, 2d ed. Bethlehem, 1869 ; The Moravian Epis- 
copate, Bethlehem, 1865, 2d ed. London, 1874; 
The Life and Times of David Zeisberger, Philadel- 
phia, 1870 ; Some of the Fathers of the Moravian 
Church, Bethlehem, 1881; The History of the Unitas 
Fratrum, Bethlehem, 1885. 

SCHWEIZER, Alexander, D.D., Reformed theo- 
logian; b. at Murten, March 14, 1808; studied at 
Zurich and Berlin ; became professor of practical 
theology at Zurich 1835, and in 1845 also pastor. 
He is a member of the church and school council, 
and of the Great Council. Besides numerous ser- 
mons and essays, he has published Die Glaubens- 
lehre der evangelisch-reformirten Kirche, aus den 
Quellen, Zurich, 1844-47, 2 vols. ; Homiletik der 
evangelisch-protestanlischen Kirche, Leipzig, 1848; 
Die protestant. Centraldogmen in ihre Entwicklung 
innerhalb der reformirten Kirche, Zurich, 1854-56, 
2 parts; Die christhche Glaubenslehre nach proies- 
tanlischen Grundsdtzen dargestellt, Leipzig, 1863-72, 
2 vols., 2d ed. 1877 ; Pasloraltheologie, 1875 ; Nach 
Rechls und nach Links. Besprechungen ilber Zeichen 
d. Zeit, 1876; Die Zukunft der Religion, 1878; 
Zwingli's Bedeutung neben Luther, Zurich, 1884. 

SCOTT, Hugh McDonald, Congregationalist; b. 
at Guysborough, N.S., March 31, 1848; graduated 
at Dalhousie College, Halifax, 1870, and B.D. at 
Edinburgh 1873; Presbyterian pastor at Merigo- 
mish, N.S., 1874-78; studied theology in Germany, 
1878-81 ; has been since 1881 professor of ecclesi- 
astical history in Chicago Congregational Theo- 
logical Seminary. He has contributed to Current 
Discussions in Theology (department of history), 
Chicago, vols. i. and ii., 1883 and 1884. 

SCOTT, John, D.D. (Washington College, Wash- 
ington, Penn., 1860), Methodist-Protestant; b. in 
Washington County, Penn., Oct. 27, 1820; edu- 
cated in the common schools, and afterwards pri- 
vately; joined the Pittsburg Conference of the 
Methodist-Protestant Church in 1842, and was 
president of it 1858, 1878; has been a member 
of every General Conference, with perhaps two 
exceptions, since 1854, and president 1866 ; was 
editor of The Methodist Recorder, official organ of 
the Church, 1864-70, and has held the position 
since 1879, and while such was, except since 1884, 
editor of the Sunday-school publications of the 
denomination. He is the author of Pulpit Echoes, 
or Brief Miscellaneous Discourses, Cincinnati, 1873; 
The Land of Sojourn, or Sketches of Patriarchal 
Life and Times, Pittsburg, 1880. 

SCOTT, Very Rev. Robert, D.D. (Oxford, 1854), 
Church of England ; b. at Bondleigh, Devonshire, 
Jan. 26, 1811 ; student of Christ Church, Oxford, 
1830 ; was Craven scholar, 1830 ; Ireland scholar 
and B.A. (first-class in classics), 1833; Latin es- 
sayist, 1834 ; M.A. (Balliol College), 1836 ; Denyer 
theological essayist, 1838; B.D., 1854. He was 
fellow and tutor of Balliol College, 1835-40; rec- 
tor of Duloe, Cornwall, 1840-50 ; prebendary of 
Exeter Cathedral, 1845-66 ; rector of S. Luffen- 
ham, Rutland, 1850-54; select preacher at Oxford, 
1853-54, 1874-75 ; master of Balliol College and 
member of Hebdomadal Council, 1854-70 ; Univer- 
sity press delegate, 1855-70; became professor of 
Scripture exegesis, 1861 ; dean of Rochester, 1870; 



SCOTT. 



196 



SEE BERG. 



member of the N.T. Revision Company. Author 
of Twelve Sermons, 1851 ; University Sermons, 1860; 
commentary on Epis. of St. James, in Bible (Speak- 
er's) Commentary, 1882 ; and, with Dean Liddell, 
of A Greek-English Lexicon, 1843, 7th ed. 1883. 

SCOTT, William Anderson, D.D. (University 
of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1844), LL.D. (Uni- 
versity of New- York City, 1872), Presbyterian; b. 
at Rock Creek, Bedford County, Tenn., Jan. 31, 
1813 ; d. in San Francisco, Cal., Jan. 14, 1885. He 
was graduated at Cumberland College, Princeton, 
Ky., 1833 ; studied in Princeton (N.J.) Theological 
Seminary, 1833-34 ; was missionary in Louisiana 
and Arkansas, 1835-36 ; principal of academies in 
Tennessee, 1836-40; became pastor at Tuscaloosa, 
Ala., 1840, and in New Orleans, La. (first church), 
1843 ; pastor-elect of Calvary Church, San Fran- 
cisco, Cal., 1854-61 ; in Europe, and for a while in 
charge of the new John-street Presbyterian Church 
of Birmingham, Eng. ; pastor of Forty-second- 
street Church, New-York City, 1863-70 ; of St. 
John's Church, San Francisco, 1870 till his death. 
He held his latter position along with that of pro- 
fessor of mental and moral philosophy and system- 
atic theology in the San Francisco Theological 
Seminary from its establishment in 1871. In 1858 
he was moderator of the General Assembly (old 
school). He published Daniel, a Model for Young 
Men, New York, 1854; Achan in El Dorado, San 
Francisco, 1855; Trade and Letters, New York, 
1856 ; The Giant Judge, San Francisco, 1858 ; The 
Church in the Army, or the Four Centurions of the 
Gospels, New York, 1862, 2d ed. 1868 ; The Christ 
of the Apostles' 1 Creed: theVoice of the Church against 
Arianism, Strauss, and Renan,~New York, 1867. * 

SCOULLER, James Brown, D.D. (Muskingum 
College, New Concord, O., 1880), United Presby- 
terian; b. near Newville, Cumberland County, 
Penn., July 12, 1820; graduated at Dickinson 
College, Carlisle, Penn., 1839, and at the Asso- 
ciate Reformed Theological Seminary, Allegheny, 
Penn., 1842; was pastor of United Presbyterian 
Churches in Philadelphia (fourth), Penn., 1844-46; 
Cuylerville, N.Y., 1847-52; Argyle, N.Y., 1852- 
62 ; editor of The Christian Instructor, Philadel- 
phia, Penn., 1862-63. He has since 1863 lived as 
an invalid at Newville, Penn. He is the author 
of " Forty Letters from Abroad, principally Italy 
and Egypt," published in The Christian Instructor, 
1860-61 ; History of the Big Spring Presbytery (U. P.), 
Harrisburg, Penn., 1879; History of the Presbytery 
of Argyle (U. P.), 1880; A Manual of the United 
Presbyterian Church, 1881 ; Calvinism : its History 
and Influences, 1885 (pp. 29) ; a number of pam- 
phlets, lectures, and sermons, and a large amount 
of miscellaneous matter published in the columns 
of The Christian Instructor, The United Presbyte- 
rian, and The Evangelical Repository, since 1844. 

SCRIMCER, John, Canadian Presbyterian; b. 
at Gait, Ontario, Can., Feb. 10, 1849; graduated 
at the University of Toronto, B.A. 1869, M.A. 
1871, and at Knox College, Toronto, 1873; was 
pastor of St. Joseph-street Presbyterian Church, 
Montreal, 1873-82 ; lecturer on Hebrew and Greek 
exegesis in the Presbyterian College, Montreal, 
1874-82 ; since 1882 has been professor there of 
the same. Since 1873 he has been member of the 
General Assembly's board of French evangeliza- 
tion ; is convener of General Assembly's commit- 
tee on religious instruction in the public schools 



of the Province of Quebec, and of the General 
Assembly's committee on co-operation with other 
Protestant churches in sparsely settled districts. 

SCRIVENER, Frederick Henry Ambrose, LL.D. 
(St. Andrew's, 1872), D.C.L. (Oxford, 1876), 
Church of England ; b. at Bermondsey, Surrey, 
Sept. 29, 1813 ; educated at Trinity College, Cam- 
bridge ; graduated B.A. (third in second-class 
classical tripos) 1835, M.A. 1838; became assistant 
master of King's School, Sherborne, 1835; curate 
of Sandford Orcas, Somerset, 1838 ; perpetual 
curate of Penwerris, Cornwall, 1846 ; rector of 
St. Gerrans, Cornwall, 1861 ; vicar of Hendon, 
Middlesex, 1876. He was a member of the New- 
Testament Revision Company, received a pension 
of a hundred pounds in 1872 in recognition of 
his eminent biblical services, and is the author of 
Notes on the Authorized Version of the New Testa- 
ment, London, 1845 ; Collation of Twenty Greek 
Manuscripts of the Holy Gospel, 1853; Codex Au- 
giensis, and Fifty other Manuscripts, 1859 ;' Novum 
Testamentum Textus Slephanici, 1860, 6th ed. 1873 ; 
Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Tes- 
tament, 1861, 3d ed. much enlarged, 1883; Collation 
of the Codex Sinaiticus, 1863, 2d ed. revised, 1867; 
Bezaz Codex Cantabrigiensis, 1864 ; Six Popular 
Lectures on the Text of the New Testament, 1875 ; 
edited The Cambridge Paragraph Bible, 1873 (In- 
troduction, revised separate edition, 1884) ; Greek 
Testament, 7th ed. 1877; Greek Testament with 
Changes of New-Testament Revisers, 1881. * 

SCUDDER, Henry Martyn, M.D. (University of 
the City of New York, 1853), D.D. (Rutgers Col- 
lege, New Brunswick, N.J., 1859), Congregation- 
alist; b. at Panditeripo, Jaffna District, Island of 
Ceylon, Feb. 5, 1822 ; studied at New York Uni- 
versity and Williams College ; graduated at the 
University 1840, and at Union Theological Semi- 
nary 1843; was a foreign missionary under Ameri- 
can Board at Madras, India, 1844-51, and at Arcot, 
India, 1851-63; resigned on account of ill-health; 
was pastor of the Grand-street Reformed Church, 
Jersey City, N.J., for six months, 1864-65; of the 
Howard Presbyterian Church, San Francisco, Cal., 
1865-71 ; of the Central Congregational Church, 
Brooklyn, N.Y., 1871-82; since has been pastor 
of Plymouth Congregational Church, Chicago, 111. 

SEABURY, William Jones, D.D. (Hobart College, 
Geneva, N.Y., 1876 ; General Theological Semi- 
nary, New- York City, 1885), Episcopalian ; b. in 
New- York City, Jan. 25, 1837 ; graduated there 
at Columbia College, 1856 ; admitted to the bar, 
1858 ; graduated from General Theological Semi- 
nary, New-York City, 1866 ; rector of the Church 
of the Annunciation, New York, since 1868; in 
1873 became professor of ecclesiastical polity and 
law in the General Theological Seminary. He 
edited Dr. Samuel Seabury's Memorial, New York, 
1873, and Discourses on the Nature and Work of 
the Holy Spirit, 1874 ; and, besides occasional pam- 
phlets, has published Suggestions in Aid of Devo- 
tion and Godliness, 1878. 

SEEBERC, Reinhold, Lutheran theologian; 
b. at Pernau, Livonia, 1859 ; studied at Dorpat 
(1878-82) and at Erlangen ; became privat-docent 
of theology at Dorpat, 1884 ; etatmdssiger-docent, 
1885; since 1884, second pastor of the University 
Church. He is the author of Der Begriff der 
chrisllichen Kirche, vol. L, Erlangen, 1885; Vom 
Lebensideal (lecture), Dorpat, 1886. 



SEELEY. 



197 



SEPP. 



SEELEY, John Robert, M.A., layman; b. in 
London, Eng., in 1834; graduated at Cambridge, 
B.A. (first-class in classical tripos), 1857, and 
was senior chancellor's medallist ; became fel- 
low of Christ's College, 1858 ; a master in City of 
London School, 1861; professor of Latin, Univer- 
sity College, London, 1863 ; professor of modern 
history at Cambridge, 1869. He is the author of 
Ecce Homo, a Survey of the Life and Work of Jesus 
Christ, London, 1865, 15th ed. 1885, reprinted in 
U.S.A. ; Lectures and Essays, 1870 ; Life and Times 
of Stein, 1879, 3 vols. ; Natural Religion, 1882, 2d 
ed. 1885 ; The Expansion of England, 1883 ; A Short 
History of Napoleon the First, i886. 

SEELYE, Julius Hawley, D.D. (Union College, 
Schenectady, N.Y., 1862), LL.D. (Columbia Col- 
lege, New-York City, 1876), Congregationalist ; b. 
at Bethel, Conn., Sept. 14, 1824; graduated from 
Amherst (Mass.) College 1849, and from Auburn 
Theological Seminary (Presbyterian), N.Y., 1852 ; 
became professor of moral philosophy and meta- 
physics, Amherst College, 1858 ; member of Con- 
gress, 1875 ; president of Amherst College, 1S77. 
He is the author of a translation of Schwegler's 
History of Philosophy, New York, 1856 ; The Way, 
the Truth, and the Life, Lectures to Educated Hindus, 
Bombay and Boston, 1873; Christian Missions, New 
York, 1875 ; sermons, addresses, and reviews. * 

SECOND, Jacques Jean Louis, B.D., Lie. 
Theol., D.D. (all Strassburg, 1834, 1835, and 1836, 
respectively), Swiss Protestant theologian ; b. at 
Plainpalais, near Geneva, Oct. 4, 1810 ; d. in 
Geneva, June 18, 1885. He was educated at the 
University of Strassburg and at Bonn, where he 
studied Oriental languages under Freytag. On 
his return to Geneva he founded (1836) a society 
for the exegetical study of the New Testament, 
which lasted until 1841 ; and gave free lectures 
upon Old-Testament exegesis in the university. 
From 1840 to 1864 he was pastor at Chenes-Bou- 
geries ; from 1862 to 1864 lectured upon Old- Tes- 
tament introduction in Geneva University, where, 
from 1872 to his death, he was professor of Old- 
Testament exegesis. He made a trip through 
Palestine in 1873. His fame rests upon his transla- 
tion of the entire Bible (Old Testament, Geneva, 
1874, 2 vols. ; New Testament, 1880, many subse- 
quent editions), which he prepared at the request 
of the Venerable Company of Pastors of Geneva. 
It is a remarkably successful work. It was re- 
printed by the Oxford University Press, first 
edition fifty thousand copies. His other works 
are, Ruth, Geneva, 1834; I'Eccle'siaste, 1835; Devoce 
Scheol et notione Orci apud Hebrceos, 1835; De la 
nature de ^inspiration chez les auteurs et dans les ecrils 
du Nouveau Testament, 1836 ; Monologues (trans, 
from Schleiermacher), 1837, 2d ed. 1864; A. M. 
I'abbe de Baudry sur son dernier opuscule, 1838 ; 
Traite e'lementaire des accents he'breux, 1841, 2d ed. 
1874 ; Soirees chretiennes, 2d series 1850, 3d series 
1871 ; Geographic de la Terre Sainte, 1851 ; Cate- 
chisme, ou Manuel d'instruclion chre'tienne, 1858, 2d 
ed. 1863 ; Recks bibliques a I'usage de laje.unesse, 1862 
(twenty-four thousand copies sold); Souvenir pour 
mes anciens cate'ehumenes (four discourses), 1864; 
Chreslomathie biblique, 1864; Le prophete Esaie, 
1866 ; Les realites du saint ministere (ordination 
sermon), 1866. * 

SEISS, Joseph Augustus, D.D. (Pennsylvania 
College, Gettysburg, Penn., 1860), LL.D. (Roanoke 



College, Salem, Va., 1874), Lutheran (General 
Council) ; b. near Graceham, Md., March 18, 1823; 
was student in Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, 
1839-41, but left without graduating; theological 
study mostly private ; became pastor at Martins- 
burg and Shepherdstown, Va., 1843 ; Cumberland, 
Md., 1847; Baltimore, Md., 1852; of St. John's, 
Philadelphia, 1858 ; of Holy Communion, Phila- 
delphia, 1874. He was one of the founders of 
the General Council, and one of the committee 
which made its Church Book. He edited Prophetic 
Times, a monthly devoted to prophecy, 1863-75; 
also The Lutheran, Philadelphia, 1873-79 (was 
associate editor 1868-73 and 1879-80) ; travelled 
in Europe and the East, 1864-65. He is the 
author of Lectures on Epistle to the Hebrews, Bal- 
timore, 1846 ; Baptist System examined, 1854, 3d 
enlarged ed. Philadelphia, 1882; Digest of Chris- 
tian Doctrine, Baltimore, 1S55; Last Times, 1856, 
7th ed. Philadelphia, 1880, republished London; 
Holy Types (Gospel in Leviticus), 1860, Philadel- 
phia and London, 1875 ; Book of Forms (liturgi- 
cal), Philadelphia, 1860 ; Evangelical Psalmist, 1860, 
2d ed. 1870 ; Parable of the fen Virgins, 1862, 2d 
ed. 1873, also London; Child's Catechism, 1865, 2d 
ed. 1880 ; Ecclesia Lutherana, 1867, 2d ed. 1871 ; 
A Question in Eschatology, 1868 ; How shall ive 
Order our Worship)? 1869; Plain Words (sermons), 
1869 ; Lectures on the Apocalypse, 1870-84, 3 vols., 
also London and Basel; The Javelin, by a Lutheran, 
1871 ; Uriel, Occasional Discourses, 1874; Church 
Song (musical), 1875-81 ; Lectures on the Gospels, 

1876, 2 vols. ; A Miracle in Stone (Great Pyramid), 

1877, new ed. 1882, also London ; Recreation Songs 
(poetical), 1878; Thirty-three Practical Sermons, 
1879 ; Voices from Babylon (lectures on Daniel), 
1879, 2d ed. 1881, also London ; Blossoms of Faith 
(sermons), 1880; The Golden Altar (manual of 
private devotions), New York, 1882 ; Gospel in the 
Stars (primeval astronomy), Philadelphia, 1882, 
2d ed. 1885; Luther and the Reformation, 1883; 
Lectures on the Epistles, 1885, 2 vols. ; Right Life, 
Philadelphia, 1886 ; also numerous special sermons, 
addresses, pamphlets, review articles, etc., since 
1845. 

SELBORNE, The Right Hon. Roundell Palmer, 
Earl of, D.C.L. (Aon., Oxford, 1863); b. at Mix- 
bury, Nov. 27, 1812 ; educated at Trinity College, 
Oxford; graduated B.A. (first-class in classics) 
1834, M.A. 1837; called to the bar, 1837; became 
a queen's counsel, 1849; M.P., 1847-52, 1853-57, 
1861-72; solicitor-general, 1861; attornev-general, 
1863-66; lord chancellor of England," 1872-74, 
1880-85. He was elected lord rector of the Uni- 
versity of St. Andrew's, 1877 ; and president of 
the first house of laymen of the Church of Eng- 
land, Westminster, February, 1886. He edited 
the Book of Praise, from the Best English Hymn- 
Writers, London, 1862. 

SEMISCH, Karl Aenotheus, Protestant theolo- 
gian ; b. at Prettin, Saxony, Dec. 31, 1810; studied 
at Leipzig, 1829-32 ; became professor at Greifs- 
wald 1844, at Breslau 1855, at Berlin 1866; and 
is the author of Justin der Mdrtyrer, Breslau, 1840- 
42, 2 parts ; Die apostolischen Denkwurdigkeiten des 
Murtyrers Justinus, Hamburg, 1848 ; Julian der 
Abtrunnige, Breslau, 1862. * 

SEPP, Johann Nepomuk, Roman Catholic; b. 
at Tolz, Bavaria, Aug. 7, 1816 ; studied at Mu- 
nich ; travelled in the East, 1845-46; became 



SERVICE. 



198 



SHAFTESBURY. 



professor of history at Munich, 1846 ; deposed 
and expelled from the city 1847, for his political 
opinions; re-instated, 1850; retired, 1867. He has 
been prominent in politics. He is the author of 
Das Leben Jesu, Regensburg, 1842-46, 5 vols., 2d 
ed. 1853-62, 6 vols. ; Das Heidentkum und (lessen 
Bedeulung fur das Christenthum, 1853, 3 parts; Je- 
rusalem und das Heilige Land, Schaffhausen, 1862- 
63, 2 vols., 2d ed. 1872-74; Thaten und Lehren 
Jesu mil ihrer weltgeschichllichen Beglaubigung, 
1864; Geschichte des Apostel vom Tod Jesu bis zur 
Zestorung Jerusalems, 1865, 2d ed. 1866; Kritische 
Reformenlwilrfe beginnend mil der Revision des Bi- 
belkanons, Munich, 1870; Das Hebraer Evangel ium, 
1870 ; Deutscldand und der Vatikan, 1872 ; Gbrres 
u. seine Zeilgenossen, Nordlingen, 1877 ; Meerfahrt 
nach Tyrus zur Ausgrabung der Kalhedrale mil 
Barbarossas Grab, 1878. 

SERVICE, John, D.D. (Glasgow, 1877), Church 
of Scotland; b. at Campsie, Feb. 26, 1833; d. in 
Glasgow, March 15, 1884. He studied at the 
University of Glasgow irregularly from 1858 to 
1862, but did not take a degree ; was sub-editor 
of Mackenzie's Imperial Dictionary of Universal 
Biography, under P. E. Dove ; married in 1859 ; 
became minister at Hamilton 1862, and there 
remained for ten months, when he resigned on 
account of ill-health, and went to Melbourne, 
Australia, where he spent two years (1864-66), 
leaving it for Hobart Town, Tasmania, where he 
was minister four years (1866-70). In both these 
colonial charges he exercised a considerable influ- 
ence. In 1870 he returned home, and in 1872 was 
appointed to the parish of Inch, Wigtownshire, 
which he left in 187.9 for Hyndland Established 
Church, Glasgow, of which he was incumbent 
when he died. His first literary work of mark 
was a novel, known as Novantia when it was pub- 
lished in Good Words, and afterwards as Lady 
Helty, London, 1875, 3 vols. It is full of inter- 
esting pictures of Scotch village and rural life, in 
vivid contrast with wider colonial experiences. 
The hero is a Scotch clergyman ; and the charm 
of the book lies, not so much in its plot, as in the 
fresh views of life under the varied conditions 
which had fallen to the author's lot. His volume 
Salvation, here and hereafter: Sermons and Essays 
(1876, 4th ed. 1885) gave him at once a rbremost 
place among the leaders of what is known as the 
" Broad Church " in Scotland. Occasional maga- 
zine articles, journalistic contributions, and ser- 
mons appeared from his pen from time to time ; 
but Salvation, here and hereafter, has only been 
followed by two posthumous volumes, — Sermons 
(1884) and Prayers (1885), — in both of which there 
is the same note of vigorous unconventionalism 
of opinion, and of deep spiritual life, which has 
arrested attention in his previous volumes. His 
personal influence was one element of his power, 
and the secret of its charm is easily understood 
from his books WILLIAM JACK. 

SEWALL, John Smith, D.D. (Bowdofn College, 
Brunswick, Me., 1878), Congregationalist ; b. at 
Newcastle, Me., March 20, 1830- graduated at 
Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., 1850; was 
commander's clerk, United-States Navy, in China, 
and in Commodore Perry's expedition (1853-54), 
1850-54; graduated at Bangor (Me.) Theological 
Seminary, 1858; pastor at Wenhatn, Mass., 1859- 
67 : professor of rhetoric and oratory in Bowdoin 



College, 1867-75; and since 1875 has been pro- 
fessor of sacred rhetoric and oratory in Bangor 
Theological Seminary. He has contributed to 
various periodicals. 

SEYERLEN, Karl Rudolf, Ph.D. (Tubingen, 
1854), D.D. (lion., Jena, 1875), Protestant theolo- 
gian ; b. at Stuttgart, Nov. 18, 1831 ; studied at 
Tubingen, 1849-53; was curate at Giengen, 1854- 
55 ; student of scholastic theology and philosophy 
at Paris, 1855-56; teacher of religion in Ulm 
Gymnasium, 1857-59 ; repetent at Tubingen, 1859- 
61; diakonus at Crailsheim 1S62-69, at Tubingen 
1869-72; archdeacon there, 1872-75; became or- 
dinary professor of practical and systematic the- 
ology at Jena, 1875. In theology he belongs to 
the school of Baur, in philosophy to that of Fried- 
rich Rohmer. He is the author of Avicebron, de 
materia universal! (Fons Vitce), Ein Beitrag zur 
Geschichte der Philosophic des Mittelalters (in Baur 
and Zeller's Theologische Jahrbiicher, 1856-57) ; 
Entstehung und erste Schicksale der Chrislengemeinde 
in Rom, Tubingen, 1874 ; Ueber Bedeulung und 
Aufgabe der Predigt der Gegenwart (Antrittsrede at 
Jena), 1876 ; Der christliche Cultus im apostolischen 
Zeitalter (in Bassermann's Z eilschrift fixr praktische 
Theologie, 1881) ; Das System der praktischen The- 
ologie in seinen Grundzugen (do. 1883) ; editor of 
Johann Caspar Bluntscldi (autobiography), Nord- 
lingen, 1884, 3 vols. ; Friedrich Rohmer's Wissen- 
schaft vom Menschen, 1885, 2 vols. ; author of nu- 
merous articles upon church polity and church 
law in the Proleslantische Kirchenzeitung, Berlin, 
1880-83. 

SEYMOUR, Right Rev. George Franklin, S.T.D. 
(Racine College, Wis., 1867), LL.D. (Columbia 
College, New-York City, 1S78), Episcopalian, 
bishop of Springfield, 111. ; b. in New- York City, 
Jan. 5, 1829 ; graduated head of his class at 
Columbia College, New- York City, 1850, and from 
the General Theological Seminary, New-York City, 
1854 ; was founder and first warden of St. Stephen's 
College, Annandale, N.Y., 1855-61 ; rector of St. 
Mary's Church, Manhattanville, 1861-62 ; of Christ 
Church, Hudson, N.Y., 1862-63; of St. John's, 
Brooklyn, N. Y., 1863-67 ; professor of ecclesiasti- 
cal history in the General Theological Seminary, 
New- York City, 1865-79 ; dean of the same, 1875- 
79; consecrated first bishop of Springfield, 111., 
June 11, 1878. In 1868 he was chosen by the 
clergy of Missouri severa/ times as their bishop, 
and was elected bishop of Illinois in 1874, and 
twice bishop of Springfield in 1878 and 1879. He 
supervised the Greek text, and translated a portion 
never before rendered into English, of Fulton's 
Index Canonum, New York, 1871 ; Introduction to 
Papal Claims, 1882; many sermons, addresses, 
essays, and charges. 

SHAFTESBURY, the Right Hon. Anthony 
Ashley-Cooper, Seventh Earl of, K.C., D.C.L. 
(Oxford, 1841), Church of England, layman; b. 
in London, April 28, 1801 ; d. at Folkestone, Oct. 
1, 1885. He was educated at Christ Church, Ox- 
ford; graduated B.A. (first-class in classics) 1822, 
M.A. 1832; sat as Lord Ashley in the House of 
Commons, as member for Woodstock 1828-30, 
Dorchester 1830, Dorsetshire 1831-46, Bath 1847- 
51, when he succeeded his father in the peerage, 
and took his seat in the House of Lords. He 
supported the governments of Liverpool and Can- 
ning ; was commissioner of the board of control 



SHAW. 



199 



SHERWOOD. 



under Wellington ; was Lord of the Admiralty in 
Sir Robert Peel's administration of 1834-35, but 
declined to join it in 1841 because Peel would 
not support the Ten-hours Bill. It was not, how- 
ever, as a statesman and politician that Lord 
Shaftesbury distinguished himself, but as a leader 
in philanthropy and religion. Throughout his 
long lifetime he labored assiduously for the bene- 
fit of the working-classes, among whom he was a 
great favorite; visiting them in their homes, and 
planning measures for their relief and elevation 
by reducing their hours of labor, improving their 
workshops, factories, and lodging-houses, caring 
for their children, and guarding them against 
vice. He was a consistent opponent of slavery, 
and a firm friend of the United States during 
the late civil war. In religious affairs he was a 
pronounced Evangelical, and the leader of that 
party in the Church of England. He was called 
upon to preside at innumerable meetings in Exeter 
Hall, and elsewhere, on behalf of all sorts of enter- 
prises. His name was synonymous with every 
virtue, and a household word in Great Britain. 
He was president of many religious and philan- 
thropic societies. Among them may be mentioned, 
The Church Pastoral Aid Society, The Surgical 
Aid Society, Field Lane Refuges and Ragged 
Schools for the Destitute and Homeless Poor, 
Ragged-school Union, The Victoria Institute, 
Society for the Conversion of the Jews, Society 
for the Relief of Persecuted Jews, The British 
and Foreign Bible Society. His funeral was held 
on Thursday, Oct. 8, in Westminster Abbey, and 
was attended by enormous crowds. Thousands 
stood outside in the drenching rain, unable to 
enter. Delegations came from the different socie- 
ties which owed to him their prosperity, if not 
their existence. Noticeable among them was that 
of the Shoe-black Brigade. Upon his coffin the 
wreath from the Crown Princess of Germany lay 
side by side with one from the poor flower-girls 
of London. He was buried at the family seat of 
St. Giles, Dorsetshire. * 

SHAW, William Isaac, Methodist; b. at Kings- 
ton, Can., April 6, 1841; graduated at Victoria 
University, Cobourg, Can., A.B. 1861, LL.B. 1864, 
at McGill University, Montreal, M.A. 1880; en- 
tered the ministry of the Wesleyan Methodist 
Church of Canada 1864, and after thirteen years' 
pastoral work became (1877) professor of exege- 
sis and church history in the Wesleyan Theolo- 
gical College, Montreal. He is the author of 
Discussion on Retribution, Toronto, 1884 ; and 
various contributions to reviews. 

SHEDD, William Greenough Thayer, D.D. 
(University of Vermont, Burlington, 1857), LL.D. 
(University of the City of New York, 1876), Pres- 
byterian ; b. at Acton, Mass., June 21, 1820; 
graduated at the University of Vermont, Burling- 
ton, 1839, and at Andover Theological Seminary 
1843 ; became Congregational pastor at Brandon, 
Vt., 1844; professor of English literature, Uni- 
versity of Vermont, 1845 ; of sacred rhetoric in 
Auburn Presbyterian Theological Seminary, 1852; 
of ecclesiastical history in Andover Congregational 
Theological Seminary, 1853; co-pastor of the Brick 
(Presbyterian) Church, New- York City, 1862 ; but 
since 1863 has been professor in Union Theologi- 
cal Seminary, New- York City, of biblical litera- 
ture until 1874, and since of systematic theology. 



He translated from the German of Theremin, 
Eloquence a Virtue, New York, 1850, 2d ed. An- 
dover, 1859 ; and Guericke's Manual of Church 
History, Andover, 1860-70, 2 vols.; and has written 
A History of Christian Doctrine, New York. and 
Edinburgh,1865, 2 vols., Sth ed. 1884; Homiletics 
and Pastoral Theology, 1867, 8th ed. 1884; Ser- 
mons to the Natural Man, 1871, 3d ed. 1884; Theo- 
logical Essays, 1877 ; Literary Essays, 1878 ; Com- 
mentary on Romans, 1879; Sermons to the Spiritual 
Man, 1884; The Doctrine of Endless Punishment, 
1S86. 

SHELDON, Henry Clay, Methodist; b. at Mar- 
tinsburg, N.Y., March 12, 1845; graduated at 
Yale College, New Haven, Conn., 1867, and at the 
Theological School of Boston University, Mass., 
1871 ; studied at Leipzig, 1874-75; since 1875 has 
been pi'ofessor of historical theology in Boston 
University. He is anti-Romish, but not anti- 
Catholic, with a leaning to evangelical Arminian- 
ism, as opposed both to strict Calvinism and to 
Liberalism. He is the author of History of Chris- 
tian Doctrine, New York, 1886, 2 vols. 

SHEPHERD, Thomas James, D.D. (Columbian 
College, now Columbian University, Washington, 
D.C., 1865), Presbyterian; b. in the vicinity of 
Berryville, Clarke County, Va., April 25, 1818; 
graduated at Columbian College, Washington, 
D.C., 1839, and at the Union Theological Semi- 
nary, New-York City, 1S43; was pastor of the 
Harmony Presbyterian Church, Lisbon, Md., 1843- 
52; of the First Presbyterian Church, Northern 
Liberties, Philadelphia, Penn., 1852-81, since pas- 
tor emeritus. He was associate editor of the Ameri- 
can Presbyterian (new school newspaper), Phila- 
delphia, 1856-61. He is the author of History of 
First Presbyterian Church, Northern Liberties, Phila- 
delphia, Philadelphia, 1864, new ed. (supplemented 
by an account of his pastorate) 1881 ; Social Hymn 
and Tune Book, 1865 ; Westminster Bible Diction- 
ary, 1880, 2d ed. 1885. 

SHERATON, James Paterson, D.D. (Queen's 
University, Ontario, Can., 1882), Episcopal Church 
in Canada; b. at St. John, N.B., Nov. 29, 1841 ; 
graduated at the University of New Brunswick, 
B.A. (with honors, gold medallist) 1862; studied 
theology in the University of King's College, 
Windsor, N.S., privately with the bishop of Fred- 
ericton ; was ordained deacon 1864, priest 1865 ; 
became rector of Shediac, N.B., 1865 ; of Pictou, 
N.S., 1874; principal and professor of exegetical 
and systematic theology in Wycliffe College, To- 
ronto, 1877. He became a member of the senate 
of the University of Toronto in 1885. He was 
editor of The Evangelical Churchman from 1877- 
82, since 1882 principal editorial contributor. He 
is the author of numerous essays on education, 
the church, the ministry, Christian unity, etc. 

SHERWOOD, James Manning, Presbyterian; 
b. at Fishkill, N.Y., Sept. 29, 1814; educated 
mainly through private tutors ; studied theology 
under Rev. George Armstrong at Fishkill, N.Y. ; 
was pastor at New Windsor on the Hudson, N.Y., 
1835-40; Mendon, N.Y., 1840-45; Bloomfield, 
N.J., 1852-58; editor of National Preacher and 
Biblical Repository, New York, 1846-51 ; Eclectic 
Magazine, 1864-71 ; founder and editor of Hours 
at Home (monthly), 1865-69 ; editor Presbyterian 
Review, 1863-71 ; Presbyterian Quarterly and Prince- 
ton Review, 1877-78 ; Homiletic Review, since Sep- 



SHIELDS. 



200 



SIEFFERT. 



tember, 1883. During his thirty years of editorial 
life he has been extensively engaged as a " reader " 
of manuscripts for publishing-houses, and has criti- 
cally noticed for the press several thousand vol- 
umes, chiefly in the reviews of the country. He 
is the author of Plea for the Old Foundations, New 
York, 1856 ; The Lamb in the midst of the Throne, 
or the History of the Cross, 1883, 2d ed. 1884 ; editor 
of Memoirs, and two volumes of Sermons of Rev. 
Ichabod Spencer, D.D., 1855; Brainerd's Memoirs, 
with new preface, notes, and lengthy introduction 
on his life and character, 1884. He has in press, 
1S86, a book entitled Books and Authors, and how 
to use them. 

SHIELDS, Charles Woodruff, D.D. (College of 
New Jersey, Princeton, 1861), LL.D. (Columbian 
University, Washington, D.C., 1877), Presbyterian; 
b. at New Albany, Ind., April 4, 1825; graduated 
at the College of New Jersey, Princeton, 1844, 
and at Princeton Theological Seminary, N.J., 
1847 ; became pastor at Hempstead, Long Island, 
N.Y., 1849 ; of Second Church, Philadelphia, 
Penn., 1850; professor of harmony of science and 
revealed religion in the College of New Jersey, 
Princeton, 1866 (he projected the first such col- 
lege professorship). His theological standpoint 
is Presbyterian, but (1) advocating the restora- 
tion of the Presbyterian Prayer Book of 1661 for 
optional use by any ministers or congregations 
which desire a liturgy ; and (2) also advocating 
church unity on a liturgical basis, with the hope 
of an ultimate organic re-union of Presbyterian- 
ism with Congregationalism and Episcopacy in 
the American Protestant Catholic Church of the 
future. He has published Philosophia ultima, Phila- 
delphia, 1861 ; The Book of Common Prayer as 
amended by the Presbyterian Divines of 1661, 1864, 
2d ed. New York, 1883 ; Liturgia expurgata, Phila- 
delphia, 1864, 3d ed. New York, 1884 ; The Final 
Philosophy as issuing from the Harmony of Science 
and Religion, New York, 1877, 2d ed. 1879 ; Order 
of the Sciences, 1884. 

SHIPP, Albert Micajah, D.D. (Randolph-Macon 
College, Ashland, Va., 1859), LL.D. (University 
of North Carolina, 1883), Southern Methodist; b. 
iu Stokes County, N.C., Jan 15, 1819; graduated 
at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 
1840; entered the ministry; became president of 
Greenborough Female College, N.C., 1847 ; pro- 
fessor of history and French in University of 
North Carolina, 1849 ; president of Wofford Col- 
lege, Spartanburg Court-House, S.C., 1859; pro- 
fessor of exegetical and biblical theology in Van- 
derbilt University, Nashville, Tenn., 1874 ; and 
dean of the theological faculty, and vice-chancellor 
of the university, 1882. He originated the policy 
of biblical chairs for teaching the Bible to the 
whole body of students in all Methodist institu- 
tions of learning, and was one of the first advo- 
cates of biblical institutes for the proper education 
of preachers for the Methodist-Episcopal Church 
South. He wrote The History of Methodism in South 
Carolina, Nashville, Tenn., 1882, 2d ed. 1884. 

SHONE, Right Rev. Samuel, lord bishop of 
Kilmore, Elphin, and Ardagh, Church of Ireland; 
b. in Ireland about the year 1822 ; educated at 
Trinity College, Dublin; graduated B.A. and di- 
vinity testimonium (second-class) 1843, M.A. 1857; 
ordained deacon 1843, priest 1844 ; became curate 
of Rathlin Island, County Antrim, 1843; of St. 



John's, Sligo, County Sligo, 1846; incumbent of 
Calry, County Sligo, 1856; rector of Urney and 
Annegelliff, County Cavan, 1866; bishop, 1884. * 

SHORE, Thomas Teignmouth, F. R. G. S., 
Church of England; b. in Dublin, Ireland, Dec. 
28, 1841; graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, 
B.A. 1861, divinity honors 1863, M.A. (Oxford) 
1865; became curate at Chelsea 1865, and at 
Kensington 1867 ; vicar of St. Mildred's, Lee, 
1870; incumbent of Berkeley Chapel, Mayfair, 
London, 1873. He was honorary chaplain to the 
Queen from 1878 to 1881, and since has been 
chaplain in ordinary. He was the religious in- 
structor of the three daughters of the Prince of 
Wales, and prepared them for confirmation. [He 
is a noted preacher to children.] He is a moderate 
High Churchman. He is the author of Some Diffi- 
culties of Belief, London, 1878, 8th ed. 1884; The 
Life of the World to come, and other Subjects, 1S79, 
4th ed. 1883 ; The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 
1870, 5th ed. 1885 (in Bishop Ellicott's commen- 
tary) ; u St. George for England," and other Ser- 
mons preached to Children, 1882, 5th ed. 1885: and 
Shortened Church Services as used at Children's Ser- 
vices, 1883, 2d ed. 1885; Prayer (a Helpful Manual 
for Believers), 1886; since 1886 editor of Helps to 
Belief (a, series). 

SHORT, Charles, A.M. (Harvard College, Cam- 
bridge, Mass., 1849), LL.D. (Kenyon College, 
Gambier, O., 1868), Episcopalian, layman; b. at 
Haverhill, Mass., May 28, 1821 ; graduated at 
Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., 1846 ; taught 
classical schools in Roxbury, Mass., and Philadel- 
phia ; was president of Kenyon College, Gambier, 
O., and professor of intellectual and moral phi- 
losophy, 1863-67 ; and since 1868 has been pro- 
fessor of Latin in Columbia College, New- York 
City. He is a director of the American Oriental 
Society, and was a member of the New-Testament 
Revision Company. He has made numerous con- 
tributions of a critical character to reviews and 
other periodicals, including a series of elaborate 
articles in The American Journal of Philology on 
the revision of St. Matthew's Gospel ; and the essay 
"on the order of words in Attic-Greek prose" 
prefixed to the American edition of C. D. Yonge's 
English-Greek Lexicon, New York. With Dr. 
C. T. Lewis he edited and enlarged E. A. An- 
drews- Freund's Latin Dictionary, 1879. 

SHUEY, William John, D.D. (Hartsville Uni- 
versity, Ind., 1880, but declined), United Brethren 
in Christ; b. at Miamisburg, O., Feb. 9, 1827; 
educated in the common schools and at the acad- 
emy, Springfield, O. ; was pastor at Lewisburg, 
O., 1849-51, Cincinnati 1851-55; missionary to 
the West Coast of Africa, between Liberia and 
Sierra Leone, 1855 ; pastor at Cincinnati, O., 1855- 
58; Dayton, O., 1860-62; presiding elder, 1862-64; 
became general manager of the United Brethren 
in Christ Publishing House at Dayton, O., 1864. 
He has been a member of the United Brethren 
Board of Missions since 1861, and member of six 
General Conferences. 

SIEFFERT, Friedrich Anton Emil, Protestant 
Reformed theologian ; b. at Konigsberg, Prussia, 
Dec. 24, 1843; studied at Konigsberg, Halle, and 
Berlin ; became privat-docent at Bonn 1871, and 
professor extraordinary 1873; ordinary professor 
at Erlangen (Reformed theology), 1878. He is 
the author of Nonnulla ad apocryph. libri Henochi 



SIEGFRIED. 



201 



SLOANE. 



originem, etc., perlinentia, 1867; Galatien und seine 
ersten Christengemeinden, 1871 ; and of Friedrich 
Ludwig Sieffert, 1881 ; and editor of the sixth and 
seventh editions of Meyer's commentary on Gala- 
tians, Gottingen, 1880 and 1886. He is a Ph.D. 
and Lie. Theol. 

SIEGFRIED, Carl (Gustav Adolf), Ph.D. (Halle, 
1859), D.D. {hon., Jena, 1875), Protestant theolo- 
gian ; b. at Magdeburg, Jan. 22, 1830 ; studied 
philology and theology at Halle and Bonn, 1849- 
53 ; became teacher in gymnasium at Magdeburg 
1857, and at Guben 1860; professor and second 
minister at Pforta, 1865; ordinary professor of 
theology at Jena, 1875; appointed ecclesiastical 
councillor, 1885. He is a Knight of the Red Eagle, 
fourth class. He is the author of De inscriptione 
Gerbitana (Program), Magdeburg, 1863 ; Die he- 
braischen Worterklarungen des Philo und die Spuren 
ihrer Einwirkung auf die Kirchenvdter, 1863 ; Spi- 
noza ah Kritiker und Ausleger des Allen Testaments, 
Berlin, 1867; Philo von Alexandrien als Ausleger 
des A. T., Jena, 1875; (with H. Gelzer) Eusebii 
canonum epitome ex Dionysii Telmaharensis Clironico 
petita (translated and annotated his Latin transla- 
tion of the Syriac), Leipzig, 1884; (with H. L. 
Strack) Lehrbuch der neuhebraischen Sprache und 
Lilteratur (wrote the grammar of the new Hebrew), 
Carlsruhe, 1884 ; since 1881 has furnished the Old- 
Testament division in the TheologischerJahresbericht 
(Punjer's, now edited by Lipsius), and has written 
numerous articles upon Old-Testament subjects. 

SIMON, David Worthington, Ph.D. (Tubing- 
en, 1863), Congregation alist; b. at Hazelgrove, 
Cheshire, Eng., April 28, 1830; educated in the 
Lancashire Independent College, Manchester, 
1848-54, and at Halle, Germany, 1854-55 and 
1857-58; was pastor at Royston, Hertfordshire, 
for nine months of 1856; travelled on the Conti- 
nent, 1857 ; "was pastor at Rusholme, Manchester, 
1858 ; returned to Germany for study, 1859 ; was 
agent of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 
1863-69 ; professor of general theology and phi- 
losophy at Springfield College, Birmingham, 1869- 
84 ; since 1884 principal and professor of system- 
atic theology and church history in Congregation- 
al Theological Hall, Edinburgh. He translated 
Hengstenberg's Commentary on Ecclesiastes, Edin- 
burgh, 1860 ; (with W. L. Alexander) Dorner's 
History of the Development of the Doctrine of the 
Person of Christ, Edinburgh, 1861-63, 5 vols., etc.; 
and is the author of The Bible an Outgrowth of 
Theocratic Life, Edinburgh, 1885, and articles in 
British Quarterly Review, Biblioiheca Sacra, Expos- 
itor, and other publications. 

SIMPSON, Matthew, D.D., LL.D., bishop of 
the Methodist-Episcopal Church ; b. at Cadiz, O., 
June 21, 1811 ; d. in Philadelphia, Penn., June 
17, 1884. He was educated at Madison College 
(subsequently merged into Alleghany College, 
Meadville, Penn.), where he was tutor in 1829. 
He then studied medicine, and commenced its 
practice in 1833, but abandoned it in 1835, when 
he was ordained deacon by the Pittsburg Confer- 
ence of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and in 
1837 elder. He was vice-president and professor 
of natural science in Alleghany College, 1837-39; 
president of Indiana Asbury University, Green- 
castle, Ind., 1839-48; editor of The Western Chris- 
tian Advocate, Cincinnati, O., 1848-52; bishop, 
1852 till death. He was delegate of the General 



Conference to the Irish and British Conference 
1S57, and to the Evangelical Alliance Conference, 
Berlin, the same year ; and during this year and 
next travelled over Europe and the East. He 
visited Europe again officially in 1870, 1875, and 
.1881. He changed his residence in 1859 from 
Pittsburg, Penn., to Evanston, 111., and was presi- 
dent of the Garrett Biblical Institute in the latter 
place. He visited Mexico in 1874. As bishop 
he held conferences in all the States and in most 
of the Territories. He was the acknowledged 
prince of Methodist preachers. By his eloquent 
addresses he did good service to the Union cause 
during the Civil War. He enjoyed the personal 
friendship of President Lincoln. He was the 
author of Hundred Years of Methodism, New York, 
1876 ; Cyclopaedia of Methodism, Philadelphia, 1878, 
5th rev. ed. 1882 ; Lectures on Preaching, New York, 
1879 ; Sermons (posthumous, ed. by Rev. Dr. G. R. 
Crooks, 1885). 

SINKER, Robert, Church of England; b. in 
Liverpool, July 17, 1838; graduated at Trinity Col- 
lege, Cambridge, B.A. (wrangler and second-class 
classical tripos), 1862 ; first-class theological tripos, 
Scholefield prizeman, and Crosse scholar, 1863 ; 
Tyrwhitt Hebrew scholar and Hulsean prizeman, 
1864; M.A., 1865; Norrisian prizeman, 1868; 
B.D., 1880; chaplain of Trinity College, 1865; 
librarian, 1871. He edited Testamenta xii. Patri- 
archarum (Cambridge and Oxford MSS.), Camb., 
1869, Appendix (collation of Roman and Patmos 
manuscripts), 1879; Catalogue of Fifteenth- Century 
Books in Library of Trinity College, 1876 ; Pearson 
on the Creed, 1881 ; Catalogue of English Books 
printed before 1601 in Library of Trinity College, 
1885 ; and, besides numerous articles in Smith 
and Cheetham's Dictionary of Christian Antiquities, 
has published The Characteristic Differences between 
the Books of the New Testament and the Immediately 
Preceding Jewish and the Immediately Succeeding 
Christian Literature, considered' as an Evidence of 
the Divine Authority of the New Testament, 1865; 
and the translation of the " Testaments of the 
Twelve Patriarchs," in Clark's Ante-Nicene Li- 
brary, 1872. 

SKINNER, Thomas Harvey, D.D. (College of 
New Jersey, Princeton, 1867), Presbyterian; b. 
in Philadelphia, Penn., Oct. 6,1820; graduated 
at the University of the City of New York, 1840, 
and Union Theological Seminary, 1843 ; was (Pres- 
byterian) pastor at Patterson, N.J., 1843-46; New- 
York City, 1846-55; Honesdale, Penn., 1856-59; 
(Reformed) Stapleton, Staten Island, N.Y., 1859- 
68; (Presbyterian) Fort Wayne, Ind., 1868-71; 
Cincinnati, O., 1871-81; has been professor of 
didactic and polemic theology, North-western (now 
McCormick) Theological Seminary, Chicago, 111., 
since 1881. 

SLOANE, James Renwick Wilson, D.D. (West- 
minster College, New Wilmington, Penn., 1869), 
Reformed Presbyterian ; b. at Topsham, Orange 
County, Vt., May 29, 1833; d. at Allegheny, Sat- 
urday, March 6, 1886. He graduated at Jefferson 
College, Canonsburg, Penn., 1847; was president 
of Richmond College, Richmond, Jefferson County, 
O., 1848-50, of Geneva College, Geneva, O., 1851- 
56 ; pastor in New- York City, 1856-68 ; and since 
was professor of systematic theology and homi- 
letics in Allegheny Theological Seminary, Penn. 
He published various sermons, etc. 



SMBND. 



202 



SMITH. 



SMEND, Rudolf, Ph.D. (Bonn, 1874), Lie. 
Theol. (Halle, 1875), D.D. (Giessen, 1885), Swiss 
theologian ; b.at Lengerich, Westphalia, Germany, 
Nov. 5, 1851 ; educated at Gottingen, Berlin, and 
Bonn; became prival-docent of theology at Halle, 
1875; professor extraordinary at Basel, 1880; or- 
dinary professor of theology there, 1881. He is 
the author of Der Prophet Ezechiel erklart, Leipzig, 
1880. 

SMITH, Benjamin Mosby, D.D., LL.D. (Hamp- 
den-Sidney College, Prince Edward County, Va., 
1854 and 1880, respectively), Presbyterian (South- 
ern Church) ; b at Montrose, Powhatan County, 
Va., June 30, 1811 ; graduated at Hampden-Sidney 
College, Prince Edward County, Va., 1829, and at 
the Union Theological Seminary, Va., 1834; tutor 
there, 1834-36; pastor at Danville, Va., 1838-40; 
at Tinkling Spring and Waynesborough, 1840- 
45 ; and at Staunton, 1845-54 ; and ever since has 
been professor of Oriental and biblical literature 
in Union Seminary. From 1858 to 1874 he was 
with Dr. Dabney pastor of the Hampden-Sidney 
College Church. Since 1842 he has been trustee 
of Washington College (now Washington and Lee 
University). He has published A Commentary on 
the Psalms and Proverbs, Glasgow, Scotland, 1859, 
3d ed. Knoxville, Term., 1883; Family Religion, 
Philadelphia, 1859 ; Questions on the Gospels, Rich- 
mond, vol. ]., 1868; and articles in Southern Pres- 
byterian Review. 

SMITH, Charles Strong, Congregationalist ; b. 
at Hardwick, Vt-, July 24, 1824 ; graduated at 
the University of Vermont, at Burlington, 1848; 
taught academy at Craftsbury, Vt., 1848-50; 
studied for a year (1851) at Andover Theological 
Seminary, Mass., but completed the course at East 
Windsor (now Hartford) Theological Institute, 
Conn., and graduated 1853; was pastor at New 
Preston, Conn., 1853-55; North Walton, N.Y., 
1855-57 ; out of health five years ; represented 
the town of Hardwick, Vt., in State legislature in 
1863; since 1863 has been secretary of the Ver- 
mont Domestic Missionary Society, and written 
the annual reports; was associate editor of Vermont 
Chronicle, Montpelier (denominational weekly), 
1875-77 ; since 1885 editor. He is the author of 
an essay, Systematic Beneficence, Montpelier, Vt., 
1877. 

SMITH, Charles William, Methodist; b. in 
Fayette County, Penn., Jan. 30, 1840; entered 
the ministry of the Methodist-Episcopal Church, 
1859 ; was pastor until 1880 ; presiding elder, 
1880-84 ; since May, 1884, has been editor of The 
Pittsburg Christian Advocate, Penn. In the autumn 
of 1864 he served one term in the Christian Com- 
mission in the Army of the Potomac. 

SMITH, George Vance, Ph.D. (Tubingen, 1858), 
D.D. (Jena, 1873), Unitarian ; b. at Portarlington, 
Ireland, June 13, 1816 ; educated in Manchester 
New College, Yoi-k and Manchester, 1836-41 ; 
graduated B.A. at London University, 1841; was 
minister at Bradford, Yorkshire, 1841-43, Maccles- 
field, 1843-46 ; theological tutor in Manchester 
New College, Manchester and London, 1846-57 ; 
minister at York, 1S5S-75; at the Upper Chapel, 
Sheffield, 1875-76 ; since 1876 has been principal 
of Carmarthen Presbyterian College, Wales. He 
was one of the New Testament revisers from the 
formation of the committee in 1870. He is a 
Liberal Christian, unfettered by subscription to 



theological creeds. He is the author of The Proph' 
ecies relating to Nineveh and the Assyrians, from the 
Hebrew, with Introductions and Commentary, London, 
1857; The Bible and Popular Theology, in Reply to 
Mr. Gladstone, Dr. Liddon, etc., 1871, 3d ed. 1871; 
The Spirit and the Word of Christ, and their Perma- 
nent Lessons, 1875 ; The Prophets and their Interpre- 
ters, 1878 ; Texts and Margins of the Revised New 
Testament, 1881 ; joint author of The Holy Scriptures 
of the Old Covenant, a Revised Translation from the 
Hebrew, 1865, 3 vols. ; has written many minor 
publications (sermons, lectures, tracts, etc.). 

SMITH, Henry Preserved, D.D. (Maryville Col- 
lege, Tenn., 1883), Presbyterian; b. at Troy, O., 
Oct. 23, 1847 ; graduated at Amherst College, 
Mass., 1S69, and at Lane Theological Seminary, 
Cincinnati, O., 1872; was student at Berlin (1873- 
74) and Leipzig (1876-77) ; instructor in Lane 
Theological Seminary, 1874-76; and since 1877 
has been professor of Hebrew and Old Testament 
exegesis there. 

SMITH, Judson, D.D. (Amherst College, Mass., 
1877), Congregationalist; b. at Middlefield, Hamp- 
shire County, Mass., June 28, 1837; graduated at 
Amherst College, Amherst, Mass., 1859; and at 
the Oberlin Theological Seminary, Oberlin, O., 
1863 ; was tutor in Latin and Greek in Oberlin 
College, O., 1862-64 ; instructor in mathematics 
and metaphysics, Williston Seminary, Easthamp- 
ton, Mass. (where he had fitted for college), 1864- 
66 ; profes'sor of the Latin language and literature, 
Oberlin College, 1866-70 ; professor of ecclesias- 
tical history and positive institutions, and dean of 
the faculty, Oberlin Theological Seminary, 1870- 
84 ; lecturer on modern history, Oberlin College, 
1875-84 ; lecturer on history, Lake Erie Female 
Seminary, Painesville, O., 1879-84 ; acting pastor 
Second Congregational Church, Oberlin, O., 1874- 
75, 1882-84 ; editor of Bibliotheca Sacra, Oberlin, 
O., 1883-84; since associate editor; foreign sec- 
retary A.B.C.F.M., Boston, Mass., since 1884. He 
was president of the board of education, Oberlin, 
O., 1871-84. His theological standpoint is that 
of New-England theology ; holds fast to the his- 
toric faith of Christendom, with hospitality to all 
new light that breaks forth from the Word of 
God. He is the author of Lectures in Church His- 
tory and the History of Doctrine, from the beginning 
of the Christian Era to 1648, Oberlin, O., 1S81 ; 
Lectures on Modern History, 1881 (both privately 
printed) ; articles in Bibliotheca Sacra, New Eng- 
lander, and religious journals, etc. 

SMITH, Justin Almerin, D.D. (Shurtleff College, 
Upper Alton, 111., 1858), Baptist; b. at Ticonde- 
roga, N.Y., Dec. 29, 1819; graduated at Union 
College, Schenectady, N.Y., 1843 ; became pastor 
at North Bennington, Vt., 1844; at Rochester, 
N.Y., 1849 ; editor of The Christian Times, now 
The Standard, Chicago, 111., since 1853. From 
1863 to 1868 he was pastor of the Indiana Avenue 
Baptist Church ; was from 1877 to 1885 lecturer 
in Baptist Union Theological Seminary, Morgan 
Park, Chicago, of which institution he has been a 
trustee from its foundation. He was present at 
the opening of the Vatican Council, Dec. 8, 1869, 
and for some time afterwards. He is the author 
of Memoir of Nathaniel Colver, D.D., Chicago, 1873; 
Palmos, or the Kingdom and the Patience, 1874 ; 
Memoir of Rev. John Bates, Toronto, 1877; A Com- 
mentary on the Revelation, Philadelphia, 1884; The 



SMITH. 



20:3 



SMYTH. 



New Age, or Studies in Modern Church History, 
Chicago, 1886. 

SMITH, Lucius Edwin, D.D. (Williams Col- 
lege, AVilliamstown, Mass., 1869), Baptist; b. at 
Williamstown, Mass., Jan. 29, 1822; graduated 
at Williams College, in his native town, 1843, 
and at Newton Theological Institution, Mass., 
1857 ; was admitted to the bar, 1845 ; associate 
editor Hartford (Conn.) Daily Courant, 1847-48 ; 
editor Free-soil Advocate, Hartford, Conn., 1848; 
associate editor Boston Republican, 1849 ; was as- 
sistant Secretary 1 f the American Baptist Mis- 
sionary Union, editing the Baptist Missionary 
Magazine 1849-54 ; pastor at Groton, Mass., 1858- 
65; professor of rhetoric and pastoral theology, 
University of Lewisburg, Penn., 1865-68; editor 
of The Baptist Quarterly, New York, 1S67-69 ; 
literary editor of the New York Examiner, 1868- 
76 : editor of The Watchman, Boston, Mass., 1877- 
81, and since associate editor. He is the author 
of Heroes and Martyrs of Modern Missionary En- 
terprise, with an Historical Review of Earlier Mis- 
sions, Boston, 1852 (some 10,000 copies sold) ; 
articles in Baptist Quarterly, Baptist Quarterb/ Re- 
view, Knickerbocker Magazine (1845-49), North- 
American Review (1860), Bibhotheca Sacra (1880), 
McClintock and Strong's Cyclopaedia, Encyclopae- 
dia Americana (Philadelphia, 1886), etc. 

SMITH, Matson Meier, S.T.D. (Columbia Col- 
lege, New- York City, 1863), Episcopalian -, b. in 
New- York City, April 4, 1826 ; graduated from 
Columbia College, 1843, and from Union Theo- 
logical Seminary, New- York City, 1847 ; pastor 
(Congregational) at Brookline, Mass., 1851-58 ; at 
Bridgeport, Conn., 1858-65; rector (Episcopal) at 
Newark, N.J., 1866-71, and at Hartford, Conn., 
1872-76, has been since 1876 professor of homi- 
letics and pastoral theology in the divinity school 
of the Protestant-Episcopal Church, Philadelphia, 
Penn. He contributed many sermons during our 
civil wax, and articles to the religious journals. 

SMITH, Robert Payne. — See Payne-Smith, 
Robert. 

SMITH, Samuel Francis, D.D. (Waterville Col- 
lege, now Colby University, Waterville, Me., 1S54), 
Baptist; b. in Boston, Mass., Oct. 21, 1808; edu- 
cated at Boston Latin School, 1820-25; graduated 
at Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., 1829, 
and at Andover Theological Seminary, Mass., 
1832; was pastor of the First Baptist Church, 
Waterville, Me., 1834-42, and during the same 
period professor of modern languages in Water- 
ville College; pastor of First Baptist Church, 
Newton, Mass., January, 1842, to July 1, 1854 ; 
editor of The Christian Review, Boston, January, 
1842-48, and of the publications of the Ameri- 
can Baptist Missionary Union, 1854-69. He 
spent a year in Europe, from July, 1875, to July, 
1876 ; also over two years in Europe and Asia, 
visiting missionary stations of various denomi- 
nations, from September, 1880, to October, 1882. 
He resides at Newton Centre, Mass. He is the | 
author of the national hymn, My country, 'tis of ! 
thee (written at Andover, Mass., in February, 
1832, while a student in the theological sem- 
inary), and the missionary hymn, The morning 
light is breaking (in same year and place), and 
many others. Most of the pieces included in 
Lowell Mason's Juvenile Lyre (Boston, 1832), 
the first book of children's music, were his trans- 



lations from the German ; about one entire vol- 
ume of the Encyclopaedia Americana, edited by 
Francis Lieber (Philadelphia, 1828-32, 13 vols.), 
is composed of his translations from the German 
Conversations-Lexicon of Brockhaus. He was ed- 
itor of Lyric Gems (selections of poetry, with sev- 
eral original pieces), Boston, 1843 ; The Psalmist 
(chiefly his work, with twenty-seven of his hymns , 
the hymn-book of the Baptist Churches of the 
United States for thirty years), 1843; Rock of 
Ages (selections of poetry, with several original 
pieces), 1866, new ed. 1877; several volumes for 
D. Lothrop & Co., Boston ; etc.; author of Life of 
Rev. Joseph Grafton, 1848 ; Missionary Sketches, 
1879, last ed. 1883; History of Newton, Mass., 
1880; Rambles in Mission fields, 1884; contribu- 
tions to many periodicals. See America: our 
National Hymn, Boston [1880]. 

SMITH, William, LL.D., D.C.L. (Oxford, 1870), 
layman, Church of England; b. in London, 1813; 
graduated at London University, in which from 
1853 to 1869 he was classical examiner, and since 
has been a member of the senate, and since 1S67 
editor of The Quarterly Preview. He is famous for 
his dictionaries of biblical and classical literature, 
upon which he secured the labor of many eminent 
and learned men, and for his Greek and Latin 
text-books. The following are his principal edi- 
torial labors : Dictionary of Greek and Roman An- 
tiquities, London, 1840-42 ; Dictionary 0/ Greek and 
Roman Biography and Mythology, 1843-49 ; Dic- 
tionary of Greek and Roman Geography, 1852-57 ; 
Dictionary of the Bible, 1860-63, 3 vols (American 
ed. by Hackett and Abbot, Boston, 1869-70, 4 
vols.) ; Atlas of Biblical and Classical Geography, 
1875 (with George Grove) ; Dictionary of Christian 
Antiquities, 1875-80, 2 vols, (with Professor Cheet- 
ham) ; Dictionary of Christian Biography, 1877-86, 
4 vols, (with Dr. Wace) : the last two comprise 
only the first eight centuries. 

SMITH, William Robertson, LL.D. (Aberdeen, 
1882), Free Church of Scotland ; b. at Keig, Aber- 
deenshire, Nov. 8, 1846 ; educated at Aberdeen 
University (M.A., 1865), New College Edinburgh, 
and at Bonn and Gdttingen ; was assistant to the 
chair of physics at Edinburgh, 1868-70 ; professor 
of Hebrew in the Free-church College, Aberdeen, 
1870-81, when he was removed by the General 
Assembly on account of his alleged heretical 
teaching ; and has been since associate editor of 
the ninth edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 
and was (1883-86) Lord Almoner's professor of 
Arabic at Cambridge ; since 1886, librarian to the 
university. He is the author of The Old Testa- 
ment in the Jewish Church, London, 1881 ; The 
Prophets of Israel, and their Place in History to the 
Close of the Eighth Century B.C., 1882 (both re- 
printed, N.Y.) ; Kinship and Marriage in Early 
Arabia, 1885. * 

SMYTH, Egbert Coffin, D.D.(Bowdoin College, 
Brunswick, Me., 1866), Congregationalist ; b. at 
Brunswick, Me., Aug. 24, 1829 ; graduated at 
Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., 1848, and Ban- 
gor (Me.) Theological Seminary, 1853 ; became 
professor of rhetoric at Bowdoin College, 1856 ; 
of ecclesiastical history in Andover Theological 
Seminary, 1863 ; and has also been president of 
the faculty since 1878. Besides Value of the Study 
of Church History in Ministerial Education (lecture), 
Andover, 1874, pamphlet sermons, etc., he has 



SMYTH. 



204 



SPALDING. 



since its foundation (1884) edited the Andover 
Review, and with Professor Ropes has published 
a translation of Uhlhorn's Conflict of Christianity 
with Heathenism, New York, 1879. * 

SMYTH, (Samuel Phillips) Newman, D.D. (Uni- 
versity of the City of New York, 1881), Congre- 
gationalist ; b. at Brunswick, Me., June 25, 1843; 
graduated at Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., 
1863, and at Andover Theological Seminary, 
Mass., 1867 ; was acting pastor of Harrison-street 
Chapel (now Pilgrim Church), Providence, R.I., 
1S68; in Europe, 1868-69; pastor of the First 
Church, Bangor, Me., 1870-75 ; of the First Pres- 
byterian Church, Quincy, 111., 1876-82; since of 
the First Congregational Church, New Haven, 
Conn. He is the author of The Religious Feeling : 
a Study for Faith, New York, 1877; Old Faiths in 
New Liqht, 1879; The Orthodox Theology of To-day, 
1881 ; The Reality of Faith (sermons), 1884. * 

SOUTHGATE, Right Rev. Horatio, S.T.D. 
(Columbia College, New York, 1846), Episcopal- 
ian ; b. in Portland, Me., July 5, 1812 ; graduated 
at Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., 1832, and 
at Andover (Congregational) Theological Semi- 
nary, 1835; was engaged, under appointment by 
the Episcopal Church, in investigating the state 
of Mohammedanism in Turkey and Persia, 1836- 
38; ordained priest, 1839; missionary in Constan- 
tinople, as delegate to the Oriental churches, 
1840-44 ; consecrated Episcopalian missionary 
bishop for the dominions and dependencies of the 
Sultan of Turkey, Oct. 26, 1844 ; at Constanti- 
nople, 1844-50; resigned his jurisdiction, 1850; 
was rector of St. Luke's Church, Portland, Me., 
1851-52 ; of the Church of the Advent, Boston, 
Mass., 1852-58; and of Zion Church, New-York 
City, 1859-72 ; retired, 1872 ; and has since lived 
at Ravenswood, Long Island, N.Y. He was elected 
bishop of California 1850, and of Hayti 1870, but 
declined both elections. He is the author of 
Narrative of a Tour through Armenia, Kurdistan, 
Persia, and Mesopotamia, New York, 1840; 2 vols, 
(republished in England) ; Narrative of a Visit to 
the Syrian {Jacobite) Church of Mesopotamia, 1844; 
A Treatise on the Antiquity, Doctrine, Ministry, and 
Worship of the Anglican Church (in Greek), Con- 
stantinople, 1849 ; Practical Directions for the Ob- 
servance of Lent, New York, 1850 ; The War in the 
East, 1855 (republished in England) ; Parochial 
Sermons, 1860 ; The Cross above the Crescent, a 
Romance of Constantinople, Philadelphia, 1877. 

SPAETH, Adolf, D.D. (University of Pennsyl- 
vania, Philadelphia, 1875), Lutheran (General 
Council) ; b. at Esslingen, Wiirtemberg, Oct. 29, 
1839 ; graduated at the University of Tubingen, 
1861 ; was tutor in the family of the Duke of 
Argyle, 1863 ; collegiate pastor of St. Michael's 
and Zion's German Lutheran congregation, Phila- 
delphia, 1864-67 ; and since 1867 has been pastor 
of St. Johannis' Church, Philadelphia; since 1872 
professor at the Lutheran Theological Seminary, 
Philadelphia; and since 1880 president of the 
General Council of the Evangelical Lutheran 
Church in North America. He has published 
Brosamen von des Herrn Tische, Philadelphia, 1869; 
Die Evangelien des Kirchenjahrs, 1870; American- 
ische Beleuchtung des americanischen Reisebilder des 
Herrn Prof'. Dr. Pfleiderer, 1882 ; The General 
Council ofllie Evangelical Lutheran Church in North 
America, 1885; Phoebe, the Deaconess, 1885. He 



prepared the appendix to the American edition 
of Biichner's Concordanz, 1871 ; and edited the 
General Council's German Sunday-school Book 
1875, and Church Book 1877. 

SPALDING, Right Rev. John Franklin, D.D. 
(Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., 1874), Episco- 
palian, missionary bishop of Colorado, with juris- 
diction in New Mexico and Wyoming; b. at Bel- 
grade, Me., Aug. 25, 1828 ; graduated at Bowdoin 
College, Brunswick, Me., 1853, and at the General 
Theological Seminary, New- York City, 1857 ; was 
missionary at Old Town, Me., 1857-59 ; rector of 
St. George's Church, Lee, Mass., 1859-60 ; assistant 
minister at Grace Church, Providence, R.I., 1860, 
to December, 1861; rector of St. Paul's Church, 
Erie, Penn., April, 1862, to March 1, 1874 ; elected 
bishop, October, 1873 ; consecrated, Dec. 31, 1873. 
He is the author of Lay Co-operation (in Western 
Massachusetts), New York, 1860; Christianity and 
Modern Infidelity, an Essay, Erie, Penn., 1863; 
Manual of Mothers' Meetings, 1871 ; Hymns from 
the Hymnal, with Tunes and Notes, 1872 ; Congre- 
gationalism in the Church, an Essay, New York, 
1875 ; The Cathedral and Cathedral System (a ser- 
mon), Denver, Col., 1880; Commemorative Address 
of Ten Years' Episcopal Work in Colorado, 1885 ; 
Episcopal charges, addresses, reports, review arti- 
cles, tracts, etc. 

SPALDING, Right Rev. John Lancaster, Ro- 
man Catholic ; b. at Lebanon, Ky., June 2, 1840; 
studied at Mount St. Mary's College, Emmits- 
burg, Md., and at Cincinnati, O. ; became secre- 
tary and chancellor of the diocese of Louisville, 
Ky., 1865; pastor of the congregation for colored 
Catholics, Louisville, 1869 ; bishop of Peoria, 111., 
1877. He is president of the Irish Catholic Colo- 
nization Society, and of the Roman Catholic State 
Temperance Union of Illinois. He is the author 
of Life of Archbishop Spalding of Baltimore, New 
York, 1872 ; Essays and Reviews, 1876 ; Religious 
Mission of the Irish People, 1880; Lectures and 
Discourses, 1882. 

SPALDING, Right Rev. Martin John, D.D., 
Roman Catholic; b. in Marion County, Ky., May 
23, 1810; d. at Baltimore, Md., Feb. 7, 1872. He 
graduated at St. Mary's College, Lebanon, Ky., 
1826 ; studied theology, and completed his course 
in the Propaganda College in Rome, where he was 
ordained priest Aug. 13, 1834. He was pastor of 
the cathedral at Bardstown, Ky., 1834-38, 1841- 
48; president of St. Joseph's Theological Semi- 
nary, Bardstown, 1838-40; pastor of St. Peter's 
Church, Lexington, Ky., 1840-41 ; coadjutor bish- 
op of Louisville, Ky., 1848-50; bishop, 1850-54; 
archbishop of Baltimore from 1864 till his death. 
He founded The Catholic Advocate, Louisville, in 
February, 1835, and was connected with it until 
1858 ; The Louisville Guardian in 1858 ; was main 
promoter of the Catholic Publication Society and 
Catholic World, both New- York City. While co- 
adjutor bishop, he established a colony of Trappist 
monks at Gethsemane, near Bardstown, Ky., and 
a house of Magdalens in connection with the 
Convent of the Good Shepherd. While bishop of 
Louisville he built a magnificent cathedral in that 
city. He was at the First Plenary Council of Bal- 
timore, May, 1852, and successfully advocated the 
erection of the see of Covington. In November, 
1852, he obtained in Belgium Xaverian Brothers 
for the parochial schools of Louisville, Ky., and 



SPENCB. 



205 



SPURGEON. 



from Archbishop Zurysen of Utrecht several priests 
and sisters to instruct deaf-mutes. In 1855 he had 
a famous debate with George D. Prentice of the 
Louisville Journal, upon the Know-nothing Move- 
ment. Bishop Spalding was the author of D'Au- 
bigne's History of the Reformation reviewed, Balti- 
more, 1844, 2d ed. London, 1846, Dublin, 1848 
(subsequently enlarged and re-issued as History of 
the Protestant Reformation in Germany and Switzer- 
land, and in England, Ireland, Scotland, the Nether- 
lands, France, and Northern Europe, Louisville, 
1S60, 2 vols., Sth ed. Baltimore, 1875) ; Sketches 
of the Early Catholic Missions in Kentucky, 1787- 
1827, Louisville, 1846 ; Lectures on the General Evi- 
dences of Catholicity, 1847, 6th ed. Baltimore, 1866 ; 
Life, Times, and Character of the Right Rev. B. J. 
Flaget, Louisville, 1852 ; Miscellanea : comprising 
Reviews, Lectures; and Essays on Historical, Theo- 
logical, and Miscellaneous Subjects, Louisville, 1855, 
London, 1855, 6th ed. Baltimore, 1S66 ; Papal Ln- 
fallibility, Baltimore, 1870 ; edited, with introduc- 
tion and notes, Abbe J. E. Dana's, General History 
of the Catholic Church, New York, 1S65-66, 4 vols.; 
and was a frequent contributor to religious peri- 
odicals. * 

SPENCE, Henry Donald Maurice, Church of 
England; b. in London in the year 1836; educated 
at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge ; took Cams 
undergraduate university prize, 1862; B.A., 1864; 
first-class in the theological tripos, 1865 ; Cams and 
Scholefield university prize, 1865, 1866; M.A., 1866; 
ordained deacon 1865, priest 1866 ; became pro- 
fessor of English literature and modern languages, 
and Hebrew lecturer, at St. David's College, Lam- 
peter, 1865 ; rector of St. Mary-de-Crypt, with All 
Saints and St. Owen, Gloucester, 1870 ; and prin- 
cipal of Gloucester College, 1875; resigned the two 
latter positions, and became vicar of St. Pancras 
and rural dean, 1877. In 1870 he was appointed 
examining chaplain to the bishop of Gloucester 
and Bristol ; in 1875 honorary canon of Glouces- 
ter. He is editor of The Pulpit Commentary, Lon- 
don, 1880 sqq. ; and has contributed to Bishop 
Ellicott's Commentary (First Samuel and Pastoral 
Epistles), and to Dr. Schaff's Popular Commentary 
on the New Testament (on Acts, with Dean Howson). 
He wrote an essay on The Babylonian Talmud, 1882 ; 
on The Teachinq of the Twelve Apostles, 1884. * 

SPENCER, Herbert; b. at Derby, Eng., April 
27, 1820; began work as a civil engineer, 1837; 
but since 1850 has been a literary man, and has 
won recognition as the author of a system of phi- 
losophy, in which the doctrine of evolution is ap- 
plied to the different departments of thought and 
life. He began the series with his First Principles, 
London, 1862 ; then came Principles of Biology, 
1867 ; Principles of Psychology, 1872 ; Principles 
of Sociology, 1877 sqq., part 6 1885; Principles 
of Morality, 18 ; Ecclesiastical Lnstitutions, 
1885. * 

SPITTA, Fnedrich (Adolph Wilhelm), Lie. 
Theol. (Leipzig, 1879), German theologian ; b. at 
Wittingen, Hanover, Jan. 10, 1852 ; studied at 
Gdttingen and Erlangen, 1871-75; became teacher 
in the high school at Hanover, 1876 ; inspector 
of the Tholuck convict at Halle, 1877 ; assistant 
preacher at Bonn, 1879 ; pastor of Obercassel, near 
Bonn, 1881 ; and has also been since 1880 privat- 
■docent of evangelical theology in Bonn University. 
He is the author of Der Brief des Julius Africanus 



an A ristides, Kritisch untersucht und hergestellt, Halle, 
1877; Die liturgische Andacht am Luther J ubilaum, 
Halle, 1883 ; Der Knabe Jesus, eine biblische Ge- 
schichte und Hire apokryphischen Entstellungen, 1883; 
Luther undder evangelische Gottesdienst, 1884; Haen- 
del und Bach, zwei Feslreden, Bonn, 1885; Der 
zweite Brief des Petrus und der Brief des Judas. 
Eine geschichtliche Unlersuchung, Halle, 1885; Die 
Passionen nach den vier Evangelisten von Heinrich 
Schiitz, 1886 ; Heinrich Schtitz, sein Leben und seine 
Kunst, 1886; numerous articles, popular and 
scientific, in various periodicals. 

SPRECHER, Samuel, D.D. (Washington Col- 
lege, Penn., 1850), LL.D. (Pennsylvania College, 
Gettysburg, 1874), Lutheran (General Synod); 
b. near Hagerstown, Md., Dec. 28, 1810; studied 
in Pennsylvania College and Theological Semi- 
nary, Gettysburg, Penn., 1830-36; was pastor at 
Ilarrisburg, Penn., Martinsburg, Va., and Cham- 
bersburg, Penn., 1836-49; president of Witten- 
berg College, Springfield, O., 1849-74; and since 
1874 has been professor of systematic theology 
there. He is the author of Groundwork of a Sys- 
tem of Evangelical Lutheran Theology, Philadelphia, 

1879 ; and various addresses, etc. 

SPRINZL, Josef, D.D. (Vienna, 1864), Roman 
Catholic; b. at Linz, Austria, March 9, 1839; 
studied in the priests' seminary at Linz, 1857-61 ; 
ordained priest, 1861 ; studied in the priests' in- 
stitute at Vienna, 1861-64; became professor of 
theology in the Linz Seminary, 1864 ; professor 
of dogmatics at Salzburg University, 1875; ordi- 
nary professor of the same at Prague, 1881. He 
became geistlicher Rath of bishop of Linz, Feb. 23, 
1873, and of the prince bishop of Salzburg, Jan. 
28, 1880. From 1865 to 1875 he edited the Linz 
Theolog. praktische Quartnlschrift ; in 1868, the 
Linz Katholisch. Blatter (a tri-weekly). He is the 
author of Handbuch der Fundamentaltheologie, Vi- 
enna, 1876 ; Die Theologie der aposlolischen Vdter, 

1880 (trans, into Hungarian) ; Compendium sum- 
mar ium theolog ice dogmatical in usum pradectionum 
academicarum concinnalum, 1882 ; several minor 
theological works. 

SPROULL, Thomas, D.D. (Westminster Col- 
lege, New Wilmington, Penn., 1857), Reformed 
Presbyterian (Old School); b. near Freeport, Penn., 
Sept. 15, 1803 ; graduated at the Western Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania, Pittsburg, 1829 ; pastor of 
the Reformed Presbyterian Congregation of Alle- 
gheny and Pittsburg, 1834-68; professor in Re- 
formed Presbyterian Western Theological Semi- 
nary, 1838-40 ; in Eastern and Western Seminaries 
united, 1840-45 ; again since 1856 ; professor eme- 
ritus since 1875. He edited The Reformed Pres- 
byterian, 1855-62, and The Reformed Presbyterian 
and Covenanter, 1862-74, both published in Pitts- 
burg, Penn. Besides sermons, etc., is the author 
of Prelections on Theology, Pittsburg, 1882. 

SPURGEON, Charles Haddon, Baptist; b. at 
Kelvedon, Essex, Eng., June 19, 1834. He is the 
grandson of Rev. James Spurgeon, for many years 
pastor of the Independent Church at Stambourne, 
Essex, and son of Rev. John Spurgeon, who was 
also an Independent minister, and who until 1876 
was pastor of the Independent Church, Upper 
Street, Islington, London. When just old enough 
to leave home, he was removed to his grand- 
father's, and there remained until 1841, when Ins 
father placed him in a school at Colchester, where 



SPURGEON. 



206 



SPURGEON. 



ho. acquired a fair acquaintance with Latin, Greek, 
and French, and led his class at every examina- 
tion. In 1848 he spent a few months in an agri- 
cultural college at Maidstone, conducted by a 
relative. In 1849 he became usher in a school at 
Newmarket kept by a Baptist. He then began 
to attend the Baptist Church. On Dec. 15, 1850, 
when home for a holiday, he was converted in the 
Colchester Primitive Methodist Chapel, under the 
preaching of an individual unknown, who chose 
for his text Isa. xlv. 22, emphasizing the words 
" Look . . . and be saved ; " which words were 
exactly suited to relieve the mind of young Spur- 
geon, who had been for some time under profound 
conviction of sin, and who looked and was saved. 
He was immersed at Isleham, on Friday, May 3, 
1851, and thus formally left the Independent con- 
nection in which he had been brought up. His 
works at once attested his faith. He commenced 
distributing tracts and visiting the poor in New- 
market. He addressed the Sunday-school chil- 
dren in the vestry of the Independent chapel. He 
wrote Antichrist and her Brood, in competition for 
a prize for an essay on popery. No prize was 
awarded, but he received a handsome gift from 
Samuel Morley as an encouragement. In 1851 
he became usher in a school at Cambridge, en- 
tered the " Lay-preachers Association " in con- 
nection with the Baptist Church meeting in St. 
Andrew's Street, Cambridge, and the same year 
preached his first sermon from 1 Bet. ii. 7, at 
Teversham, a village four miles from Cambridge. 
He was then a boy of sixteen years, and wore a 
round jacket and broad turn-down collar. His 
success was so great that he was encouraged to 
hold evening services, after his school duties were 
over, in villages around Cambridge and Water- 
beach ; and this he did in thirteen stations, preach- 
ing sometimes in a chapel, sometimes in a cottage, 
or in the open air. In 1852 he became pastor at 
Waterbeach, and during the two years he was 
there the membership increased from forty to 
nearly a hundred. His father and others strongly 
advised him to enter Stepney (now Regent's Park) 
College to prepare more fully for the ministry. 
A meeting with Dr. Angus, the tutor, was arranged 
at the house of Mr. Macmillan, the publisher, at 
Cambridge ; but although the two parties were in 
the house at the same time, through the failure of 
the servant to announce Mr. Spurgeon, Dr. Angus 
was not aware of his presence, and returned to 
London without seeing him. The college scheme 
was then given up. His address at the anni- 
versary of the Cambridge Union of Sunday Schools, 
in 1853, greatly impressed a gentleman, who on 
the strength of it recommended him as a candi- 
date for the then vacant Baptist Church of New 
Park Street, Southwark, London ; and, after 
preaching for three months on probation, the small 
opposition to him when he first came had entirely 
vanished, and he accepted, April 28, 1854, a unan- 
imous call to become their pastor. The church 
had been very prosperous, but had so dwindled 
down that only one hundred persons attended 
Mr. Spurgeon's first service, while the building 
seated twelve hundred. Before three months had 
passed, the chapel was crowded ; within a year, 
it was necessary to enlarge it, and he preached in 
Exeter Hall during the progress of the alterations. 
But the enlarged building could not accommodate 



the crowds ; and in 1856 he preached at the Royal 
Surrey Gardens Music Hall, which seated seven 
thousand persons. On Aug. 16, 1859, the corner- 
stone of the new Metropolitan Tabernacle was laid, 
and the bui lding opened for service March 25, 1 86 1 . 
It seats about five thousand persons, with standing- 
room for a thousand more ; cost thirty-one thou- 
sand pounds, and was entirely paid for by the end 
of the opening five weeks' services. When the 
church removed from New Park Street, in 1861, 
it numbered eleven hundred and seventy-eight 
members; there were in 1885 upwards of fifty- 
five hundred. Mr. Spurgeon's'only children, twin 
sons, are both preachers, — one in England, the 
other in New Zealand. 

Besides preaching, not only in his own church 
twice every Sunday and on Thursday evening, 
and discharging the other duties of his pastorate, 
Mr. Spurgeon manages two important enterprises, 
the Pastors' College and the Stock well Orphanage. 
Shortly after the commencement of his London 
j>astorate, he gave his personal attention to the 
theological education of Thomas William Med- 
hurst, a man of his own age, now a pastor at 
Landport; but finding that his time was too fully 
occupied to undertake the extra labor, he put Mr. 
Medhurst under the care of Rev. George Rogers,, 
an Independent minister, who was long the 
principal aud theological tutor of the Pastors' 
College. Other students soon presented them- 
selves. These were at first assembled every week 
in Mr. Spurgeon's house for instruction in the- 
ology, pastoral duty, and other practical matters. 
From 1856 to 1861 the other lectures were de- 
livered by Mr. Rogers in his own house ; from 
1861 to 1874, in the class-rooms under the Taber- 
nacle ; since 1874 in the New College buildings. 
Mr. Spurgeon lectures to the students every 
week. 

The Stockwell Orphanage was incorporated in 
1867, with an endowment of twenty thousand 
pounds, given by Mrs. Hillyard ; and fifty orphan 
boys were taken in the following year. It now 
consists of twelve houses, and accommodates near- 
ly five hundred children of both sexes, from six to> 
fourteen years old. [Stockwell was formerly a sub- 
urb of London, but is now included in its limits.] 

In connection with the church there are a Col- 
portage Association (started in 1866, which through 
paid colporteurs sells religious books in neglected 
villages), and Mrs. Spurgeon's Book Fund (1876), 
the latter to supply poor ministers with free gifts 
of valuable books. 

Mr. Spurgeon's remarkable constitution yielded, 
at length, to the tremendous strain of his mani- 
fold and multifarious duties and burdens, and 
since 1867 he has had frequent attacks of illness. 
In order that the interests of the church might 
not suffer, his brother, the Rev. James Archer 
Spurgeon, has been since 1868 co-pastor. 

Mr. Spurgeon's pen has been very busy. Aside 
from his private correspondence, and that arising 
out of his various enterprises, he has each year 
since 1857 issued Spurgeon's Illustrated Almanac 
(containing short articles by him and others) ; in 
1861 and 1862 was joint editor with Revs. D. Kat- 
terns and W. G. Lewis of The Baptist Magazine , 
has personally conducted since Jan. 1, 1865, The 
Sword and the Trowel, a monthly magazine, in 
which he writes copiously, and which is in the 



SPURGBON. 



207 



STALL. 



interest of his church and of religion generally ; 
.since 1872, John Ploughman's Almanac , and has 
written the works mentioned below, and done 
much literary work besides. His first printed 
sermon, entitled Harvest Time, appeared in the 
Penny Pulpit, October, 1854 ; the second, God's 
Providence, shortly afterwards, and so a dozen be- 
fore the end of the year. From the first week 
of 1855 one has been issued every week. Each of 
these receives his revision. The aA r erage sale is 
twenty-five thousand copies weekly. A few have 
approached a hundred thousand copies ; two have 
exceeded it ; and one on Baptismal R,egeneration, 
preached in the summer of 1864, sold to the ex- 
tent of a hundred and ninety -eight thousand 
copies, and was the occasion of a great controversy 
on the subject. The sermon Pictures of Life, and 
Birthday Reflections, in relation to his twenty-first 
birthday, is accompanied by his portrait, the first 
issued, and shows that he was then pale and thin. 
His ivorks embrace a great number of published 
sermons, more than nineteen hundred; e.g., in 
The Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit (containing his 
sermons which have been published weekly since 
the close of 1854), London, 1855 sqq., vol. i. 1855, 
vol. xxxi. 1885; The Pulpit Library, 1856-58, 3 
vols. ; 'Types and Emblems, 1875; Trumpet Calls to 
Christian Energy, 1875; The Present Truth, 1883 
(these three volumes are made up of his Sunday 
and Thursday evening sermons); Farm Sermons, 
(nineteen discourses on farming), 1882 ; and the 
following, which together with the above have 
been reprinted in New York, translated into dif- 
ferent languages, and circulated in thousands of 
copies; The Saint and his Saviour, 1857; Smooth 
Stones taken from Ancient Brooks (sentences from 
Thomas Brooks), 1859; Morning by Morning, or 
Daily Readings for the Family or the Closet, 1866, 
100th thousand 1885 ; Our Own Hymn Book (used 
in many churches, has several original hymns and 
paraphrases of Psalms), 1866 ; Evening by Evening, 
■or Readings at Eventide for the Family or the Closet, 
1868, 75th thousand 1885; John Ploughman's 
Talks, or Plain Advice for Plain People, 1869, 
■340th thousand ; The Treasury of David (contain- 
ing an original exposition of the book of Psalms, 
a collection of illustrative extracts from the whole 
range of literature, a series of homiletical hints 
upon almost every verse, and lists of writers upon 
•each psalm ; in the preface to each successive 
volume, he acknowledges fully and heartily the 
important assistance rendered him by several per- 
sons in the researches necessary to carry out his 
plan), 1870-85, 7 vols, (thousands of copies sold, 
reprinted in United States) ; Feathers for Arroivs, 
or Lllustrations for Preachers and Teachers, from 
my Note-Book, 1870, 26th thousand 1885 ; The In- 
terpreter, or Scripture for Family Worship (with 
running comments and suitable hymns), 1872 ; 
Lectures to my Students (a selection from addresses 
delivered to the students of the Pastors' College, 
Metropolitan Tabernacle), 1st series 1875, 30th 
thousand 1885; 2d series 1877, 16th thousand 
1885 ; Commenting and Commentaries (two lectures 
to his students, with a catalogue of Bible com- 
mentaries and expositions), 1876 ; The Metropolitan 
Tabernacle : its History and Work (with thirty-two 
illustrations), 1876; John Ploughman's Pictures, 
■or More of his Plain Talk for Plain People, 1880, 
110th thousand 1885 ; Lllustrations and Meditations, 



or Floiuers from a Puritan's Garden, distilled and 
dispensed, 18S3 ; The Clue of the Maze, 1884 ; My 
Sermon Notes (a selection from outlines of dis- 
courses delivered at the Metropolitan Tabernacle), 
1884-87, 4 vols, (covering the whole Bible); Storm 
Signals (sermons), 1886; many minor works, arti- 
cles, etc. Revised by MR. SPURGEON. 

STADE, Bernhard, Ph.D., Lie. Theol. (Leipzig, 
1871 and 1S73), D.D. (hon., Giessen, 1875), Ger- 
man Lutheran, critical school; b. at Arnstadt, 
Thuringia, May 11, 1848; studied at Leipzig 
(1867-69) and at Berlin (1869-70) ; became as- 
sistant librarian at Leipzig, 1871 ; privat-docent 
there, 1873 ; ordinary professor of theology at 
Giessen, 1875. Since 1881 he has edited Die Zeil- 
schriftfiir A. T. Wissenschaft. He is the author of 
Ueber die mehrlautigen Thatwbrter der Ge'ezsprache, 
Leipzig, 1871 ; De Isaioz vaticiniis ozthiopicis diatribe, 
1873 ; Ueber die alttestamentlichen Vorstellungen vom 
Zustande nach clem Tode, 1877; Lehrbuch der 
hebrdischen Grammatik, 1st part [Schriftlehre, Laut- 
lehre, Formenlehre), 1879; De populo Javan parer- 
gon, Giessen, 1880 ; Geschichte des Volke's Israel, 
parts 1-4, Berlin, 1881-85; Ueber die Lage der 
evangehschen Kirche Deutschlands, Giessen, 1883 
(2 eds.). 

STAEHELIN, Rudolf, Swiss Protestant; b. at 
Basel, Sept. 22, 1841 ; studied at Berlin and Tu- 
bingen, 1859-65; became privat-docent at Basel 
1873, professor extraordinary 1875, and ordinary 
professor 1876. He haspublished Erasmus Stellung 
zur Reformation hauptsachlich von seinen Beziehungen 
zu Basel aus beleuchtet, Basel, 1873 ; W. M. L. de 
Weite nach seiner theologischen Wirksamkeit und 
Bedeulung geschildert, 1880 ; Die ersten Mdrtyrer 
des evangelischen Glaubens in der Schiveiz, Heidel- 
berg, 1883; LIuldreich Zwingli und sein Refonnations- 
icerk, Halle, 1883. * 

STALKER, James, Free Church of Scotland; 
b. at Crieff, Perthshire, Scotland, Feb. 21, 1848 ; 
graduated at Edinburgh University and New Col- 
lege ; and since 1874 has been minister of St. 
Brycedale Free Church, Kirkealdy. He was Cun- 
ningham fellow in 1874; declined principalship 
of Presbyterian College, Melbourne, 1S83, and 
Edinburgh churches, 1883 and 1884. He is the 
author of The Life of Jesus Christ, Edinburgh, 
1879, 3d ed. 1884; The New Song: Sermons for 
Children, 1883; The Life of St. Paul, 1884, 2d ed. 
same year. 

STALL, Sylvanus, Lutheran (General Synod); 
b. at Elizaville, Columbia County, N.Y., Oct. 
18, 1847 ; graduated from Pennsylvania College, 
Gettysburg, Penn., 1872; studied theology at 
Union Theological Seminary, New- York City, and 
at Gettysburg, Penn. ; became pastor at Cobleskill, 
N.Y., 1874; Martin's Creek, Penn., 1877; Lan- 
caster, Penn., 1880. He is statistical secretary of 
the General Synod of the Lutheran Church. He 
is the author of Pastor's Pocket Record, Albany, 
N.Y., 1875, 5th thousand Lancaster, Penn., 18S5 ; 
Ministers' Handbook to Lutheran Hymns in the Book 
of Worship, Philadelphia, 1879 ; How to pay 
Church Debts, and how to keep Churches out of 
Debt, New York, 1880; since 1884 has published 
annually, through different Lutheran publishing 
houses, Stall's Lutheran Year-Book, which repre- 
sents all branches of the Lutheran Church in the 
United States and in Europe ; circulation, fifteen 
thousand copies. 



STANFORD. 



208 



STELLHORN. 



STANFORD, Charles, D.D. (Brown University, 

Providence, R.I., 1878), Baptist; b. at North- 
ampton, Eng., March 9, 1823; d. in London, 
March 18, 1886. He studied at Bristol College; 
became minister at Loughborough, 1845 ; Deviges, 
1817 ; London (Denmai'k-place Church, Camber- 
well), 1858. He was president of the London 
Baptist Association in 1882. He is the author of 
Friendship with God, London, 1850, last ed. 1882 ; 
Poicer in Weakness: Memorial of Rev. William 
Rhodes, 1858, 2d ed. 1870; Central Truths, 1858, 
12th ed. 1870; Joseph Alleine, his Companions and 
Times, 1861, 2d ed. 1862; Instrumental Strength, 
1862; Symbols of Christ, 1865, 3d ed. 1882; Home 
and Church, 1870; Homilies on Christian Work, 
1878; Philip Doddridge, 1880; Voices from Calvary, 
1880 ; From Calvary to Olivet, 1885 ; Alternations of 
Faith and Unbelief, 1885; Homilies on the Lord's 
Prayer, 1882 ; and many smaller works. 

STARKEY, Right Rev. Thomas Alfred, S.T.D. 
(Hobart College, Geneva, N.Y., 1S64), Episco- 
palian, bishop of Northern New Jersey; b. in 
Philadelphia, Penn., in the year 1824; educated 
for and practised as a civil engineer, 1839-45 ; 
studied theology under Rev. Dr. F. Ogilby, Bishop 
Odenheimer, and Rev. W. C. Cooley; ordained 
deacon 1847, priest 1848; was missionary in 
Schuylkill County, Penn., 1847-50, where he 
founded the Church of the Holy Apostles, St. 
Clair; was rector of Christ Church, Troy, N.Y., 
1850-54; St. Paul's, Albany, N.Y., 1854-58; 
Trinity, Cleveland, O., 1858-69; the Epiphany, 
Washington, D.C., 1869-72; resigned because 
compelled to take a rest, which he did until 1875, 
when he filled Rev. Dr. Irving's place in the 
Mission Rooms in New- York City (autumn, 1875, 
to spring, 1876) ; became rector of St. Paul's, 
Paterson, N.J., 1877; bishop of Northern New 
Jersey, 1880. The name of his diocese was 
changed to that of Newark, 1886. 

STEARNS, Lewis French, D.D. (College of New 
Jersey, Princeton, N.J., 1881), Congregationalist; 
b. at Newburyport, Mass., March 10, 1847 ; gradu- 
ated at the College of New Jersey, Princeton, N.J., 
1867 ; studied at Princeton Theological Seminary, 
1869-70 ; in the universities of Berlin and Leipzig, 
1870-71 ; at Union Theological Seminary, New- 
York City, 1871-72 (graduated); was pastor of the 
Presbyterian Church of Norwood, N.J , 1873-76; 
professor of history and belles-lettres, Albion Col- 
lege, Albion, Mich., 1876-79 ; has been since 1880 
professor of systematic theology in the Bangor 
(Me.) Theological Seminary. He has written 
articles in the Andover Review, Neiv Englander, 
etc. 

STEARNS, Oakman Sprague, D.D. (Colby 
University, Waterville, Me., 1863), Baptist; b. 
at Bath, Me., Oct. 20, 1817 ; graduated at Water- 
ville College (Me.), 1840, and at Newton Theo- 
logical Institution (Mass.), 1846; was instructor 
in Hebrew there, 1846-47 ; pastor at Southbridge, 
Mass., 1847-54; Newark, N. J., 1854-55; Newton 
Centre, Mass., 1855-68; and since 1868 has been 
professor of biblical interpretation of the Old 
Testament in Newton Theological Institution. 
He translated Sartorius' The Person and Word of 
Christ, Boston, 1848 ; is author of A Syllabus of the 
Messianic Passages hi the Old Testament, 1884. 

STEELE, David, D.D. (Rutgers' College, New 
Brunswick, N.J., I860), Reformed Presbyterian 



(General Synod) ; b. near Londonderry, Ireland, 
Oct. 20, 1827; graduated at Miami University, 
O., 1857; professor of Greek there, 1858-59; has 
been pastor of Fourth Reformed Presbyterian 
Church, Philadelphia, Penn., since 1861; and 
since 1863 professor in the Reformed Presbyterian 
Theological Seminary, Philadelphia, Penn., of 
biblical literature 1863-75, and since of doctrinal 
theology. He served in the Christian commission, 
1862; was moderator of General Synod 1868, and 
delegate to the Council of Reformed Churches, 
Philadelphia, 1880. He edited The Reformed 
Presbyterian Advocate from 1867 to 1877, and has 
published several discourses. 

STEENSTRA, Peter Henry, D.D. (Shurtleff Col- 
lege, Upper Alton, 111., 1882), Episcopalian; b. near 
Franeker, Friesland, Netherlands, Jan. 24, 1833; 
graduated from Shurtleff College, Upper Alton, 
111., 1858; entered the Baptist ministry; but in 
1864 became rector of Grace Church, Newton, 
Mass. ; and in 1868 professor of Hebrew and Old 
and New Testament exegesis, in the then newly 
founded Episcopal Theological School at Cam- 
bridge, Mass. ; since 1883 he has been professor 
of Hebrew literature and interpretation of the 
Old Testament. He translated and edited Judges 
and Ruth in the American edition of Lange's Com- 
mentary, New York, 1872. 

STEINER, Heinrich, Ph.D. (Heidelberg, 1864), 
Lie. Theol. (Heidelberg, 1866), D.D. (hon., Bern, 
1875), Swiss Protestant; b. at Ziirich, Jan. 10, 
1841 ; studied theology there and at Heidelberg, 
orientalia at Leipzig ; became privat-docent at 
Heidelberg, in the philosojihical (1865) and then 
in the theological (1866) faculties ; professor ex- 
traordinary in the latter, 1869 ; ordinary professor 
at Zurich, 1870. In 1882-84 he was rector of the 
university. ■ He is in theology a free critic. He 
is the author of Die Mu'taziliten oder die Freiden- 
ker im Islam, Leipzig, 1865; Ueber liebrdische 
Poesie (lecture), Basel, 1873; Ferdinand Hilzig 
(rector's address), Zurich, 1882 ; Zur fiinfzig- 
jahrigen Stiftungsfeier der Hochschule Zurich (ad- 
dress), 1883 ; editor of 4th ed. Hitzig, Die Zwolf 
kleinen Propheten, Leipzig, 1S81 ; contributor of 
many articles in Schenkel's Bibel Lexikon, Leipzig, 
1869-75. 

STEINMEYER, Franz Ludwig, German Prot- 
estant; b. at Beeskow-in-der-Mittelmark, Nov. 15, 
1812; became ordinary professor at Berlin, 1852; 
at Bonn, 1854 ; again at Berlin, 1858. He pub- 
lished Zeugnisse von der Herrlichke.it Jesu Christi, 
Berlin, 1847; Beitrdqe zum Schriftverstandiss in 
Predigten, Berlin, 1850-57, 4 vols., 2d ed. 1859-66; 
Apologetischc Beitrdge, 1866-74, 4 vols. (English 
trans, of 1st vol., Miracles of Our Lord, Edinburgh, 
1875 ; of the 2d and 3d vols, together, Passion and 
Resurrection of our Lord, 1879) ; Beitrdge zur prac- 
tischen Theologie, 1874-79, 5 vols. ; Beitrdge zur 
Christologie, 1880-82, 3 vols. ; Die Geschichte der 
Passion des Herrn in Abwehr des kritischen Angriffs 
betrachtet, 1st and 2d ed. 1882 ; Die Wunderthaten 
des Herrn, 1884 ; Die Parabeln des Herrn, 1884. * 

STELLHORN, Frederick William, Lutheran 
(Synod of Ohio) ; b. at Brueninghorstedt, Han- 
over, Germany, Oct. 2, 1841; graduated at Con- 
cordia College, Fort Wayne, Ind., and Concordia 
Seminary, St. Louis, Mo. ; became pastor at St. 
Louis 1865, Fairfield Centre, Ind., 1867; professor 
at North-western University, Watertown, AVis. 



STEPHENS. 



209 



STEWART. 



(1869), at Concordia College, Fort Wayne, Ind. 
(1874), and at Capital University, Columbus, 
O. (1881). Since 1881 he has been chief editor 
of the Lutherische Kirchenzeitung and the Theolo- 
gische Zeitblatter, Columbus, O. He is the author 
of a Greek New-Testament lexicon, 1S86. 

STEPHENS, David Stubert, D.D. (Western 
Maryland College, 1885), Methodist Protestant; 
b. at Springfield, O., May 12, 1847; attended 
Wittenberg College in his native place, 1864-67 ; 
left there in junior year, and graduated at Adrian 
College, Adrian, Mich., 1868; attended the Uni- 
versity of Edinburgh, 1869-70, and took M.A. 
degree in philosophy 1870, obtaining a prize for 
his English essay from Professor Masson, also in 
moral philosophy under Professor Henry Calder- 
wood, and in metaphysics under Professor Fraser; 
attended Harvard University, 1873-74; was in- 
structor in natui - al sciences in Adrian College, 
1870-73; became professor of mental science and 
logic in Adrian College, 1874; president of the 
college, and professor of mental science and 
natural theology, 1882. He edited The Methodist 
Protestant Magazine, published at Adrian, Mich., 
1877-81; wrote three pamphlets, published in 1884, 
bearing on certain changes proposed in the con- 
stitution of the Methodist Protestant Church ; and 
has written numerous fugitive pieces. 

STEVENS, Abel, LL.D. (Indiana State Uni- 
versity, Bloomington, 1856), Methodist; b. in 
Philadelphia, Penn., Jan. 19,1815; educated at 
Wesleyan Academy, Wilbraham, Mass., and at 
Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn. ; com- 
pleted a course of study at the latter institu- 
tion, 1834; joined the New-England Conference, 
1834 ; was appointed to churches in Boston, Mass., 
and Providence, R.I. ; became editor of Z ion's 
Herald, Boston, 1840; of The National Magazine, 
New York, 1852; of The Christian Advocate, New 
York, 1856 ; was joint editor, with Drs. McClin- 
tock and Crooks, of The Methodist, 1860-74; and 
pastor of churches in New- York City and Mama- 
roneck, N.Y. On retiring from the editorial life, 
he travelled extensively in the United States, and 
then in Europe, where located at last at Geneva, 
Switzerland, took charge of the American Union 
Church there, and became correspondent of Ameri- 
can journals. He is the author of Sketches and 
Incidents, New York, 1843 ; Tales from the Par- 
sonage, 184-, new ed. 1855; Introduction of Meth- 
odism into the Eastern States, 1848 ; Progress of 
Methodism in the Eastern States, 1851 (the 2d 
series of the preceding); Church Polity, 1847; 
Preaching required by the Times, 1855; The Great 
Reform, 1856; History of Methodism, 1858-61, 3 
vols. ; Life of Nathan Bangs, 1863 ; History of 
the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1864-67, 4 vols, 
(abridgment 1867, 1 vol.); Centenary of American 
Methodism, 1865; Women of Methodism, 1866; 
Madame de Stael, 1881, 2 vols. ; Character Sketches, 
1882 ; Christian Work, 1882 ; many articles in re- 
views, magazines, and other periodicals. 

STEVENS, George Barker, D.D. (Jena Uni- 
versity, after examination, 1886), Presbyterian ; 
b. at Spencer, N.Y"., July 13, 1854; graduated 
from the University of Rochester, N.Y., 1877; 
and from the Yale Divinity School, New Haven, 
Conn., 1880; became pastor of the First Congre- 
gational Church, Buffalo, N.Y., 1880; of the First 
Presbyterian Church, Watertown, N.Y., 1883 ; 



professor of sacred 1 iterature, Yale Divinity School, 
New Haven, Conn., 1886. He is the author of 
numei'ous essays, reviews, and articles in the 
religious press. * 

STEVENS, William Arnold, D.D. (Denison Uni- 
versity, 1882), LL.D. (Rochester University, 1882), 
Baptist; b. at Granville, O., Feb. 5, 1839; grad- 
uated at Denison University, Granville, O., 1862; 
studied philology and theology at Rochester Theo- 
logical Seminary (N.Y.), Harvard College, Leipzig, 
and Berlin, 1862-68 ; became professor of Greek 
at Denison University, 1868, and of New Testa- 
ment exegesis in Rochester Theological Seminary, 
N.Y., 1877. He published Select Orations of 
Lysias, Chicago, 1876, 4th ed. 1882. 

STEVENS, Right Rev. William Bacon, D.D. 
(University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1848), 
LL.D. (Union College, Schenectady, N.Y., 1862), 
Episcopalian, bishop of Pennsylvania ; b. at Bath, 
Me., July 13, 1815 ; educated at Phillips Academy, 
Andover, Mass., but was obliged, through the 
failure. of his health, to give up his studies ; trav- 
elled two years around the world, and on his return 
graduated M.D. at Dartmouth, Hanover, N.H., 
1837 ; was ordained deacon 1843, priest 1844 ; was 
historian of the State of Georgia, 1841 ; professor 
of belles-lettres and moral philosophy in the Uni- 
versity of Georgia, Athens, Ga., 1844-48; became 
rector of St. Andrew's, Philadelphia, Penn., 1848; 
assistant bishop of Pennsylvania, 1862 ; bishop, 
1865. He was in 1868. appointed by the presid- 
ing bishop to take charge of the American Epis- 
copal churches on the continent of Europe, and 
held the position for six years. He edited with 
prefaces and notes the Georgia Historical Collec- 
tions, Savannah, vols. i. and ii., 1841, 1842 ; and is 
the author of Discourse delivered before the Georgia 
Historical Society, Savannah, Feb. 12, 184-1 (on 
the history of silk culture in that State), Boston, 
1841 ; A History of Georgia from its First Dis- 
covery by Europeans to the Adoption of the Present 
Constitution in 1797, vol. i., New York, 1847, vol. 
ii., Philadelphia, 1859 ; The Parables of the New 
Testament Practically Unfolded, Philadelphia, 1855 ; 
Consolation: the Bow in the Cloud, 1855, 2d ed. 
1871 ; Sunday at Home: Manual of Home Service, 
1856; The Lord's Day, its Obligations and Bless- 
ings, 1857; The Past and Present of St. Andrew's 
[Church'], 1858; Sabbaths of our Lord, 1872; Ser- 
mons, New York, 1879; many addresses, charges, 
essays, sermons, etc. 

STEVENSON, John Frederic, D.D. (Queen's 
University, Kingston, Ontario, Can., 1880), Con- 
gregationalist ; b. at Loughborough, Eng., March 
9, 1833 ; educated at University College, London, 
1849-50 ; Regent's Park College, London, 1850-54 ; 
graduated B.A. London University 1853, LL.B. 
1866 ; became pastor at Long Sutton, 1854 ; Not- * 
tingham, 1858; Reading, 1863; of Emmanuel 
Church, Montreal, Can., 1874; since 1882 he has 
also been principal of the Congregational College 
of British North America, at Montreal. He is 
the author of occasional literary and theological 
articles. 

STEWART, William, D.D. (Glasgow, 1874), 
Church of Scotland ; b. at Annan, Dumfriesshire, 
Aug. 15, 1835; graduated at Glasgow University, 
B.A. 1861, M.A. 1862, B.D. 1867; was examiner 
in the same in mental philosophy for degrees in 
arts, 1867-70; ministerof the parish of St. George's- 



STIFLBR. 



210 



STOUGHTON. 



in-the-Fields, Glasgow, 1868-75; since 1873 has 
been professor of divinity and biblical criticism 
in the University of Glasgow ; since 1876 has been 
secretary to the university. He is the author of 
Plan of St. Luke's Gospel, Glasgow, 1873. 

STIFLER, James Madison, D.D. (Shurtleff Col- 
lege, 1875), Baptist; b. at Hollidaysburg, Penn., 
Dec. 8, 1 839 ; graduated at Shurtleff College, Upper 
Alton, 111., 1866; completed theological course 
there, 1869 ; became pastor at Nokomis, 111., 1868; 
professor of biblical exegesis in Shurtleff College, 
1871; pastor at Hamilton, N.Y., 1875; at New 
Haven, Conn., 1879 ; professor of the New Testa- 
ment in Crozer Theological Seminary, Penn., 1882. 

STOCKMEYER, Immanuel, Swiss Protestant; 
b. at Basel, July 28, 1814 ; studied at Erlangen 
and Berlin, 1832-36 ; became pastor at Oltingen, 
Baselland, 1841; at Basel, 1846 (Antistes, 1871); 
and ordinary professor of theology at Basel, 1876. 
He published a volume of sermons, Jesus Christus 
Gestern und Heule unci derselbe in Ewigkeit, Basel, 
1860; Der Brief des Jacobus, 1874; Die Slruclur 
des ersten Johannesbriefes, 1875 ; Rede bei der Lu- 
therfeier, 1884. 

STODDARD, Charles Augustus, D.D. (Williams 
College, Williamstown, Mass., 1871), Presbyterian ; 
b. in Boston, Mass., May 28, 1S33; graduated at 
Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., 1854 ; 
and at Union Theological Seminary, New- York 
City, 1859; was pastor of Washington Heights 
Presbyterian Church, New- York City, from 1859 
to 1883, and since 1873 an editor of the New- 
Yovk Observer. 

STOECKER, Adolf, United Evangelical; b. at 
Halberstadt, Germany, Dec. 11, 1835; studied at 
the Halberstadt gymnasium ; at the universities 
of Halle and Berlin, 1854-57; passed his first 
clerical examination at Berlin 1858, his second 
1859; became pastor at Seggerdeandllamersleben, 
1863; chaplain to the division of the German 
army at Metz. 1871 ; court and cathedral preacher 
at Berlin, 1874. He is first assessor in the Bran- 
denburg provincial synod, member of the synodical 
council of the Prussian Church. He is the author 
of Christlich-Sozial, Bielefeld, 1884; Eins ist noth. 
ein Jahrgang Volksprediglen iiber freie Texle, 
Berlin, 1884, 3d ed. 1885 ; Land, libra des Herrn 
Wort, ein Jahrgang Volksprediglen iiber die Episteln, 
1885, 2d ed. 1886; many addresses and minor 
publications. 

STOKES, George Thomas, Church of England 
and Ireland; b. at Athlone, County Westmeath, 
Ireland, Dec. 28, 1843; graduated B.A. Trinity 
College, Dublin, 1864; 2d class divinity testimo- 
nium, 1865 ; M. A., 1871 ; D.D., 1886 ; became vicar 
of All Saints, Blackrock, Dublin, 1869 ; assistant 
to the regius professor of divinity, 1880 ; and pro- 
fessor of ecclesiastical history in the University of 
Dublin, 1883 ; besides articles in Smith and Wace's 
Dictionary of Christian Biography, and in the Con- 
temporary Review and Expositor, he has published 
Scriptural Authority for a Liturgy, Dublin, 1868; 
Work of the Laity in the Church of Ireland, 1S69 ; 
Ecclesiastical History and Scientific Research, 1883. 

STOLZ, Alban, Roman Catholic; b. at Buhl, 
Baden, Feb. 8, 1808 ; ordained priest, 1833 ; was 
professor of pastoral theology and pedagogik at 
Freiburg, 1848-80 ; d. there, 'Oct. 16,1883. He 
was a very popular and prolific writer. His col- 
lected works make 13 vols. (Freiburg, 1871-77). 



The most widely circulated were his Kalender fur 
Zeit und Ewigkeit, which appeared yearly from 
1843 to 1884. 

STORRS, Richard Salter, D.D. (Union College, 
Schenectady, N.Y., 1853 ; Harvard College, 1859), 
LL.D. (College of New Jersey, Princeton, 1874), 
Congregationalist ; b. at Braintree, Mass., Aug. 
21, 1821; graduated at Amherst College, 1839; 
entered the law-office of Hon. Rufus Choate, and 
spent two years in a course of legal study ; then 
studied at Andover Theological Seminary, and 
graduated there 1845 ; became pastor of the Har- 
vard Congregational Church, Brookline, Mass., 
1845; and of the Church of the Pilgrims. Brooklyn, 
N.Y., 1846, then recently organized, and in this 
position has ever since remained. He was one 
of the editors of The Independent, from 1848 to 
1861. Besides numerous occasional discourses 
and articles in periodicals, he is the author of The 
Constitution of the Human Soul, New York, 1857; 
Conditions of Success in Preaching ivithout Notes, 
1875; Early American Spirit, and the Genesis of 
it, 1875; Declaration of Independence, and the 
Effects of it, 1876; John Wycliffe and the First 
English Bible, 1880; Recognition of the Super- 
natural in Letters and in Life, 1881 ; Manliness in 
the Scholar, 1S83 ; The Divine Origin of Christianity 
indicated by its Historical Effects, 1884. * 

STORY, Robert Herbert, D.D. (Edinburgh, 
1874), Church of Scotland; b. at Rosneath, Dun- 
bartonshire, Jan. 28, 1835; studied at the univer- 
sities of Edinburgh (1849-55), and St. Andrew's 
(1856-57) ; ordained assistant in St. Andrew's 
Church, Montreal, Can., Sept. 20, 1859; inducted 
minister of Rosneath, Scotland, in succession to 
his father, February, 1860, and so remains. He 
belongs to the " Broad Church." Since 1865 he 
has been convener of the editorial committee of 
the " Church Service Society " of Scotland ; and 
since its foundation in 1885, editor of The Scottish 
Church (monthly magazine). Pie was appointed 
in 18S5 the first lecturer under the trust by which 
the "Lee lectureship" was founded, in memory 
of Dr. Robert Lee, and in that capacity delivered 
the first lecture in St. Giles, Edinburgh, on April 
11, 1886. He is the author of Robert Story of 
Rosneath, a Memoir, London, 1862 ; Christ the Con- 
soler, Edinburgh, 1865; Life and Remains of 
Robert Lee, D.D., London, '1870; William Car- 
stares, 1874 ; On Fast Days (a pamphlet), Glasgow, 
1876; Creed and Conduct, Sermons preached in 
Rosneath Church, 1878; Health Haunts of the 
Riviera, Paisley, 1881 ; Nugoz Ecclesiastical, Edin- 
burgh, 1884; many sermons, addresses, articles, 
etc., published in Good Words, Scottish Church, 
Sunday Talk, Glasgow Herald, Saturday Review, 

STOUGHTON, John, D.D. (Edinburgh, 1869), 
Congregationalist; b. in Norwich, Eng., Nov. 15, 
1807; educated at Highbury College, Islington, 
and University College, London ; pastor at Wind- 
sor 1832-43, at Kensington 1843-75; professor 
of historical theology and homiletics in New Col- 
lege, St. John's Woods, London, 1872-84; was 
Congregational lecturer 1855, and chairman of 
Congregational Union 1856. He edited The 
Evangelical Magazine for many years ; was dele- 
gate and speaker in Evangelical Alliance Con- 
ferences in New York 1873, and Basel 1879 ; lec- 
tured on missions in Westminster Abbey, 1877 ; 



STOWE. 



211 



STRONG. 



received a testimonial of three thousand pounds 
on retiring from his pastorate at Kensington, 1875. 
He is the author of the following works, many of 
which have passed through several editions: 
Tractarian Theology, London, 1843 ; Windsor in 
■the Olden Time, 1844 ; Spiritual Heroes, 1845 ; 
Philip Doddridge, 1851 ; The Lights of the World, 
1852; Ages of Christendom, 1856; The Pen, the 
Palm, and the Pulpit, 1S58 ; The Song of Christ's 
Flock in the Twenty-third Psalm, 1860; Church and 
Stale 200 Years ago, 1862 ; Shades and Echoes of 
Old London, 1864 ; Ecclesiastical History of Eng- 
land, 1867-74, 5 vols. ; Religion, in England, dur- 
ing the Reign of Queen Anne and the Georges, 1878 : 
(the two works revised and republished together, 
1881, 6 vols.); Haunts and Homes of Martin 
Luther, 1875; Lights of the World, 1876; Progress 
of Divine Revelation, 1878 ; Our English Bible, 
1878; Worthies of Science, 1879 ; Historical The- 
ology, 1880; -William Wilberforce, 1880 ; Footprints 
of Italian Reformers, 18S1 ; William Penn, 1S82 ; 
The Spanish Reformers, 1883 ; Congregationalism 
in the Court Suburb (Kensington), 1883 ; John 
Howard the Philanthropist, 1884 ; Religion in Eng- 
land 1800-1850, 1884 ; Golden Legends of the Olden 
Time, 1885. 

STOWE, Calvin Ellis, D.D. (Indiana University, 
Bloomington, Ind., and Dartmouth College, Han- 
over, N.H., both 1839), Congregationalist ; b. at 
Natick, Mass., April 26, 1802 ; graduated at Bow- 
doin College, Brunswick, Me., 1824, and at Andover 
Theological Seminary, Mass., 1828; became as- 
sistant teacher of sacred literature in the seminary, 
1828 ; professor of Latin and Greek, Dartmouth 
College, Hanover, N.H., 1831 ; of biblical litera- 
ture, Lane Theological Seminary, Cincinnati, O., 
1833; of natural and revealed religion, Bowdoin 
College, 1850; of sacred literature, Andover The- 
ological Seminary, 1852; retired, 1864; d. Aug. 
22, 1886. His wife was Harriet Beecher Stowe, 
author of Uncle Tom's Cabin. He translated Jahn's 
History of the Hebrew Commonwealth, Andover, 1828, 
2d ed. 1871, Lond. 1829, 2 vols., 3d ed. 1840; and 
from the Latin, Lowth's Lectures on Hebrew Poetry, 
Andover, 1829 (both with additions) ; Introduc- 
tion to the Criticism and Interpretation of the Bible, 
Cincinnati, O., vol. i. 1S35 (all published) ; On 
Elementary Public Instruction in Europe (a report 
to the General Assembly, Harrisburg, O., 1838; 
and published by Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, 
North Carolina, Michigan, etc.) ; Essay (on the 
same), Boston, 1839 ; The Religious Element in 
Education (lecture at Portland, Me.), 1844; The 
Right Interpretation of the Sacred Scriptures (in- 
augural address), Andover, 1853 ; Origin and His- 
tory of the Books of the Bible, both Canonical and 
Apocryphal, Hartford, 1867. * 

STRACK, Hermann Lebrecht, Ph.D. (Leipzig, 
1872), Lie. Theol. (do., 1877), D.D. (do., 1884), 
Protestant theologian ; b. in Berlin, May 6, 1848; 
studied at Berlin and Leipzig, 1865-70; taught 
in Kaiser Wilhelm Gymnasium, 1872-73 ; worked 
in the Imperial Library, St. Petersburg, Russia, 
1873-76 (see below); became professor extraor- 
dinary of theology at Berlin, 1877; spent six 
weeks with Abr. Harkavy, on request of the 
Russian Government, at Tschufutkale (in the 
Crimea), examining Firkowitsch's third great 
collection of manuscripts. (For his monumental 
labors upon the Codex Babylonicus Petropolitanus, 



see below.) " One of the tasks of his life is to 
make the Christians acquainted with the history 
and literature of the Jews, and to promote Chris- 
tianity amongst the Jews." He edited Max 
Strack's Aus Siid und Ost, Reisefruchte aus drei 
Weltteilen, Leipzig, 1885-86, 2 parts; and edits 
" Nathanael, Zeitschrift der berliner Gesellschaft 
zur Befbrderung des Chrislenthums unter der Juden," 
Berlin, 1885 sqq. ; and is the author of Vollstund- 
iges Wbrterbuch zu Xenophon's Anabasis, Leipzig, 
1871, 4th ed. 1884; Prolegomena critica in V.T. 
Hebraicum, 1873 ; Katalog der hebraischen Bibel- 
handschriften der kaiserlichen offentlichen Bibliothek 
in St. Petersburg (with A. Harkavy), St. Peters- 
burg u. Leipzig, 1875; Prophetarum posteriorum 
codex Babylonicus Petropolitanus, 1876 (edited at 
an expense of three years' labor, photolithographed 
and published at the expense of the Emperor 
Alexander II. of Russia. This codex is dated 
A.D. 916; the text has the "Babylonian" or 
" Assyrian " system of vocalization, whose pecul- 
iarities consist in having signs of a different 
shape to represent the .vowels, and in putting the 
vowels in all cases above the letters. The 
text occupies four hundred and forty-nine folio 
pages, and is surrounded with Massoretic notes. 
The Codex occupies the same place in the deter- 
mination of text for the portion of the Old Testa- 
ment which it covers, as the Codex Sinaiticus 
does for the whole New Testament) ; A. Firk- 
owitsch und seine Entdeckungen, Leipzig, 1876; 
Die Dikduke hateamim des Ahron ben Moscheh ben 
Ascher und andere alte grammatisch-massoretische 
Lehrstucke (with S. Baer), 1879 ; Vollstdndiges 
Wbrterbuch zu Xenophon's Kyropadie 1881 ; Pirke 
Aboth, Die Spriiche der Voter, Karlsruhe u. Leipzig, 
1882; Lehrbuch der neuhebr'dischen Sprache u. Lit- 
leralur (with C. Siegfried) 1882 (various parts of 
the Mishnah in preparation) ; Hebraische Gram- 
matik, 1883, 2d ed. 1885 (English trans. New York 
and London, 1886). 

STRONG, Augustus Hopkins, D.D. (Brown 
University, Providence, R.I., 1870), Baptist; b. 
at Rochester, N.Y., Aug. 3, 1836 ; graduated from 
Yale College, New Haven, Conn., 1857; and at 
Rochester Theological Seminary, N.Y., 1859; 
studied at German universities, 1859-60 ; became 
pastor at Haverhill, Mass., 1861, and at Cleveland, 
O., 1865; and president and professor of theology 
in Rochester Theological Seminary, 1872. He has 
contributed much to the denominational press, and 
is the author of a Systematic Theology, Rochester, 
1886. 

STRONG, James, S.T.D., LL.D. (both Wesleyan 
University, Middletown, Conn., 1856 and 1881), 
Methodist layman; b. in New-York City, Aug. 
14, 1822 ; graduated at Wesleyan University, 
Middletown, Conn., 1844; teacher of ancient lan- 
guages in Troy Conference Academy, West Poult- 
ney, Vt., 1844-46 ; professor of biblical literature, 
and acting president of Troy University, 1858-61; 
and since 1868 has been professor of exegetical 
theology in Drew Theological Seminary, Madison, 
N.J. In 1874 he travelled in Egypt and Palestine. 
He is a member of the Old-Testament Company 
of Bible revisers ; and is the author of Harmony 
and Exposition of the Gospels, New York, 1852 ; 
Harmony in Greek, 1854; Scripture History de- 
lineated from the Biblical Records and all Other 
Accessible Sources, Madison, N.J., 1878; Irenics, 



STROSSMAYER. 



212 



SWAINSON. 



a Series of Essays shoiving the Virtual Agreement 
between Science and the Bible, New York, 1883 ; 
editor of translation of the commentary on Dan- 
iel (1876), and Esther (1877), in the American 
edition of Lange ; and (with Dr. McClintock for 
3 vols. ; afterwards alone) of a Cyclopaedia of Bib- 
lical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, 
1867-81, 10 vols., supplement in 2 vols., vol. 
i. 1885 (the work was begun in 1853). He 
published a literal translation of Ecclesiastes, 
1877. 

STROSSMAYER, Right Rev. Joseph Georg, 
D.D., Roman Catholic ; b. at Essek, Sclavonia, Feb. 
4, 1815 ; studied at Pesth, and was ordained priest 
in 1838 ; became professor at the Seminary of Dia- 
kovar, and bishop of Bosnia and Sirmia, May 20, 
1850. Heearnestly opposed the infallibility dogma 
in the Vatican Council, and quitted Rome without 
accepting it, but afterwards submitted. * 

STUART, George Hay, Presbyterian layman; 
b. at Rose Hall, County Down, Ireland, April 2, 
1816; educated at Banbridge, Ireland; took up 
his residence in Philadelphia, Penn., went into 
business ; is now president of the Merchants' 
National Bank of that city. He was the presi- 
dent of the United-States Christian Commission 
during the civil war (see art. Christian Commis- 
sion in Schaff-Herzog Encyclopaedia, i. 449); is 
president of the Philadelphia Branch of the United- 
States Evangelical Alliance ; vice president of the 
American Bible Society, of the American Tract 
Society, of the National Temperance Society; and 
is prominently connected with other religious 
and philanthropic associations. See sketch of his 
life by Rev. Dr. Wylie in A. S- Billingsley's, 
From the Flag to the Cross, Scenes and Incidents 
of Christianity in the War, Philadelphia, 1872. 

STUBBS, Right Rev. William, D.D. (by decree 
of convocation, 1879), LL.D. (hon., Cambridge, 
1879; Edinburgh, 1880), Church of England; b. 
at Knaresborough, June 21, 1825; graduated at 
Christ Church College, Oxford, B.A. (first-class 
classics, third-class mathematics) 1848, M.A. 
(Trinity College) 1851 ; was fellow of Trinity 
College, Oxford, 1848-51; of Oriel, 1867-84; 
honorary fellow of Balliol, 1876-84; honorary 
student of Christ Church, 1878-84; vicar of 
Navestock, Essex, 1850-67 ; librarian to the arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, and keeper of the manu- 
scripts at Lambeth, 1862-67 ; examiner in the 
schools of law and modern history, Oxford, 1865- 
66; regius professor of modern history, 1866-84; 
select preacher, 1870 ; examiner in the school of 
theology, 1871-72 ; and of modern history, 1873. 
1876, 1881 ; rector of Cholderton, Wilts, 1875-79 ; 
canon of St. Paul's, London, 1879-84 ; member 
of royal commission on ecclesiastical courts, 1881. 
In 1884 he was appointed bishop of Chester. He 
is the editor or author of Registrum sacrum Angli- 
canum, Oxford, 1858 ; Mosheim's Church History, 
1863 ; Chronicles and Memorials of the Reign of 
Richard I., London, 1864-65, 2 vols. ; Benedictus 
Abbas, 1867, 2 vols. ; Roger lloreden, 1868-71, 4 
vols. ; Select. Charters, 1871 ; Councils and Eccle- 
siastical Documents (vol. iii.), 1871; Walter of 
Coventry, 1872-73, 2 vols. ; Constitutional History 
of England, 1874-78, 3 vols. ; Memorials of St. 
Dunstan, 1874; The Earhj Planlagenets, 1H7G; The 
Histo.rical Works of Ralph de Diceto, 1876, 2 vols.; 
Works of Gervase of Canterbury, 1S79, 2 vols.; 



Chronicles of Edward I. and II., 1882-83, 2 
vols. * 

STUCKENBERG, John Henry Wilburn, D.D. 

(Wooster University, O., 1874), Lutheran (General 
Synod) ; b. at Bramsche, Germany, Jan. 6, 1835; 
graduated at Wittenberg College, Springfield, O., 
1857; studied at Halle, Gottingen, Berlin, and 
Tubingen; pastor in Iowaand Pennsylvania; chap- 
lain One Hundred and Forty-fifth Pennsylvania 
Volunteers, September, 1862, to October, 1863 ; 
theological professor in Wittenberg College, 1873- 
80 ; in charge of American Chapel, Berlin, Ger- 
many, since 1881, and contributor to magazines. 
He belongs to the Philosophical Society of Berlin ; 
translated (with Dr. W. L. Gage) from Hagenbach 
German Rationalism, Edinburgh, 1866; and is au- 
thor of Ninety-five Theses, Baltimore, 1867; The His- 
tory of the Augsburg Confession, Philadelphia, 1869 ; 
Christian Sociology, New York, 1880 (reprinted, 
London, 1881) ; The Life of Immanuel Kant, Lon- 
don, 1882 ; Introduction to the Study of Philosophy 
(in preparation). 

STUDER, Gottlieb Ludwig, Swiss Protestant; 
b. at Bern, Jan. 18, 1801; became professor ex- 
traordinary of theology at Bern, 1850; ordinary 
professor, 1863, and was retired 1878. He has- 
published Das Buchder Richter erklart, Bern, 1835; 
Matth'm Neoburgensis chronica, 1866; Die berner 
Chronik von Konrad Justinger, 1870; Thuring Fri- 
ckharts Zioingherren- Streit und Bend. Tschachlans- 
berner Chronik, 1877 ; Das Buch Hiob erlautert, 
Bremen, 1881. 

SUPER, Henry William, D.D. (Heidelberg Col- 
lege, Tiffin, O., 1874), Reformed (German); b. 
in Baltimore, Md., Dec. 31, 1824; graduated at 
Marshall College, Mercersburg, Penn., 1849; pas- 
tor at Waynesboro', Penn., 1851-61; Greens- 
borough, 1861-75; professor of mathematics in 
State Normal School (1867-70), and of church 
history and biblical literature in Ursinus College,, 
Freeland, Penn., since 1870. He has written 
various articles. 

SWAINSON, Charles Anthony, D.D. (Cambridge,. 
1864), Church of England ; b. in Liverpool, May 
29, 1820 ; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge;, 
graduated B.A. (sixth wrangler) 1841, M.A. 
(Christ's College) 1844; was ordained deacon 1843, 
priest 1844; was fellow (1841-52) and tutor of 
Christ's College, Cambridge (1847-51) ; Whitehall 
preacher, 1849-51 ; Hulsean Lecturer, 1857-58 ; 
principal of Chichester Theological College, 1854- 
64; Norrisian professor of divinity in the Uni- 
versity of Cambridge, 1864-79 ; canon residentiary 
of Chichester, 1863-82; proctor for diocese and 
chapter of Chichester, 1874-83 ; became prebendary 
of Firle in Chichester Cathedral, 1856; Lady 
Margaret professor of divinity in University of 
Cambridge, 1879 ; examining chaplain to the 
bishop of Chichester, 1870 ; master of Christ's Col- 
lege, Cambridge, 1881 ; vice-chancellor of the 
University of Cambridge, 1886. He is the author 
of Commonplaces, read in Christ's College Chapel, 
London, 1848 ; Creeds of the Church in their Rela- 
tion to the Word of God and the Conscience of the 
Christian (Hulsean Lecture), 1858; The Authority 
of the New Testament, the Conviction of Righteous- 
ness, and the Ministry of Reconciliation, 1859 (Hul- 
sean Lecture); Essay on the History of Article 
xxix., 1856 ; Letter to the Dean of Chichester on the- 
Original Object of the Alhanasian Creed, 1870; A 



SWETE. 



213 



SYDOW. 



Plea for Time in dealing with the Athanasian Creed 
(a Letter to the Abp. of Cant., with Postscripts), 
1873 ; The Nicene and Apostles' Creeds, their Liter- 
ary History, together with an Account of the Growth 
and Reception of the Sermon on the Faith commonly 
called the Creed of St. Athanasius, 1875; The Par- 
liamentary History of the Act of Uniformity, with 
Documents not hitherto published, 1875 ; The Adver- 
tisement of 1566, an Historical Enquiry, 1880; Con- 
stitution and History of a Cathedral of the Old 
Foundation, illustrated by Documents inthe Muniment- 
room at Chichester, Part 1, 1880; Greek Liturgies, 
chiefly from Original Sources, 1884. 

SWETE, Henry Barclay, D.D. (Cambridge, 1880), 
Church of England; b, at Bristol, Eng., March 
14, 1835; educated at Gonville and Caius College, 
Cambridge (senior fellow), Cams Greek Testa- 
ment prizeman, 1855; member's prizeman, 1857 ; 
first-class classical tripos, 1858; graduated B.A. 
(first-class classical tripos) 1859, M. A. 1862, B.D. 
1874; was fellow of Gonville and Caius College, 
1858-71; tutor of the same, 1872-75; ordained 
deacon 1858, priest 1859 ; curate of Blagdon, 
1858-65; of All Saints, Cambridge, 1866-68; 
divinity lecturer, Cambridge, 1875-77; since 1877 
rector of Ashdon, Essex; since 1881 examining 
chaplain to bishop of St. Albans ; since 18S2 pro- 
fessor of pastoral theology, King's College, Lon- 
don. He is the author of England versus Rome, 
a Brief Handbook of the Roman Catholic Controversy, 
London, 1868 (Italian ti'ans., entitled Paragone 
dottrinale, Rome, 1872) ; On the Early History of the 
Doctrine of the Holy Spirit, Cambridge, 1873; 
Theodorus Lascaris Junior: DeProcessione Spiritus 
Sancti oratio apologetlca, London, 1875; On the 
History of the Doctrine of the Procession of the Holy 
Spirit, from the Apostolic Age to the Death of Charle- 
magne, Cambridge, 1876 ; Theodori Episcopi Mop- 
suesteni in Epistolas B. Pauli Commenlarii: The 
Latin Version, with the Greek Fragments, vol. i., 



Cambridge University Press, 1880, vol. ii. 18S2. 
Contributor to Smith and AVace's Dictionary of 
Christian Biography, 1877-S6, 4 vols. ; is preparing 
an edition of the Septuagint for the Cambridge 
University Press, the text of the Vatican manu- 
script, with an apparatus criiicus. 

SYDOW, (Karl Leopold) Adolph, Ph.D., Ger- 
man Protestant; b. at Charlottenburg, Nov. 23, 
1800 ; d. in Berlin, Oct. 22, 1S82. He studied at 
Berlin from 1819 to 1823, and became an ardent 
disciple of Schleiermacher. In 1824 he became 
repetent; in 1828, preacher and ordinary teacher 
of the cadet corps at Berlin. In 1836 he was 
called by Frederick William III. to Potsdam as 
court preacher, and enjoyed also the friendship 
of Frederick William IV., who sent him in 1841, 
with others, to Great Britain, to study in London 
and elsewhere the ecclesiastical arrangements. 
In consequence he became a defender of the free 
church system ; thus forfeited the king's favor, 
gave up his position at court, went in 1846 to 
Berlin as preacher of the New Church, and so re- 
mained until he was made emeritus in 1876. In 
1872 he was deposed by the Brandenburg con- 
sistory, because in a public lecture he declared 
that Jesus was the legitimate son of Joseph and 
Mary. He appealed to the upper church council : 
twenty-six ministers of the province of Branden- 
burg and twelve of Berlin protested against his 
deposition ; the theological faculty at Jena declared 
to Dr. Falk, the minister of religious affairs, that 
his deposition would "endanger the liberty of 
teaching;" and the council, while sharply rebuk- 
ing him, ordered his reinstatement on the ground 
that the objectionable statement was extra-official. 
See Sydow's Aklenstucke, Berlin, 1873. He made, 
with F. A. Schulze, a translation of Channing's 
works, Berlin, 1850-55, 12 vols. His other pub- 
lications consist of sermons, etc. See M. Sydow : 
Dr. A. Sydow. Ein Lebensbild, Berlin, 1885. * 



TALCOTT. 



214 



TAYLOR. 



T. 



TALCOTT, Daniel Smith, D.D. (Waterville 
College, Me., 1853 ; Bowdoin College, Brunswick, 
Me., 1858), Congregationalist ; b. at Newburyport, 
Mass., March 7, 1813 ; graduated at Amherst Col- 
lege, Mass., 1831, and at Andover Theological 
Seminary, Mass., 1834; became teacher of He- 
brew in Andover Theological Seminary, 1833 ; 
pastor at Sherborn, Mass., 1836; professor of 
sacred literature in Bangor Theological Seminary, 
Me., 1839 ; retired in 1881. His name, originally 
Daniel Talcott Smith, was changed in 1863. He 
is the author of sundry addresses, etc., and of 
articles in the American edition of Smith's Dic- 
tionary of the Bible. 

TALMAGE, Thomas DeWitt, D.D. , Presbyterian; 
b. near Bound Brook, N.J., Jan. 7, 1832; gradu- 
ated at the University of the City of New York 
1853, and at the New Brunswick (Reformed Dutch) 
Theological Seminary, N.J., 1856 ; became pastor 
of the Reformed Dutch Church at Belleville, N.J., 
1856; Syracuse, N.Y., 1859; Second Church, 
Philadelphia, Penn., 1862; Central Presbyterian 
Church, Schermerhorn Street, Brooklyn, N.Y., 
1869. In 1870 the congregation erected, on the 
same street near the old site, a new and much 
larger church, known as the "Tabernacle." It 
was burnt Dec. 22, 1872 ; rebuilt, 1873; dedicated, 
Feb. 22, 1874. The old church is now used for 
the Free Lay College, a training-school for Chris- 
tian workers, of which Dr. Talmage is president; 
also for reading-rooms and general purposes. The 
new tabernacle seats some five thousand persons ; 
the church reported in 1886 thirty-three hundred 
and eleven communicants. Dr. Talmage edited 
The Christian-at- Work, New York, 1873-76, now 
edits Frank Leslie's Sunday Magazine. His ser- 
mons are published every week, either in synopsis 
or fully, and many of them have appeared in sepa- 
rate volumes. Of the volumes made up of his 
sermons, lectures, etc., may be mentioned Crumbs 
swept up, Philadelphia, 186- ; Abominations of 
Modern Society, New York, 1872, new ed. 1876; 
Sermons, 1872-75, 4 series; Around the Tea-Table, 
Philadelphia, 1874 ; Night Sides of City Life, 1878; 
Masque torn off, 1879 ; The Brooklyn Tabernacle: 
a Collection of lOJj. Sermons, 1884; The Marriage 
Ring, 1886. (See Appendix.) * 

TARBOX, Increase Niles, D.D. (Iowa College, 
Grinnell, Io. ; Yale College, New Haven, Conn., 
both 1869), Congregationalist ; b. at East Wind- 
sor, Conn., Feb. 11, 1815; graduated at Yale 
College, New Haven, Conn., 1839, and at Yale Theo- 
logical Seminary, 1844; was tutor in Yale Col- 
lege, 1842-44 ; pastor of Plymouth Congregational 
Church, Framingham, Mass., 1844-51 ; secretary 
of the American Educational Society and Ameri- 
can College and Educational Society, Boston, 
1851-84. He is the author of Winnie and Walter 
Stories (juveniles), Boston, 1860, 4 vols. ; When 
I zvas a Boy (juvenile), 1862 ; The Curse, or the 
Position occupied in History by the Race of Ham, 
1864 ; Nineveh, or the Buried City, 1864; Tyre an/i 
Alexandria : Chief Commercial Cities of the Early 



World, 1865 ; Missionary Patriots, James H. and 
Edward M. Schneider, 1867 ; Uncle George's Stories 
(juveniles), 1868, 4 vols. ; Life of Lsrael Putnam 
("Old Put"), Major-General in the Continental 
Army, 1876 ; Sir Waller Raleigh and his Colony in 
America, 1884; Songs and Hymns for Common Life, 
1885 ; Diary of Thomas Robbins, D.D., 1886. 

TAYLOR, Barnard Cook, A.M., Baptist; b. at 
Holmdel, N.J., May 20, 1850 ; graduated at Brown 
University, Providence, R.I., 1874, and at Crozer 
Theological Seminary, Chester, Penn., 1877; be- 
came in the latter institution assistant instructor 
of Hebrew (1877), assistant professor of biblical 
interpretation (1880), and professor of Old-Testa- 
ment exegesis (1883). 

TAYLOR, Charles, D.D. (Cambridge, 1881), 
Church of England ; b. in London, May 27, 1840; 
educated in King's College School, London, and 
at St. John's College, Cambridge ; graduated B.A. 
(ninth wrangler and second-class classical tripos) 
1862, M.A. 1865 ; was first-class in theology, 1863; 
Crosse scholar and Tyrwhitt scholar, 1864; Kaye 
prize, 1867 ; ordained deacon 1866, priest 1867 ; 
was fellow of St. John's College, 1864-81; exam- 
iner at Lampeter, 1874-77; lecturer in theology, 
Cambridge, 1873-81 ; became honorary fellow of 
King's College, London, 1876; master of St. 
John's College, Cambridge, 1881. He is the 
author of Geometrical Conies, London, 1863 ; The 
Gospel in the Law: a Critical Examination of the 
Citations from the Old Testament in the New, 1869; 
Elementary Geometry of Conies, 1872, 4th ed. 1883; 
The Dirge of Cohele/h (in Eccles. xii.) discussed 
and literally interpreted, 1874; The Sayings of the 
Jewish Fathers, including Pirke Aboth, etc., in He- 
brew and English, with Critical and Illustrative Notes, 
1877; An Introduction to the Ancient and Modern 
Geometry of Conies, with Historical Notes and Prole- 
gomena, 1881 ; The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles, 
with Illustrations from the Talmud (two lectures de- 
livered at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, 
May 29 and June 6, 1885), Cambridge, 1886. 

TAYLOR, George Lansing, D.D. (Syracuse Uni- 
versity, N.Y., 1876), Methodist ; b. at Skaneateles, 
N.Y., Feb. 13, 1835 ; was freshman and sophomore 
at Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, O., and 
junior and senior at Columbia College, New-York 
City ; graduated, 1861 ; was assistant editor of the 
Christian Advocate, New York, 1861; entered itine- 
rant ministry of the Methodist-Episcopal Church 
in New-York East Conference in April, 1862, and 
has ever since been in its pastorates. Since 1870 a 
trustee of Syracuse University, N.Y. He served in 
the Christian Commission during the war, in Mary- 
land and Virginia; has always been an ardent 
temperance laborer, was for years in the National 
Society's Board, and delivered on the subject 
many speeches and lectures. He built the Simp- 
son Methodist-Episcopal Church, Brooklyn, N.Y., 
and the Jesse Lee Memorial Church, Ridgefield, 
Conn. ; and has preached about a hundred camp- 
meeting sermons. He is the author of Six Cen- 
tennial Hymns (for the centenary of 1866, pamphlet), 



TAYLOR. 



215 



TEMPLE. 



New York, 1866 ; many pamphlets, sermons, 
speeches, and tracts; many contributions to the 
religious and secular press, including several hun- 
dred occasional poems and hymns; latest books 
are, Ulysses S. Grant, Conqueror, Patriot, Hero : 
an Elegy, and other Grant Poems, 1885 ; Elijah the 
Reformer, and other Poems, 1S85. See Alumni 
Record of Wesleyan University and Allibone. 

TAYLOR, John Phelps, Congregationalist ; b. 
at Andover, Mass., April 6, 1841; graduated at 
Yale College, New Haven, Conn., 1862, and at 
Andover Theological Seminary, Mass., 1868; was 
pastor at Middletown, Conn., 1868-74; at Newport, 
R.I., 1874-76; at New London, Conn., 1878-83; 
and since has been professor of biblical history 
and oriental archaeology in Andover Theological 
Seminary. 

TAYLOR, Marshall William, D.D. (Central 
Tennessee College, Nashville, Tenn., 1878), Meth- 
odist; b. of free parents at Lexington, Fayette 
County, Ky., July 1, 1846 ; taught by white chil- 
dren at Ghent. Ky., 1851-53; by colored and 
white Methodist preachers, 1853-55 ; in school for 
free negroes at Louisville, Ky., 1855-58 ; was mes- 
senger for a law-firm in Louisville, Ky., 1853-55 ; 
steamboat cook, 1858-61 ; in the Army of the 
Cumberland, 1862-65; teacher at Hardinsburg, 
Ky., 1866-70; at Midway and Wittsburg, Ark., 
18'70-71 ; entered the ministry of the Methodist- 
Episcopal Church in the Lexington (Ky.) Confer- 
ence, 1872 ; was supply at Litchfield, Ky. (1871), 
pastor at Louisville (1872-74), at Indianapolis, Ind. 
(1875-76), at Cincinnati, O. (1877-7S); presiding 
elder, O., 1878-83; at Louisville, Ky., 1883-84; 
since 1884, editor of the South-western Christian 
Advocate, New Orleans, La. He was appointed a 
delegate to the Pan Methodist Conference in Lon- 
don, Eng., and to the Centennial Conference in 
Baltimore, Md. ; and is a founder of the Colored 
Secret Society of United Brothers of Friendship 
at Louisville, Ky., 1861. He is the author of 
Handbook for Schools in South-ivestern Kentucky, 
Louisville, Ky., 1871; Life of Rev. George W. 
Downing, 1878, 3d ed. 18—; Plantation Melodies 
and Revival Songs of the Negroes, 1882, 4th ed. 
18 — ; The Universal Reign of Jesus (a sermon), 
1872; numerous pamphlets, etc. 

TAYLOR, William, D.D. (Mount Union College, 
O., and Abbington Hedding College, 111.), bishop 
of the Methodist-Episcopal Church; b. at Rock- 
bridge County, Va., May 2, 1821; went from his 
father's farm and tan-yard into the ministry; was 
regular itinerant, 1842-49; missionary in Cali- 
fornia, 1849-56 ; evangelist in the Eastern States 
and Canada until 1862, when he went to Australia, 
thence to Africa, thence to India. In Bombay he 
founded in 1872 an independent, self-supporting 
mission, of which the South-India Conference is 
the result. In 1878 he visited Chili and Peru. 
He was elected a bishop in 1884. He is the author 
of Seven Years' Street Preaching in San Francisco, 
New York, 1856, 27th thousand, London. 1863 ; 
California Life illustrated, New York, 1858, 24th 
thousand, London, 1863; The Model Preacher, 
Cincinnati, 1860, 16th thousand, London, 1865; 
Reconciliation, or How to be Saved, 1867; Infancy 
and Manhood of Christian Life, 1867 ; The Elec- 
tion of Grace, Cincinnati, 1868 ; Christian Adven- 
tures in South Africa, 1867 ; Four Years' Campaign 
in India, 1875 ; Our South American Cousins, 1878; 



Letters to a Quaker on Baptism, 188- ; Ten Years 
of Self-supporting Missions in India, 1882 ; Pauline 
Methods of Missionary Work, 188-. 

TAYLOR, William James Romeyn, D.D. (Rut- 
gers College, New Brunswick, N.J., 1860), Re- 
formed (Dutch); b. at Schodack, Rensselaer County, 
N.Y., July 31, 1823 ; graduated at Rutgers Col- 
lege, New Brunswick, N.J., 1841; and at the 
theological seminary of the Reformed Church in 
America, in the same place, 1844 ; became pastor 
at New Durham, N.J., 1844; Jersey City, N.J. 
(Second Church), 1846 ; Schenectady, N.Y. (First. 
Church), 1849 ; Jersey City, N.J. (Third Church), 
1S52; Philadelphia, Penn. (Third Church), 1854;. 
corresponding secretary of the American Bible 
Society, 1862 ; pastor of the Clinton-avenue Re- 
formed Church, Newark, N.J., 1869. He edited 
The Christian Intelligencer (the denominational 
organ), New York, 1872-76 ; was president of the 
General Synod of the denomination, 1871 ; has 
been trustee of Rutgers College since 1878. He- 
is the author of Louisa, a Pastor's Memorial, 
Philadelphia, 1860 ; many occasional sermons and 
addresses in pamphlet form; tracts; about two 
hundred columns, chiefly biographical and his- 
torical, in McClintock and Strong's Cyclopaedia; 
Hie Bible in the Last Hundred Years : a Historical 
Discourse for the American Bible Society in the 
United States Centennial, 1876 ; Church Extension 
in Large Cities (1880), and On Co-operation in For- 
eign Alissions (1884), papers in the second and 
third councils, respectively, of the Alliance of Re- 
formed Churches, etc. See list in Corwin's Manual 
of Reformed Church, 3d ed. New York, 1879, pp. 
480, 481. 

TAYLOR, William Mackergo, D.D. (Yale Col- 
lege, New Haven, Conn., and Amherst College, 
Mass., both 1872), LL.D. (College of New Jersey, 
Princeton, 1883), Congregationalist; b. at Kil- 
marnock, Scotland, Oct. 23, 1829 ; graduated at 
University of Glasgow 1849, and at the United 
Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Edinburgh, 
1852 ; became pastor (United Presbyterian) at 
Kilmaurs, Scotland, 1853; of Derby-road Church, 
Liverpool, Eng., 1855; and of the Broadway Tab- 
ernacle Church (Congregationalist), New-York 
City, 1872. He was Lyman Beecher lecturer in 
Yale Seminary, 1876 and 1886 ; L. P. Stone lec- 
turer in Princeton Seminary, 1880 ; and editor of 
the Christian at Work, 1876-80. He is the author 
of Life Truths (sermons), Liverpool, Eng., 1862, 
2d ed. 1863; The Miracles: Helps to Faith, not 
Hindrances, Edinburgh, 1865 ; The Lost found, 
and the Wanderer welcomed, 1870, last ed. New 
York, 1884 ; Memoir of the Rev. Matthew Dickie,- 
Bristol, 1872 ; Prayer and Business, New York, 
1873 ; David, King of Israel, 1875 ; Elijah the 
Prophet, 1876; The Ministry of the Word (Yale 
Lectures), 1876; Songs in the Night, 1877, last ed. 
1884; Peter the Apostle, 1877; Daniel the Beloved, 
1878 ; Moses the Lawgiver, 1879 ; The Gospel Mir- 
acles in their Relation to Christ and Christianity 
(Princeton Lectures), 1880; The Limitations of 
Life, and other Sermons, 18S0 ; Paul the Missionary, 
18S2 ; Contrary Winds, and other Sermons, 1883 ; 
Jesus at the Well, 1884; John Knox, a Biography, 
1885 ; Joseph, the Prime Minister, 1886. 

TEMPLE, Right Rev. Frederick, D.D. (Oxford, 
1858), lord bishop of London, Church of England; 
b. at Santa Maura Nov. 30, 1821; educated at 



TERRY. 



216 



THOMAS. 



Balliol College, Oxford; graduated B.A. (double 
first class) 1842, M.A. 1846, B.D. 1858; was 
elected fellow and mathematical tutor of his col- 
lege, 1842 ; ordained deacon 1846, priest 1847 ; 
was principal of Kneller Hail Training College, 
near Twickenham, 1848-55; head master of Rug- 
by School, 1858-69 ; chaplain-in-ordinary to the 
Queen; bishop of Exeter, 1869-85 ; select preacher 
at Oxford 1873-74, and Bampton lecturer 1884 ; 
translated to London, 1885. He is the author of 
the essay on The Education of the World, in Essays 
and Reviews, London, 1860 ; Sermons preached in 
the chapel of Rugby School (1S58-69), London, 
1862-71, 3 series ; Relations between Religion and 
Science (Bampton Lectures), 1884, 2d ed. 1885. 

TERRY, Milton Spenser, S.T.D. (Wesleyan 
University, Middletown, Conn., 1879), Methodist; 
b. at Coeymans, N.Y., Feb. 22, 1840; graduated 
at Charlotteville (N.Y.) Seminary 1859, and Yale 
Theological Seminary, New Haven, Conn., 1862; 
was pastor, 1863-84; and since professor of Old- 
Testament exegesis in Garrett Biblical Institution, 
Evanston, 111. He is the author of commentary 
on Joshua to Samuel, New York, 1873, 5th ed. 
1884; and on Kings to Esther, 1875; Biblical 
Hermeneutics, 1883, 2d ed. 1885. 

THAYER, Joseph Henry, D.D. (Yale College, 
New Haven, Conn., 1883; Harvard University, 
Cambridge, Mass., 1884),- Congregationalist ; b. 
in Boston, Mass., Nov. 7, 1828 ; graduated at Har- 
vard College, Cambridge, Mass., 1850, and at 
Andover Theological Seminary, Mass., 1857; was 
pastor at Salem, Mass., 1859-62 ; chaplain Fortieth 
Massachusetts Volunteers, 1862-63 ; professor of 
sacred literature in Andover Theological Seminary, 
1861-82 ; and since 1884 professor of New-Testa- 
ment criticism and interpretation in the theological 
department of Harvard University. He translated 
the 7th ed. (Lunemann's) of Winer's Grammar of 
the New-Testament Greek, Andover, 1869, last ed. 
1884; A. Buttmann's Grammar of the New-Testament 
Greek, 1873, last ed. 1883 ; and with revision and 
enlargement the 2d ed. of Grimm's Wilke's Clavis 
Novi Testamenti, under title, A Greek-English Lex- 
icon of the Neio Testament, New York, 1886. 

THIERSCH, Heinrich Wilhelm Josias, D.D., 
Irvingite; b. in Munich, Bavaria, Nov. 5, 1817; 
d. at Basel, Dec. 3, 1885. He studied philology 
at Munich, chiefly with his father, an eminent 
Greek scholar; and theology at Erlangen and 
Tubingen; became privat-docent at Erlangen, 1839; 
professor of theology at Marburg, 1843 ; resigned 
in 1850, in order to labor in the interest of the 
"Catholic Apostolic Church," which then began 
to be organized in Germany by "Evangelists" 
from England. He had charge of a small Irving- 
ite congregation at Augsburg, and afterwards at 
Basel. He was connected by marriage with the 
Zeller family of Beuggen, and with Bishop Gobat 
of Jerusalem, who married a sister of his wife. 

Dr. Thiersch was a man of sincere and pro- 
found piety, of rare classical, theological, and gen- 
eral culture, an enthusiastic teacher, and might 
have become the successor of Neander in Berlin ; 
but, in obedience to what he believed to be a 
divine call, he sacrificed a brilliant academic 
career to his religious convictions. He lived in 
poverty and isolation. He was lame ; but had 
a very striking, highly intellectual and spiritual 
countenance, and an impressive voice and man- \ 



ner. He was the most distinguished German 
convert to Irvingism. He sincerely believed that 
the Lord had restored the offices and gifts of the 
Apostolic Church in the Irvingite community; 
and, notwithstanding the apparent failure of the 
movement, he adhered to it till his death. 

His chief writings are, Versuch zur Herstellung 
des historischen Standpunkts fur die Kritik der neu- 
testamentlichen Schriften, Erlangen, 1845 (a very able 
book against the Tubingen school of Baur, who 
answered in Der Kritiker und der Fandtiker, in der 
Person des Herrn Heinrich W. J. Thiersch. Zur 
Charakteristik der neuesten Theologie, Stuttgart, 
1846); Vorlesungen uber Katholicismvs und Protes- 
tantismus, Erlangen, 1846, 2 vols, (very able, writ- 
ten in an irenic spirit, and in elegant style) ; Die 
Kirche im apostolischen Zeitalter, Frankfurt-am- 
Main, 1852, 3d ed. 1879 (English trans, by Carlyle 
the Irvingite, London, 1852) ; Ueber christliches 
Familienleben, 1854, 7th ed. 1877; Dollinger's Auf- 
fussung des Urchristenthums beleuchtet, 1861 ; Die 
Gleichnisse Chrisli, Frankfurt-am-Main, 1867, 2d 
ed. 1875; Die Bergpredigt Christi, Basel, 1867, 2d 
ed., Augsburg, 1878;' Die Strafgeselze in Bayern 
zum Schutz der Sittlichkeit, 1S68; Luther, Gusiav 
Adolf und Max 1. von Bayern, Nordlingen, 1868; 
Das Verbot der Ehe innerhalb der nahen Verwandt- 
schaft nach der heiligen Schrift und nach den Grund- 
satzen der christlichen Kirche, 1869 ; Die Genesis, 
Basel, 1869 (English trans., The Book of Genesis, 
London, 1878); Ueber den christlichen Staat, 1875; 
Christian Heinrich Zeller's Leben, Basel, 1876, 2 
vols. ; Die Anfcmge der heiligen Geschichte, nach 
dem 1. Buche Mosis betrachtet, 1877; Ueber die Ge- 
fahren und die Hoffnungen der christlichen Kirche, 
1877, 2d ed. 1878 ; Blicke in die Lebensgeschichte 
des Propheten Daniel, 1884; Inbegriff der christlichen 
Lehre, 1886 (his last work, which was published 
after his death, and contains a manual of Chris- 
tian doctrine and Christian life which he used in 
his catechetical instruction). PHILIP SCHAFF. 

THOMAS, David, D.D. (Waynesburg College, 
Penn., 1862), Congregationalist; b. at Hollybush- 
Vatson, near Tenby, Pembrokeshire, South Wales, 
Feb. 1, 1813; educated at Newport Pagnel, now 
Cheshunt College, Buckingham, under the Rev. 
T. Bull, the friend and neighbor of Cowper the 
poet; entered the Independent ministry, 1841; 
was minister of Stockwell Independent Church, 
London, 1845-74. He founded in 1855 the National 
Newspaper League Company, for cheapening and 
improving the daily press, which numbered ten 
thousand members, and of which he was chair- 
man; also the Working Men's Club and Institute 
Unions, 1861 ; originated the Universitj' for Wales 
in 1862, when the first letters and resolutions were 
sent out; the University College was opened at 
Aberystwith, March 11, 1877. He comes of an 
old family who have resided upon the same 
property for upwards of three hundred and fifty 
years. His grandfather lived to a hundred years ; 
great-grandfather to a hundred and twenty years ; 
great-uncle to a hundred and twelve years. He is 
a Broad Churchman, in close theological sympathy 
with Horace Bushnell of United States of America, 
Dean Stanley of Westminster, F. W. Robertson 
of Brighton, and Bishop Fraser of Manchester. 
In all his writings he recognizes the fact, that as 
Christ is the only revealer of absolute truth, he 
is not to be interpreted by the Old -Testament 



THOMAS. 



217 



THOMSON. 



•writers or by the apostles, but they are all to be 
interpreted by him. He is the author of The 
Crisis of Being, London, 1849; The Core of Creeds, 
1851 ; The Progress of Being, 1854 ; The Biblical 
Liturgy, 1855; Journalism and the Pulpit, 1857; 
Unreasonableness of People in Relation to the Pulpit, 
1857 ; Resurrections: Thoughts on Duty and Destiny, 
1863; The Genius of the Gospel: a Homiletical 
Commentary on St. Matthew, 1864 ; The Augustine 
Hymn-Book, 1865 ; The Minister, the Parent, and 
the Church: Inaugural Addresses, Bristol, 1866; 
The Philosophy of Happiness (including Crisis and 
Progress of Being), London, 1869 ; Homiletic Com- 
mentary on Acts of the Apostles, 1869 ; The Practi- 
cal Philosopher: a Daily Monitor, 1873; Problemata 
Mundi, the Book of Job considered, 1878 ; editor of 
The Homilist, 1851-82 ; 50 vols. ; and since of The 
Homilistic Library, in which have appeared his 
Book of the Psalms, exegetically and practically con- 
sidered, 1882-83, 3 vols. ; The Genius of the Fourth 
Gospel, 1884. 

THOMAS, Jesse Burgess, D.D. (University of 
Chicago, 1866), Baptist; b. at Edwardsville, 111., 
July 29, 1832 ; graduated at Kenyon College, 
Gambier, O., 1850; was admitted to the bar in 
Illinois, 1852 ; studied in Rochester Theological 
Seminary, N.Y., 1853-54 ; - obliged to abandon 
his studies through ill health, he engaged in 
mercantile pursuits at Chicago, 111. ; in 1862 he 
entered the Baptist ministry, and was pastor at 
Waukegan, 111., 1862-64 ; of the Pierrepont-street 
Church, Brooklyn, N.Y., 1864-68; of the First 
Church, San Francisco, Cal., 1868-69; of the 
Michigan-avenue Church, Chicago, 1869-74 ; has 
been pastor of the First Baptist Church of 
Brooklyn, N.Y., since 1874. He is the author 
of The Old Bible and the New Science, New 
York, 1S77; The Mould of Doctrine, Philadel- 
phia, 18S3. 

THOMPSON, Augustus Charles, D.D. (Amherst 
College, Mass., 1860), Congregationalist ; b. at 
Goshen, Litchfield County, Conn., April 30, 1812 ; 
educated at Yale College, New Haven, Conn., 
with the class of 1835, but did not graduate ; 
graduated from the Theological Seminary, Hart- 
ford, Conn., 1838; studied at the University of 
Berlin, 183S-39 ; ordained at Eliot Church, Rox- 
bury, Mass., July 27, 1842; now senior pastor. 
He was associated with Rev. Dr. Ruf us Anderson 
in a deputation to the missions of the A. B. C. F. M. 
in India, 1854-55 ; with Rev. Dr. N. G. Clark, as 
a delegate to the Missionary Conference in Lon- 
don, Eng., 1878 ; lecturer on foreign missions at 
Andover Theological Seminary (Mass.), 1877-80 ; 
at the Boston University (Mass.), 1882; and at 
Hartford Theological Seminary (Conn.), 1885-86. 
He is the author of Songs in the Night, Boston, 
1845,- Young Martyrs, 2d ed. 1848; Lambs Fed, 
1849 (translated into Mahrathi, Bombay, 1853) ; 
Last Hours, 1851 ; Poor Widow, 1854 (translated 
into Tamil, Jaffna, Ceylon, 1855) ; The Better Land, 
1854 (republished Edinburgh 1865, new ed. 1869); 
The Yoke in Youth, 1856 ; Gathered Lilies, 1858 ; 
Eliot Sabbath-school Memorial, 1859 ; Morning 
Hours in Patmos, 1860 ; Lyra Ccelestis, 1863 ; The 
Mercy Seat, 1863 (republished London, 1864) ; Our 
Little Ones, 1867; Chrislus Consolator, 1867; Seeds 
and Sheaves, 1868 ; Discourse Commemorative of Rev. 
Rufus Anderson, DD., 1880; Moravian Missions, 
New York, 1882 ; Happy New Year, 1883 ; Future 



Probation and Foreign Missions, 1886 ; various ser- 
mons, addresses, and articles in sundry periodicals. 

THOMPSON, Right Rev. Hugh Miller, S.T.D. 
(Hobart College, Geneva, N.Y., 1863), LL.D. 
(University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, 1885), Episco- 
palian, assistant bishop of Mississippi ; b. in 
County Londonderry, Ireland, June 5, 1830; 
graduated B.D. from Nashotah Theological Sem- 
inary, Wis., 1852 ; was missionary and minister in 
Wisconsin, Illinois, and Kentucky, 1852-60 ; pro- 
fessor of church history at Nashotah, 1S60-71, and 
during the same period editor of The American 
Churchman; rector of Christ Church, New- York 
City, 1872-76; editor of The Church Journal, 
1871-79 ; rector of Trinity Church, New Orleans, 
1876-83 ; consecrated assistant bishop of Missis- 
sippi, 1883. He is the author of Unity and its 
Restoration, New York, I860, 15th thousand 1885; 
Sin and Penalty, 1862, 15th thousand 1885 ; First 
Principles, 1868,20th thousand 1885; Absolution, 
1872, last ed. 1885; Copy, 1S72, 3d ed. 1885; The 
Kingdom of God, 1873, 15th thousand 1885; The 
World and the Logos (Bedell Lectures for 1885), 
1885. 

THOMPSON, William, D.D. (Union College, 
Schenectady, N.Y., 1847), Congregationalist; b. 
at Goshen, Conn., Feb. 17, 1806 ; graduated at 
Union College, Schenectady, N.Y., 1827; since 
1834 has been professor of Hebrew in Hartford 
Theological Seminary, Conn. ; since 1881 emeritus 
and dean of the faculty. 

THOMSON, Right Hon. and Most Rev. William, 
D.D. (Oxford, 1856), F.R.S., F.R.G.S., archbishop 
of York, primate of England, and Metropolitan, 
Church of England; b. at Whitehaven, Cumber- 
land, Feb. 11, 1819 ; educated at Queen's College, 
Oxford; graduated B.A. (third-class classics) 1840, 
M.A. 1843, B.D. 1856; was ordained deacon 1842, 
priest 1843 ; was fellow, dean, bursar, tutor, and 
provost of his college, 1855-62 ; preacher to the 
Honorable Society of Lincoln's Inn, London, 1858- 
61 ; rector of All Saints, Marylebone, 1855-61 ; in 
1861 was consecrated bishop of Gloucester and 
Bristol, and 1863 translated to York. He was 
select preacher at Oxford 1848 and 1856, and 
Bampton lecturer 1853. He is visitor of Queen's 
College, Oxford; elector of St. Augustine's Col- 
lege, Cambridge, and one of the lords of her 
Majesty's Most Honorable Privy Council. He is 
the author of The Atoning Work of Christ (Bamp- 
ton Lectures), London, 1854; Sermons preached 
in Lincoln's Inn Chapel, 1860 ; Life in the Light of 
God's Word (sermons), 1868 ; Word, Work, and Will, 
1879 ; Outline of the Laws of Thought, 1883. 

THOMSON, William McClure, D.D. (Wabash 
College, Crawfordsville, Ind., 1858), Presbyterian; 
b. at Springfield (now Spring Dale), near Cin- 
cinnati, O., Dec. 31, 1806; graduated at Miami 
University, Oxford, O., 1826; studied at Prince- 
ton Theological Seminary, N. J., 1826-27; ordained 
an evangelist by Presbytery of Cincinnati, O., 
Oct. 12, 1831 ; was missionary in Syria and Pales- 
tine under A. B. C. F. M. and Presbyterian Board 
of Foreign Missions, 1833-49, 1850-57, 1859-76. 
He now resides in New- York City. He is the 
author of The Land and the Book, or Biblical Illus- 
trations Drawn from the Manners and Customs, the 
Scenes and Scenery, of the Holy Land, New York, 
1859,2 vols, later editions; new ed. thoroughly 
revised and re-written, with numerous illustrations, 



THOROLD. 



218 



TOORBNBNBERGEN. 



3 vols. (vol. i., Southern Palestine and Jerusalem, 
New York and London, 1880; vol. ii., Central 
Palestine and Phoenicia, 1882; vol. iii., Lebanon, 
Damascus, and Beyond Jordan, 1886). 

THOROLD, Right Rev. Anthony Wilson, D.D. 
(by diploma, 1877), lord bishop of Rochester, 
Church of England; b. at Hougham, June 13, 
1825; educated at Queen's College, Oxford ; grad- 
uated B.A. 1847, M.A. 1850; ordained deacon 
1849, priest 1850 ; became rector of St. Giles-in- 
the-Fields, London, 1857 ; minister of Curzon 
Chapel, Mayfair, 1868 ; vicar and rural dean of 
St. Pancras, Middlesex, 1869 ; lord bishop of 
Rochester, 1877. He was examining chaplain to 
the archbishop of York, 1874-77 ; and select 
preacher at Oxford, 1878-80. He is the author 
of The Presence of Christ, London, 1869, 16th ed. 
1884 ; The Gospel of Christ, 1881, 5th ed. 1884 ; 
The Claim of Christ on the Young, 1882, 2d ed. 
1883 ; The Yoke of Christ, 1883, 7th ed. 1887. 

TIELE, Cornells Petrus, D.D. (hon., Leiden, 1853), 
Dutch theologian; b. at Leiden, Dec. 16, 1830; 
studied at the Remonstrants' Seminary and at the 
Athenaeum of Amsterdam; became Remonstrant 
pastor at Moordrecht, 1853 ; Rotterdam, 1856 ; 
professor in the Remonstrants' Seminary, trans- 
lated to Leiden, 1873; professor of the history of 
religions, in the University of Leiden, 1877 (for 
his inaugural addresses, see below). He edited 
for a time "The Signs of the Times" (in Dutch), the 
organ of the so-called " modern theology ; " and 
assisted upon Gids; and since its foundation, in 
1867, has been joint editor with A. Kuenen, A. D. 
Loman, and L. W. llauwenhoff of the Theologisch 
Tijdschrift, Leiden. He is the author of Specimen 
theologicum sistens annotalionem in locos nonnullos 
erangelii Joannei, ad vindicandam hujus evangelii 
authentiam (publicly defended, Amsterdam), 1853; 
and in Dutch of " The Gospel of John consid- 
ered as a source of the Life of Jesus," 1855; 
" The Religion of Zarathustra," 1864 ; Vergelij- 
kende Geschiedenis der Egyplische en Mesopotamische 
Godsdienslen (" Comparative History of the Egyp- 
tian and Mesopotamian Religions "), 1869-72, 2 
parts (French trans., Paris, 1882 ; English author- 
ized trans, by James Ballingal, part 1, History 
of the Egyptian Religion, London, 1882); De plaats 
ran de Godsdienslen der Natuurvolken in de Gods- 
dienst-geschiedenis (" The Place of the Religions 
of the Savages in the History of Religion," in- 
augural), 1873; Geschiedenis van den Godsdienst tot 
aan de heerschappij der Wereldgodsdiensten, 1876 
(English trans, by J. E. Carpenter, Outlines of the 
History of Religion to the Spread of the Universal 
Religions, London, 1878, 3d ed. 1884; French 
trans., Paris, 1880; German trans., Berlin, 1880); 
De vrucht der Assyriologie voor de vergelijkende ge- 
schiedenis der Godsdienslen (" The Results of Assy- 
riology for the Comparative History of Religion," 
inaugural), 1877 (German trans, by K. Friederici, 
Leipzig, 1878) ; De Gelijkenis van het Vaderhuis 
("The Parable of the Father's House"), 1861, later 
eds. ; Twaalf Preken ("Twelve Sermons"), 1873; 
Iluldreich Zwingli (an address at the Zwingli Fes- 
tival in the Remonstrants' Church at Rotterdam, 
Dec. 30, 1883), 1884; contributions in the Revue 
de I'histoire des Religions, Paris, etc. 

TILLETT, Wilbur Fisk, A.M., Methodist 
(Southern Church); b. at Henderson, N.C., Aug. 
25, 1854; graduated at Randolph Macon College, 



Ashland, Va., 1877, and at Princeton Theological 
Seminary, N. J., 1880 ; became member of Virginia 
Conference, Methodist-Episcopal, South ; and pas- 
tor at Danville, Va., 1880; chaplain of Vander- 
bilt University, Nashville, Tenn., 1882 ; adjunct 
professor of systematic theology in the same 1883, 
and full professor 1884. He is the author of 
various review articles. 

TITCOMB, Right Rev. Jonathan Holt, D.D. 
(Cambridge, 1877), Church of England; b. in 
London, in the year 1819 ; educated at St. Peter's 
College, Cambridge; graduated B.A. (junior op- 
time) 1841, M.A. 1844; ordained deacon 1842, 
priest 1843 ; was perpetual curate of St. Andrew 
the Less, Cambridge, 1845-59; secretary to the 
Christian Vernacular Education Society for India, 
1859-61 ; vicar of St. Stephen, South Lambeth, 
London, 1861-76 ; rural dean of Clapham, 1870- 
76 ; vicar of Woking, 1876-77 ; consecrated first 
lord bishop of Rangoon, British Burmah, 1877 ; 
resigned his bishopric, 1882 ; became bishop co- 
adjutor of the English Church for Northern and 
Central Europe, 1884. Since 1874 he has been 
honorary canon of Winchester. He is the author 
of Bible Studies as to Divine Teaching, London, 
1857 ; Baptism : its Institution, Privdeges, and Re- 
sponsibilities, 1866; Revelation from Adam to Mal- 
achi: Bible Studies, 1871; Church Lessons for 
Young Churchmen, 1873; Anglo-Israel Post-bag, 
1878; Before the Ci-oss, 1878; British Burmah,. 
and its Church Mission Work in 1878-79, 1880; 
Cautions for Doubters, 1880 ; Short Chapters on 
Buddhism Past and Present, 1883. * 

TOLLIN, Henri Guillaume Nathanael, Lie. 
Theol. (Berlin, 1857), M.D. (hon., Bern, 1884), 
Reformed theologian ; b. at Berlin, May 5, 1833 ;. 
educated at Berlin and Bonn ; was teacher in the 
French gymnasium in Berlin, 1859-62 ; preacher 
to the Reformed Church at Frankfort-on-the-Oder,. 
1862; afterwards at Schulzendorf, near Lindow; 
since 1876 he has been preacher to the French 
Reformed Church at Magdeburg. He established 
at Frankfort-on-the-Oder and at Schulzendorf a. 
fund for poor people, and at Magdeburg an edu- 
cational union. He is the author of Biographische 
Beitrage zur Geschichle der Toleranz, Frankfort-on- 
the-Oder, 1866 ; Ein Ahnherr der Hohenzollern, 
1866 ; Geistliche Reden von Havenstein, nebst Bio- 
graphie, 1866 ; Geschichte der franzosichen Colonie 
in Frankfurt a. d. Oder, 1868; H. W. Beecher's 
Geistliche Reden, nebst Biographic, Berlin, 1870 ; 
Luther und Servet, 1875 ; Melanchlhon und Servet r 
1876 ; Characterbild Michael Servet's, 1876 (trans- 
lated into English, Hungarian, French, Italian, 
and Danish) ; Die Entdeckung des Blutkreislaufs , 
Jena, 1876 ; Das Lehrsystem Michael Servet's, Giiters- 
loh, vols. i. — iii., 1876-78 ; Mi. Villanovani Apolo- 
getica disceptatio, Berlin, 1880 ; Mi. Servet und 
Martin Butzer, 1880 ; William Harvey, 1880 ; Mateo 
Realdo Colombo, 1880; Harvey und seine Vorganyer, 
Erlangen, 1883 ; Cassiodore de Reina, Paris, 1883- 
84; Andreas Caesalpin, Bonn, 1884; Andreas Vesal t 
Erlangen, 1885 ; Geschichte der franzosisch refor- 
mirlen Gemeinde zu Magdeburg, Halle, 1886-87 ; 
numerous articles in the Zeitschriflen of Kahnis, 
Hilgenfeld, Hase, Kbstlin, Guericke, Zbckler, 
Lehmann, von Raumer, Virchow, von Holtzendoff, 
etc. ; many on Servetus. 

TOORENENBERGEN, Johan Justus van, theo- 
logian ; b. at Utrecht, Feb. 12, 1822 ; studied at 



TOUSEY. 



219 



TRENCH. 



the University of Utrecht ; became Reformed pas- 
tor at Elspeet 1844, Flessingen 184S; director 
of studies and secretary of the Mission Institute of 
Utrecht, 1864; pastor at Rotterdam, 1869; pro- 
fessor of ecclesiastical history in the University of 
Amsterdam, 1880. He is the author (in Dutch) 
of two volumes of sermons, minor works, and 
" A Page of the History of the Confession of the 
Reformed Church of the Netherlands," Amster- 
dam, 1861; "Dogmatic Theses relating to the 
Doctrine of the Reformed Church," 1852-65; "The 
Symbolical Books of the Reformed Church of the 
Netherlands" (critical text), 1869; "The Reli- 
gious and Ecclesiastical Works of Ph. Marnix 
de Sainte Aldegonde," 1871-78, 3 vols. ; editor of 
the Marnix Society (" Documents relating to the 
History of the Reformed Church of the Nether- 
lands prior to 1618 ") 1870-85, 10 vols. ; Monu- 
menta reformalionis Belgicce, torn, i., 1882. 

TOUSEY, William George, Universalist ; b. at 
Portage, N.Y., Sept. 22, 1842 ; graduated A.B. 
at Tufts College, College Hill, Mass., 1869, and 
divinity school 1871 ; since 1873 has been professor 
of psychology and natural theology there. 

TOWNSEND, Luther Tracy, D.D. (Dartmouth 
College, Hanover, N.H., 1871), Methodist; b. at 
Orono, Me., Sept. 27, 1838; graduated at Dart- 
mouth College, Hanover, N.H., 1859, and An- 
dover Theological Seminary, Mass., 1862; was 
professor of exegetical theology, Boston University, 
Mass., 1867-68, of historical theology 1869-73, 
and since of practical theology. He was adjutant 
of Sixteenth New-Hampshire Volunteers, 1863-64. 
Of his works may be mentioned, True and Pre- 
tended Christianity, Boston, 1869 ; Sword and Gar- 
ment, 1871; God-Man, 1872; Credo, 1873; Out- 
lines of Theology, New York, 1873; Arena and 
Throne, Boston, 1874; Lost Forever, 1875; The 
Chinese Problem, 1876 ; The Supernatural Factor 
in Revivals, 1877 ; The Intermediate World, 1878 ; 
Elements of General and Christian Theology, New 
York, 1879; Fate of Republics, Boston, 1880; Art 
of Speech, vol. i., Studies in Poetry and Prose (1880), 
vol. ii., Studies in Eloquence and Logic (1881) ; 
Mosaic Record and Modern Science, 1881 ; Bible 
Theology and Modern Thought, 1883 ; Faith Work, 
Christian Science, and other Cures, 1885 ; Handbook 
upon Church Trials, New York, 1885. 

TOY, Crawford Howell, A.M., Baptist; b. at 
Norfolk, Va., March 23, 1836; graduated A.M. 
at University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va., 
1856 ; studied at Berlin, 1866-68 ; was professor 
of Old Testament interpretation in Southern Bap- 
tist Theological Seminary, Greenville, S.C. (now 
Louisville, Ky.), 1869-79, and since 1880 of He- 
brew in Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 
He is a " liberal conservative." He is the author 
of History of the Religion of Israel, Boston, 1S82, 
3d ed. 1884 ; Quotations in the New Testament, New 
York, 1884. 

TRECHSEL, Friedrich, D.D., Swiss theologian ; 
b. at Bern, Nov. 30, 1805 ; d. there Jan. 30, 1885. 
He studied in the university of his native city, 
then in Paris, Gbttingen, Halle, and Berlin. Of 
his teachers, Liicke of Gbttingen and Neander of 
Berlin had the most influence upon his intellectual 
development. In 1829 he became chaplain of 
the city hospital at Bern, and privat-docent in the 
academy; pastor at Vechigen, 1837; of the Minster 
at Bern, 1859 ; retired on a pension, 1876. He 



was the author of Ueber den Kanon, die Kritik 
und Exegese, Bern, 1832 ; Johannes Philoponus (in 
Theologische Studien und Kritiken, 1835) ; Die 
protestanlischen Antitrinitarier vor Faustus Socin., 
Nach Quellen und Urkunden geschichtlich dargestellt 
(his chief work), Heidelberg, 1839-44, 2 vols, 
(vol. i., Michael Servet und seine Vorganger ; vol. ii., 
Lelio Sozini und die Antitrinitarier seiner Zeit) ; 
Beitrdge zur Geschichte der schiveizerisch-reformirten 
Kirche, zundchst derjenigen des Kanlons Bern, Bern, 
1844; valuable articles in Herzog's Real-Ency- 
klopadie, in the Berner Taschenbuch, etc. Cf. 
obituary notice by R. Ruetschi in Meile's Theo- 
logische Zeitschrift aus der Schweiz, vol. ii. (Zurich, 
1885), pp. 312-314. 

TRENCH, Francis Chenevix, Church of Eng- 
land; b. in Dublin, Ireland, July, 1806; d. at 
Bursleden, Hants, April 3, 1886. He was edu- 
cated at Harrow and at Oriel College, Oxford 
(two second-class classics), 1828 ; B.A. 1834, M.A. 
1839; ordained deacon 1835, priest 1836; curate 
of St. Giles, Reading, 1836 ; perpetual curate of 
St. John, Reading, 1837-57; rector of Islip, Ox- 
fordshire, 1857-75. He was the author of Sermons 
at Reading, London, 1843; Travels in France and 
Spain, 1845; Scotland: its Faith and Features, 
1846; Portrait of Charily (exposition of 1 Cor. xiii.), 
1846; Walk around Mt. Blanc, 1848; Life and 
Character of St. John the Evangelist, 1850 ; Job's 
Testimony to Jesus, and the Resurrection of the Body, 
1853; Theological Works (collected edition), 1857, 
3 vols. ; Few Notes from Past Life, 1<862 ; Notes 
on the Greek of the New Testament, chiefly for Eng- 
lish Readers, 1864; Four Assize Sermons (preached 
in York Minster and Leeds' Parish Church), 1865; 
Islipiana (miscellanies), 1869-70, 2 series. * 

TRENCH, Most Rev. Richard Chenevix, D.D. 
(Cambridge, 1856 ; Trinity College, Dublin, 1864), 
lord archbishop of Dublin, Church of Ireland; b. 
in Dublin, Ireland, Sept. 9, 1807 ; d. in London, 
March 28, 1886. He was educated at Trinity Col- 
lege, Cambridge ; graduated B.A. 1829, M.A. 1833, 
B.D. 1850 ; was ordained deacon 1832, priest 1833; 
became curate of Curdridge 1835, and Alverstoke 
1840; rector of Itchinstoke, Hants, 1845; dean 
of Westminster, 1856; archbishop of Dublin, 
Glandelagh, and Kildare, 1864; retired, 1884. He 
was Hulsean lecturer at Cambridge, 1845-46 ; 
chaplain to the bishop of Oxford (Wilberforce), 
1847-64; professor of divinity in King's College, 
London, 1847-58. He was a devout and con- 
servative High Churchman of the best type, but 
his theological writings are free from sectional 
bias. He had no special administrative ability, 
and therefore was only moderately successful as 
archbishop. He threw the weight of his influ- 
ence against disestablishment. As a writer, he 
showed choice biblical, patristic, and modern 
Anglo-German learning, original thought, and a 
reverential and truly Christian spirit. He is one 
of the chief authorities on the English language. 
He was the author of The Story of Justin Martyr, 
and other Poems, London, 1835, 5th ed. 1862 ; Sab- 
baton, Honor Neale, and other Poems, 1838 ; Elegiac 
Poems, 1841 ; Notes on the Parables of our Lord, 
1841, 15th ed. 1886 ; Poems from Eastern Sources, 
1842; Genoveva and other Poems, 1842; Sermons, 
Cambridge, 1843; Exposition of the Sermon on the 
Mount, from St. Augustine, London, 1844, 4th ed. 
1881 ; The Fitness of Holy Scripture for unfolding 



TRISTRAM. 



220 



TRUMBULL. 



the Spiritual Life of Men (Hulsean Lectures for 
1845), Cambridge, 1846 ; Christ the Desire of all 
Nations, or the Unconscious Prophecies of Heathen- 
dom (Hulsean Lectures for 1846), 1846; together, 
5th ed. 1880 ; Sacred Poems for Mourners, London, 
1846 ; Notes on the Miracles of our Lord, 1846, 13th 
ed. 18S6; Sacred Latin Poetry, 1849, 3d ed. 1874; 
The Star of the Wise Men, 1850 ; On the Study of 
Words, 1851, 18th ed. 1882; On the Lessons in 
Proverbs, 1S53, 7th ed. 1879 ; Synonymes of the 
New Testament, Cambridge, 1854, 2d series 1863 : 
together, 10th ed. 1886 ; Alma and other Poems, 
1854 ; English, Past and Present, London, 1855, 
11th ed. 1881 ; Life's a Dream : the Great Theatre 
of the World, from the Spanish of Calderon, with 
an Essay on his Life and Genius, 1856, 2d ed. 1880; 
Sermons, 1856; On the Authorized Version of the 
New Testament, in Connection with some Recent 
Proposals for its Revision, 1858 (reprinted by Dr. 
Schaff, with Ellicott and Lightfoot's treatises, 
New York, 1873) ; A Select Glossary of English 
Words used formerly in Senses differing from their 
Present, 1859, 5th ed. 1879; Sermons preached in 
Westminster Abbey, 1860 ; Commentary on the Epistles 
to the Seven Churches in Asia, 1861, 4th ed. 1883; 
Subjection of the Creature to Vanity (sermons), Cam- 
bridge, 1863; Two Sermons, 1864; Gustavus Adol- 
phus : Social Aspects of the Thirty Years' War, 
1865, 2d ed. 1872 ; Poems, collected and arranged 
anew, 1865, 9th ed. 1886, 1 vol. ; Studies on the 
Gospels, 1867, 4th ed. 1878 ; Shipwrecks of Faith 
(3 sermons), 1867 ; A Household Book of English 
Poetry, selected and arranged, 1868; Plutarch: his 
life, Lives and Morals, 1873, 2d ed. 1874; Lectures 
on Mediaeval Church History, 1877, 2d ed. 1879. * 

TRISTRAM, Henry Baker, D.D. (Durham, 1882), 
LL.D. (Edinburgh, 1868), F.R.S., Church of Eng- 
land; b. at Eglingham, Northumberland, May 11, 
1822 ; educated at Lincoln College, Oxford ; grad- 
uated B.A. (second-class classics) 1844, M.A. 
1846; was ordained deacon 1845, priest 1846 ; was 
chaplain in Bermuda, 1847-49 ; rector of Castle- 
Eden, County Durham, Eng., 1849-60 ; master of 
Greatham Hospital and vicar of Greatham, 1860- 
73; honorary canon of Durham, 1870-74; rural 
dean of Stockton, 1872-76 ; of Chester-le-Street, 
Western Division, 1876-80; and since 1880 of 
Durham; since 1874 he has been canon of Durham. 
He is (1885) proctor in convocation for the arch- 
deaconry of Durham, and honorary association 
secretary of Church Missionary Society for Dur- 
ham and Northumberland. He has travelled long 
and frequently in the East, especially in Syria and 
Palestine, to which he has made five expeditions. 
He was offered the bishopric of Jerusalem in 1879. 
He is the author of The Great Sahara, London, 
1860; The Land of Israel, 1865, 4th ed. 1882; 
Natural History of the Bible, 1867, 5th ed. 1880 ; 
Ornithology of Palestine, 1867 ; Daughters of Syria, 
1869, 3d ed. 1874; Seven Golden Candlesticks, 
1871; Bible Places, 1872, 11th thousand, 1884; 
The Land of Moab, 1873, 2d ed. 1874; Pathways 
of Palestine, 1882, 2 vols. ; Fauna and Flora of 
Palestine, 1884. 

TROLLOPE, Right Rev. Edward, D.D. (Oxford, 
1877), F.S.A., bishop suffragan of Nottingham, 
Church of England ; b. at Caswick, Eng., April 15, 
1817 ; educated at Christ Church, Oxford ; gradu- 
ated B.A. 1839, M.A. 1855 ; was ordained deacon 
1840, priest 1841 ; was prebendary of Liddington 



in Lincoln Cathedral, 1867-74; since 1843 has 
been rector of Leasingham, with Roxholm, diocese 
of Lincoln ; and bishop suffragan of Nottingham 
since 1877. He is the author of Illustrations of 
Ancient Art, London, 1854; Life of Pope Adrian 
IV., 1856; The Captivity of John, King of France, 
1857; A Handbook of Lincoln, 1857 ; Temple Bruer 
and the Templars, 1857 ; The Introduction of Chris- 
tianity into Lincolnshire, 1857 ; Labyrinths, Ancient 
and Mediaeval, 1858 ; Sepulchral Memorials, 1858 ; 
Fens and Submarine Forests, 1859 ; The Danes in 
Lincolnshire, 1859 ; Memorabilia of Grimsby, 1859 ; 
I'he Use and Abuse of Red Bricks, 1859; The 
Roman House at Apethorpe, 1859 ; The History of 
Workshop Priory, 1860; Monastic Gate-Houses, 
1860 ; The Life of the Saxon Hereward, 1861 ; His- 
tory of Anne Askewe, 1862 ; Battle of Bosworth 
Field, 1862 ; Shadows of the Past, 1863 ; The Rais- 
ing of the Royal Standard at Nottingham, 1864; 
Spilsby and other Churches, 1865; Gainsborough 
and other Churches, 1866 ; The Norman Sculptures 
of Lincoln Cathedral, 1866 ; Grantham and other 
Churches, 1867 ; The Roman Ermine Street, 1868 ; 
The Norman and Early English Styles of Gothic 
Architecture, 1869 ; Boston and other Churches, 1870; 
Newark and other Churches, 1870 ; Newark Castle, 
1871 ; The Battle of Stoke, 1871 ; Sleaford and the 
Wapentakes of Flaxwell and Aswardham, 1872; 
Holbeach and other Churches, 1872 ; South Park 
Abbey, South and other Churches, 1873; Churches 
in the Neighbourhood of Grantham (1875), of Newark 
(1876), of Southwell (1877), of Grimsby (1878), of 
Stamford (1879) ; Church Spires, 1875 ; Little St. 
Hugh of Lincoln, 1880; various sermons and 
charges. 

TROUTBECK, John, D.D. (by archbishop of 
Canterbury, 1883), Church of England; b. at 
Blencowe, Cumberland, Eng., Nov. 12, 1832; 
educated at University College, Oxford ; gradu- 
ated B.A. 1856, M.A. 1858; was ordained deacon 
1855, priest 1857 ; curate of St. Cuthbert, Wells, 
Somerset, 1855-58 ; vicar of Dacre, Cumberland, 
1859-64; precentor and minor canon of Man- 
chester, 1864-69 ; Sunday-evening lecturer of St 
Matthew, Westminster, 1870-72 ; secretary of the 
New-Testament Revision Company, 1870-81 ; has 
been since 1869 minor canon of Westminster, and 
since 1883 honorary chaplain to the Queen. He 
edited The Manchester Psalter and Chant-Book, 
London, 1867; Westminster Abbey Hymn-Book, 
1883. 

TRUE, Benjamin Osgood, Baptist ; b. at Plain- 
field, N.H., Dec. 17, 1845; graduated at Dart- 
mouth College, Hanover, N.H., 1866, and at 
Rochester (N.Y.) Theological Seminary, 1870; 
was pastor at Baldwinsville, N.Y., 1870-72; in 
Europe, 1872 ; pastor of First Baptist Church, 
Meriden, Conn., 1873-79 ; in Europe and the East, 
1879-80 ; pastor of Central Baptist Church, Provi- 
dence, R.I., 1880-81; since 1881 has been pro- 
fessor of ecclesiastical history in Rochester (N.Y.) 
Theological Seminary. He is the author of mis- 
cellaneous reviews, articles, etc. 

TRUMBULL, Henry Clay, D.D. (Lafayette Col- 
lege, Easton, Penn., 1881 ; University of the City 
of New York, 1882); Congregationalist ; b. at 
Stonington, Conn., June 8, 1830; was at Willis- 
ton Seminary, Easthampton, Mass., 1844; edu- 
cation chiefly private; received honorary M.A. 
from Yale College, New Haven, Conn., 1866; was 



TSCHACKERT. 



221 



TULLOCH. 



State missionary of the American Sunday-school 
Union for Connecticut, 1858-62 ; ordained as Con- 
gregational clergyman, Sept. 10, 1862, in order to 
go as chaplain to the Tenth Regiment Connecti- 
cut Volunteers ; in army service until September, 
1865 (prisoner of war in South Carolina and Vir- 
ginia in 1863) ; missionary secretary for New Eng- 
land of American Sunday-school Union, 1865-71; 
normal secretary of the American Sunday-school 
Union, 1871-75 ; has been editor of the Sunday- 
school Times, Philadelphia, since 1875. He trav- 
elled in Egypt, Arabia, and Syria, in 1881. He 
is the author of The Sunday-school Concert, Boston, 
1861; The Knightly Soldier, 1865; Memorial of 
E. B. Preston, Hartford, Conn., 1866 ; Falling in 
Harness, Philadelphia, 1867; Childhood Conversion, 
Boston, 1868 ; The Captured Scout of the Army of 
the James, 1869; Children in 'the Temple, Spring- 
field, Mass., 1869 ; The Worth of a Historic Con- 
sciousness, Hartford, Conn., 1870 ; Review Exer- 
cises in the Sunday-school, Philadelphia, 1873 ; The 
Model Superintendent : Sketch of the Life, Charac- 
ter, and Methods of Work of Henry P. Haven, 
New York, 1880; Kadesh Bamea, 1884, repub- 
lished London, 1884; Teaching and Teachers, Phil- 
adelphia, 1885, republished London, 1885; The 
Blood Covenant, New York, 1885. 

TSCHACKERT, Paul (Moritz Robert), Lie. 
Theol. (Breslau, 1875), Ph.D. (Leipzig, 1875), 
D.D. (hon., Halle, 1883), German Protestant; b. 
at Freystadt, Lower Silesia, Prussia, Jan. 10, 1848; 
studied at Breslau, Halle, and Gottingen, 1868-74; 
became privat-docent of historical theology at Bres- 
lau, 1875; professor extraordinary of church his- 
tory at Halle, 1877 ; ordinary professor of church 
history at Kbnigsberg, 1884. He belongs to the 
school of Tholuck and Julius Miiller. He is the 
author of Anna Maria von Schiirmann, Gotha, 1876; 
Peter von Aill'i. (Petrus de Alliaco), Anhang: Petri 
de Alliaco anecdotorum partes selectae, 1877; Die 
Pdpste der Renaissance, Heidelberg, 1879 ; Ueber 
evangelischen Kirchenbaustil, Berlin, 1881 ; Evan- 
gelische Polemik gegen die romische Kirche, Gotha, 
1885, 2d ed. 1887 (Dutch trans., Utrecht, 1886). 

TUCKER, Henry Holcombe, D.D. (Columbian 
College, Washington, D.C., 1860), Baptist; b. in 
Warren County, Ga., May 10, 1819 ; graduated 
at Columbian College (now Columbian University), 
Washington, D.C., 1838; was professor of belles- 
lettres in Mercer University, Macon, Ga., 1856-62; 
president, 1866-71 ; chancellor of the University 
of Georgia, Athens, Ga., 1874-78; at present, edit- 
or of The Christian Index, Atlanta, Ga. He is 
the author of The Gospel in Enoch, Philadelphia, 
1868 ; The Old T'heology restated in Sermons, 1884. 
One of his sermons, The Position of Baptism in the 
Christian System (Philadelphia, 1882), has had an 
immense circulation in the United States and 
Canada, and has been translated into Swedish, 
German, Turkish, Greek, Armenian, and Spanish. 

TUCKER, William Jewett, D.D. (Dartmouth 
College, Hanover, N.H., 1875), Congregationalist; 
b. at Griswold, Conn., July 13, 1839 ; graduated 
at Dartmouth College, Hanover, N.H., 1861, and 
at Andover (Mass.) Theological Seminary 1866; 
became pastor of the Franklin-street Church, 
Manchester, N.H., 1867 ; of Madison-square Pres- 
byterian Church, New- York City, 1875 ; professor 
of sacred rhetoric, Andover (Mass.) Theological 
Seminary, 1880. 



TULLOCH, Very Rev. Principal John, D.D. 
(St. Andrew's, 1854), LL.D. (Glasgow and Edin- 
burgh, 1884), Church of Scotland; b. near Tib- 
bermuir, Perthshire, June 1, 1823 ; d. at Torquay, 
Eng., Feb. 13, 1885. He was educated at St. An- 
drew's and Edinburgh ; became parish minister at 
Dundee 1845, and at Keltins, Forfarshire, 1849 ; 
principal and primarius professor of divinity in 
St. Mary's College, St. Andrew's University, 1854; 
and senior principal of the university, 1860. His 
theological standpoint was thus defined by himself : 
" Broad evangelical. The aim is to see all Chris- 
tian truth first in its pure historical form, — the 
mind of Christ, the thought of St. Paul, the teacta 
ing of St. James ; then its living relation to the 
Christian consciousness, — what man needs, what 
God gives. The historic method, rightly applied, 
is the primary key to all Christian truth ; and the 
renovation of theology is through this method 
bringing all Christian ideas freshly into the light 
of consciousness." He studied theology in Ger- 
many in 1847-48 and 1863-64. He was " especially 
attracted by Neander, and much interested by the 
problems raised by the Tubingen school and the 
writings of F. C. Baur, and greatly attracted in 
later years by Dean Stanley's historical writings 
and Bishop Lightfoot's critico-historical essays." 
He was an ardent student of literature and philos- 
ophy, and his writings are very highly prized. 
He first came into notice when in Dundee, by his 
frequent contributions in the Dundee Advertiser; 
but later by his elaborate articles in The North- 
British Review, The British Quarterly, and Kitto's 
Journal of Sacred Literature. Two of his articles 
— one on Carlyle's Life of Sterling (North-British 
Review, vol. iv., 1845), the other on Bunsen's Hip- 
polytus (the same, vol. xix., 1853) — attracted wide 
attention ; and the latter so pleased Baron Busen 
that he successfully exerted his influence to press 
the claim of Mr. Tulloch to the then vacant prin- 
cipalship in St. Mary's College. His appointment 
when barely thirty years old to this position, one 
of the most dignified and responsible connected 
with the Established Church of Scotland, was 
naturally a great surprise and occasion of unfa- 
vorable remark. But he soon proved his superior 
fitness for the office. In 1856 he was appointed 
one of the examiners of the Dick bequest, and so 
continued until his death. In 1858 he was deputed 
by the General Assembly of the Church to formally 
open the Scotch Presbyterian Church in Paris, and 
preached there during the summer. In 1859 he 
was appointed one of her Majesty's chaplains for 
Scotland, and often preached before the Queen at 
Crathie. In 1862 he became deputy clerk of the 
General Assembly, in 1875 succeeded Rev. Dr. 
Cook of Haddington as clerk, and in 1878 was 
elected moderator. The regard in which he was 
held, and the position he occupied, are authori- 
tatively expressed in the following memorial 
passed by the senatus of the University of St. 
Andrew's immediately after his death : — 

" The senatus record their deep sense of the 
severe loss the university has sustained in the 
death of its honored and revered head, — the Very 
Rev. Principal Tulloch, who for thirty-two years 
held the offices of principal and primarius pro- 
fessor of divinity in St. Mary's College, and for 
twenty-six years the office of senior principal in 
the university. During the whole of this period, 



TULLOCH. 



222 



TYBRMAN. 



Principal Tulloch devoted himself to the interests 
of the colleges and university with unwearied zeal 
and energy; and the successful management of 
university affairs under critical circumstances was 
largely due to his wisdom and tact, his sound pub- 
lic judgment, commanding influence, and great 
' executive ability. As chairman of the university 
council, Principal Tulloch's thorough knowledge 
of academic questions, and capacity for directing 
their discussion into useful channels, were equally 
conspicuous. As vice-chancellor, Principal Tul- 
loch represented the university on public occa- 
sions with unfailing dignity and distinction. As 
a permanent member of the university court, his 
knowledge of official procedure, and scrupulous 
care and impartiality in dealing with judicial 
questions, were, in its early years, of the greatest 
service in helping to define the powers, and develop 
the functions, of the newly established tribunal; 
while to the end they constituted an important 
element in guiding the deliberations of the court, 
and giving weight to its decisions. As a univer- 
sity reformer, Principal Tulloch combined an en- 
lightened regard for the past with the keenest per- 
ception of the newest forces and requirements of 
social and national life. Having carefully studied 
the university system of the country, and been 
familiar with its working for nearly half a century, 
he was supremely anxious that any changes ini- 
tiated by the universities, or undertaken by the 
legislature, should be fully considered in the in- 
terest of the public, so as to extend the usefulness, 
and strengthen the national position, of the uni- 
versities. While keeping up the standard of 
attainment, he felt that it was desirable to give 
greater elasticity to the curriculum, and thus 
make the whole system more widely fruitful in 
solid educational results. As a member of the 
Central Board of Education, Principal Tulloch 
•was engaged for several years in the re-organiza- 
tion and extension of primary schools, and in 
various efforts for the multiplication of good sec- 
ondary schools. The removal of so able, earnest, 
and experienced an adviser and authority is a 
heavy loss, alike to the universities of which Prin- 
cipal Tulloch was the senior representative, and 
to the educational interests of the country at large. 
The senatus cannot but feel, indeed, that the 
calamity they mourn affects every department of 
the nation's higher life. 

" The Church of Scotland has lost in Principal 
Tulloch her most eloquent and courageous leader; 
her wisest and most far-sighted statesman ; her 
most accomplished, large-hearted, and generous- 
minded representative. The loss falls with almost 
equal weight on Scottish thought, Scottish liter- 
ature, and Scottish public life, — in all of which 
Principal Tulloch was deeply interested, and in 
all of which he took so active and so influential 
a part. But it is in relation to the higher and 
more distinctive work of his life as a Christian 
thinker and constructive theologian, that Principal 
Tulloch's death will be most widely felt and 
deeply mourned. His profound religious convic- 
tions, the spiritual elevation of his thought, his 
living sympathy with the past as affording light 
and guidance for the present, his powers of lumi- 
nous insight and interpretation, the breadth of 
his literary culture, and his command of a grace- 
ful and impressive style — all conspired to give 



Principal Tulloch's matured studies in Church 
history and Christian philosophy a unique char- 
acter, a high and permanent value. This has been 
widely recognized on both sides of the Atlantic, — 
wherever, indeed, the English language is spoken. 
Critics and thinkers of widely different schools 
have felt and acknowledged how much Principal 
Tulloch's writings have done to harmonize the 
principles of religious life with the movements 
of modern thought, and thus to bring the spirit of 
Christianity into closer relation with the spirit 
of the age. In this aspect of his work, Principal 
Tulloch's death in the plenitude of his powers 
cannot but be regarded as a serious national loss. 
Alike, therefore, in the variety and extent, the 
high character and lasting value, of his labors, 
the senatus feel that Principal Tulloch will occupy 
a foremost place in the history of the time, and 
has shed an undying lustre on the university he 
adorned. In placing on record this slight tribute 
to his worth, the members of the senatus cherish 
with pride and gratitude the inspiring example 
of their late principal's noble character and life, 
and will ever hold in affectionate regard the 
memory of his generous nature, his goodness of 
heart, the warmth and fidelity of his attachments, 
his loyal and kindly qualities as a colleague and 
a friend." 

Principal Tulloch was the author of Theism 
(second Burnett prize essay), Edinburgh, 1855; 
Leaders of Reformation, 1859, 3d ed. 1883 ; Eng- 
lish Protestants and their Leaders, 1861 ; Beginning 
Life, 1862, 15th thousand 1880; The Christ of 
the Gospels, and the Christ of Modern Criticism 
(against Renan), 1864; Rational Theology and 
Christian Philosophy, 1872, 2 vols., 2d ed. 1873; 
Facts of Religion and Life (sermons preached be- 
fore the Queen), 1876; Pascal, 1876, 2d ed. 1882; 
The Christian Doctrine of Sin, 1877 ; Modern 
Theories in Philosophy and Religion, 1884 ; Move- 
ments of Religious Thought in Britain during the 
Nineteenth Century, 1885 ; numerous contributions 
to the newspaper-press and to the reviews. 

TUTTLE, Right Rev. Daniel Sylvester, D.D. 
(Columbia College, New- York City, 1857), Epis- 
copalian, diocesan bishop of Missouri ; b. at Wind- 
ham, Greene County, N.Y., Jan. 26, 1837 ; fitted 
for college in Delaware Academy, Delhi, N.Y.; 
taught in a boys' boarding-school at Scarsdale, 
N.Y., 1853-54; entered the sophomore class, and 
graduated at Columbia College, New-York City, 
1857 ; was special private tutor to many boys 
preparing for Columbia College, 1857-59 ; en- 
tered the General Theological Seminary in the 
same city 1859, and graduated 1862 ; was assist- 
ant minister of Zion Church, Morris, N.Y., 1862- 
63 ; rector of the same, 1863-67 ; consecrated mis- 
sionary bishop of Montana, with jurisdiction in 
Utah and Idaho, May 1, 1867 ; lived at Virginia 
City (1867-68) and Helena (1868-69), both in 
Montana; since September, 1869, has resided in 
Salt Lake City; in October, 1880, by the setting 
apart of Montana for a separate missionary dis- 
trict, became missionary bishop of Utah with 
jurisdiction in Idaho. In 1868, was elected bishop 
of Missouri, but declined; in 1886 re-elected and 
accepted. He is an "old-fashioned High Church- 
man, of the Bishop Hobart school." 

TYERMAN, Luke, Wesleyan ; b. at Osmoth- 
erley, North Riding of Yorkshire, Feb. 26, 1820; 



TYLER. 



223 



TYNG. 



educated at the Didsbury Wesleyan Methodist 
Theological Institution, near Manchester, 1842-45, 
and since has been in the ministry. He is the 
author of Life and Times of Rev. Samuel Wesley, 
London, 1866 ; Life and Times of Rev. John Wes- 
ley, 1870-71, 3 vols. ; The Oxford Methodists, 1873; 
Life of Rev. George Whitefeld, 1S76, 2 vols.; 
Wesley's Designated Successor: the Life, Letters, 
arid Literary Labours of Rev. John W. Fletcher, 
Vicar of Madeley, 1882. 

TYLER, William Seymour, D.D. (Harvard Col- 
lege, Cambridge, 1857), LL.D. (Amherst College, 
Mass., 1S71), Congregationalist ; b. at Harford, 
Penn., Sept. 2, 1S10 ; graduated (second honor) 
at Amherst College, Mass., 1830 ; studied theology 
at Andover, 1S31-32, 1834-35; spent winter of 
1835-36 with Rev. Dr. Skinner, in the class out 
of which Union Theological Seminary, New-York 
City, was developed; was teacher in Amherst 
Academy, 1830-31 ; tutor in Amherst College, 
1832-34; licensed to preach by the Third Presby- 
tery of New York, Feb. 29, 1836; ordained with- 
out charge by a Congregational Council held at 
Amherst, Oct. 6, 1859. He was professor of 
Latin and Greek in Amherst College, 1836-47; 
and since has been professor of Greek only. He 
was never a pastor, but has preached in his turn 
with the president and other professors in college, 
and often as supply in churches. He is the author 
of Germania and Agricola of Tacitus, with Notes 
for Colleges, New York, 1847, carefully revised 
1852, revised and enlarged 1878 ; Histories of 
Tacitus, 1848 ; Prayer for Colleges (premium essay), 
1854, revised and enlarged repeatedly; Plato's 
Apology and Crilo, 1859, re-written and reprinted 
1886 ; Memoir of Lobdell, Missionary to Assyria, 
Boston, 1859 ; Theology of the Greek Poets, 1867 ; 
Plutarch on the Delay of the Deity, etc. (with Prof. 
Hackett), N. Y., 1867; Address at Semi-Centennial 
of Amherst College, with other Addresses on that Occa- 
sion, 1871 ; History of Amherst College, 1873 ; Demos- 
thenes, De Corona, Boston, 1874, numerous editions; 
Demosthenes, Philippics and Olynlhiacs, 1875, numer- 
ous editions ; Homer's Iliad, books xvi.-xxiv., New 
York, 1886 ; many articles, discourses, etc. 



TYNG, Stephen Higginson, D.D. (Jefferson Col- 
lege, Canonsburg, Penn., 1832; Harvard College, 
Cambridge, Mass., 1851), Episcopalian; b. at 
Newburyport, Mass., March 1, 1800; d. at Irving- 
ton on the Hudson, Sept. 4, 1885. He graduated 
at Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., 1817 ; was 
in business, 1817-19 ; studied theology from 1819- 
21 ; and then was successively rector at George- 
town, D.C., 1821-23: in Queen Anne Parish, 
Prince George's County, Md., 1823-29 ; of St. Paul's, 
Philadelphia, 1829-33; of the Church of the 
Epiphany, in the same city, 1833-45 ; of St. 
George's, New- York City, 1845-78, when he re- 
tired as pastor emeritus. He was for years one 
of the leaders of the Low Church party in his de- 
nomination, and was famous for eloquence and 
Christian zeal. He was prominent in the organi- 
zation of the Evangelical Knowledge Society, the 
American Church Missionary Society, and the 
Evangelical Education Society. His temperance 
and patriotic addresses were memorable. He was 
a ready and polished platform-speaker, and much 
in demand. He edited for several years The 
Episcopal Recorder and The Protestant Churchman. 
He was the author of Lectures on the Law and 
the Gospel, Philadelphia, 1832, 6th thousand New 
York, 1854 ; Memoir of Rev. G. T. Bedell, Phila- 
delphia, 1835, 2d ed. 1836 ; Sermons, 1839, repub- 
lished as The Israel of God, 6th thousand New 
York, 1854; Recollections of England, New York, 
1847 ; Christ is All (sermons), 1852, 4th ed. 1864; 
A Lamb from the Flock, 1852 ; Christian Titles, a 
Series of Practical Meditations, ,1853; Fellowship 
with Christ, 1854 ; The Rich Kinsman, or the His- 
tory of Ruth, 1855 ; Memoir of Rev. E. P. J Mes- 
senger, 1857 ; The Captive Orphan, Esther, Queen 
of Persia, 1859 ; Forty Years^ Experience in Sun- 
day Schools, 1860; The Prayer-Book illustrated by 
Scripture, 1865-67, 8 vols.; The Child of Prayer: 
a Father's Memorial of D. A. Tyng, 1866; The 
Reivard of Meekness, 1867 ; The Feast Enjoyed, 
1868; The Spencers, 1870; The Office and Duty 
of a Christian Pastor, 1874 ; many minor works, 
articles in periodicals, etc. * 



UHLHORN. 



224 



UPSON. 



U. 



UHLHORN, Johann Gerhard Wilhelm, German 
Lutheran ; b. at Osnabriick, Feb. 17, 1826 ; be- 
came repetent and privat-docent at Gdttingen, 1852; 
consistorial councillor and court-preacher in Han- 
over, 1855 ; member of the consistory 1866, and 
abbot of Lokkum 1878. He is the author of 
Exponuntur librorum symbolicorum, Gottingen,1848; 
Fundamenta chronologies Tertullianece, 1852 ; Ein 
Sendbrief von Antonius Corvinus an den Adel von 
Gdttingen . . . mit einer biographischen Einleitung, 
1853 ; Die Homilien und Recognitionen des Clemens 
Romanus, 1854; Das basilidianische System mit be- 
sonderer Riicksicht auf die Angaben des Hippolytus, 
1855; Urbanus Rhegius, Elberfeld, 1861; Zioei 
Bilder aus dem kirchlichen Leben der Stadt Han- 
nover, Hanover, 1867 ; Das Weinachtsfest, seine 
Sitten und Brauche, 1869 ; Das romische Concil, 
1870 ; Der Kampfdes Christenthums mit dem Heiden- 
thum, Stuttgart, 1874, 3d ed. 1879 (English trans, 
by Profs. E. Smith and C. J. H. Ropes, The Con- 
flict of Christianity with Heathenism, N.Y., 1879) ; 
Vermischte Vortrage iiber kirchliches Leben der Ver- 
gangenheit und der Gegenwart, 1875; Gnade und 
Wahrheit (sermons), 1876, 2 vols.; Die christliche 
Liebesthatigkeit : 1 Bd. Die alte Kirche, 1881 (Eng. 
tr., Edinb., 1883); 2Bd. Das Mittelalter, 1884. * 

UPHAM, Francis William, LL.D. (Union College, 
Schenectady, N.Y., 1868), layman; b. at Roches- 
ter, Stafford County, N.H., Sept. 10, 1817; edu- 
cated at Phillips Exeter Academy ; graduated at 
Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., 1837; admitted 
to the bar of Massachusetts, on motion of Hon. 
Rufus Choate, 1844 ; was professor of mental and 
moral philosophy in Rutgers Female College, 



New- York City, 1867-70. He is the author of 
The Debate between the Church and Science, or the 
Ancient Hebraic Idea of the Six Days of Creation ; 
with an Essay on the Literary Character of Tayler 
Lewis (published anonymously), Andover, 1860; 
The Wise Men : who they were, and how they came 
to Jerusalem, New York, 1869, 4th ed. 1872, Lon- 
don, 1873 ; The Star of our Lord, or Christ Jesus 
King of all Worlds, both of Time and Space ; with 
Thoughts on Inspiration, and the Astronomic Doubt 
as to Christianity, 1873; Thoughts on the Holy Gos- 
pels : hoiv they came to be in Manner and Form as 
they are, 1881. 

UPHAM, Samuel Foster, D.D. (Mount Union 
College, O., 1872); Methodist; b. at Duxbury, 
Plymouth County, Mass., May 19, 1834; gradu- 
ated at Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., 
1856 ; pastor of the leading Methodist-Episcopal 
churches in New England from 1856 to 1881, when 
he became professor of practical theology in Drew 
Theological Seminary, Madison, N.J. 

UPSON, Anson Judd, D.D. (Hamilton College, 
Clinton, N.Y., 1870), LL.D. (Union College, 
Schenectady, N.Y., 1880), Presbyterian; b. in 
Philadelphia, Penn., Nov. 7, 1823; graduated at 
Hamilton College, Clinton, N.Y., 1843, where he 
was tutor 1845-49 ; professor of rhetoric, 1849-70 ; 
from 1870 to 1880 he was pastor of Second Pres- 
byterian Church, Albany, N.Y. ; but since has been 
professor of sacred rhetoric and pastoral theology 
in Auburn Theological Seminary, N.Y; since 
1874 he has been a regent in the University of the 
State of New York. He has published many ad- 
dresses, sermons, and articles. 



VAIL. 



225 



VAUGHAN. 



V. 



VAIL, Right Rev. Thomas Hubbard, D.D. 
(Brown University, Providence, R.I., 1858), LL.D. 
(University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan., 1875), 
Episcopalian ; b. in Richmond, Va., Oct. 21, 1812 ; 
graduated at Washington (now Trinity) College, 
Hartford, Conn., 1831, and at the General Theo- 
logical Seminary, New- York City, 1835 ; and after 
ministerial service in St. James's Church, Phila- 
delphia, and Trinity Church, Boston, he organized 
All Saints' Church, Worcester, Mass., 1836 ; be- 
came rector of Christ Church, Cambridge, Mass., 
1837; of St. John's Church, Essex, Conn., 1839; 
of Christ Church, Westerly, R.I., 1844; of St. 
Thomas's Church, Taunton, Mass., 1857 ; of Trinity 
Church, Muscatine, Io., 1863; first bishop of 
Kansas, 1864. As a Churchman he is evangelical, 
liberal, conservative. He edited, with memoir, 
Rev. Augustus Foster Lyte's Buds of Spring 
(poems, with additional poems of his own), Bos- 
ton, 1838 ; and is the author of Plan and Outline, 
with Selection of Books under Many Heads, of a 
Public Library in Rhode Island, 1838 ; Hannah : 
a Sacred Drama (published anonymously), Boston, 
1839; The Comprehensive Church, 1841, 3d ed. 
New York, 1883 ; Reports (of school committees 
in Massachusetts) ; sermons, charges, addresses, 
pastoral letters, etc. 

VALENTINE, Milton, D.D. (Pennsylvania Col- 
lege, Gettysburg, Penn., 1866), Lutheran (General 
Synod) ; b. near Uniontown, Carroll County, Md., 
Jan. 1, 1825 ; graduated at Pennsylvania College, 
Gettysburg, Penn., 1850; became tutor in the col- 
lege, 1850 ; pastoral supply, Winchester, Va., 1852 ; 
missionary at Allegheny, Penn., 1853 ; pastor at 
Greensburg, Penn., 1854; principal of Emmaus 
Institute, Middletown, Penn., 1855; pastor of St. 
Matthew's, Reading, Penn., 1859 ; professor of 
ecclesiastical history and church polity in the 
theological seminary of the Lutheran Church, 
Gettysburg, Penn., 1866; president of Pennsyl- 
vania College, 1868 ; has been president and pro- 
fessor of systematic theology in the Gettysburg- 
Theological Seminary since 1884. He edited The 
Lutheran Quarterly, 1871-75, 1880-86. He is the 
author of Natural Theology, or Rational Theism, 
Chicago, 1885 ; numerous pamphlets and ad- 
dresses ; since 1855, frequent contributions in The 
Evangelical Review and in The Lutheran Quarterly. 

VAN DYCK, Cornelius Van Alen, M.D. (Jeffer- 
son Medical College, Philadelphia, 1839), D.D. 
(Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N.J., 1865), 
Reformed (Dutch) ; b. at Kinderhook. N.Y., Aug. 
13, 1818 ; educated at Kinderhook Academy, and 
in medicine at Jefferson Medical College, Phila- 
delphia; appointed missionary of the A. B. C. F. M. 
for Syria, 1839; sailed from Boston, January, 1840; 
arrived at Beirut, April 2, 1840 ; was ordained by 
Syrian Mission in council, Jan. 14, 1846 ; prin- 
cipal of Missionary Seminary, 1848-52 ; then mis- 
sionary in the Sidon field till 1857 ; translator of 
the Bible into Arabic from 1857, and manager of 
the Mission Press 1857-80 ; physician to St. John's 
Hospital, and professor of pathology in the Syrian 



Protestant College, Beirut, till 1882; since then 
physician to St. George's Hospital. He is " broad 
Calvinistic " in his theology. He taught Hebrew 
in Union Theological Seminary, New- York City, 
while superintending the printing of his transla- 
tion of the Arabic Bible at the American Bible 
Society, 1866-67. He translated into Arabic, the 
Westminster Assembly's Shorter Catechism, Beirut, 
1843, last ed. 1884 ; Schonberg-Cotta Family, 1885; 
and is the author in Arabic of School Geog- 
raphy, Beirut, 1850, 3d ed. 1886 ; Algebra, 1853, 
2d ed. 1877 ; Elements of Euclid, 1857 ; Treatise 
on Arabic Versification, 1857; Chemistry, Organic 
and Inorganic, 1869 ; Trigonometry and Logarithms 
(with tables), 1873 ; Mensuration, Surveying and 
Navigation, 1873 ; Astronomy, 1874 ; Physical Di- 
agnosis, 1874 ; Pathology, 1878 ; various tracts, etc. 

VAN DYKE, Henry Jackson, D.D. (Westminster 
College, Mo., 1860), Presbyterian ; b. at Abington, 
Montgomery County, Penn., March 2, 1822 ; grad- 
uated at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 
1843 ; studied at Princeton Theological Seminary, 
N. J., 1843-44 ; became pastor at Bridgeton, N.J., 
1845 ; at Germantown, Penn., 1852 ; and in Brook- 
lyn, N.Y., 1853. In 1876 he was moderator of 
the General Assembly at Brooklyn. * 

VAN DYKE, Henry Jackson, Jun., D.D. (Col- 
lege of New Jersey, Princeton, 1884), Presbyterian; 
b. at Germantown, Penn., Nov. 10, 1852; gradu- 
ated at the College of New Jersey, Princeton, 
1873, and at Princeton Theological Seminary 1877, 
of which latter institution, since 1884, he has been 
a director. He studied in Berlin University ; be- 
came pastor of the United Congregational Church, 
Newport, R.I., 1879, and of the Brick Presbyte- 
rian Church, New- York City, 1882. Besides con- 
tributions to various periodicals, he has published 
The Reality of Religion, N.Y., 1884, 2d ed. 1885. 

VAN VLECK, Henry Jacob, bishop of the Unity 
(Moravian) ; b. in Philadelphia, Jan. 29, 1822 ; 
graduated at Moravian Theological Seminary, 
Bethlehem, Penn., 1841 ; was teacher in Nazareth 
Hall, Northampton County, Penn., 1841-44; in 
the Moravian Parochial School, Salem, N.C., 
1845-48 ; in Nazareth Hall, 1849-50 ; principal of 
the Moravian Parochial School at Nazareth, Penn., 
1850-66 ; was ordained deacon at Nazareth, Penn., 
1865; presbyter at Lititz, Penn., 1867; pastor at 
South Bethlehem, Penn., 1866-74; at Gnaden- 
hiitten, Fry's Valley, and at Ross, O., 1874-82 ; 
at Fry's Valley, O., since 1882 ; consecrated a 
bishop, Sept. 18, 1881, being appointed by the 
Provincial Synod of 1881, and the Unity Elders' 
Conference in Berthelsdorf, Germany, both ap- 
pointments being sanctioned by " the Lot. " Both 
his grandfather and father were bishops ; a fact 
unprecedented in the Moravian Church. 

VAUGHAN, Very Rev. Charles John, D.D. 
(Cambridge, 1845), dean of Llandaff, Church of 
England ; b. at Leicester, Aug. 6, 1816 ; became 
scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge; Craven 
University scholar; Porson prizeman, 1836-37; 
Browne's medallist for Greek ode and epigrams, 



VENABLES. 



226 



VOLCK. 



and Member's prizeman for Latin essay, 1837 ; 
chancellor medallist and B.A. (senior classic) 
1838, M. A. 1841 ; was ordained deacon and priest 
1841; was fellow of Trinity College, 1839-42; 
vicar of St. Martin, Leicester, 1841-44; head 
master of Harrow School, 1844-59 ; chaplain in 
ordinary to the Queen, 1851-79 ; vicar of Don- 
caster, and rural dean, 1860-69 ; chancellor of 
York Cathedral, 1860-71; select preacher at Cam- 
bridge 1861-82, and at Oxford 1875 and 1878. 
Since 1869 he has been master of the Temple, 
London ; since 1879, dean of Llandaff ; and since 
1882, deputy clerk of the Closet. He was a mem- 
ber of the Cambridge University Commission 1858- 
62, and of the New Testament Revision Company 
1870-81. He is the author of a number of vol- 
umes of sermons, parochial, academical, etc., and 
of St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans, London, 1859, 
3d ed. 18 — ; Memorials of Harrow Sundays, 1859, 
4th ed. 1885; Lectures on Philippians, 1862 (4th 
ed. 1883) ; Revelation of St. John, 1863, 5th ed. 
1882; Church of the First Days: Lectures upon the 
Acts of the Apostles, 1863-65, 3 vols., 3d ed. 1878; 
Temple Sermons, 1881; Authorized or Revised? 
Lectures on Texts differing in the Two Versions, 
1882 ; Philippians (translation, paraphrase, notes, 
etc.), 1885. 

VENABLES, Edmund, Church of England ; b. 
in London, July 5, 1819 ; educated at Merchant 
Taylors School, London (1830-38), and Pembroke 
College, Cambridge; graduated B.A. (wrangler 
and second-class classical tripos) 1842, M.A. 1845; 
ordained deacon 1844, priest 1846 ; was curate to 
Archdeacon Julius C. Hare, at Herstmonceux, 
1844-53; curate of Bonechurch, Isle of Wight, 
1853-55; examining chaplain to John Jackson, 
D.D. (d. 1885), while bishop of Lincoln, and 
chaplain while bishop of London ; since 1867 has 
been canon residentiary and precentor of Lincoln 
Cathedral ; since 1881, diocesan representative in 
the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. 
He is an Evangelical High Churchman. From 
childhood he has been devoted to architectural 
and archaeological pursuits : was one of the founders 
of the Cambridge Camden Society; one of the 
first members of the Archaeological Institute. He 
edited his brother's translation of Bleek's Intro- 
duction to the Old Testament, London, 1869, 2 vols. ; 
translated and edited Wieseler's Chronological 
Synopsis of the Four Gospels, 1876 ; edited, iu the 
Clarendon Press series of English classics, Bun- 
yan's Pilgrim's Progress, Grace Abounding, Rela- 
tion of the Imprisonment of Mr. John Bunyan, Ox- 
ford, 1879; contributed articles Luke, Matthew, 
Mark, etc., to vols. ii. and iii. of W. L. Alexan- 
der's edition of Kitto's Cyclopaedia of Biblical 
Literature, Edinburgh, 1862-66, 3 vols. ; articles 
Jude, etc., to Smith's Dictionary of the Bible, Lon- 
don, 1863; articles Catacombs, Coronation, Eccle- 
siastical Painting and Sculpture, etc., to Smith and 
Cheetham's Dictionary of Christian Antiquities, 
1875-80, 2 vols. ; articles Basil, Chrysostom, Gre- 
gorius Nyssenus, Theodoret, etc., to Smith and 
Wace's Dictionary of Christian Biography, 1877-86, 
4 vols. ; article on Teaching of the Twelve Apostles, 
in British Quarter! i/, 1885; etc. 

VINCENT, John Heyl, S.T.D. (Ohio Wesleyan 
University, Delaware, O., 1870), LL.D. (Washington 
and Jefferson College, Washington, Penn., 1885), 
Methodist; b. at Tuscaloosa, Ala., Feb. 23, 1832; 



received thorough early training in academies at 
Lewisburg and Milton, Penn., and in Newark 
(N.J.) Wesleyan Institute ; was pastor at Newark, 
N.J., 1852; Franklin, N.J., 1853-54; Irvington, 
N.J., 1855-56; Joliet, 111., 1857-58; Mt. Morris, 
111., 1858 ; Galena, 111., 1859-61 ; Rockford, 111., 
1862-64; Chicago, 111., 1865; Sunday-school agent, 
1866-67 ; has been corresponding secretary of Sun- 
day-School Union of Methodist-Episcopal Church, 
New-York City, since 1868 ; was superintendent 
of instruction at Chautauqua, N.Y., 1874-84; 
since then, chancellor of Chautauqua University. 
He is the author of Sunday-school Institutes and 
Normal Classes, New York, 1866, 2d ed. 1868; 
The Church School and its Officers, 1868; The 
Chautauqua Movement, 1886 ; ' The Home Book, 
1886 ; many small manuals, lesson-helps, tracts, 
etc., e.g., The Lesson Commentary on the Interna- 
tional Sunday-school Lessons. 

VINCENT, Marvin Richardson, D.D. (Union 
College, Schenectady, N.Y., 1868), Presbyterian; 
b. at Poughkeepsie, N.Y., Sept. 11, 1834 ; gradu- 
ated at Columbia College, 1854 ; became professor 
of Latin in Troy University, N.Y., 1858; pastor 
of First Presbyterian Church, Troy, 1863, and of 
the Church of the Covenant, New- York City, 1873. 
With Dr. Charlton T. Lewis he translated Beng- 
el's Gnomon of the New Testament, Philadelphia, 
1862 ; and has since written, besides tracts, arti- 
cles, and the minor volumes, Amusement a Force 
in Christian Training (1867), The Two Prodigals 
(1876), and The Expositor in the Pulpit (1884), 
Gates into the Psalm-country (expository discourses), 
1878, last ed. 1883 ; Stranger and Guest (five tracts), 
New York, 1879 ; The Minister's Handbook, 1882 ; 
In the Shadow of the Pyrenees (travels), 1883 ; God 
and Bread (sermons), 1884. 

VOCEL, (Karl) Albrecht, German Protestant; 
b. in Dresden, Saxony, March 10, 1822; studied 
at Leipzig and at Berlin; became prival-docent 
at Jena 1850, and later professor extraordinary ; 
ordinary professor at Vienna, 1861. He is the 
author of Ratherius von Verona und das 10. Jahr- 
hundert, Jena, 1854, 2 parts ; Peter Damiani, 1856 ; 
Der Kaiser Diokletian, Gotha, 1857 ; Beitrdge zur 
Herstellung der alien lateinischen Bibel-U ebersetzung, 
Vienna, 1867; Die Semi-sacularfeier d. k.k. evange- 
lisch-theologisch.Facultat in Wien, 1872. * 

VOIGT, Heinrich Johann Matthias, German 
Protestant ; b. at Oldenburg, Aug. 2, 1821 ; studied 
at Halle, Berlin, and Gottingen ; became a pastor, 
and then in 1864 ordinary professor of theology, 
at Kdnigsburg. He is o the author of Die Lehre des 
Athanasius von Alexandrien, Bremen, 1861 ; Fun- 
damentaldogmatik, Gotha, 1874. * 

VOLCK, Wilhelm, Ph.D., Lie. Theol., D.D. (all 
Erlangen; 1859, 1861, 1870, respectively), Ger- 
man Lutheran ; b. at Nuremberg, Nov. 18, 1835 ; 
studied at Erlangen and Leipzig, 1853-58; became 
privat-docent at Erlangen, 1861 ; professor extraor- 
dinary of the Semitic languages in the theo- 
logical faculty at Dorpat, 1862 ; ordinary pro- 
fessor, 1864. He is the author of Kalendarium 
syriacum auctore Cazwinio, Leipzig, 1859 ; Mosis 
canticum cygneum (Deut. xxxii.), Nordlingen, 
1861 ; Ibn Mdliks Lamiyat al afal. Arabisch.er Text, 
Leipzig, 1865 ; Vindicice Danielica, Dorpat, 1866 ; 
Der Chiliasmus seiner neueslen Bekampfung gegen- 
iiber, 1869 ; De summa carminis Iobi senlenlia, 1869 ; 
Der Segen Mosis untersucht und ausgelegt, Erlangen, 



VOLKMAR. 



227 



VOYSEY. 



1873 ; In ivie weit ist der h. Schrift Irrthumslosigkek 
zuzuschreiben ? 1884, 2d ed. same year; Festrede, 
zur Jahresfeier der Stiflung der Universitdt Dorpat, 
1884 ; Die Bibel als Kanon, 1885. He contributed 
sections Kanonik and Hermeneutik, to Zbckler's 
Handbuch, Ndrdlingen, 1883 sqq. ; edited the ninth 
volume of Hofm ami's Die heilige Schrift N. T., 
(Ndrdlingen, 1881), and with Miihlau the eighth 
to tenth editions of Gesenius'i7e&. u. chald. Hndwb., 
Leipzig, 1878, 1882, 1886. 

VOLKMAR, Gustav, Swiss Protestant; b. at 
Hersfeld, Hessia, Jan. 11, 1809 ; studied at Mar- 
burg, 1829-32 ; taught in various places ; became 
priuat-docent at Zurich 1853, professor extraordi- 
nary 1858, and ordinary professor 1863. He is the 
author of Das Evangelium Marcions, Leipzig, 1852 ; 
Ueber Justin den Mdrlyrer und Sein Verhallniss zu 
unsern Evangelien, Zurich, 1853 ; Die Quellen der 
Ketzergeschichte bis zum Nicanum, kritisch unter- 
sucht, 1855 (1st vol.) ; Die Religion Jesu und Hire 
Entwickelung, Leipzig, 1857; Das vierte Buck Esra 
und apokalyptische Geheimnisse iiberhaupt, Zurich, 
1858 ; Handbuch der Einleitung in die Apokryphen, 
Tubingen, 1860-63 (1st part) ; Commentar zur 
Offenbarung Johannis, Zurich, 1862 ; Der Ursprung 



unserer Evangelien, 1866 ; Mose Prophelie und Him- 
melfahrt, Leipzig, 1867 ; Die Evangelien des Mar- 
cus und die Synopses d. kan. u. uusserkan. Evange- 
lien, mit Com., 1869, 2d ed. 1876; Zwingli, sein 
Leben und Wirken, Zurich, 1870; Die rbmische 
Papstmythe, 1873 ; Die Herkunft Jesu Christi nach 
der Bibel selbsl, 1874 ; Die neutestamentlichen Briefe 
erkldrt, 1. Bd. 1875; Die Kanon. Synoptiker . . . 
u. das Geschichtliclie vom Leben Jesu, 1876 ; Jesus 
Nazarenus und die erste cliristliche Zeit, 1882 ; Die 
neuentdeckte urchristliche Schrift " Lehre der Zioolf 
Apostel," 1st and 2d ed. 1885; edited Polycarpi 
Smyrnmi epistola genuina, 1885. * 

VOYSEY, Charles, theist; b. in London, March 
18, 1828; educated at St. Edmund Hall, Oxford; 
graduated B.A., 1851 ; held various curacies; was 
vicar of Healaugh, Yorkshire, 1864-71 ; deprived 
Feb. 11, 1871, in consequence of rationalistic 
views upon the Bible ; and has since lectured and 
preached independently in London. His sermons 
are published weekly, and in several volumes 
under title, The Sling and the Stone, London, 1868, 
sqq., vol. viii., 1881 ; Mystery of Pain, Death, and 
Sin, 1879 ; also Fragments from Reimarus, vol. i., 
1879. 



WACE. 



228 



WALDENSTROM. 



W. 



WACE, Henry, D.D. (Oxford, 1883 ; Edinburgh, 
1882), Church of England; b. in London, Dec. 
10, 1836 ; educated at Brasenose College, Oxford ; 
graduated B. A. (second class in classics and math- 
ematics) 1860, M.A. 1873, B.D. 1882; was or- 
dained deacon 1861, priest 1862 ; was curate of St. 
Luke's (1861-63), and of St. James's (1863-69), 
London ; lecturer of Grosvenor Chapel, 1870-72 ; 
chaplain of Lincoln's Inn, 1872-80; Boyle lec- 
turer, 1874-75 ; professor of ecclesiastical history 
in King's College, 1875-83 ; select preacher at 
Cambridge, 1878; Bampton lecturer at Oxford 
1879, and select preacher 1880-82. Since 1880 he 
has been preacher at Lincoln's Inn ; since 1881, 
prebendary in St. Paul's Cathedral; since 1883, 
chaplain to the archbishop of Canterbury, and 
principal of King's College ; and since 1884, hon- 
orary chaplain in ordinary to the Queen. He is 
the author of Introduction to the Pastoral Epistles, 
in the Bible Commentary ; and of Christianity and 
Morality (Boyle Lectures), London, 1876, 7th ed. 
1886; The Foundations of Faith (Bampton Lec- 
tures), 1880, 2d ed. 1881 ; The Gospel and its Wit- 
nesses : some of the Chief Facts in the Life of our 
Lord, 1883, 2d ed. 1884; The Student's Manual of 
the Evidences of Christianity, 1886 ; joint editor 
with Dr. William Smith of A Dictionary of Chris- 
tian Biography, Literature, Sects, and Doctrines, 
from the Time of the Apostles to the Age of Char- 
lemagne, 1880-86, 4 vols. ; with Professor Buch- 
heim, of The First Principles of the Reformation, 
or the Primary Works of Luther, 1884 ; and alone 
of The Bible (Speaker's) Commentary on the Apoc- 
rypha, 1886, 2 vols. 

WADDINGTON, Charles, French Reformed; 
b. in Pai-is, June 19, 1819; became doctor of let- 
ters in Paris, 1848 ; taught philosophy in the Sor- 
bonne, 1850-56; at Strassburg, 1856-64; andsince 
in the Paris faculty. Among his works may be 
mentioned Ramus, sa vie, ses e'crits, et ses opinions, 
Paris, 1855 ; Essais de logique (crowned by the 
Academy), 1857 ; De Vame humaine, 1862 ; De la 
philosophic de la Renaissance, 1872 ; De Vautorite 
d'Aristote au moyen age, 1877. He is a founder of 
the Societe de l'histoire du protestantisme fran- 
cais (1852), and a chevalier of the Legion of 
Honor (1866). * 

WACENMANN, Julius August, German Prot- 
estant; b. at Berneck, Wiirtemberg, Nov. 23,1823; 
studied at Tubingen, 1841-45; became repetent at 
Blaubeuren 1846, and at Tubingen 1849 ; diakonus 
at Gbppingen 1852, archidiakonus 1857 ; ordinary 
professor of theology at Gottingen 1861, and there 
became consistorial councillor 1878. 

WALDEN, John Morgan, D.D. (Farmers' Col- 
lege, Belmont, O., 1865), LL.D. (McKendree College, 
111., 1878), Methodist; b. at Lebanon, Warren 
County, O., Feb. 11, 1831; graduated at Farmers' 
(now Belmont) College, Hamilton County, O., 
1852 ; was principal of the preparatory depart- 
ment of the same, 1852-54; editor, 1854-58; en- 
tered the ministry in the Cincinnati Conference, 
1858; was pastor 1858-64 (in Cincinnati, O., 



1860-64) ; corresponding secretary of the Western 
Freedmen's Aid Committee, 1863-66 ; correspond- 
ing secretary of the Freedmen's Aid Committee 
of the Methodist-Episcopal Church, 1866-67 ; pre- 
siding elder of the East Cincinnati district, 1867- 
68 ; agent of the Western Methodist Book Con- 
cern, Cincinnati, O., 1868-84; elected bishop, May 
15, 1884. Since 1847 he has been identified with 
temperance reform. He was a prominent anti- 
slavery man ; established in 1857 at Quindaro, 
Kan., a paper to promote Free State principles; 
was a member of the Topeka (Kan.) Legislature, 
and of the Leavenworth Constitutional Conven- 
tion, and author of its address to the country; 
member of the Board of Education, Cincinnati; 
chairman of the Libraiy Board after re-organiza- 
tion of the Public Library, in which he was active ; 
sent teachers to the contrabands in the Mississippi 
Valley, early in 1863, and has been ever since offi- 
cially connected with educational work in the 
South. He was a delegate to the General (Meth- 
odist-Episcopal) Conferences of 1868, 1872, and 
1876 ; and to the Methodist Oecumenical Council, 
London, Eng., 1881. 

WALDENSTROM, Paul Petter, Swedish Luther- 
an Church ; b. at Lulea, a town in the northern 
part of Sweden, July 20, 1838 ; graduated as Ph.D. 
at the University of Upsala 1863 ; ordained 1864 ; 
became head master of gymnasium at Umea 1864, 
and of that at Gefie 1874. He came into conflict 
with Lutheran Orthodoxy in 1872, upon the doc- 
trine of the atonement, in regard to which he 
holds that the reconciliation through Christ is of 
us to God, not of God to us ; not per gratiam propter 
Christum salvatio, but propter gratiam per Christum. 
The subject is God, the Father of Christ; the 
source is the love of God ; the object is the whole 
world ; the mediator is Christ, the only begotteu 
God, the Son of God ; the end is the restitution of 
men to God, not the redemption of God to men. 
His subsequent writings in defence of his position 
have excited great interest, and stirred up a great 
controversy. He is also a leader in the Free- 
Church movement in Sweden, and in consequence 
frequently prosecuted by the Upsala Consistory. 
He resigned his clerical position in the State 
Church in 1880. For baptizing two children in 
September, 1884, he was prosecuted by the Con- 
sistory, but by appeal to the king he was cleared. 
He is a member of the Swedish Parliament. 
[His eloquence renders him an attractive and 
powerful preacher, and the Free-Church movement 
owes much to him. See M. W. Montgomery, 
A Wind from the Holy Spirit in Sweden and Nor- 
way, New York, 1884.] Of his numerous and 
highly popular writings, all in Swedish, may be 
mentioned, Sermons over the Neio Pericopes of the 
Swedish Church, Stockholm, 1868-80, 1 vols. ; The 
Lord is Holy, 1875 (reprinted in Chicago, 111.), 
and translated into German (Leipzig, 1S77) ; The 
Eternal Decree of Election, 1880 sqq., 3 vols.; 
The History of Infant-Baptism ; The New Testa' 
ment, newly translated, ivith Notes, 1883 sqq. 



"WALKER. 



229 



WARNBCK. 



WALKER, Right Rev. William David, S.T.D. 

(Racine College, Wis., 1883 ; Columbia College, 
New- York City, 1884), Episcopalian, missionary 
bishop of North Dakota ; b. in the city of New 
York, June 29, 1839 ; graduated at Columbia Col- 
lege, New- York City, 1855, and at the General 
Theological Seminary there 1862 ; as deacon, took 
charge of Calvary Chapel, New-York City, Octo- 
ber, 1862; ordained priest, June 29, 1863; re- 
mained in charge of Calvary Chapel until Feb. 1, 
1884, when he resigned to enter upon his episco- 
pate to which he was elected October, 1883 ; con- 
secrated bishop, Dec. 20, 1883. He is the author 
of Funeral Address, New York, 1868 ; Convocation 
Address, 1884. 

WALSH, Right Rev. William Pakenham, D.D. 
(Trinity College, Dublin, 1873), lord bishop of 
Ossory, Ferns, and Leighlin ; b. in Ireland, about 
the year 1820 ; educated at Trinity College, Dub- 
lin; graduated B. A. 1841, M.A. 1853, B.D. 1873; 
ordained deacon 1843, priest 1844 ; became curate 
of Avoca, 1843; of Rathdrum, 1845; chaplain of 
Sandford, 1858; dean of Cashel, 1873; bishop, 
1878. He is the author of Christian Missions 
(Donellan Lectures for 1861), Dublin, 1862; The 
Moabile Stone, 1872, 2d ed. 1873; "Put me in Re- 
membrance : " Prayers, 1872 ; The Forty Days of 
the Bible, and their Teachings, 1874; The Angel of 
the Lord, or Manifestations of Christ, 1875 ; Daily 
Readings for Holy Seasons, Advent to Epiphany, 
1875; Ancient Monuments and Holy Writ, 1878, 
2d ed. 1878 ; Heroes of the Mission- Field, 1879, 2d 
ed. 1882 ; The Decalogue of Charity, 1882. * 

WALTHER, Carl Ferdinand Wilhelm, D.D. 
(Capital University, Columbus, O., 1877), Lutheran 
(Missouri Synod) ; b. at Langenchursdorf , Saxony, 
Oct. 25, 1811 ; graduated at the University of 
Leipzig 1833; emigrated in 1838 ; and since 1849 
has been professor of theology, and president of 
Concordia Seminary, and pastor of the Evangel- 
ical Lutheran joint congregation, St. Louis, Mo. 
[He is the founder and leader of the Missouri 
Synod, the most orthodox branch of the Lutheran 
Church in America, and which has grown very 
rapidly.] He is the author of Die Stimme unserer 
Kirche in der Frage von Kircke und Amt, Erlangen, 
1852, 3d ed. 1875 ; Die rechte Geslall einer vom Slaate 
unabhangigen ev. luth. Ortsgemeinde, St. Louis, 
1863, 2d ed. 1880 ; Die ev. luth. Kirche die wahre 
sichtbare Kirche Gottes auf Erden, 1867 ; Ameri- 
canisch-Luih. Evangelien-Postille, 1871, 9th ed. 
1883 (Norwegian trans., Bergen, 1878) ; Ameri- 
canisch- Luther ische Pastor altheologie, 1872, 3d ed. 
1885; Lutherische Brosamen (sermons and speeches), 
1876 ; Der Concordienformel Kern utid Stern. Mit 
einer geschichll. Einleitung, 1877, Norwegian ed. 
Decorah, Io., 1877; Joh. Guil. Baieri Compen- 
dium Theologice positives (edited), 1879, 3 vols. ; 
Americanisch- Luther. Epistel-Postille, 1882 ; Gold- 
kbrner, Zwickau, 1882. 

WARD, James Thomas, D.D. (Adrian College, 
Mich., 1871), Methodist Protestant; b. at George- 
town, D.C., Aug. 21, 1820 ; studied at Columbian 
Academy, Washington, D.C., and at Brookeville 
Academy, Md., 1836-38; entered the ministry, 
August, 1840 ; served charge at East Washington, 
D.C., 1840-41 ; united with the Maryland Annual 
Conference; appointed to Pipe Creek Circuit, 
Frederick County, Md., 1841 ; Williamsport Cir- 
cuit, Washington County, Md., and Berkeley 



County, Va., 1842 ; and to Cumberland City, Md., 
1845 ; edited The Columbian Fountain, a daily and 
weekly temperance journal, at Washington, D.C., 
1846-47; was pastor in Philadelphia, 1848-56; 
Uniontown, Md., 1857-59 ; Alexandria, Va., 1860- 
62; Libertytown, Md., 1863-64; Washington, 
D.C., 1865-66; president of Western Maryland 
College, Westminster, Carroll County, Md., 1867- 
86 ; since, president of the Westminster Theologi- 
cal Seminary in the same place. He is the author 
of A Tribute to the Memory of George Alexander 
Johnson, Philadelphia, 1853; Thanksgiving Day 
and Christmas (sermon and poem), Baltimore, 1885 ; 
several pamphlets ; many contributions to church 
periodicals, including a series of sketches and 
reminiscences of ministers in The Methodist Re- 
corder, 1884, etc. 

WARD, Julius Hammond, Episcopalian; b. at 
Charlton, Worcester County, Mass., Oct. 12, 1837 ; 
graduated at Yale College, New Haven, Conn., 
1860 ; educated at Berkeley Divinity School, Mid- 
dletown, Conn. ; was rector of Christ Church, 
Ansonia, Conn., 1862-65 ; of St. Peter's, Cheshire, 
Conn., 1865-67; missionary at Rockland and 
Thomaston, Me., 1867-75 ; rector of St. Michael's, 
Marblehead, Mass., 1875-78 ; since then has been 
a constant writer on religious subjects in the secu- 
lar and religious press. He is the author of Life 
and Letters of James Gales Percival, Boston, 1866 ; 
The Modern Church, and The Bible in Modern 
'Thought (both preparing) ; and numerous articles, 
etc. 

WARD, William Hayes, D.D. (University of New- 
York City, and College of New Jersey, Princeton, 
both 1873), LL.D. (Amherst College, Mass., 1885), 
Congregationalist ; b. at Abington, Mass., June 
25, 1835; educated at Phillips Academy, Andover, 
Mass., and at Amherst College, Mass. ; graduated 
B.A., 1856; studied in Union Theological Sem- 
inary, New- York City, 1856-57; in the Sheffield 
Scientific School, New Haven, Conn., 1857; was 
tutor in Beloit College, Wis., 1857-58 ; in Andover 
Theological Seminary, Mass., 1858-59 (graduated); 
was pastor at Oskaloosa and Grasshopper Falls, 
Kan., 1859-61; teacher in Williston Seminary, 
Easthampton, Mass., 1861 ; at Utica, N.Y., 1862- 
64; professor of Latin, Ripon College, Wis., 1865- 
67; associate editor New-York Independent, 1868- 
71 ; has been superintending editor siiice 1871. He 
was director of the Wolfe Exploration to Baby- 
lonia, 1884-85. He edited (with Mrs. Lanier) 
Sidney Lanier's Poems, New York, 1884 ; has 
contributed to Bibliotheca Sacra, Journal American 
Oriental Society, Proceedings Palestine Exploration 
Society, etc. 

WARFIELD, Benjamin Breckinridge, D.D. (Col- 
lege of New Jersey, Princeton, 1880) ; Presbyte- 
rian ; b. at Lexington, Ky., Nov. 5, 1851 ; gradu- 
ated at Princeton College 1871, and Theological 
Seminary 1876; since 1879 has been professor of 
Ne w-Testament language and literature at Western 
Theological Seminary, Allegheny, Penn. He has 
written several review articles. 

WARNECK, Gustav, Ph.D. (Jena, 1870), D.D. 
(hon., Halle, 1883), German Protestant; b. at 
Naumburg, Germany, March 6, 1834; studied at 
the University of Halle, 1855-58; became hilfs- 
prediger at Roitzsch, 1862 ; archidiaconus at Dom- 
mitzsch, 1863 ; missionsinspector at Barmen, 1871 ; 
pastor at Rothenschirmbach, near Eisleben, 1874. 



WARNER. 



230 



WARREN. 



He has edited the Allgemeine Missions Zeitschrift, 
Giitersloh, since 1874. He is the author of Pontius 
Pilatus, der Richter Jesu Chrisli, Gotha, 1867 ; 
Nacht unci Morgen auf Sumatra, Barmen, 1872, 2d 
ed. 1873; Christiane Kahler, Eine Diakonissin auf 
dem Missionsfdde, 1873, 3d ed. 1882 (translated 
into Dutch) ; Briefe uber die Versammlungen in 
Brighton, Hamburg, 1876 ; Die apostolische und die 
moderne Mission, Giitersloh, 1876 (translated into 
Dutch) ; Das Studium der Mission auf der Uni- 
versita.t, 1877 ; Die Belebung des Missionssins in der 
Heim^K 1878 (translated into Swedish); Missions- 
slunden, 1. 1878, 2d ed. 1883 (translated into Dutch 
and Swedish), II. 1884, 2d ed. 18S6 (translated 
into Swedish) ; Die gegenseitigen Beziehungen zwis- 
chen der modernen Mission und Kultur, 1879 (trans- 
lated into Dutch; into English by Thomas Smith, 
Modern Missions and Culture, Edinburgh, 1883) ; 
Warum ist das 19. Jahrhundert ein Missionsjahr- 
hundert f Halle, 1880 ; Warum hat unsere Predigt 
nicht mehr Erfolg? Giitersloh, 1880, 5th ed. 1882 
(translated into Dutch, French, Swedish, Danish); 
Abriss einer Geschichte derprotestantischen Missionen, 
Leipzig, 1882, 2d ed. 1883 (translated into Dutch, 
French, and Swedish; into English, Outline of the 
History of Protestant Missions, Edinburgh, 1884) ; 
Protestantische Beleuchtung der romischen Angriffe 
auf die eoangelische Heidenmission : Ein Beitrag zur 
Charakteristik ultramonlaner Geschichtschreibung, 
Giitersloh, 1884-85, 2 parts ; Welche Pflichten 
legen uns unsere Colonien auf? Heilbronn, 1885 ; 
and of many articles and pamphlets upon foreign 
missions. 

WARNER, Zebedee, D.D.(Otterbein University, 
Westerville, O., 1878), United Brethren in Christ; 
b. in Pendleton County, Va. (now in West Vir- 
ginia), Feb. 28, 1833 ; studied at Clarksburg (Va.) 
Academy, left in 1852 ; graduated in Chautauqua 
Sunday-School Normal Course, 1879 ; entered on 
pastoral work, 1854; was presiding elder, 1862-69; 
in charge of church at Parkersburg, W. Va., 1869- 
80 ; presiding elder of the district, 1880-85 ; 
elected corresponding secretary of the General 
Missionary Society, 1885. He has been elected 
seven times to the General Conference ; was 
for two years president of the Eastern Sunday- 
School Assembly ; was for eight years teacher of 
theology in Parkersburg Conference ; has been 
since 1858 a trustee of Otterbein University. He 
is the author of Christian Baptism, Parkersburg, 
W. Va., 1864; Rise and Progress of the United 
Brethren Church, 1865 ; Life and Times of Rev. 
Jacob Bachtel, Dayton, O., 1867 ; The Roman Cath- 
olic not a True Christian Church, Parkersburg, 
W. Va., 1868. 

WARREN, Henry White, D.D. (Dickinson Col- 
lege, Carlisle, Penn., 1872), bishop of the Meth- 
odist-Episcopal Church; b. at Massachusetts, 18 — ; 
graduated at Wesleyan University, Middletown, 
Conn., 1853; taught natural science at Amenia, 
N.Y., and ancient languages at Wilbraham, Mass., 

; joined the New-England Conference in 

1855 ; was stationed at Westfield, Lynn, Worces- 
ter, Charlestown, Cambridge, twice in Boston, all 
Mass. ; was transferred to Philadelphia Confer- 
ence, 1871; to New- York East, 1874; to Phila- 
delphia, 1877; elected bishop, 1880. He was in 
evangelical work in the South, 1880-84; was dele- 
gate to Pan-Methodist Council in London, 1881. 
He is the author of Sights and Insights (travels in 



Europe and the East), New York, 1874; Recre- 
ations in Astronomy, 1879. 

WARREN, Israel Perkins, D.D. (Iowa College, 
Grinnell, Io., 1868), Congregationalist ; b. at 
Bethany, Conn., April 8, 1814 ; graduated at Yale 
College, New Haven, Conn., 1838; principal of 
Cromwell (Conn.) Academy, 1838-39 ; studied at 
Yale Theological Seminary, 1839-40 ; became pas- 
tor at Granby, Conn., 1842; Mt. Carmel, Conn., 
1846; Plymouth, Conn., 1851; corresponding 
secretary of American Seamen's Friend Society, 
New- York City, 1856 ; secretary and editor of the 
American Tract Society, Boston, 1859 ; editor and 
book publisher in Boston, 1870 ; editor of The 
Christian Mirror, of Maine, October, 1875 ; editor 
and proprietor of the same, Portland, Me., April 
1, 1877. In 1859, when the controversies on slave- 
ry, which at length eventuated in the civil war, 
were at their height, the American Tract Society 
of Boston withdrew from its connection with the 
society of the same name at New York, and com- 
menced a distinct publication work of its own. 
Mr. Warren, who had had some editorial experi- 
ence in connection with his work for seamen, was 
chosen secretary of the Boston society, in charge 
of its publication department. In this capacity 
he served eleven years, until May, 1870, when, the 
causes which led to the separation of the two 
societies having disappeared, it was deemed ad- 
visable to re-unite them, and transfer the publish- 
ing work and material of the Boston society to 
that of New York. During this period a very 
large number of tracts, books, and periodicals, 
were issued under his editorial care. The Tract 
Journal and Child at Home were published for 
families, and for several years The Sabbath at 
Home, an illustrated monthly magazine. The 
Christian Banner was distributed in great num- 
bers in the army and navy. The Freedman and 
The Freedman' s Journal were small monthly sheets 
for the use of the emancipated blacks. About 
five hundred different tracts and pamphlets were 
issued, and five hundred and twenty-five volumes 
of various sizes, making an aggregate, including 
periodicals, of 55,672,276 copies. In addition to 
the ordinary uses of this class of publications, 
there was a very wide distribution among the 
soldiers and sailors in service ; and another, of mat- 
ter provided specially for them, among the f reed- 
men, to aid in the incipient stages of their educa- 
tion. The entire cost of these publications, from 
May 1, 1859 to May 1, 1870, was $1,002,997.06. 
Dr. Warren is the author of the following publi- 
cations: Sermons, On Female Education (Hartford, 
1852), On the Death of Mrs. Mary Langdon of Ply- 
mouth (June, 1853), On Finished Work : Pastoral 
Valedictory (January, 1856). Tracts and pamphlets, 
A Corpse in a Ball-dress (Boston, 1859), The Pem- 
berton Mill (1860), How to Begin to be a Christian 
(1861), A Happy New Year (1864), The Flag of 
our Country (1864), The Death of the Soul (1867, 
pp. 28), How to Repent (1867, pp. 31), How to Be- 
lieve (1867, pp. 32). Bound volumes, The Seamen's 
Cause : embracing the History, Results, and Present 
Condition of the Efforts for the Moral Improvement of 
Seamen, New York, 1858; The Sisters, a Me- 
moir of Elizabeth II., Abbie A., and Sarah F. Dick- 
erman, Boston, 1859 (often reprinted) ; Sadducee- 
ism, a Refutation of the Doctrine of the Annihilation 
of the Wicked, 1860, pp. 66 (the same work re- 



WARREN. 



231 



WAYLAND. 



written and republished under the title, The 
Wicked not Annihilated, 1866, pp. 76); The Cross- 
Bearer, a Vision, 1861; The Picture Lesson-Book, 
1861 (designed for the use of the refugee slaves 
in the camps, and believed to be the first book 
ever printed for the special benefit of that class), 
pp. 32 ; Life of Governor Briggs (for distribution 
among the soldiers), 1861, pp. 48; Snow-Flakes : 
A Chapter from the Book of Nature, 1863; The 
Freedman's Primer, or First Reader, 1864, pp. 64 ; 
The Freedman's Second Reader, 1864, pp. 160 ; 
The Christian Armor, 1864 ; The Cup-Bearer, 
1865; The Freedman's Third Reader, 1865, pp. 264; 
The Freedman's Spelling-Book, 1865, pp. 160 ; The 
Sabbath at Home: An Illustrated Religious Magazine 
for the Family, 1867-69, 3 vols. ; The New Testa- 
ment, with Notes, Pictorial Illustrations, and Refer- 
ences; vol. i., The Four Gospels, with a Chrono- 
logical Harmony, 1867 ; the same work, enlarged 
by the addition of the Acts of the Apostles, 1871 ; 
Jerusalem, Ancient and Modern, a Descriptive Book 
of Selous' two Pictures of that City, containing a 
detailed account of nearly two hundred points of in- 
terest in the pictures, a resume of the recent explo- 
rations in the city, and outlines of its topography, 
history, and antiquities, 1873, pp. 64; The Three 
Judges, Story of the Men who beheaded their King 
(with an introduction by Rev. Leonard Bacon, 
D.D., New York, 1873; Chauncey Judd, or The 
Stolen Boy of the Revolution, 1874 ; The Parousia, 
A Critical Study of the Scripture Doctrines of Christ's 
Second Coming, his Reign as King, the Resur- 
rection of the Dead, and the General Judgment, Port- 
land, Me., 1879, 2d ed. (re-written and enlarged) 
1884; Our Father's Book, or The Divine Authority 
and Origin of the Bible, Boston , 1885 ; The Book 
of Revelation, a Study, New York, 1886 ; The 
Stanley Families in America, 8vo., Portland (in 
press). 

WARREN, William Fairfield, D.D. (Ohio Wes- 
leyan University, Delaware, 1862"), LL.D. (Wesley- 
an University, Middletown, Conn., 1874), Meth- 
odist; b. at Williamsburg, Mass., March 13, 
1833; graduated at Wesleyan University, Middle- 
town, Conn., 1853; entered the Methodist min- 
istry, 1854 ; studied at Berlin and Halle, and 
travelled in Europe and the East, 1856-58; was 
professor of systematic theology in the Methodist 
Missionary Institute at Bremen, 1861-66 ; acting 
president of Boston Theological Seminary, and 
professor of systematic theology, 1866-71 ; dean 
of the School of Theology, Boston University, 
1871-73; since 1873 has been president of Boston 
University, and professor of comparative histoiy 
of religions, comparative theology, andphilosophy 
of religion. He is the author of Anfangsgrilnde 
der Logik, Bremen, 1863 ; Systematische theologie, 
1 Theil., 1865; Paradise Found; the Cradle of the 
Human Race at the North Pole : a Study of the Pre- 
historic World, Boston, 1885, 5th ed. same year; 
and many reports, pamphlets, articles, etc. See 
list in Wesleijan University Alumni Record. * 

WASHBURN, George, D.D. (Amherst College, 
Mass., 1874), Congregationalist ; b. at Middle- 
borough, Mass., March 1, 1833 ; graduated at 
Amherst College, Mass., 1S55; studied in An- 
dover Theological Seminary, 1855-56 ; from 1858 
to 1868 was missionary of A.B.C.F.M. in Turkey, 
and since 1869 has been president of Robert Col- 
lege, and professor of philosophy and political 



economy, Constantinople. Circumstances brought 
him into very intimate relations with the political 
events in Europe connected with the last Russo- 
Turkish war, and secured him the personal friend- 
ship of many English statesmen. The first Bul- 
garian parliament passed a resolution thanking 
him for what he had done to secure liberty for 
Bulgaria and for the elevation of the Bulgarian 
people. He is a commander of the Order of St. 
Alexander (Bulgaria). He has written much for 
American periodicals under his own name, and 
also much for English reviews under assumed 
names. 

WATSON, Right Rev. Alfred Augustin, D.D. 
(University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., 
1868; University of the South, Sewanee, Tenn., 
1884), Episcopalian, bishop of East Carolina; b. 
in New- York City, Aug. 21, 1818; graduated at 
the University of the City of New York, 1857; 
admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the 
State of New York, 1841 ; ordered deacon in the 
diocese of New York, 1844; ordained priest in 
the diocese of North Carolina, 1845 ; in charge of 
Grace Church, Plymouth, N C, and St. Luke's, 
Washington County, N.C., 1844-58; rector of 
Christ Church, New Berne, N.C., 1858-65; chap- 
lain in the Confederate Army, 1861-62 ; in charge 
of St. James's Parish, Wilmington, N.C., 1863-84; 
consecrated bishop, 1884. He is the author of 
occasional sermons. 

WATSON, Frederick, Church of England; b. 
in York, Oct. 13, 1844; educated at St. John's 
College, Cambridge; graduated B.A. (twelfth 
wrangler) 1868, M.A. 1871, B.D. 1884; was or- 
dained deacon 1871, priest 1872; was first-class 
theological and Hulsean prizeman, 1869 ; Carus 
Greek Testament prizeman and Crosse scholar, 
1870; first Tyrwhitt scholar, 1871; fellow of 
St. John's College, 1871-78 ; theological lecturer, 
1874-78; Hulsean lecturer, 1882; since 1878 he 
has been rector of Starston, Norfolk. He is the 
author of The Ante-Nicene Apoloqies, Cambridge, 
1870; Defenders of the Faith, 1878; The Law and 
the Prophets (Hulsean Lectures), 1883. 

WATTS, Robert, D.D. (Westminster College, 
Missouri, 1865), Irish Presbyterian; b. at Money- 
lane, County Down, Ireland, July 10, 1820 ; grad- 
uated at Washington College, Lexington, Va., 
1849, and at Princeton Theological Semiuary, N.J., 
1852 ; became pastor in Philadelphia, Penn., 1853, 
and in Dublin, Ireland, 1863 ; and in 1866, pro- 
fessor of systematic theology, Assembly's College, 
Belfast, Ireland. He is the author of Calvin and 
Calvinism, Edinburgh, 1866 ; Utilitarianism, Bel- 
fast, 1868 ; What is Presbyterianism ? 1870 ; Prelalic 
Departures from Reformation Principles, Edinburgh, 
1871 ; Arminian Departures from Reformation Prin- 
ciples, 1871 ; Atomism, Belfast, 1874 ; Herbert Spen- 
cer's Biological Hypothesis, 1875 ; Atomism, London, 
1875 ; The Doctrine of Eternal Punishment, Belfast, 
1877; The New Apologetic, Edinburgh, 1879; The 
Newer Criticism, 1881 ; The Rule of Faith and the 
Doctrine of Inspiration, London, 1885. 

WAYLAND, Heman Lincoln, D.D. (Brown Uni- 
versity, Providence, R.I., 1869), Baptist ; b. (son of 
President Francis Way land) at Providence, R.I., 
April 23, 1830; graduated in Brown University 
there, 1849 ; studied at Newton Theological In- 
stitution, Mass., 1849-50; taught the academy 
at Townshend, Vt., 1850-51 ; was resident grad- 



WEAVER. 



232 



"WELLES. 



uate at Brown University, 1851-52 ; tutor at 
University of Rochester, N.Y., 1852-54; pastor 
of the Third Baptist Church, Worcester, Mass., 
1854-61 ; chaplain of the Seventh Connecticut 
Volunteers, 1861-64; home missionary at Nash- 
ville, Tenn., 1864-65; professor of rhetoric and 
logic in Kalamazoo College, Mich., 1865-70; 
president of Franklin College, Ind., 1870-72 ; 
editor of The National Baptist, Philadelphia, since 

1872. He is the author of Life and Labors of 
Francis Wayland (with his brother Francis Way- 
land), New York, 1867, 2 vols. ; and of numerous 
contributions to periodicals. 

WEAVER, Jonathan, D.D. (Otterbein Univer- 
sity, Westerville, 1873), bishop of the United 
Brethren in Christ; b. in Carroll County, O., 
Feb. 23, 1824; raised on a farm; educated in 
common schools and Hagerston Academy, O. ; 
began preaching when twenty-one ; was pastor, 
1847-52 ; presiding elder, 1852-57 ; general agent 
for Otterbein University, 1857-65; bishop since 
1865, re-elected five times ; now in Ohio diocese. 
He is the author of Discourses on the Resurrection, 
Dayton, O., 1871, two editions ; Ministerial Salary, 

1873, two editions ; Divine Providence, 1873, three 
editions ; Universal Restoration not sustained by the 
Word of God, 1878, two editions. 

WEIDNER, Revere Franklin, b. at Centre Val- 
ley, Lehigh County, Penn., Nov. 22, 1851 ; grad- 
uated at Muhlenberg College, Allentown, Penn., 
and at the Evangelical Lutheran Theological Semi- 
nary at Philadelphia ; pastor at Phillipsburg, N.J., 
1873-78; also professor of English and history 
at Muhlenberg College, 1875-77 ; pastor at Phila- 
delphia, 1878-82 ; and since 1882 professor of dog- 
matics and exegesis at Augustana Theological 
Seminary (Swedish Lutheran), Philadelphia. He 
is a member of the American Philological Asso- 
ciation, of the American Oriental Society, and of 
the Society of Biblical Literature and Exegesis; 
author of a Commentary on Mark (Philadelphia, 
1881), and of a Theological Encyclopaedia (Part I., 
Introduction, and exegetical Theology, Philadelphia, 
Penn. ; 1885, Part II., Biblical theology of the Old 
Testament, Chicago, 1886), and a frequent con- 
tributor to reviews and the religious press. 

WEIFFENBACH, Ernst Wilhelm, German Prot- 
estant ; b. at Bornheim, Rhenish Hesse, May 25, 
1842 ; studied at Giessen, Utrecht, and Heidelberg, 
1859-65; became privat-docent at Giessen, 1868; 
professor extraordinary, 1871 ; professor in the 
Prediger-seminar of Hesse Darmstadt, 1882. He 
is the author of Exegetisch-theologische Studie iiber 
Jacobus ii. llf-26, Giessen, 1871 ; Der Wiederkunfls- 
gedanke Jesu, Leipzig, 1873; Das Papias- Fragment 
bei Eusebius, Giessen, 1874 ; Die Papias-Fragmente 
iiber Marcus u. Matthdus, Berlin, 1878; Zur Ausle- 
gung der Slelle Phil. ii. 5-11, Carlsruhe, 1884. * 

WEINGARTEN, Hermann, German Protestant; 
b. in Berlin, March 12, 1834; studied at Jena 
and Berlin ; became privat-docent at Berlin, 1862 ; 
professor extraordinary, 1862 ; ordinary professor 
at Marburg 1873, and at Breslau 1876. He is 
the author of Pascal als Apologet des Chrislenthums, 
Leipzig, 1863 ; Die Revolutionskirchen Englands, 
1868; Zeittafeln zur Kirchengeschichte, Berlin, 1870, 
2d ed. Leipzig, 1874; Der Ursprung des Monch- 
thurns im nachconstantinischen Zeitalter, Gotha, 1877 ; 
and editor of Richard Rothe's Vorlesungen iiber 
Kirchengeschichte, Tubingen, 1875, 2 parts. * 



WEISS, Bernhard, D.D., German Protestant ; b. 
at Konigsberg, June 20, 1827 ; studied there and 
at Halle and Berlin ; became privat-docent at 
Konigsberg, 1852 ; professor extraordinary, 1857; 
ordinary professor at Kiel 1863, and at Berlin 
1877, where, since 1880, he has been superior con- 
sistorial councillor, and councillor to the depart- 
ment of spiritual affairs. He is the author of 
Der petrinische Lehrbegriff, Berlin, 1855 ; Der 
Philipperbrief 1859 ; Der johanneische Lehrbegriff, 
1862 ; Lehrbuch der biblischen Theologie des N. T., 
1868, 4th ed. 1884 ; Das Marcusevangelium u. seine 
synoptischen Parallelen, 1872 ; Das Matthdusevan- 
gelium und seine Lucas-Par allelen, Halle, 1876 ; 
Ueber die Bedeulung der geschichtlichen Betrachtung 
fiir die neuere Theologie, Kiel, 1876 (pp. 21) ; Das 
Leben Jesu, Berlin, 1882, 2 vols., 2d ed. 1884 (Eng- 
lish trans. Edinburgh, 1883-84, 3 vols.). Dr. 
Weiss has revised and rewritten Meyer's Com- 
mentary on Matthew (Gbttingen, 1883), Mark and 
Luke (1878), John (1880), and Romans (1881), 
Timothy and Titus (1885). 

WEISS, Hermann, D.D. (hon., Tubingen, 1877), 
German Protestant ; b. at Rottenburg, Wiirtem- 
berg, Sept. .29, 1833; studied at the Maulbronn 
Evangelical Seminary 1847-51, and at Tubingen 
1851-55 ; was repetent at Tubingen, 1858-61 ; 
diaconus and bezirkschul inspector at Vaihingen and 
Niirtingen, 1863-75 ; since 1875 has been ordinary 
professor of theology at Tubingen. He was a 
member of the first Wiirtembei-g evangelical 
Landessynode, 1878. He is the author of Sechs 
Vortrage iiber die Persone Christi, Ingolstadt, 1863 ; 
Ueber die hauptsachlichsten Bildungsideale der Ge- 
genwart, Tubingen, 1876 (pp. 35) ; Die christliche 
Idee des Guten und ihre modernen Gegensdtze, Gotha, 
1877 ; essays and critical articles in Theol. Studien 
und Kritiken since 1861. 

WEIZSACKER, Karl (Heinrich) von, German 
Protestant; b, at Ohringen, Wiirtemberg, Dec. 
11, 1822 ; became privat-docent of theology 1847, 
preacher 1848, and court chaplain 1851, at Stutt- 
gart; superior consistorial councillor, 1857; and in 
1861 Baur's successor in the theological faculty at 
Tubingen. From 1856 to 1878 he edited the 
Jahrbucher fur deutsche Theologie, and in it wrote 
numerous articles. He is also the author of Zur 
Kritikdes Barnabasbriefes aus dem Codex Sinaiticus, 
Tubingen, 1863 ; Untersuchungen iiber die evan- 
gelische Geschichte, Gotha, 1864 ; Lehrer und Unter- 
richt an der evangelisch-theologischen Facultat der 
Universitdt Tubingen von der Reformation bis zur 
Gegenwart, Tubingen, 1877. * 

WELCH, Ransom Bethune, D.D. (University 
of City of N.Y., and Rutgers College, 1868), LL.D. 
(Maryville College, Tenn., 1872), Presbyterian; 
b. at Greenville, N.Y. ; graduated from Union 
College 1846, and from Auburn Theological Sem- 
inary 1852; was (Reformed Dutch) pastor at 
Gilboa 1854-56, and at Catskill, N.Y, 1856-59 ; 
professor of rhetoric, logic, and English literature 
in Union College, New York, 1866-76, and since 
1876 of theology in Auburn Theological Seminary. 
He is the author of Faith and Modern Thought, New 
York, 1876, 2d ed. 1880; Outlines of Christian Theo- 
logy, 1881 ; and numerous articles in periodicals. 

WELLES, Right Rev. Edward Randolph, S.T.D. 
(Racine College, Wis., 1874), Episcopalian, bishop 
of Wisconsin ; b. at Waterloo, Seneca County, 
N.Y., Jan. 10, 1830; graduated at Hobart Col- 



WBLLHAUSBN. 



233 



WESTCOTT. 



lege, Geneva, N.Y., 1850; studied theology with 
Rev. Dr. Wilson of Geneva, under direction of 
Bishop De Lancey, by whom he was ordered dea- 
con, and ordained priest; was tutor of De Veaux 
College, Suspension Bridge, N.Y., with Sunday 
services at Lewiston, Lockport, and this town, 
1857-58 ; rector of Christ Church, Red Wing, 
Minn., 1858-74; dean of the Southern Convoca- 
tion in Minnesota ; member of standing commit- 
tee ; trustee of Bishop Seabury University, Min- 
nesota ; deputy to General Convention from dio- 
cese of Minnesota ; consecrated bishop, 1874. 

WELLHAUSEN, Julius, b. at Hameln-on-the- 
Weser, May 17, 1844 ; studied at Gottingen under 
Heinrich Ewald, 1862-65; became there privat- 
docent of theology, 1870; ordinary professor at 
Greifswald, 1872 ; professor in the philosophical 
faculty at Halle, 1882; at Marburg, 1885. His 
theological position is " Polytheismus unci Mono- 
theismus zugleich." He says that he left the theo- 
logical faculty at Greifswald in 1882 of his accord 
("freiwillig") "in dem Bewusstsein, durchaus nicht 
mehr auf dem Boden der evangelichen Kirche oder 
des Protestantismus zu stehen." He is the author of 
Text der Biicher Samuels, Gottingen, 1871 ; Phari- 
saeer und Sadducaeer, Greifswald, 1874 ; Prolego- 
mena zur Geschichte Israels, Berlin, 1878, 3d ed. 
1886 ; Skizzen und Vorarbeiten, 1. 1884, II. 1885. 

WELTON, Daniel Morse, Ph.D. (Leipzig, 1878), 
D.D. (Acadia College, Nova Scotia, 1884), Baptist; 
b. at Aylesford, Kings County, Nova Scotia, July 
20, 1831 ; graduated at Acadia College, N.S., 1855 ; 
studied as resident graduate there, 1855-56 ; at 
Newton Theological Institution, 1856-57; at Leip- 
zig, Germany, 1876-78; was pastor of the Baptist 
Church at Windsor, N.S., 1857-74; professor of 
theology, University of Acadia College, 1874-83 ; 
of Semitic languages and Old-Testament interpre- 
tation, Toronto Baptist College, Can., 1883 to 
date. He is the author of John Light/hot, or the 
History of Hebrew Learning in England, Leipzig, 
1878 (doctor's dissertation). 

WENDT, Hans Hinrich, Ph.D. (Tubingen, 
1875), D.D. (Gottingen, 1883), German Protestant; 
b. in Hamburg, June 18, 1853 ; studied at Tu- 
bingen ; became privat-docent of theology at Got- 
tingen, 1877 ; professor extraordinary, 1881 ; ordi- 
nary professor at Kiel, 1883 , at Heidelberg, 1885. 
He is the author of Die Begriffe Fleisch und Geist 
im biblischen Sprachgebrauch, Gotha, 1878 ; (edited 
5th edition of Meyer's) Commentar iiber die Apos- 
telgeschichte, Gottingen, 1880 ; Die christliche Lehre 
von der menschlichen Vollkommenheit, 1882 ; Die 
Lehre Jesu, first part (Die evangelischen Quellen- 
berichte iiber die Lehre Jesu), 1886. 

WERNER, Karl, D.D. (Vienna, 1845), Roman 
Catholic ; b. at Hafnerbach, Lower Austria, March 
8, 1821; graduated at the Univei-sity of Vienna; 
taught theology and philosophy in the Episcopal 
Seminary at St. Polten, 1847-70, and New-Testa- 
ment theology in the University of Vienna, 1871- 
82. He is k.k. Ministerialrath, and member of the 
Vienna Imperial Academy of Sciences. Besides 
numerous articles upon mediaeval scholasticism 
and recent Italian philosophy, he has written Sys- 
tem der christlichen Ethik, Regensburg, 1850-52, 3 
vols. ; Grundlinien der Philosophic, 1855 ; Der 
heilige Thomas von Aquino, 1858-59, 3 vols. ; Grund- 
riss einer Geschichte der Moralphilosophie, Vienna, 
1859 ; Franz Suarez u. die Scholastik der letzten 



Jahrhunderte, Regensburg, 1860-61, 2 vols. ; Ge- 
schichte der apologetischen und polemischen Literatur 
der christlichen Theologie, Schaffhausen, 1862-67, 
5 vols.; Enchiridion theol. moral., Vienna, 1863; 
Ueber Wesen und Begriff der Menschenseele, Brixen, 

1865, 3d ed. Schaffhausen, 1867; Geschichte der 
katholischen Theologie Deutschlands seit dem Trienter 
Concil, Munich, 1866 ; Speculative Anthropologic, 
1870 ; Religionen u. Culle des vorchrisllichen Heiden- 
thums, Schaffhausen, 1871 ; Beda der Ehrwiirdige 
und seine Zeit, Vienna, 1875, 2d ed. 1881; Alcuin 
und sein Jahrhundert, 1876, 2d ed. 1881; Gerbert 
von Aurillac, die Kirche und Wissenschaft seiner 
Zeit, 1878, 2d ed. 1881; Giambattista Vico als 
Philosoph und gelehrter Forscher, 1879, 2ded. 1881; 
Die Scholastik des spiiteren Mittelalters, 1881 sqq., 
vol. iii. 1883 ; Die italienische Philosophic d. XlX. 
Jahrhunderts, 1884 sqq., vol. v. 1886. 

WEST, Robert, Congregationalist ; b. at Coal 
Run, Washington County, O., Sept. 14, 1845; 
graduated at Lane Theological Seminary, Cincin- 
nati, O., 1870; became pastor- of the First Cong. 
Church, Alton, 111., 1872 ; superintendent of home 
missions in the South-West for the American 
Home Missionary Society, 1876-81 ; pulpit supply 
in Boston, 1881-82 ; editor-in-chief of The Ad- 
vance (Congregational organ), Chicago, July, 1882. 

WESTCOTT, Brooke Foss, D.D. (Cambridge, 
1870; hon., Edinburgh, 1884), D.C.L. (hon., Ox- 
ford, 1881), Church of England; b. near Birming- 
ham, Jan. 12, 1825 ; was educated at Trinity 
College, Cambridge ; Battie University scholar, 
1846 ; Browne medallist for Greek ode, 1846-47 ; 
Latin essay (Undergraduate Bach.), 1847, 1849 ; 
B. A. (equal senior classic, twenty-second wrangler, 
and chancellor's medallist) 1848, M. A. 1851, B.D. 
1864 ; was ordained deacon and priest, 1851 ; was 
elected fellow of Trinity College, 1849 ; was Nor- 
risian prizeman, 1850; assistant master at Harrow 
School, 1852-69 ; examining chaplain to the bishop 
of Peterborough, 1868-83 ; canon residentiary, 
1869-83; rector of Somersham with Pidley and 
Colne, Hunts, 1870-82 ; honorary chaplain to the 
Queen, 1875-79 ; select preacher at Oxford, 1877- 
80. Since 1870 he has been regius professor of 
divinity, Cambridge ; since 1879, chaplain in or- 
dinary to the Queen ; since 1882, fellow of King's 
College, Cambridge ; since 1883, examining chap- 
lain to the archbishop of Canterbury ; and since 
1884, canon of Westminster. In May, 1885, he 
declined the deanery of Lincoln. He was a 
member of the New-Testament Revision Com- 
pany (1870-81), is a contributor to the Bible 
(Speaker's) Commentary (Gospel of John), to 
Smith's Dictionary of the Bible and of Christian 
Biography ; and is the author of Elements of Gospel 
Harmony, Cambridge, 1851 (Norrisian essay) ; A 
General Survey of the History of the Canon of the 
New Testament during the first four centuries, Lon- 
don, 1855, 5th ed. 1881 ; Characteristics of the Gos- 
pel Miracles, 1859 ; Introduction to the Study of the 
Gospels, 1860, 6th ed. 1882 ; The Bible in the Church, 
1864, 9th ed. 1885 ; The Gospel of the Resurrection, 

1866, 5th ed. 1884; A General View of the History 
of the English Bible, 1868; Christian Life Manifold 
and One (sermons), 1872 ; Some Points in the Reli- 
gious Office of the Universities, 1873 ; The Para- 
graph Psalter, arranged for the use of choirs, Cam- 
bridge, 1879, 2d ed. 1881 ; The Revelation of the 
Risen Lord, London, 1882; The Gospel according 



WESTON. 



234 



WHITON. 



to St. John (from Bible Comm.), 1882, 2d ed. 1884; 
The Historic Faith (lectures on the Apostles' Creed), 
1883, 3d ed. 1885; Epistles of St. John, Greek Text, 
Notes, and Essays, 1883, 2d ed. 1886 ; Revelation of 
the Father : titles of the Lord, 1884. Conjointly with 
Rev. Prof. Dr. Hort, he edited The New Testament 
in the Original Greek, 1st and 2d ed. 1881, 2 vols. : 
school edition of text alone, 1885. [See Hort.] 

WESTON, Henry Griggs, D.D. (University of 
Rochester, N.Y., 1859), Baptist; b. at Lynn, 
Mass., Sept. 11, 1820; graduated at Brown Uni- 
versity, Providence, R.I., 1840, and at Newton 
Theological Institution, Mass , 1843 ; after serving 
as pastor from 1843 to 1868, he became president 
of Crozer Theological Seminary, Pennsylvania. 

WHEDON, Daniel Denison,*D.D. (Emory and 
Henry College, 1847), LL.D. (Wesleyan Univer- 
sity, 1868) ; b. at Onondaga, N.Y., March 20, 1808 ; 
d. at Atlantic Highlands, N J., June 8, 1885. He 
graduated at Hamilton College, .Clinton, N.Y., 
1828; studied law at Rochester, N.Y. ; became a 
teacher in Oneida (N.Y.) Conference Seminary; 
a tutor in Hamilton College, 1831 ; professor of 
ancient languages and literature in Wesleyan Uni- 
versity, Middletown, Conn., 1883 ; Methodist pas- 
tor, 1843 ; professor of rhetoric, logic, and history, 
in the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1845; 
again in the pastorate, at Jamaica, L.I., N.Y., 1855; 
elected by General Conference of the Methodist- 
Episcopal Church, editor of The Methodist Quarterly 
Review, 1856, and re-elected quadrennially until 
May, 18S4, when his health, which had long been 
feeble, forbade his continued holding of the posi- 
tion. He was a man of learning, literary ability, 
and great industry. He was the author of Public 
Addresses, Collegiate and Popular, Boston, 1856; 
Commentary on Matthew and Mark, New York, 
1860 ; The Freedom of the Will, as a Basis of 
Human Responsibility, elucidated and maintained in 
its Issue with the Necessitarian Theories of Hobbes, 
Edwards, the Princeton Essayists, and other Leading 
Advocates, 1864, 3d ed. same year; Commentary 
on the Neio Testament : intended for popular use, 
1860-75, 5 vols. ; and editor of a Commentary on 
the Old Testament, 1880 sqq., of which the seventh 
vol. (Jeremiah) appeared in 1886 ; published many 
single sermons and addresses, contributions in the 
Bibliotheca Sacra, and other periodicals, etc. * 

WHEELER, David Hilton, D.D. (Cornell College, 
Mount Vernon, lo., 1867), LL.D. (North-western 
University, Evanston, 111., 1881), Methodist; b. 
at Ithaca, N.Y., Nov. 18, 1829; graduated at 
Rock-River Seminary, Mount Morris, 111., 1851 ; 
tutor in same, 1851-53 ; professor of ancient lan- 
guages, Cornell College, Mount Vernon, lo., 1853- 
55 ; editor of Carroll County Republican, 1855-57; 
superintendent of Carroll County schools, 1855- 
57 ; professor of Greek, Cornell College, 1857-61 ; 
United-States consul, Genoa, Italy, 1861-66; war 
correspondent in Austro-Italian war, 1866 ; com- 
missioner of correspondence of New-York Tribune, 
1866-67 ; professor of English literature, North- 
western University, Evanston, 111., 1867-75 ; editor 
of The Methodist, New York, 1875-82; president 
of Allegheny College, Meadville, Penn., 1883 to 
date. He has written extensively for the periodi- 
cal press since 1855. He is the author of Brigand- 
age in South Italy, London, 1864, 2 vols. ; Celesia's 
Conspiracy of Fieschi (translation), 1866 ; By-Ways 
of Literature, New York, 1883. 



WHIPPLE, Right Rev. Henry Benjamin, A.M. 
Qion., Hobart College, Geneva, N.Y., 18 — ), D.D. 
Racine College, Wis., 1859), Episcopalian; b. at 
Adams, Jefferson County, N.Y., Feb. 15, 1822; 
educated at private schools, but prevented by ill 
health from entering college ; engaged in business; 
became a candidate for orders, 1847 ; rector of 
Zion Church, Rome, N.Y., 1849 ; of the Church 
of the Holy Communion, Chicago, 111., 1857; 
bishop, 1859. He has written tracts and letters 
on the Indian policy of the United States. 

WHITAKER, Right Rev. Ozi William, D.D. 
(Kenyon College, Gambier, O., 1869), Episco- 
palian, assistant bishop of Pennsylvania; b. at New 
Salem, Mass., May 10, 1830; studied in Amherst 
College, Mass., 1851-52 ; graduated from Middle- 
bury College, Vt., 1856, and from the General 
Theological Seminary, New- York City, 1863 ; 
became missionary in Nevada, 1863 ; rector of 
St. Paul's Church, Englewood, N.J., 1865; of St. 
Paul's Church, Virginia City, Nev., 1867 to 1886 ; 
missionary bishop of Nevada, 1869 ; assistant bish- 
op of Penn., 1886. Author of Occasional Sermons. 

WHITE, Erskine Norman, S.T.D, (University 
of the City of New York, 1874), Presbyterian ; b. 
in New-York City, May 31, 1833; graduated at 
Yale College, New Haven, Conn., 1854, and at 
Union Theological Seminary, N. Y. City, 1857 ; 
became pastor at Richmond, Staten Island, N.Y., 
1859 ; New Rochelle, 1862 ; Buffalo, 1868 ; New 
York (W. 23d St.), 1874. In 1886 he became cor- 
responding secretary of the Board of Church Erec- 
tion of the Presbyterian Church. He has written 
several review articles, etc., and a history of the 
West Twenty-third Street Church. 

WHITEHEAD, Right Rev. Cortlandt, D.D. 
(Union College, Schenectady, N.Y., 1880), Epis- 
copalian, bishop of Pittsburgh ; b. in New- York 
City, Oct. 30, 1842 ; graduated at Phillips Acad- 
emy, Andover, Mass., 1859; at Yale College, New 
Haven, Conn., 1863; and at Philadelphia Divinity 
School, 1867 ; became missionary at Black Hawk 
and Georgetown, Col., 1867; rector of the Church 
of the Nativity, South Bethlehem, Penn., 1870; 
bishop, 1882. He was assistant secretary of 
Diocesan Convention of Central Pennsylvania, 
1872-82 ; deputy to General Convention, 1877-80 ; 
trustee of St. Luke's Hospital, Lehigh University, 
and Bishopthorpe School, South Bethlehem ; trus- 
tee of Western University, Pittsburgh, Penn. 

WHITON, James Morris, Ph.D. (Yale College, 
New Haven, Conn., 1861), Congregationalist; b. 
in Boston, Mass., April 11, 1833 ; educated in Bos- 
ton Latin School, and graduated at Yale College 
1853; was rector of Hopkins Grammar School, 
New Haven, Conn., 1854-64; pastor of the First 
Congregational Church, Lynn, Mass., 1865-69; of 
the North Congregational Church, Lynn, 1869-75; 
principal of Williston Seminary, Easthampton, 
Mass., 1876-78; pastor of First Congregational 
Church, Newark, N.J., 1879-85; acting pastor of 
the Trinity Congregational Church, 'Fremont, 
New- York City, 1886. His theological standpoint 
is that of a Trinitarian Christian evolutionist; 
regarding the Trinity, interpreted through the 
principle of the Divine immanency as the bibli- 
cal symbol which sets forth the being and the 
relation of God to the world, as the fundamental 
and comprehensive article of faith. Creation, 
revelation, and judgment are eternal Divine pro- 



vVHITSITT. 



235 



WIESELER. 



cesses, all manifested in the world of the past, 
present, and future. Redemption is essentially a 
constructive rather than a reconstructive process. 
Atonement is the Divine process of the reconcili- 
ation of man to God, by an expiatory satisfaction 
— mediated through the historical experience of 
the Christ, producing an adequate repentance — 
to that which is of God in conscience. The norm 
of conscience for faith, duty, and hope, is in the 
Holy Scriptures, whose authority as a divine rev- 
elation centres in the living Word of God, the 
Christ, speaking therein. The promised advent 
of the Christ is now being progressively realized 
in the life of the world that now is, and the resur- 
rection likewise in the life of the world to come. 
He is the author of Latin Lessons, Boston, 1860 ; 
Greek Lessons, New York, 1861 ; Select Orations 
of Lysias, Boston, 1875, 2d ed. 1881; " Is Eternal 
Punishment, Endless ? " 1876, 2d ed. 1877 (maintain- 
ing that endless punishment is not decisively 
revealed in the New Testament : it raised a ques- 
tion as to his further fellowship in the Congrega- 
tional body, which was decided in his favor by a 
council at Newark, 1879, — twenty-eight to three, 
cf. stenographic report in The Congregationalist, 
April 12, 1879); Six Weeks' Preparation for Read- 
ing Casar, 1877. 3d ed. 1886 ; Auxilia Vergilidna 
(pamphlet), 1878, 2d ed. 1886; Essay on the Gos- 
pel according to Matthew, 1880 ; The Gospel of the 
Resurrection, 1881, reprinted in London, Eng., un- 
der title Beyond the Shadoiu, 1884; Early Pupils of 
the Spirit (pamphlet), Lond., 1884; Three Months' 
Preparation for Reading Xenophon (published in 
conjunction with his daughter Mary B. Whiton), 
N. Y., 1885; The Evolution of Revelation (pam- 
phlet), 1885 ; The Divine Satisfaction, London, 1886 ; 
frequent contributions to the religious journals, 
occasional articles in The New-Enqlander, etc. 

WHITSITT, William Heth, D.D. (Mercer Uni- 
versity, Macon, Ga., 1874), Baptist; b. near Nash- 
ville, Tenn., Nov. 25, 1841; studied at Union 
University, 1857-60) ; was first private, then chap- 
lain, in the Confederate Army, 1861-65; studied 
at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va., 
1866, and at the Southern Baptist Seminary (then 
at Greenville, S.C., since 1877, at Louisville, Ky.), 
1867-69 ; at Leipzig, 1869-70; and at Berlin, 
1870-71; was pastor at Albany, Ga., February- 
July, 1872; professor of biblical introduction and 
ecclesiastical history in the Southern Baptist The- 
ological Seminary, 1872 to date. He has pub- 
lished The Relation of Baptists to Culture (his 
inaugural address, published in The Baptist Quar- 
terly, 1872); History of the Rise of Infant Baptism, 
Louisville, Ky., 1878; History of Communion 
among Baptists, 1880. 

WHITTLE, Right Rev. Francis McNeece, D.D. 
(Theological Seminary of Ohio, Gambier, O., 
1867), LL.D. (College of William and Mary, Wil- 
liamsburg, Va., 1873), Episcopalian, bishop of 
Virginia; b. in Mecklenburg County, Va., July 7, 
1823; graduated at the Theological Seminary of 
Virginia, near Alexandria, 1847; became rector 
of Kanawha Parish, Kanawha County, Va., 1847; 
St. James's, Northern Parish, Goochland County, 
1849; Grace, Berry ville, 1852 ; St. Paul's, Louis- 
ville, Ky., 1857 ; assistant bishop of Virginia, 
1868 ; bishop, 1876. 

WIBERC, Andreas, Baptist; b. in the parish 
of Tuna, province of Helsingland, in the North of 



Sweden, July 17, 1816 ; graduated at the Uni- 
versity of Upsala, 1843, and received holy orders 
the same year at the same place; took the S.C. 
" pastoral degree " at Upsala in 1847 ; received the 
degree of M. A. from the University of Lewisburg, 
Penn., U.S.A., in 1854; was minister in the 
Lutheran State Church of Sweden, 1843-1851 ; 
colporter evangelist in the service of the American 
Baptist Publication Society among sailors in New 
York, and immigrants in the West of the U.S.A., 
1852-1853; Baptist missionary in Sweden, 1855 
to date. He is the author, in Swedish, of " Who is 
to be baptized? " Upsala, 1852; "Christian Bap- 
tism as set forth in the Holy Scriptures " (published 
both in English and Swedish), Philadelphia, 
U.S.A., 1854,3d ed. Philadelphia, 1873; "Trans- 
lation of the Gospel according to St. Matthew, 
with Commentary," Stockholm, 1858; " The Evan- 
gelist " (bi-monthly), 1856-73; "The Doctrine of 
the Holy Scripture on Sanctification," 1868 ; " The 
Doctrine of Justification," 1869 ; " Come to Jesus," 
1869; "Unity of Christians," 1878; "Reply to 
Prof. P. Waldenstrom's Book, History of Infant 
Baptism," 188Q; " The Victorious Reign of Christ," 
Kristianen, 1883 ; " The Church," Kristianen, 1884. 
WIESELER, Karl, Lie. Theol. (Gottingen, 1839), 
D.D. (Jion., Kiel, 1846), German theologian; b. at 
Altenzelle, near Celle, Hannover, Feb. 28, 1813 ; 
d. at Greifswald, March 11, 1883. He was the 
second son of Pastor Christian Christoph Wieseler, 
and younger brother of the well-known Friedrich 
Wieseler, professor of philology and archaeology 
at Gottingen. In his seventh year both his parents 
died ; and he was brought up by near relatives, 
who first thought to make him a forester. He 
attended the gymnasium at Salzwedel from 1826 
to 1831 ; then the university of Gottingen, where 
he was especially influenced by Liicke, from 1831 
to 1835. In the latter he became repetent, 1836 ; 
privat-docent of Old and New Testament exegesis, 
1839 ; professor extraordinary there, 1843 ; ordi- 
nary professor at Kiel, 1851 ; at Greifswald, 1863. 
In 1870 he was made Consistorialrath and mem- 
ber of the Pommeranian Consistory at Stettin, 
and discharged these latter duties, in connection 
with those of his professorship, until his death. 
He was the author of De christiano capitis poena; 
vel admittendce vel repudiandoz fundamento (prize 
essay), Gottingen, 1835; Num loci Mk. xvi. 9-20 
et Jo. 21 genuini sint nee ne indogatur eo fine, ut 
adilus ad historiam apparitionum J. Christi site con- 
scribendam aperiatur, 1839; Auslegung und Kritik 
der apokalyptischen Literatur des A. u. N. T., 1 
Beitrag. Die 70 Wochen und die 63 Jahrwochen 
des Propheten Daniel, erbrlert und erldutert mit 
sleier Riicksiclit auf die biblisch.en Parallelen sowie 
Geschichte und Chronologic, nebst einer historisch- 
kritisch Untersuchung uber den Sinn, etc., der Worte 
Jesu von s. Parusie in den Evang., 1839 ; Chronolo- 
gische Synopse der vier Evangelien, ein Beitrag zur 
Apologie der Evangelien und evangelischen Geschichte 
vom Standpunkte der Voraussetzunglosigkeit, Ham- 
burg, 1843 (English trans., Chronology of the Four 
Gospels, London, 1864 ;* another trans, by E. 
Venables, A Chronological Synopsis of the Four 
Gospels, London, 1876, 2d ed. 1878. His chief 
results are : birth of Jesus, 750 A.U.C. ; impris- 
onment of the Baptist, Purim 782 A.U.C. ; day 
of Jesus' death, April 7, 783 A.U.C, or 30 A.D.); 
Chronologie des apostolischen Zeitalters bis zum Tode 



WIKNER. 



236 



WILKINSON. 



der Apostel Paulus and Petrus, Gottingen, 1848 
(chief results : stoning of Stephen, about 39 A.D. ; 
conversion of Paul, 40 A.D. ; apostolic council 
at Jerusalem, about 50 A.D. ; beginning of the 
third Pauline missionary journey, 54 A.D.; dura- 
tion of the Csesarean and Roman imprisonment, 
58-64 A.D. He rejects the theory of the second 
Roman imprisonment of Paul, and dates the 
pastoral epistles partly from the third missionary 
journey, especially in the Ephesian residence of 
the apostle, and partly from the end of his Rom- 
an imprisonment); Exercitationum criticarum in 
Clemenlis Romani qua feruntur homilias, 1857 ; 
Commenlar uber den Brief Pauli an die Galaier; 
1859 ; Eine Unlersuchung uber den Hebrderbrief, 
nameni.llc.li seinen Verfasser und seine Leser, Kiel, 
1860-01,2 halves; Beitrdge zur richtigen Wiirdi- 
gung der Evangelien und der evangelischen Ge- 
sckichte, Gotha, 1869 (a reproduction of the 
principal contents of his Chronolog. Synopse) ; 
Geschichte des Bekenntnissstandes der lutherischen 
Kirclie Pommerns bis zur Einfiihrung der Union, Stet- 
tin, 1870 ; Der Abschnitt Rom. vii. 7-25 exegetisch 
und biblisch-theologisch erorlert, Greifswald, 1875 
(pp. 16) ; Die deutsche Nalionalitdt der kleinasia- 
lischen Galaier, Gutersloh, 1S77 ; Die Christenver- 
folgungen der Cdsaren bis zumS. Jalirhundert his- 
torisch und chronologisch untersucht, 1S78 ; Zur 
Geschichte der neutestamentlichen Schrift und des 
Urchristenthums, Leipzig, 1880 (contains three es- 
says : 1. The Corinthian parties, and their relation 
to the false teachers mentioned in Galatians, 
Romans, and Revelation; 2. The teaching and 
structure of the Epistle to the Romans ; 3. The 
author, date, and mode of interpretation, of the 
Johannean revelation) ; Untersuchungen zur Ge- 
schichte und Religion der alten Germanen in Asien 
und Europa, mit religionsgeschichtl. Parallelen, 
1881. Articles in periodicals, of especial value, 
may be mentioned, Die Lehre des Hebrderbriefs 
und der Tempel von Leontopolis (in Theol. Studien 
und Kritiken, 1867, IV.), in which he defends his 
book on Hebrews, although on some points pre- 
senting a different opinion ; Das 4 Bucli Ezra (do., 
1870), Das Todesjar Polykarps (do., 1880), Die 
Assumptio Mosis (in Jahrb. f. d. Theologie, 1868), 
Der Barnabasbrief (do., 1870), Der Clemensbrief 
an die Korintlier (do., 1877), Ueber einige Data aus 
dem Leben Luthers (in Kahnis' Zeitschrift fur his- 
lorische Theologie, 1874, IV.), discussing the dates 
of his birth, entrance into the convent, and journey 
to Rome; articles in Herzog, etc. Cf . art. Wieseler, 
by Zockler, in Herzog 2 , xvii. 100-104. * 

WIKNER, Carl Pontus, Ph.D. (Upsala, 1883), 
Lutheran ; b. in the parish of Ryr, province of 
Dal, Sweden, May 19, 1837; educated at the 
University of Upsala; became Lektor in theol- 
ogy and Hebrew at the Elementary School of 
Upsala, 1873 ; vice-professor of theoretical phi- 
losophy at the Uuiversity of Upsala, 1869; pro- 
fessor of philosophy at the University of Chris- 
tiania, Norway, 1884. He has received the prize 
of King Charles Johan XIV., "for literary 
merits." Nominally Lutheran, he is an inde- 
pendent religious philosopher of strong caliber. 
He is the author (in Swedish) of " Investigations 
on Unity and Diversity," Upsala, 1863 ; De ima- 
gine Dei, dissert, theol., 1873; "Can Philosophy 
confer any Blessing on Mankind?" 1864, 2d ed. 
same year ; " What we Need," 1865 ; " Can we 



get any Knowledge of God ? " 1865 ; " The Curse 
of Nature," 1866; "Sketch of Anthropology," 
1867 ; " Culture and Philosophy," 1869 ; " Manual 
of Anthropology," 1870; "Investigations on the 
Materialistic Views of the Universe," 1870 ; " Essays 
on Religious Subjects," 1871 ; " On Authority and 
Independence," 1872 ; " Thoughts and Questions 
before the Son of man," 1872 ; " Religious Medi- 
tations and Sermons" (vols, i.-iii.), 1873-75. 

WILBERFORCE, Right Rev. Ernest Roland, 
D.D. (by diploma 1882, hon., Durham, 1882), 
lord bishop of Newcastle-on-Tyne, Church of Eng- 
land, the third son of the late bishop of Winchester; 
b. at Brigstone (Brixton), Isle of Wight, Jan. 22, 
1840; educated at Exeter College, Oxford; grad- 
uated B.A. 1864, M.A. 1865; ordained deacpn 
1864, priest 1865 ; was curate of Cuddesdon, 1864- 
66 ; chaplain to late bishop (Wilberforce) of Ox- 
ford, 1864-69; curate of Lea, Lincolnshire, 1866; 
rector of Middleton Stony, Oxford, 1866-69 ; do- 
mestic chaplain to late bishop (Wilberforce) of 
Winchester, 1869-73 ; sub-almoner to the Queen, 
1871-82 ; canon of Winchester, and warden of 
the Wilberforce Missionary College, Winchester, 
1S7S-82 ; consecrated bishop, 1882. * 

WILKES, Henry, D.D. (University of Vermont, 
Burlington, 1850), LL.D. (McGill University, 
Montreal, Can., 1870), Congregationalist; b. at 
Birmingham, Eng\, June 21, 1805; studied at 
Glasgow University and Glasgow Theological 
Academy (Congregational), 1829-33; graduated 
at the University, M.A., 1833 ; was pastor of Con- 
gregational Church, Albany Street, Edinburgh, 
1833-36; in Montreal, Can., 1836-71; principal 
and professor of theology in the Congregational 
College of British North America, 1870-83 ; since 
1883, professor of theology and church history in 
the same. He represented the Colonial Mission- 
ary Society, London, Eng., 1836-83. He became 
member of the University Institute, University of 
Vermont, Burlington, 1850; 4> B K, Dartmouth Col- 
lege (Hanover, N.H.), Chapter 1862; Cliosophic 
Society, College of New Jersej 7 , Princeton, 1873; 
He is the author of The Internal Administration 
of the (Congregational) Churches, Montreal, 1858,3 
editions; numerous sermons, college addresses, etc. 

WILKINSON, William Cleaver, D.D. (University 
of Rochester, N.Y., 1873), Baptist; b. at West- 
ford, Vt., Oct. 19, 1833; graduated at the Uni- 
versity of Rochester, N.Y., 1857, and at the 
Rochester Theological Seminary, 1859; was pas- 
tor of Second Baptist Church, New Haven, Conn., 
1859-61 ; professor ad interim of modern lan- 
guages in University of Rochester, N.Y., 1863-64; 
Mt. Auburn Church, Cincinnati, 1865-66; pro- 
fessor of homiletics and pastoral theology, Roches- 
ter Theological Seminary, New York, 1872-81. 
He was offered the chair of the German language 
and literature in University of Michigan, Ann 
Arbor, 1871 ; also of English literature there, 
1873. He has been from the beginning (1878) 
one of the " counsellors " of the Chautauqua 
Literary and Scientific Circle, and is "dean" of 
the department of literature and art in the Chau- 
tauqua School of Theology. He is the author of 
The Dance of Modern Society, 1868, last ed. 18S4; 
A Free Lance in the Field of Life and Letters 
(essays), 1874, last £8. 1SS2; Preparatory Greek 
Course in English, 1882 ; Preparatory Latin Course 
in English, 1883 ; College Greek Course in English, 



WILLCOX. 



237 



WILLIAMS. 



1884; College Latin Course in English, 1885 (the 
four books constitute " The After-school Series," 
of which, up to 1886, more than a hundred thou- 
sand volumes had been sold) ; Poems, 1883 ; Edwin 
Arnold as Poetizer and as Paganizer, 1885. 

WILLCOX, Giles Buckingham, D.D. (University 
of the City of New York, 1881), Congregationalist ; 
b. in New-York City, Aug. 7, 1826; graduated at 
Yale College, New Haven, Conn., 1848, and An- 
dover Theological Seminary, Mass., 1851 ; became 
pastor at Fitchburg, Mass., 1853 ; Lawrence, 1856 ; 
New London, Conn., 1859; Jersey City, N.J., 
1869; Stamford, Conn., 1875; professor of pas- 
toral theology and special studies in Chicago The- 
ological Seminary, 1879. He has contributed 
frequently to religious periodicals. 

WILLIAMS, RightRev. Channing Moore, S.T.D. 
(Columbia College, New-York City, 1867), Epis- 
copalian, missionary bishop of Y'edo, Japan ; b. 
at Richmond, Va., July IS, 1829; graduated from 
the College of William and Mary, Virginia, 1853, 
and from the Theological Seminary of Virginia, 
near Alexandria, 1855 ; became missionary bishop 
of China (with jurisdiction in Japan), 1866 ; re- 
lieved by the General Convention of 1874 of the 
China mission, and his title changed to that of 
missionary bishop of Yedo, with jurisdiction in 
Japan. * 

WILLIAMS, George, Church of England, lay- 
man, the founder of the Y^oung Men's Christian 
Association; b. at a farmhouse in the parish of 
Dulverton, Somersetshire, Eng., Oct. 11, 1821. 
Having completed his education, he began his 
business-life at Bridgewater. There he was con- 
verted in 1837, and immediately endeavored to 
lead his associates to Christ. In this he was so 
successful that a considerable number professed 
religion. In 1841 he became a junior assistant 
in the dry-goods establishment of Messrs. George 
Hitchcock & Co., 72 St. Paul's Churchyard, Lon- 
don. Finding that the majority of his fellows 
(there were some 120 in all) were indifferent to 
religion, while many were licentious, in 1843 he 
induced a few of the spiritually minded assistants 
to hold with him, at regular intervals, a prayer- 
meeting in a bedroom of the establishment, — it 
being then customary for clerks to occupy rooms 
in the business houses where they were employed, 
— for the conversion of their fellow-clerks; and 
out of that meeting originated the Young Men's 
Christian Association movement. Mr. George 
Hitchcock, their pi'incipal, who had been con- 
verted since Mr. Williams came, having mentioned 
these meetings to his friend Mr. W. D. Owen, 
proprietor of a large drapery establishment in the 
West End, the latter spoke of them to Mr. James 
Smith, his principal assistant, who immediately 
commenced similar meetings amongst the young 
men. In the spring of 1844, Mr. Williams was 
impressed with the importance of introducing 
similar meetings in all the large establishments 
of London. He broached the subject, first of all, 
to his most intimate friend and fellow-assistant, 
the late Mr. Edward Beaumont, 'on a Sunday 
evening in the latter part of May, 1844. The fol- 
lowing week, after the prayer-meeting, three or 
four of the most zealous^j'emained behind for 
conversation upon the subject; and it was then 
resolved to call a meeting of all the religious 
young men of the establishment, to meet on 



Thursday, June 6, 1844, to consider the impor- 
tance and practicability of establishing a society 
for improving the spiritual condition of young 
men engaged in the drapery and other trades. 
At this meeting the following persons were pres- 
ent : Messrs. George Williams, C. W. Smith, James 
Smith (from Mr. Owen's, by invitation of Mr. 
Williams), Norton Smith, Edward Valentine, 

Edward Beaumont, Glasson, Francis John 

Cockett, Edward Rogers, John Harvey, John C. 
Symons, William Creese. Mr. James Smith was 
chosen chairman ; Mr. Valentine, treasurer ; and 
Messrs. Symons and Creese, secretaries. It was 
decided to form the projected society; and Mr. 
C. W. Smith, being delegated to choose a name 
for it, suggested among others that of The Young 
Men's Christian Association, which was afterwards 
adopted, Thursday, July 4. Mr. Williams being a 
young man, and merely a draper's assistant, mod- 
estly kept himself in the background in the early 
meetings of the Association, yet in the absence of 
the first chairman was always asked to preside; but 
to him, under God, belongs the credit of being the 
founder of that organization which has spread all 
over the world, and to it he has freely given his 
time and his means. He was the treasurer of the 
parent association from 1863 to 1885, succeeding 
Mr. Hitchcock; and is now president, succeeding 
the late Earl of Shaftesbury. He was taken by 
Mr. Hitchcock into partnership, and now is the 
head of the firm of Hitchcock, Williams, & Co., 
in which establishment he was a clerk. Besides 
the Young Men*s Christian Association, Mr. Wil- 
liams is the presidentof the Commercial Travellers' 
Christian Association, the Christian Community, 
the Young Men's Foreign Missionary, and of 
several other societies. He takes an active inter- 
est in the British and Foreign Bible Society, the 
London City Mission, the Sunday-school Union, 
the Bishop of London's Diocesan Council for 
Young Men, the Young Women's Christian Asso- 
ciation, and many others. 

The success of the Young Men's Christian Asso- 
ciation was assured from the start. Its member- 
ship was twelve on June 6; in five months the 
association numbered seventy, each of whom had 
been carefully examined as to his Christian zeal 
before admittance, and religious services had been 
founded by it in ten drapers' establishments. On 
March 6, 1845, the membership was 160 ; on 
Nov. 5, 1846, the second annual meeting, branch 
associations in different places in London and in 
other cities were reported. In 1848, 480 members 
in London, and 1,000 in all, were reported. In 
1849 the Earl of Shaftesbury became president, 
and so continued until his death, Oct. 1. 1885, 
when he was succeeded by Mr. Williams. In Sep- 
tember, 1S86, it was reported that there were 3,376 
branch associations throughout the world, with 
nearly 200,000 members and associates. For an 
interesting and trustworthy history of the parent 
association, see George J. Stevenson's Historical 
Records of the Young Men's Christian Association 
from 1844 t° 1884, London, 1884; for a brief ac- 
count of the movement in general, see article, 
Young Men's Cliristian Association, in the Schaff- 
Herzog Enci/clopaidia, vol. iii. 2564-2566. 

WILLIAMS, Right Rev. John, D.D. (Union Col- 
lege, Schenectady, N.Y., 1847; Trinity College, 
Hartford, Conn., 1849; Columbia College, New- 



WILLIAMS. 



238 



WILSON. 



York City, 1851 ; Yale College, New Haven, Conn., 
1883), LL.D. (Hobart College, Geneva, N.Y., 1870), 
Episcopalian, bishop of Connecticut ; b. at Deer- 
field, Mass., Aug. 30, 1817; studied in Harvard 
College, Cambridge, Mass., 1831-33, and at Trinity 
College, Hartford, Conn., 1833-35; graduated at 
the latter, 1835 ; was tutor in the college, 1837-40 ; 
assistant in Christ Church, Middletown, Conn., 
1841-42 ; rector of St. George's, Schenectady, 
N.Y., 1842-48 ; president of Trinity College, 1848- 
53 ; assistant bishop of Connecticut 1851-65, bishop 
since 1865. He is the author of Ancient Hymns 
of Holy Church, Hartford, 1845 ; Thoughts on the 
Gospel Miracles, New York, 1848; The English 
Reformation (Paddock Lectures), 1881; The World's 
Witness to Jesus Christ (Bedell Lectures), 1882 ; 
editor of Bishop Harold Browne's Exposition of the 
Thirty-nine Articles, 1865 ; many sermons and re- 
view articles. 

WILLIAMS, Samuel Welles, LL.D. (Union Col- 
lege, Schenectady, N.Y., 1850), Congregation alist, 
layman ; b. at Utica, September, 1812 ; d. at 
New Haven, Conn., Feb. 17, 1884. He studied 
at the Rensselaer School, Troy, N.Y. ; went to 
China in 1833 as a printer for the A.B.C.F.M. Mis- 
sionary Board at Canton ; printed at Macao, Med- 
hurst's Hokkeen Dictionary (Chinese), 1835; visited 
Japan, 1837, and translated into Japanese Gene- 
sis and Matthew ; assisted in editing The Chinese 
Repository, Canton, 1838-51 ; was interpreter to 
Commodore Ferry's Japan expedition, 1853-54; 
became secretary and interpreter of the American 
Legation, Peking, 1855 ; assisted Minister Reed 
in negotiating the treaty with China, 1856. He 
visited the United States in 1845, where he staid 
three years, teaching; again in 1860; returned 
to live there in 1876, and was appointed lecturer 
in Chinese in Yale College, New Haven, Conn. 
He was president of the American Bible Society, 
1881-83. He was one of the most eminent of 
sinologues. He was the author of Easy Lessons 
in Chinese, Macao, 1842 ; A Chinese Commercial 
Guide, 1843, 5th ed. Hong-Kong, 1863 ; An English 
and Chinese Vocabulary in the Court Dialect, Macao, 
1844; The Middle Kingdom : a Survey of the Geog- 
raphy, Government, Education, Social Life, Arts, 
Religion, etc., of the Chinese Empire and its Inhabit- 
ants, New York, 1848, 3d ed. 1857, new ed. rev. 
1883, 2 vols, (a standard work) ; Tonic Dictionary 
of the Chinese Language, Canton, 1856 ; Syllabic 
Dictionary of the Chinese Language, Shanghai, 
1874 (this was the great work of his life) ; Chinese 
Immigration, New York, 1879. * 

WILLIAMS, William R., LL.D, (Union, 1859), 
S.T.D. (Columbia College, New- York City, 1837) ; 
b. in New-York City, Oct. 14, 1804; d. there, 
April 1, 1885. He graduated, head of his class, 
at Columbia College, New- York City, 1822; studied 
law for three years in the office of Peter A. Jay, 
and, on being admitted to the bar, became his 
partner, and practised law for two years, when 
the failure of his health compelled him to break 
off, and go to Eui'ope. On his return he was 
converted, and, abandoning the law, entered the 
Baptist ministry, and from 1832 till his death was 
pastor of the Amity Church (at first in Amity 
Street, about 1865 transferred to West Fifty- 
fourth Street). He was a trustee of Columbia 
College, 1838-48. He was a man of great learn- 
ing, and famous for his eloquence, although his' 



congregation was latterly very small, for his voice 
was too weak to fill a large church. He had a 
library of some twenty thousand volumes. He 
was the author of Miscellanies, New York, 1850, 
3d ed. Boston, I860 ; Religious Progress : Dis- 
courses on the Development of Christian Character, 
New York, 1S50 ; Lectures on the Lord's Prayer, 
1851, new ed. 1878; God's Rescues; or, the Lost 
Sheep, the Lost Coin, and the Lost Son, 1871 ; Lec- 
tures on Baptist History, Philadelphia, 1877 ; Eras 
and Characters of History, 1882 ; numerous dis- 
courses (among them the memorable address upon 
The Conservative Principle in Our Literature, deliv- 
ered at Hamilton, N.Y., June 18, 1833, reprinted 
in Glasgow, and pronounced the greatest of his 
productions) ; articles, etc. * 

WILLSON, David Burt, Reformed Presbyterian 
(O.S.) ; b. at Philadelphia, Penn., Sept. 27, 1842 ; 
graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, Phil- 
adelphia, 1860; at the Jefferson Medical College, 
1863; and at the Reformed Presbyterian Theologi- 
cal Seminary, Allegheny, Penn., 1869. He was 
in the medical service, United-States Army, 1863- 
65, and pastor in Allegheny, Penn., 1870-75; and 
has been since 1875 professor of biblical literature 
Theological Seminary of the Reformed Presbyte- 
rian Church (O.S.), Allegheny, Penn. Since 
1874 he has been an editor of The Reformed Pres- 
byterian and Covenanter (monthly), Pittsburgh, 
and author of occasional addresses. 

WILMER, Right Rev. Richard Hooker, D.D. 
(William and Mary College, Va., 1860), LL.D. 
(University of Oxford, Eng., 1867 ; University of 
Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1880), Episcopalian, 
bishop of Alabama ; b. at Alexandria, Va., March 
15, 1S16 ; graduated at Yale College, New Haven,. 
Conn., 1836, and from the Theological Seminary 
of Virginia, near Alexandria, 1839 ; became rec- 
tor of St. Paul's, Goochland County, and St. 
John's, Fluvanna County, Va., 1839 ; St. James's,. 
Wilmington, N.C., 1843; Grace and Wickliffe 
Churches, Clarke County, Va., 1844; Emmanuel, 
Loudoun County, and Trinity, Fauquier County, 
Va., 1850; St. Stephen's and Trinity Churches,. 
Bedford County, Va., 1853; Emmanuel Church, 
Henrico County, Va., 1859; bishop, 1862. 

WILSON, Henry Rowan, M.D. (University o£ 
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1832), D.D. (Wash- 
ington College, Washington, Penn., 1850), Presby- 
terian; b. at Belief onte, Penn., June 10, 1808;. 
graduated at Jefferson College, Canonsburg, Penn. r 
1828 ; studied at Princeton Theological Seminary, 
N.Y., 1830-32; was missionary to the Cherokee 
and Choctaw Indians, 1832-37 ; missionary of 
A.B.C.F.M. to India, stationed at Futteghur, 1837- 
42 ; agent of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign 
Missions at Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, 1842-43; 
pastor of Neshaminy Church, Penn., 1843-48 ;. 
principal Presbyterian Academy at Attleborough, 
and stated supply Pleasant Valley, Penn., 1848- 
55 ; pastor of Fairmount Church, Sewicklyville,. 
Penn., 1855-60; stated supply Bensalem Church, 
1860-66; president of the Springfield (O.) Fe- 
male College, 1861-6- ; district secretary of th& 
Board of Domestic Missions, St. Louis, Mo. T 
186 — 68; corresponding secretary of the Board 
of Church Extension j^it. Louis, Mo., 1868-70; 
corresponding secrete. _, of the Board of Church 
Erection, N.Y. City, from its organization, 1871, to 
his death, June 8, 1886. He wrote many articles 



WILSON. 



239 



WIRTHMUELLER. 



•on home and foreign missions and church erec- 
tion. 

WILSON, John Leighton, D.D. (Lafayette Col- 
lege, Easton, Penn., 1854), Presbyterian (Southern 
Church); b. in Sumter County, S.C., March 25, 
1809; d. near Marysville, S.C., July 13, 1886; 
graduated at Union College, Schenectady, N.Y., 
1829, and at Theological Seminary, Columbia, 
S.C., 1833 ; -was foreign missionary in West- 
ern Africa, 1834-53; secretary of Foreign Mis- 
sions for the Presbyterian Church, New- York 
City, 1853-61 ; the same for the Southern Presby- 
terian Church, Columbia, S.C. (now Baltimore, 
Md.,) since 1861. He edited The Foreign (Mis- 
sionary) Record, New York, 1853-61, and The Mis- 
sionary, Baltimore, since 1868. He is the author 
of Western Africa : Its History, Condition, and Pros- 
pects, New York, 1857 ; between thirty and forty 
articles in reviews of United States and England, 
notably one on the slave-trade, written about 
1852, in which the proposed withdrawal of the 
British squadron from the coast of Africa, under 
the impression that the slave-trade could not be 
broken up, was opposed. Of the article, Lord 
Palmerston had many thousand copies printed 
and circulated to prevent the withdrawal. 

WILSON, Joseph Ruggles, D.D. (Oglethorpe 
University, Milledgeville, Ga., 1857), Presbyte- 
rian; b. at Steubenville, 0., Feb. 28, 1828; grad- 
uated at Jefferson College, Canonsburg, Penn., 
1844 ; studied at Western Theological Seminary, 
Allegheny, Penn., 1845, and at Princeton Theo- 
logical Seminary, N.J., 1846-48; was pastor at 
Chartiers, Penn., 1849-51; professor of natural 
sciences at Hampden-Sidney College, Va., 1851- 
55 ; pastor at Staunton, Va., 1856-58 ; Augusta, 
Ga., 1858-70; professor of pastoral theology and 
homiletics in Columbia Theological Seminary, 
S.C, 1870-74 ; pastor at Wilmington, N.C., 1874- 
£5 ; professor of theology in South-western Pres- 
byterian University, Clarkesville, Tenn., 1885 to 
date. He has been stated clerk of the Southern 
General Assembly since 1861, and has represented 
it in other ecclesiastical bodies ; was a member 
of the second general council of the Alliance of 
the Reformed Churches, Philadelphia, 18S0, and 
read a paper on Evangelism ; is a contributor to 
The South. Presbyterian Review, etc. 

WILSON, Robert Dick, Presbyterian; b. at 
Indiana, Penn., Feb. 4, 1856; graduated at Col- 
lege of New Jersey, Princeton, N.J., 1876, and at 
Western Theological Seminary, Allegheny, Penn., 
1879 ; became instructor in the latter institution, 
1880 ; professor of Hebrew, Chaldee, and Old- 
Testament literature in the same, 1886. * 

WILSON, Right Rev. William Scot, LL.D. 
(speciali gratia Trinity College, Dublin, 1859), 
lord bishop of Glasgow and Galloway; b. in 
Scotland, about the year 1807 ; graduated at 
King's College and University of Aberdeen, M.A., 
1827; ordained deacon 1827, priest 1829; was 
chaplain to the bishop of Ross and Argyle, 1827- 
32; incumbent of Holy Trinity, Ayr, 1839-84; 
synodical clerk of the united diocese of Glasgow 
and Galloway, 1840-45 ; dean, 1845-59 ; became 
bishop, 1859. * 

WING, Conway Phelos, D.D. (Dickinson Col- 
lege, Carlisle, Penn., 1 ,J7), Presbyterian ; b. at 
Marietta, O., Feb. 12, 1809 ; graduated from 
Hamilton College, Clinton, N.Y., 1828, and at 



Auburn Theological Seminary, N.Y., 1831; was 
pastor at Sodus, N.Y., 1831-36 ; Ogden, N.Y., 
1836-38; Monroe, Mich., 1838-41; Columbia, 
Tenn., 1S41-42 ; Huntsville, Ala., 1842-48; Car- 
lisle, "Penn. (First Church), 1S48-76. He was 
active in the revivals of 1832-35, in the anti- 
slavery agitation in Western New York, zealous 
in opposition to slavery in Tennessee and Ala- 
bama, a member of the Joint Committee of 
Reconstruction for the Presbyterian Church in 
1870. He was an adherent of the New-School 
branch of the Presbyterian Church, but a warm 
supporter of the re-union in 1869 and 1870. He 
translated Hase's Manual of Ecclesiastical History 
(with Professor Blumenthal), New York, 1856; 
Kling's Commentary on Second Cori?ithians (with 
large additions) in Schaffs edition of Lange's 
Commentary, 1868 ; wrote History of the Presby- 
teries of Donegal and Carlisle, Carlisle, 1876 ; A 
History of the First Presbyterian Church of Carlisle, 
1877; A History of Cumberland County, Penn., 
1879 ; Historical and Genealogical Register of the 
Descenckmts of John Wing of Sandwich, New York, 
1885, 2d ed. 1886 ; eleven elaborate articles in 
Presbyterian and Methodist Quarterly Reviews ; two 
extensive articles in McClintock and Strong's 
Cyclopaedia, vols, iv., v. (1870 and 1S72); many 
articles in New- York Evangelist and in The Chris- 
tian Observer, etc. 

WINGFIELD, Right Rev. John Henry Ducachet, 
D.D. (William and Mary College, Williamsburg, 
Va., 1869), LL.D. (do., 1S74), Episcopalian, mis- 
sionary bishop of Northern California ; b. at 
Portsmouth, Va., Sept. 24, 1833 ; graduated from 
St. Timothy's College, Md., 1850, and from Wil- 
liam and Mary College, Williamsburg, Va. (with 
gold medal for prize essay), 1853 ; was tutor at 
former college, 1850-52, 1853-54; at the Churchill 
Military Academy, New York, 1854-55; studied 
at the Theological Seminary of Virginia, Alex- 
andria, 1855-56 ; was principal of the Ashley 
Institute, Little Rock, Ark., 1856-58; ordered 
deacon 1858, priest 1859; assistant minister in 
Christ Church, Little Rock, 1858 ; the same in 
Trinity Church, Portsmouth, Va. (of which his 
father was rector), 1858-64 ; rector of Christ 
Church, Rockspring, Harford County, Md., 1864- 
66 ; assistant minister in Trinity Church, Ports- 
mouth, Va., 1866-68 ; rector of St. Paul's Church, 
Petersburg, Va., 1868-74'; of Trinity Church, 
San Francisco, Cal., 1874 ; returned to Peters- 
burg, Va., 1874; consecrated bishop there, Dec. 
2, 1874; had charge of his parish until April 1, 
1875, when he removed to his jurisdiction, and 
now resides at Benicia, Cal. He founded St. 
Paul's School for Young Ladies, Petersburg, Va., 
and became rector and professor, 1871 ; became 
president of the missionary College of St. Augus- 
tine, 1875 ; rector of St. Paul's Church, and 
rector of St. Mary's of the Pacific, a girls' school, 
1876, — the three at Benicia, Cal.; declined elec- 
tion to the bishopric of Louisiana, 1879, and to 
the assistant bishopric of Mississippi, and to the 
rectorship of Grace Church, San Francisco, Cal., 
both in 1882. He has published sermons, ad- 
dresses, pastoral letters, articles, etc. 

WIRTHMUELLER, Johann Baptist, D.D. (Mu- 
nich, 1859), Roman Catholic; b. at Haarpaint, 
Bavaria, June 20, 1834 ; taught philosophy and 
theology a-t Regensburg Lyceum 1853-57, and in 



'WISE. 



240 



WITHROW. 



University of Munich 1S57-60 ; became privat- 
docent of theology at. Munich, 1864; professor of 
theology at Wurzburg, 1867; at Munich, 1874. 
He is the author of Die Nazoraer, Regensburg, 
1864 ; Die Lelire des heiligen Hilarius von Poitiers 
iiber die Selbstentausserung Christi, 1865 ; Encyclo- 
padie der katholischen Theologie, Landshut, 1874 ; 
Ueber das Sittengesetz, Wurzburg, 1878 ; Die moral- 
isclie Tugend der Religion, Freiburg, 1881 ; Ueber 
das katliol. Prieslerthum, Straubing, 1882. 

WISE, Daniel, A.M., D.D. (both lion., Wesleyan 
University, Middletown, Conn., 1849, 1859, re- 
spectively), Methodist; b. at Portsmouth, Eng., 
Jan. 10, 1813 ; educated in Portsmouth Grammar 
School ; removed to the United States, 1833 ; was 
pastor of various churches, 1837-52 ; editor of 
Zion's Herald, Boston, 1852-56; editor of the Sun- 
day-school publications of the Methodist-Episcopal 
Church (including editorship of Sunday-school 
Advocate and Sunday-school Teacher's Journal), and 
corresponding secretary of the Sunday-school 
Union 1856-72, and of the Tract Society of said 
church, and editor of tract publications, includ- 
ing Good News, a tract periodical, New-York 
City, 1860-72; supernumerary preacher, disabled 
through disease of the throat from much pulpit 
work, but engaged in authorship, 1872 to date. 
He published and edited the first Sundaj'-school 
paper ever issued for the Sunday schools of the 
Methodist-Episcopal Church. It was originally a 
magazine published by D. S. King in Boston in 
1836. He purchased it in 1838, changed it into a 
paper, and continued his connection with it, either 
as publisher or editor, until 1844. It was subse- 
quently merged into The Sunday-school Advocate, 
published in New York by the book-agents of the 
Methodist-Episcopal Church. He is the author 
of Life of Lorenzo Dow, Lowell, Mass., 1840 (one 
edition of four thousand copies) ; History of Lon- 
don for Boys and Girls, 1841 (one edition of four 
thousand copies) ; Personal Effort, Boston, 1841, 
last ed. 1880 ; Questions on Romans, Lowell, 1843, 
last ed. 1869; Cottage on the Moor, New York, 
1845, last ed. 1870; McGregor Family, 1845, last 
ed. 1864; Infant Teacher's Manual, 1845, last ed. 
1880; Benevolent Traveller, 1846, last ed. 1867; 
Lovest Thou Me? Boston, 1846, last ed. 1862; 
Guide to the Saviour, New York, 1847, last ed. 
1868 ; The Path of Life, Boston, 1847, last ed. 
1885 ; Bridal Greetings, New York, 1850, last 
ed. 1884 ; Life of Ulric Zwingle, 1850, last ed. 
1882; Young Man's Counsellor, Boston, 1850, last 
ed. 1883; Young Lady's Counsellor, 1851, last ed. 
1883; Aunt Effie, New York, 1852, last ed. 18S5; 
My Uncle Toby's Library, 12 vols., nom de plume 
of Francis Forrester, Esq., Boston, 1853 ; Precious 
Lessons from the Lips of Jesus, 1854, last ed. 1862; 
Living Streams from the Fountain of Life, 1854, 
last ed. 1862; Sacred Echoes from the Harp of 
David, 1855, last ed. 1862; Popular Objections to 
Methodism Considered and Answered, 1856, last ed. 
1858 ; Glen-Morris Stories, 5 vols., nom de plume of 
Francis Forrester, Esq., New York, 1859, last ed. 
1883; Pleasant Pathways, 1859, last ed. 1879; 
Lindendale Stories, 5 v., nom de plume of Lawrence 
Lancewood, Boston, 1865, last ed. 1883 ; Hollywood 
Stories, 6 vols., nom de plume of Francis Forrester, 
Esq., Philadelphia, 1872, last ed. 1885; Little 
Peach Blossom, New York, 1873, last ed. 1877 ; 
The Squire of Walton Hall: a Life of Waterton the 



Naturalist, 1874, last ed. 1885; The Story of a 
Wonderful Life: Pen Pictures from Life of John 
Wesley, Cincinnati, 1874, last ed. 1883; Summer 
Days on the Hudson, New York, 1875, last ed. 1876; 
Uncrowned Kings, Cincinnati, 1875, last ed. 1886; 
Our King and Saviour (a Life of Christ for the 
young), New York, 1875, last ed. 1883; Van- 
quished Victors, Cincinnati, 1876, last ed. 1S85;. 
Wimcood Cliff Stories, 4 vols., Boston, 1876, last 
ed. 1883; Lights and Shadoivs of Human Life, New 
York, 1878, last ed. 1882; Saintly and Successful 
Worker: A Life of William Carvosso, Cincinnati, 
1879, last ed. 1883'; Lleroic Methodists, N.Y., 1882, 
last ed. 1884; Sketches and Anecdotes of Amer- 
ican Methodists, 1883 ; Our Missionary Heroes and 
Heroines, 1884; Boy Travellers in Arabia, 1885; 
Men of Renown (for young men), Cincinnati, O., 
1886 ; Some Remarkable Women (for young 
ladies), in press; aggregate sale of these volumes 
exceeds a half-million copies ; frequent contribu- 
tions to The Ladies' Repository, The National Re- 
pository, The Methodist Review, and the weekly 
periodicals of the Methodist-Episcopal Church. 

WITHEROW, Thomas, D.D. (Presbyterian The- 
ological Faculty of Ireland, 1883), LL.D. (Royal 
University of Ireland, 1SS5), Irish Presbyterian; 
b. at Ballycastle, County Londonderry, May 29, 
1824 ; educated at Belfast College 1839-43, and 
at Free Church College, Edinburgh, under Dr. 
Chalmers, 1843-44 ; became pastor at Maghera, 
1845 ; and professor of ecclesiastical history, Ma- 
gee College, Londonderry, 1865. He was moder- 
ator of the Irish General Assembly, 1878; became 
editor of The Londonderry Standard (tri-weekly), 
1878 ; and senator of the Royal University, 1884. 
He is the author of Three Prophets of our Own, 
Belfast, 1855, 2d ed. Derry, 1880 ; Which is the 
Apostolic Church? an Inquiry, Belfast, 1856 (re- 
printed Edinburgh, 1S84 ; London, 1869; and 
Philadelphia, n.d.) ; The Scriptural Baptism, Bel- 
fast 1854 (reprinted, Edinburgh, 1884; Italian 
trans. Florence) ; Derry and Enniskillen in 1689, 
Belfast, 1873, 3d ed. 1885 ; The Boyne and Aghrim : 
Story of Famous Battlefields in Ireland, 1879 ; His- 
torical and Literary Memorials of Irish Presbyte- 
rianism, London, 1879, 2 vols. ; and various smaller 
works and review articles. 

WITHERSPOON, Thomas Dwight, D.D. (Uni- 
versity of Mississippi, Oxford, Miss., 1867), LL.D. 
(the same, 1885), Presbyterian (Southern Church) ; 
b. at Greensborough, Hale County, Ala., Jan. 17, 
1836 ; graduated at University of Mississippi, 
1856, and at the Columbia Theological Seminary, 
S.C., 1859 ; was post-graduate student in the 
University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 1871-73 ; 
pastor at Oxford, Miss., 1859-65; chaplain in the* 
Confederate Army, 1861-65; pastor of the Sec- 
ond Church, Memphis, Tenn., 1865-70; chaplain 
of the University of Virginia, 1871-73 ; pastor of 
Tabb-street Church, Petersburg, Va., 1873-82 ; of 
First Church, Louisville, Ky., 1882 to date. He 
has declined elections to professorships in Columbia 
Theological Seminary, to the presidency of David- 
son College, Mecklenburgh County, N.C., and 
of other literary institutions. He is the author of 
Children of the Covenant, Richmond, Va., 1873, 2d 
ed. 1874, later editions ; Letters on Romanism, 1882. 

WITHROW, John tJSndsay, D.D. (Lafayette 
College, Easton, Penn., 1872), Congregationalist ; 
b. at Coatesville, Chester County, Penn., March 



WITHROW. 



241 



WOODFORD. 



19, 1837 ; graduated at the College of New Jersey, 
Princeton, 1860, and at Princeton Theological 
Seminary, 1863; became pastor of the Presbyte- 
rian Church, Abington, Penn., 1863; of the Arch- 
street Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia, Penn., 
1868; of the Second Presbyterian Church, Indi- 
anapolis, Ind., 1873 ; of the Park-street Congrega- 
tional Church, Boston, Mass., 1876. He is con- 
sistently conservative, and thoroughly wanting in 
sympathy with so-called progressive theology. 

WITHROW, William Henry, D.D. (University 
of Victoria College, Cobourg, Can., 1882), Meth- 
odist; b. at Toronto, Can., Aug. 6, 1839; edu- 
cated at Toronto Academy, Victoria College, 
Cobourg, and Toronto University ; graduated at 
the last, B.A. 1863, M.A. 1864; was in the 
Methodist ministry at Montreal, Hamilton, To- 
ronto, and Niagara, 1861-73; professor of ethics 
and metaphysics in Wesleyan Ladies' College, 
Hamilton, 1873-74; since has been editor of 
Method 'ml Magazine and Sunday-school periodicals, 
Toronto, being re-elected 187S, 1882, 1883, 1886. 
He is the author of The Catacombs of Rome, and 
their Testimony relative to Primitive Christianity, 
New York, 1874, London, Eng., 1876, two later 
editions ; School History of Canada, Toronto, 
1875 ; History of Canada, Boston, 1877, Toronto, 
1883, 7th ed. 18S6; Worthies of Methodism, Toron- 
to, 1878 ; Romance of Missions, 1879 ; Lawrence 
Temples Probation (story), 1879, 3d ed. 1884; 
Barbara Heck (story), 1880; Great Preachers, An- 
cient and- Modern, 1880 ; Neville Truman (story), 
1880 ; Canadian in Europe (travels), 1881 ; Vale- 
ria, the Martyr of the Catacombs (story), 1S82, 
London, 1883, New York, 1885 ; Men worth Know- 
ing, Toronto, 1883 ; Life in a Parsonage ; or, Lights 
and Shadows of Itinerancy, 1885. 

WOERTER, Friedrich, D.D. (Freiburg, 1855), 
Roman Catholic ; b. at Offenburg, Baden, Ger- 
many, Dec. 6, 1819; studied at Freiburg-im-Br. 
1841-44, Tubingen 1844-45, Munich 1845; be- 
came lyceum teacher at Freiburg, 1852 ; professor 
extraordinary of theology at Freiburg, 1856 ; 
ordinary professor of apologetics and dogmatics, 
1860. He is the author of Die christliche Lehre 
iiber das Verhaltniss von Gnade unci Freiheit v. d. 
apostol. Zeiten bis auf Augustin, Freiburg-im-Br., 
vol. i. 1856-60, 2 parts ; Der Pelagianismus nach 
seinem Ursprung und seiner Lehre, 1866, 2d ed. 
1874 ; Gedachtnissrede auf J. B. von Hirscher, 
1867; Zuriickweisung der jiingsten Angriffe auf die 
dermalige Verlretung der katholischen Dogmalik an 
der Universitat zu Freiburg, 1867 ; Prosper von Aqui- 
tanien iiber Gnade und Freiheit, 1867; Die Unster- 
blichkeitslehre in den philosophischen Schriften A ugus- 
tins, 1880. 

WOLF, Edmund Jacob, D.D.(Franklin and Mar- 
shall College, Lancaster, Penn., 1876), Lutheran 
General Synod) ; b. near Rebersburg, Centre 
County, Penn., Dec. 8, 1840; graduated at Penn- 
sylvania College, Gettysburg, Penn., 1863; studied 
theology at Gettysburg, Tubingen, and Erlangen ; 
became pastor of Paradise Charge, Northumber- 
land County, Penn., 1866, and of Second English 
Lutheran Church, Baltimore, Md. ; professor of 
church history and New-Testament exegesis in 
the Theological Seminary at Gettysburg, Penn., 
1873. He served a while in the army of the Union 
during college course ; declined presidency of 
Roanoke College, Va., 1877. He has written 



numerous articles in the religious press, and sep- 
arately issued The Church's Future, Gettysburg, 
1882 ; The Drama of Providence on the Eve of the 
Reformation, 1884. 

WOOD, John George, Church of England; b. 
in London, July 21, 1827 ; educated at Ashbourne 
Grammar School; entered Merton College, Ox- 
ford, 1844; elected Jackson's scholar, 1845; grad- 
uated B.A. 1848, M.A. 1851; attached to ana- 
tomical museum for two years ; ordained deacon 
1852, priest 1854 ; was curate of St. Thomas's, 
Oxford, 1852-54; assistant chaplain to St. Bar- 
tholomew's Hospital, London, 1856-62 ; reader at 
Christ Church, Newgate Street, London, 1858-62; 
elector precentor of the Canterbury Diocesan Cho- 
ral Union, 1858; resigned, 1876. He was associ- 
ate commissioner (educational department) Inter- 
national Exhibition, Paris, 1867. In 1880 he 
began to deliver sketch-lectures on natural his- 
tory, illustrated by colored pastel drawings, exe- 
cuted before the audience, upon a large sheet of 
canvas; in October or November, 1883, delivered 
the opening course of the Lowell Lectures in Bos- 
ton, Mass.; subsequently delivered many sketch- 
lectures in America during 1884 and 1885. H e 
is the author of Natural History, London, 1852 ; 
Anecdotes of Animal Life, 1854-55, 2 vols.; My 
Feathered Friends, 1857 ; Common Objects of the 
Seashore, 1857 ; Common Objects of the Country, 
1858 ; Illustrated Natural History, 1856-63, 3 vols.; 
Glimpses into Pet-land, 1863 ; Homes without Hands, 
1865 ; Bible Animals, 1869 ; Insects at Home, 1871 ; 
Insects Abroad, 1874; Man and Beast, 1874-75, 
2 vols. ; Pet-land Revisited, 1884 ; Old and New 
Testament Histories for Schools, 1864 ; Nature's 
Teachings, 1876 ; Graduated Natural-History Read- 
ers for Schools, 5 vols. ; Man and his Handiwork, 

; Horse and Man, 1885, etc. (Most of these 

works are being continually reprinted, the number 
of editions not being specified.) 

WOODBRIDGE, Samuel Merrill, D.D. (Rutgers 
College, New Brunswick, N.J. , 1857; Union Col- 
lege, Schenectady, N.Y., 1858), LL.D. (Rutgers 
College, 1883), Reformed (Dutch) ; b. at Green- 
field, Mass., April 5, 1819 ; graduated at the 
New-York University, 1838, and at the Theologi- 
cal Seminary at New Brunswick, 1841 ; became 
pastor at South Brooklyn, N.Y., 1841 ; Coxsackie, 
1850 ; New Brunswick, N.J., 1852; and professor 
of ecclesiastical history and church government, 
and dean of the Theological Seminary of the 
Reformed Church, New Brunswick, 1857. He is 
the author of Analysis of Theology, New York, 
1872, 2d ed. 1882. 

WOODFORD, Right Rev. James Russell, D.D. 
(by Archbishop of Canterbury, 1869), lord bishop 
of Ely, Church of Scotland; b. at Henley-on- 
Thames, April 30, 1820; d. at Ely, Oct. 24, 1885. 
He was late scholar of Pembroke College, Cam- 
bridge ; graduated B.A. (senior optime and sec- 
ond-class classical tripos) 1842, M. A. 1845 ; 
ordained deacon 1843, priest 1845; was second 
master of Bishop College, Bristol, 1843-45; per- 
petual curate of St. Saviour's, Coalpit Heath, 
1845-48; of St. Mark's, Eastern, Bristol, 1848-55; 
vicar of Kempsford, Gloucester, 1855-68; exam- 
ining chaplain to the late bishop (Wilberforce) 
of Oxford and Winchester, 1868-73 ; vicar of 
Leeds, 1868-73 ; select preacher at Cambridge, 
1864, 1867, 1873, 1875, 1878 ; honorary chaplain 



WOODROW. 



242 



"WORDSWORTH. 



to the Queen, and honorary canon of Christ 
Church, 1867; consecrated bishop, 1873. He 
was the author of The Church Past and Present 
(four lectures), 1852 ; Sermons, London, 1873, 
3 vols.; Six Lectures on the Creed, 1855; Occa- 
sional Sermons, 1856-61, 2 series, 2d ed. 1861-65; 
Ordination Lectures, Oxford, 1861 ; Christian Sanc- 
tity (four sermons), Cambridge, 1863; Ordination 
Sermons, 1872. 

WOODROW, James, Ph.D. (Heidelberg, Ger- 
many, 1856), M.D. (Jion., Medical College, Augus- 
ta, Ga., 1861), D.D. (Hampden- Sidney College, 
Prince Edward County, Va., 1871), LL.D. (David- 
son College, twenty miles from Charlotte, N.C., 
1883), Presbyterian (Southern Church); b. at 
Carlisle, Eng., May 30, 1828; graduated at Jef- 
ferson College, Canonsburg, Penn., 1849 ; studied 
at Heidelberg, Germany, 1855-56, and elsewhere 
in Europe, 1856 ; was professor of natural sciences, 
Oglethorpe University, near Milledgeville, Ga., 
1853-61; in South-Carolina University, whose 
headquarters are at Columbia, S.C., 1869-72; 
and in South-Carolina College, Columbia, the 
chief part of the university, 1880, to the present. 
In 1861 he became professor of natural science in 
connection with revelation, in the Presbyterian 
Theological Seminary at Columbia, S.C. ; was 
removed by board of directors, Dec. 10, 1884, 
on account of views presented in an address on 
Evolution, delivered in May, 1884; the act not 
being sustained by the controlling synods, he 
was officially informed by the board (meanwhile 
remodelled), Dec. 10, 1885, that he had not been 
removed, but was still in office. He then resumed 
his duties as chairman of the faculty and pro- 
fessor. He was ordained in 1860 ; since 1861 has 
edited The Southern Presbyterian Review, and since 
1866 The Southern Presbyterian. 

WOODRUFF, Frank Edward, Congregationalist; 
b. at Eden, Vt., March 20, 1855;. graduated at 
the University of Vermont at Burliugton, 1875, 
and at the Union Theological Seminary, New-York 
City, 1881 ; was fellow of his class, and as such 
studied two years in Germany and Greece (Tu- 
bingen, Berlin, and Athens) ; was inaugurated as 
associate professor of sacred literature in Andover 
Theological Seminary, Mass., 1883. 

WOOLSEY, Theodore Dwight, D.D. (Harvard 
College, Cambridge, Mass., 1847), LL.D.(Wesleyan 
University, Middletown, Conn., 1845), Congrega- 
tionalist, son of William W. Woolsey, a prosperous 
merchant of New- York City, and of Eliza Dwight, 
sister of President Dwight of Yale College, New 
Haven, Conn. ; b. in New- York City, Oct. 31, 
1801 ; entered Yale College 1816, graduated 1820; 
for a year (1820-21) studied law in New- York 
City, without a view to practising it, and then 
theology at Princeton Theological Seminary, N.J. 
for nearly two years (1821-23) ; was a tutor at 
Yale College for about two years (1823-25); soon 
afterwards went to Europe, where he spent three 
years, chiefly in France and Germany. In Ger- 
many he studied Greek ; at Leipzig under God- 
frid Hermann, at Bonn under Welcker, and at 
Berlin under Boeckh and Bopp. Returning to 
the United States, he was appointed professor of 
Greek at Yale College in 1831 ; and held the office 
actively until 1846, when he was chosen president 
of Yale College, which position he continued in 
for twenty-five years, until 1871, when he resigned 



his connection with the institution, and withdrew 
from public life. He was a member of the Amer- 
ican Company of Revision of the New Testament, 
and its chairman (1871-81). He is the author of 
editions of the Greek text, with English notes, 
for the use of college students, of the Alceslis of 
Euripides, Cambridge, Mass., 1834; the Antigone 
of Sophocles, 1835; the Prometheus of iEschylus, 
1837; the Electra of Sophocles, 1837; and the 
Gorgias of Plato, 1843 ; Introduction to the Study 
of International Law, designed as an Aid in Teach- 
ing and in Historical Studies, Boston, 1860, 5th ed. 
enlarged, New York 1879, London 1875, 2d ed. 
1879 ; Essays on Divorce and Divorce Legislation, 
with Special Preference to the United States, New 
York, 1869, 2d ed. revised 1882 ; Religion of the 
Present and of the Future : Sermons preached 
chiefly at Yale College, 1871 ; Political Science, or 
the Slate, theoretically and practically considered, 
1877, 2 vols., London, 1877; Communism and 
Socialism in their History and Theory : A Sketch, 
New York, 1880 ; editor of neweditions of Francis 
Lieber's On Civil Liberty and' Self- Gov eminent, 
Philadelphia, 1871 (originally Philadelphia, 1853, 
2 vols.), and Manual of Political Ethics, 1871, 2 
vols, (originally Boston, 1838-39, 2 vols.) ; besides, 
he is the author of smaller works and of a num- 
ber of essays and reviews, e.g., in The North- 
American, Princeton Review, The Century, and 
especially in The New Englander, of which latter 
for several years after its first appearance (1843) 
he was one of a committee of publication. 

WORCESTER, John, New Church (Sweden- 
borgian) ; b. in Boston, Feb. 13, 1834; became 
pastor of the New Church Society at Newtonville, 
Mass., 1869; instructor in theology in the New 
Church Theological School, Boston, 1878, and 
president 1881. He is the author of A Year's 
Lessons from the Psalms, Boston, 1869 ; Corre- 
spondences of the Bible: the Animals, 1875, 2d ed. 
1884 ; A Journey in Palestine, 1884. 

WORDSWORTH, Right Rev. Charles, D.C.L. 
(Oxford, 1853), bishop of St. Andrew's, Dunkeld, 
and Dunblane, Episcopal Church in Scotland ; b. 
at Booking, Eng., Aug. 22, 1806 ; was a student 
of Christ Church College, Oxford; took the prize 
for Latin verse 1827, and for the Latin essay 1831 ; 
graduated B.A. (first-class classics) 1830, M.A. 
1832; was ordained deacon 1834, priest 1840 ; was 
a private tutor for several years, and had under 
his instruction both Mr. Gladstone and Cardinal 
Manning; from 1835 to 1845, second master of 
Winchester College; from 1847 to 1854, warden 
of Trinity College, Glenalmond, Perthshire ; and 
in 1853 was consecrated bishop. He was a mem- 
ber of New-Testament Company of Bible Revisers. 
He is the author of Gracw gram, rud., London, 
1839, 19th ed. 1868; Greek Primer, 1871, 6th ed. 
1878; Christian Boyhood at a Public School, 1846, 
2 vols. ; Two Judicial Opinions on the Doctrine of 
the Eucharist, 1S5S-61 ; Discourse on Scottish Refor- 
mation, 1860, 2d ed. 1863 ; On Shakspeare's Knowl- 
edge and Use of the Bible, 1864, 3d ed. 1880; Cat- 
echesis, 1868; Outlines of the Christian Ministry, 
1872 ; Remarks on Dr. Lightfoot's Essay on the 
Christian Ministry, 1879; Anni Chrisiiani qum ad 
clerum pertinent Latine reddila, 1880; editor of 
Shakspeare's Historical Plays, Roman and English, 
1883, 3 vols. * 

WORDSWORTH, Right Rev. Christopher, D.D. 



WORDSWORTH. 



243 



WORDSWORTH. 



(Cambridge, 1839), D.C.L. (hon., Oxford, 1870), 
lord bishop of Lincoln, Church of England; b. 
at Booking, Oct. 30, 1807 ; d. at Lincoln, March 
21, 1885. He was scholar of Trinity College, 
Cambridge ; chancellor's English medallist for 
poem, The Druids, 1827-28; Porson prizeman, 
1828 ; Browne's medallist, 1827-28 ; Craven schol- 
ar, 1829 ; graduated B.A. (senior classic) 1830, 
M.A. 1833; travelled in Greece, 1832-33; was 
ordained deacon 1S33, priest 1835 ; fellow of 
Trinity College, Cambridge, 1830-36 ; public ora- 
tor, 1836; head master of Harrow School, 1836- 
44 ; canon of Westminster, 1844-69 ; Hulsean 
lecturer, Cambridge, 1847-48; vicar of Stanford- 
in-the-Vale, Berkshire, and rural dean, 1850-69 ; 
archdeacon of Westminster, 1865-69 ; consecrated 
bishop, 1S69. He took part in the Old-Catholic 
Congress held at Cologne, September, 1872. He 
was the author of Athens and Attica: Journal of 
<x Residence there, London, 1836, 4th ed. 1869; 
Inscriptiones Pompeiance : Ancient Writings copied 
from the Walls of the City of Pompeii, 1837, 2d ed. 
1838 ; Greece : Pictorial, Descriptive, and Historical, 
1839, 8th ed. by H. F. Tozer, 1883 ; Preces selectee, 
1841 ; The Correspondence of Richard Bentley, D.D., 
with Notes, 1842, '2 vols.; On Church Extension, 
Theophilus Anglicanus ; or, Instructions concerning 
the Church and the Anglican Branch of it, etc., 1843, 
9th ed. 1865 (French trans., Paris, 1861); Cate- 
■chetual Questions, 1844 ; Theocritus (edited), Cam- 
bridge, 1844, 2d ed. 1877 ; Discourses on Public 
Education, London, 1844 ; Diary in France, 1845, 
2d ed. 1846 ; Defence of the Queen's Supremacy, 
1846 ; Letters to M. Gondon on the Destructive Char- 
acter of the Church of Rome, both in Religion and 
Polity, 1847, 3d ed. 1S48 ; Sequel to the Previous 
Letters, 2 editions, 1848 ; Scripture Inspiration ; or, 
On the Canon of Holy Scripture (Hulsean Lectures 
for 1847), 1848, 2d ed. 1851 ; On the Apocalypse ; 
or, Book of Revelation (Hulsean Lecture for 1848), 
1849, 3d ed. 1852; Harmony of the Apocalypse, 2d 
■ed. 1852 ; The Apocalypse in Greek, with MSS. 
Coll., etc., 1849 ; Manual for Confirmation, 1849 ; 
Memoirs of William Wordsworth, 1851, 2 vols. ; S. 
Hippolytus and the Church of Rome in the Third 
Century, fr vm the newly discovered " Philosophu- 
mena," 1853, new edition, 1880 ; Notes at Paris, 
1854; Tour in Italy, 1863, 2 vols., 2d ed. 1863; 
The Greek New Testament, with Prefaces, Intro- 
ductions, and Notes, 1856-60, 4 parts, 2d ed. 1872 ; 
occasional sermons preached in Westminster Ab- 
bey, 1850-68 (On Baptism, On Calvinism, On 
Secessions to Rome, Secular Education, Use of Cate- 
chisms and Creeds in Education, On an Education 
Rate, On the History of the Church of Ireland, On 
National Sins and Judgments, On the Religious Cen- 
sus, On an Increase in the Episcopate, On Tithes, On 
Church Rates, On Marriage and Divorce, On the 
New Romish Doctrine of the Immaculate Conception, 
On Marriage with a Deceased Wife's Sister, On the 
Doctrine of the Atonement) ; Funeral Sermon on 
Joshua Watson, Esq., D.C.L. , Funeral Sermon 
•on the Rev. Ernest Hawkins, and other single ser- 
mons ; On the Inspiration of the Bible (five lectures), 
1861, 2d ed. 1863 ; On the Interpretation of the Old 
<ind New Testaments, 1861, 2d ed. 1863 ; The Holy 
Year; or, Original Hymns for Sundays and Holy 
Days, 1S62, 5th ed. 1868 ; The Old Testament in 
the Authorized Version, with Notes and Introduc- 
tions, 1864-71, 6 vols., 2d ed. 1868-72; The 



Church of Ireland : Her History and Claims (four 
sermons), 1866, 2d ed. 1867 ; Union with Rome : 
An Essay, 1st to 5th ed. 1867 ; History of the 
Church of Ireland (eight sermons), 1869 ; The 
Maccabees and the Church; or, the History of the 
Maccabees considered with Reference to the Present 
State of England and the Universities, 1871, 2d ed. 
1876 ; On the Procession of the Holy Spirit, 1872 ; 
On the Cologne Congress of Old Catholics, 1872 ; 
Fellowships and Endowments, 1872; Twelve Ad- 
dresses at the Visitation of the Diocese and Cathe- 
dral of Lincoln, 1873 ; On Cremation ; On the 
Millennium ; On the Need of a Revision of the New 
Lectionary ; On Confession and Absolution; On the 
State of the Soul after Death ; Pastoral to the Wes- 
leyans, 9th ed. ; On the Sale of Church Patronage ; 
Irenicum Wesleyanum, 1876; Diocesan Addresses 
at Visitation, 1876 ; Ethica et Spiritualia {Extracts 
from the Fathers, etc.), 1877; The Newtonian Sys- 
tem: Its Analogy to Christianity, 1877; Bishop 
Sanderson's Lectures on Conscience and Law, 1877; 
Letters to Sir George Prevost, on Sisterhoods and 
Vows, 1878 ; Miscellanies Literary and Religious, 
1878, 3 vols, (being selections from the bishop's 
works, with additions); Ten Visitation Addresses, 
1879 ; Translations of the Pastoral Letters of Lam- 
beth Conferences into Greek and Latin, made by 
Desire of the Presiding Archbishops, 1868 and 1878; 
On the Duration and Degrees of Future Punishments, 

1878, 2d ed. ; On the Present Disquietude in 

the Church, 1881 ; On the New Revised Version, 
1S81 ; A Church History to the Council of Chalce- 
don, A.D. 481, 1881-83, 4 vols. (vol. i., 3d ed. 
1883 ; vol. ii., 2d ed. 1882 ; vols. iii. and iv., 2d ed. 
1885); Guides and Goads, from the Fathers, etc., 
1883 ; Conjectural Emendations of Passages in 
Ancient Authors, 1883. 

WORDSWORTH, Right Rev. John, D.D. (Ox- 
ford, 1885), lord bishop of Salisbury, Church of 
England, eldest son of Christopher Wordsworth, 
bishop of Lincoln ; b. in the head master's house, 
Harrow-on-the-Hill, Middlesex, Eng., Sept. 21, 
1843 ; educated at Ipswich Grammar School, 
1854-57; Winchester College, 1857-61; New Col- 
lege, Oxford (scholar), 1861 ; first class modera- 
tions classics, 1863; graduated B.A. (second class 
classics) 1865, M.A. 1868; chancellor's prize for 
Latin essay, 1866 ; Craven scholar, 1867 ; assist- 
ant master at Wellington College, 1866-67; fel- 
low of Brasenose College, Oxford, 1867 ; tutor of 
Brasenose College, 1868-83; ordained deacon 1867, 
priest 1869 ; prebendary of Lincoln, 1870-83, and 
examining chaplain to the bishop of Lincoln, 
1870-85 ; proctor of the University of Oxford, 
1874 ; select preacher, 1876 ; Grinfield lecturer 
on LXX., 1876 ; Whitehall preacher, 1879 ; Bamp- 
ton lecturer, 1881 ; first Oriel professor of the 
interpretation of Holy Scripture (with canonry 
of Rochester annexed), 1883-85; theological ex- 
aminer, 1882-83 ; became bishop of Salisbury, 
1885. He was at the Old-Catholic Congress at 
Cologne with the bishop of Lincoln in 1872, busy 
collating Latin manuscripts in Italy, France, and 
Spain, for an edition of the Vulgate New Testa- 
ment, 1878-83. He is the author of Lectures in- 
troductory to a Study of the Latin Language and 
Literature, Oxford, 1870; Fragments and Speci- 
mens of Early Latin, 1874 ; University Sermons on 
Gospel Subjects, 1878; The One Religion: Truth, 
Holiness, and Peace desired by the Nations and 



WRATISLAW. 



244 



WRIGHT. 



revealed by Jesus Christ (Bampton Lectures), 1881 ; 
The St. Germain St. Matthew (gj): being No. 1 of 
a Series of Old Latin Biblical Texts, 1883; articles 
on Constantine the Great and his Sons, and on The 
Emperor Julian, and others in Smith and Wace's 
Dictionary of Christian Biography ; various pam- 
phlets and sermons, viz., Erasmus ; sive Thucydidis 
cum Tacito comparatio (chancellor's Latin prize 
essay), 1866 ; Keble College and the Present Uni- 
versity Crisis, 1869; The Church and the Univer- 
sities: A Letter to C. S. Roundell, M.P., with 
Postscript, 1880 ; Prayers for Use in College, 1883; 
Love and Discipline : A Memorial Sermon preached 
at Lincoln after the Funeral of Christopher Words- 
worth, Bishop of Lincoln, 1885 (March); A Fare- 
well Sermon, on Ps. cii. 25, 28, Rochester, Septem- 
ber, 1885. 

WRATISLAW, Albert Henry, Church of Eng- 
land; b. at Rugby, Warwickshire, Nov. 5, 1821; 
educated at Christ's College, Cambridge; gradu- 
ated B.A. (twenty-fifth senior optime and third 
in first class classical tripos) 1844, M.A. 1847; 
was elected fellow of Christ's College ; became 
tutor ; was twice examiner for classical tripos ; 
head master of Felstead Grammar School, 1852- 
55, and of Bury St. Edmunds Grammar School, 
1855-79, when he retired on a pension of two 
hundred pounds a year ; and, in the same year, 
became vicar of Manorbier. His theology is 
"Broad Church." He is the author of Loci 
Communes, Common Places (delivered in the 
chapel of Christ's College, conjointly with Pro- 
fessor Swainson), London, 1848 ; Bohemian Poems, 
Ancient and Modern, translated from the Original 
Slavonic, with an Introductory Essay, 1849 ; The 
Queen's Court Manuscript, with other Ancient Bohe- 
mian Poems, translated from the Original Slavonic 
into English Verse, Cambridge, 1852 ; Barabbas 
the Scapegoat, and other Sermons and Disserta- 
tions, London, 1859; Notes and Dissertations, prin- 
cipally on Difficulties in the Scriptures of the New 
Covenant, 1863; Baron Wratislaw's Adventures, 
translated out of the Original Bohemian, 1865; Diary 
of an Embassy from King George of Bohemia to 
Louis XL of France in the Year 1^6^, translated 
from a Bohemian MS., 1871 ; Life, Legend, and 
Canonization of St. John Nepomucen, 1873 ; The 
Native Literature of Bohemia in the Fourteenth Cen- 
tury (Ilchester Lectures, 1877, Oxford), 1878 ; 
Bioqraphy of John Hus, 1882. 

WRIGHT, Charles Henry Hamilton, Ph.D. 
(Leipzig, 1875), D.D. (Trinity College, Dublin, 
1879), Church of Ireland; b. in Dublin, March 
11, 1836 ; educated at Trinity College, Dublin ; 
won first-class Hebrew prize, 1854, 1855, 1856 ; 
Arabic prize, 1859; first-class divinity testimonium, 
1858; graduated B.A. (respondent) 1857, M.A. 
1859, B.D. 1873 {stipendiis condonatis) ; was incor- 
porated at Exeter College, Oxford, as M.A., 1862; 
Ph.D. at Leipzig (thesis: Qui de interpretatione 
librorum Veteris Testamenti historicorum commen- 
tariis editis optime meruit). He became curate of 
Middleton-Tyas, Yorkshire, 1859; British chap- 
lain at Dresden, 1863; chaplain of Trinity Church, 
Boulogne-sur-Mer, 1868; incumbent of St. Mary's, 
Belfast, 1874; incumbent of Bethesda Church, 
Dublin, 1885. He was Bampton lecturer at Ox- 
ford, 1878, and Donnellan lecturer, Dublin, 1880- 
81. He is a member of the German Oriental 
Society. He has written A Grammar of the Modern 



Irish Language, designed for the use of the classes 
in the University of Dublin, Dublin, 1855, 2d ed. 
revised and enlarged, London, 1860 ; The Book 
of Genesis in Hebrew, with a critically revised text, 
various readings, and grammatical and critical 
notes, London and Edinburgh, 1859 ; The Impor- 
tance of Linguistic Preparation for Missionaries in 
General, together with remarks on Christian ver- 
nacular literature in Eastern languages, London, 
Williams and Norgate, 1860 (pamphlet) ; The 
Book of Ruth in Hebrew, with a critically revised 
text, various readings, including a new collation 
of twenty-eight Hebrew MSS. (most of them not 
previously collated), and a grammatical and criti- 
cal commentary, to which is appended the Chaldee 
Targum, with various readings, and a Chaldee 
glossary, 1 864 ; The Spiritual Temple of the Spir- 
itual God: being the Substance of Sermons preached 
in the English Church, Dresden, 1864; Bunyan's 
Allegorical Works, or the Pilgrims Progress and the 
Holy War: together ivith his Grace Abounding, 
Divine Emblems, and other Poems, edited with notes 
original and selected, and a life of Bunyan, 1866 ; 
Ritualism and the Gospel : Thoughts upon St. Paul's 
Epistle to the Galatians, with an appendix, 1866; 
The Fatherhood of God, and its Relation to the Per- 
son and Work of Christ, and the Operations of the 
Holy Spirit, Edinburgh, 1867 ; The Pentateuch, or 
the Five Books of Moses in the Authorized Version, 
with a critically revised translation, a collation of 
various readings translated into English, and of 
various translations, together with a critical and 
exegetical commentary, for the use of English 
students of the Bible : Specimen part containing 
Gen. i.-iv., with commentary, pp. viii., 48, London 
and Edinburgh, 1869 ; The Footsteps of Christ, 
translated from the German of A. Caspers, Church 
Provost and Chief Pastor at Husum, by Adelaide 
E. Rodham (edited), Edinburgh, 1871 ; Memoir of 
John Lovering Cooke, formerly Gunner in the Royal 
Artillery, and late Lay Agent of the British Sailors' 
Institute, Boulogne : ivith a Sketch of the Indian 
Mutiny of 1857-58, up to the Final Capture of 
Lucknow, London, 1873, 2d ed. 1878 ; " Born of 
Water and of the Spirit," no Proof of the Doctrine 
of Baptismal Regeneration : a Contribution to the 
Baptismal Controversy, preached before the Uni- 
versity of Dublin, Dublin, 1874 (pamphlet) ; The 
Church of Ireland, and her Claims to the Title, con- 
sidered in the Light of History and Recent Legisla- 
tion, 1877, 2d ed. 1878 (pamphlet) ; Religious Life 
in the German Army during the War of 1870-71, a 
lecture and review, London and Edinburgh, Wil- 
liams and Norgate, 1878 (pamphlet) ; Zechariah 
and his Prophecies considered in relation to Modern 
Criticism, with a grammatical and critical com- 
mentary and new translation (the Bampton Lec- 
tures for 1878), London, 1879 (March), 2d ed. 
1879 (June or July); Dublin University Reform and 
the Divinity School, four pamphlets, with a general 
preface and appendix, Dublin, 1879 ; The Divinity 
School and the Divinity Degrees of the University of 
Dublin, 1880 (pamphlet); The Divinity School of 
Trinity College, Dublin, arid its Proposed Improve- 
ment, submitted to the General Synod of the 
Church of Ireland, 1884 (pamphlet) ; The Book 
of Koheleth, commonly called. Ecclesiastes, consid- 
ered in Relation to Modem Criticism and to the 
Doctrines of Modern Pessimism, with a critical and 
grammatical commentary and a revised transla- 



WRIGHT. 



245 



WYLIE. 



tion (the Donnellan Lectures for 1880-81), Lon- 
don, 1883; Biblical Essays ; or, Exegetical Studies 
on the Books of Job and Jonah, EzekieVs Prophecy 
of Gog and Magog, St. Peter's " Spirits in Prison," 
and the Key to the Apocalypse, Edinburgh, 1885 ; 
with numerous other pamphlets and articles, for 
instance, in The Nineteenth Century (for February, 
1882), on The Babylonian Account of the Deluge, 
The Site of Paradise (October, 1882), The Jews 
and the Malicious Charge of Human Sacrifice 
(November, 1883). 

WRIGHT, George Frederick, F.A.A.S., Congre- 
gationalist; b. at Whitehall, N.Y., Jan. 22, 1838; 
graduated at Oberlin College 1859, and Theolo- 
gical Seminary, Oberlin, O., 1862; was in the 
Seventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry five months of 
I860; became pastor at Bakersfield, Vt., 1862; 
at Andover, Mass., 1872 ; professor of New-Testa- 
ment language and literature in Oberlin The- 
ological Seminary, 1881 ; was assistant geologist 
on Pennsylvania survey 1881, and United-States 
survey since 1884. He is the author of The Logic 
of Christian Evidence, Andover, 1880, 4th ed. 1883 ; 
Studies in Science and Religion, 1882 ; The Rela- 
tion of Death to Probation, Boston, 1882, 2d ed. 
1883 ; The Glacial Boundary in Ohio, Indiana, and 
Kentucky, Cleveland, 1884; The Divine Authority 
of the Bible, Boston, 1884; is an editor of the 
Bibliotheca Sacra. 

WRIGHT, Milton, D.D. (Westfield College, 111., 
1878), United Brethren in Christ; b. in Rush 
County, Ind., Nov. 17, 1828; educated at Harts- 
ville College, Ind., 1853 ; became a member of the 
"White River Conference, Ind., 1853; ordained, 
1856 ; was pastor at Indianapolis, 1855-56 ; at 
Andersonville, Ind., 1856-57; missionary in Ore- 
gon, where he was pastor at Sublimity and most 
of the time president of Sublimity College (a 
denominational institution), 1857-59 ; in the itin- 
erancy in the White River Conference, 1859-69, 
during which he was presiding elder (1S61-64, 
1866-68), and pastor at Hartsville,Ind.,and teacher 
of theology in Hartsville College (1868-69) ; was 
editor of The Religious Telescope (church organ), 
Dayton, O., 1869-77 (being elected two terms); 
bishop (assigned to West Mississippi District), 
1877-81 ; presiding elder in White River Confer- 
ence, 1881-85 (editor and publisher of The Rich- 
mond Stai; Richmond, Ind., 1883-85); re-elected 
bishop for the term of four years, and sent to the 
Pacific Coast District, 1885. His writings are 
wholly journalistic, except a few tracts. 

WRIGHT, Theodore Francis, Swedenborgian ; 
b. at Dorchester (now Boston), Mass., Aug. 3, 
1845; graduated at Harvard College 1866, and at 
New Church Theological School, Boston, 1868; 
since 1868 has been pastor at Bridgewater, Mass. ; 
since 1879 editor New Jerusalem Magazine (month- 
ly), Boston; and since 1884 instructor in homi- 
letics and pastoral care, New Church Theological 
School. During 1864-65, he was first lieutenant 
One Hundred and Eighth Regiment United-States 
colored troops. He is the author of Life Eternal, 
Boston, 1885. 

WRIGHT, William, M.A., Ph.D. (hon., Leyden), 
LL.D. (hon., Cambridge, Dublin, Edinburgh, St. 
Andrew's), layman, Church of England; b. in In- 
dia, Presidency of Bengal, Jan. 17, 1830 ; educated 
at St. Andrew's and Halle; was appointed profes- 
sor of Arabic in University College, London, 1855 ; 



in Trinity College, Dublin, 1856; assistant in 
department of MSS. in British Museum, 1861 ; 
assistant keeper of MSS., 1869 ; professor of Arabic 
in the University of Cambridge, 1870. He is a fel- 
low of Queens' College, Cambridge. He was an 
Old-Testament reviser (1870-85), and is a corre- 
sponding or honorary member of many learned and 
royal societies. He is the author, translator, or 
editor of The Travels of Ibn Jubair (Arabic), Ley- 
den, 1852 ; Analectes sur I'histoire et la litlerature 
des Arabes d' Espagne, par al-Makkari, livres i.-iv., 
1855 ; The Book of Jonah in Four Oriental Versions, 
with Glossaries, London, 1857 ; Opuscula Arabica, 
Leyden, 1859 ; A Grammar of the Arabic Language, 
London, 1859-62,2 vols., 2d ed. 1874-75; TheKamil 
of El-Mubarrad (Arabic), Leipzig, 1864-82, 11 
parts ; Contributions to the Apocryphal Literature of 
the New Testament (Syriac and English), London, 
1865; The Homilies of Aphraates (Syriac), vol. i., 
1869; An Arabic Reading Book, Part 1, 1870; 
Catalogue of the Syriac MSS. in the British Mu- 
seum, 1870-72, 3 vols. ; Apocryphal Acts of the 
Apostles (Syriac and English), 1871, 2 vols. ; Cata- 
logue of the Ethiopic MSS. in the British Museum, 
1877 ; The Chronicle of Joshua the Stylite (Syriac 
and English), Cambridge, 1882; The Book of 
Kalllah and Dimnah (Syriac), Oxford, 1883. 

WRONG, George McKinnon, Church of Eng- 
land in Canada; b. at Grovesend, Ontario, Can., 
June 25, 1860 ; graduated concurrently at Uni- 
versity College and at Wycliffe College, Toronto, 
18S0 ; became dean of residence, Wycliffe College, 
and lecturer in ecclesiastical history and polity, 
1883. 

WYLIE, James Aitken, LL.D. (Aberdeen, 1856), 
Free Church; b. at Kirriemuir, Forfarshire, Scot- 
land, Aug. 9, 1808; educated at Marischall College 
of the University of Aberdeen 1822-25, and at 
University of St. Andrew's 1826 ; received his the- 
ological training in Original Secession Hall under 
Rev. Dr. Paxton, Edinburgh, 1827-30 ; was min- 
ister of Original Secession Congregation at Dollar, 
1831-46 ; associated with Hugh Miller in the 
editorship of The Witness, Edinburgh, 1846-56 ; 
editor of Free Church R.ecord, 1853-60; professor 
to Protestant Institute of Scotland, Edinburgh, 
1860 to date. The Institute is an extra-mural lec- 
tureship, founded by the Protestant churches of 
Scotland, for the indoctrination of students in the 
distinctive principles of the Roman-Catholic and 
Protestant theologies. He wrote the Evangelical 
Alliance's first prize essay on Popery. He has trav- 
elled over nearly all Europe, and also Asia Minor, 
Palestine, and Egypt. In 1868 he was examined 
before the House of Lords, on the working of 
canon law with reference to the establishment 
of the papal hierarchy in Great Britain. In 1881, 
on the occasion of his jubilee, he received a public 
testimonial, portrait with three hundred guineas, 
etc. He is the author of The Modern Judea com- 
pared with Ancient Prophecy, Glasgow, 1841 (sale 
twenty thousand copies) ; Scenes from the Bible, 
1843 (sale fifteen thousand copies), last ed. 1882 ; 
On Unfulfilled Prophecy, 1845 ; Ruins of Bible 
Lands : Journeys over the Region of Fulfilled, Proph- 
ecy, 1845, 14th ed. 1880; The Seventh Vial, or 
Past and Present of Papal Europe, 1848, 4th ed. 
1868 ; The Papacy : its History, Dogmas, Genius, 
and Prospects (The Evangelical Alliance prize 
essay), 1851, 4th ed. 1860, German trans., Elber- 



WYLIE. 



246 



■WYLIE. 



feld, 1853, 2d ed. 1854 ; From the Alps to the Tiber 
1856 (sale two thousand copies) ; The Gospel Min- 
istry: Duty and Privilege of Supporting it (first 
prize essay), 1857 (sale ten thousand copies) ; 
Wanderings and Musings in the Valley of the Wal- 
denses, Travels, etc., 1858; The Great Exodus; 
or, the Time of the End, 1862, 2d ed. 186- ; Rome 
and Civil Liberty, 1864 (sale fifteen thousand 
copies); The Awakening of Italy and the Crisis 
of Rome, 1866 (sale two thousand copies) ; The 
Road to Rome via Oxford, or Ritualism identi- 
fied with Romanism, 1868; Daybreak in Spain: a 



Sketch of Spain and its New Reformation, a Tour 
of Two Months, 1870 ; Impending Crisis of the 
Church and the World, Edinburgh, 1871 ; The His- 
tory of Protestantism, London, 1875-77, 3 vols, 
(sale sixty to eighty thousand copies), Dutch 
trans. 1876-78, German trans. 18 — ; The Jesuits: 
their Moral Maxims and Plots against Kings, Edin- 
burgh, 1881 ; Visit to the Land of the Pharaohs, 
1882 ; Over the Holy Land, 1883 ; editor of new 
edition of the Scots Worthies, with supplemental 
biographies; Dictionary of the Bible, 1870, 2 vols.; 
besides pamphlets on the Popish controversy. 



/ 



YERKBS. 



247 



YOUNG. 



Y. 



YERKES, Stephen, D.D. (La Grange College, 
Tenn., 1857), Presbyterian; b. in Bucks County, 
Penn., June 27, 1817; graduated at Yale College, 
1837 ; studied theology privately ; was pastor and 
teacher in Baltimore and Harford Counties, Md., 
1843-52 ; professor of ancient languages, Tran- 
sylvania University, Lexington, Ky., and pastor of 
Bethel Church, 1852-57; since 1857, professor in 
Theological Seminary, Danville, Ky. (of Oriental 
and biblical literature, 1857-69 ; of biblical litera- 
ture and exegetical theology since). 

YOUNG, Alexander, D.D. (Jefferson College, 
Canonsburg, Penn., 1856), LL.D. (Washington 
and Jefferson College, Washington, Perm., 1873), 
United Presbyterian ; b. near Glasgow, Scotland, 
June 4, 1815; graduated from the Western Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Penn., 183S ; 
professor of Latin and Greek in the same, 1838- 
40 ; pastor of Associate Reformed Church at St. 
Clairsville, O., 1842-58; co-pastor at Monmouth, 
111., 1859-60 ; sole pastor, 1860-63 ; was co-pastor 
of the Second United Presbyterian Church, Mon- 
mouth, 1863-66 ; was sole pastor, 1866-71 ; was 
professor in all departments (except history) of 
the Associate Reformed Theological Seminary, 
Oxford, O., 1855-58; transferred, with the semi- 
nary, to Monmouth, 111., in the same relations, 
September, 1858, and so continued until 1864; 
during this period also professor of Greek and 
Latin in Monmouth College ; professor of apolo- 
getics and all departments of theology in the 
seminary, 1864-76 ; and of evidences of Chris- 
tianity, in Monmouth College, 1864-76 ; of apolo- 
getics and pastoral theology in the United Pres- 
byterian Theological Seminary, Allegheny, Penn., 
1874 to date, changing chairs with other pro- 
fessors as interest or preference required. 

YOUNG, Robert, LL.D., F.E.S.L., layman; b. 
at Edinburgh, Sept. 10, 1822 ; received education 
at private schools, 1827-38 ; served apprenticeship 
to the printing-business, 1838-45 ; became a com- 
municant in 1842 ; joined the Free Church, and 
became a sabbath-school teacher, in 1843 ; com- 
menced bookselling and printing in 1847'; mar- 
ried, and went to India as a literary missionary 
and superintendent of the Mission Press at Surat, 
in 1856 ; returned in 1861; conducted " Mission- 
ary Institute," 1864-74; visited New York, Bos- 
ton, Princeton, Philadelphia, Washington, etc., in 
1867; carried the A nalylical Concordance through 
the press in 1876-79 ; took special interest in the 
" Aberdeen " attacks on the Bible, 1875-80, and in 
" Presbyterian Union," 1884-85. A moderate Cal- 
vinist, simple Presbyterian, and strict textual 
critic and theologian. His works, chronologically 
arranged, are, Book of the Precepts; or, the Six 
Hundred and Thirteen Affirmative or Prohibitive 
Precepts, collected by Rabbi Moses Ben Maimon, 
with a life of Maimonides, edited in the original 
Hebrew, with a translation; Chaldee Portions of 
Daniel (ii. J/.-vii. 28) and Ezra (iv. 7-vii. 26) in 
the Original Chaldee, with corresponding Greek, 
Syriac, and (Rabbinical) Hebrew ; Ethics of the 



Fathers, collected by Nathan the Babylonian, A.D. 
200, in the Original Hebrew, with an English trans- 
lation, and an introduction to the Talmud ; Hexa- 
glot Pentateuch ; or, the Five Books of Moses in 
the Original Hebrew, with the corresponding 
Samaritan text and version, the Chaldee Targum, 
the Syriac Peshito, and the Arabic of Saadiah 
Gaon, arranged interlinearly, with comparative 
tables of alphabets and verb (Gen. i.-v.) ; West- 
minster Assembly's Shorter Catechism, translated 
into Arabic, French, Hebrew, Gaelic, Samaritan, 
Spanish, Syriac, also Dutch, German, Greek, Ital- 
ian, Latin, and Portuguese ; Christology of the Tar- 
gums ; or, the Doctrine of Messiah, as unfolded in 
the Ancient Jeivish Paraphrases, or Translations of 
the Sacred Scriptures into the Chaldee Language, in 
Hebrew, Chaldee, and English ; Rabbinical Vocab- 
ulary, with List of Abbreviations and an Analysis of 
the Grammar, adapted expressly for the Mishna and 
the Perushim, with introduction ; Obadiah's Proph- 
ecy against Edom, in the Original Hebrew, with the 
corresponding Chaldee, Syriac, and Arabic ver- 
sions, interlinear; Paradigms (Complete) of the 
Verbs, Regular and, Irregular, in Hebrew, Chaldee, 
Samaritan, and Syriac; Root-books of the Hebrew, 
Chaldee, Samaritan, Syriac, Greek, and Latin Lan- 
guages, containing every root in each, in alphabet- 
ical order, with English explanations ; Song of a 
Finlandian Country-Girl, in Finnish, with transla- 
tions into Hebrew, Samaritan (ancient and mod- 
ern), Chaldee, Syriac, and English ; Israelitish 
Gleaner and Biblical Repository, containing rare 
and interesting poems, tales, and other composi- 
tions into Hebrew and from it, translations from 
the Targums, etc. (the above were published in 
Edinburgh, 1849-56) ; Gujarati Grammar and Ex- 
ercises ; or, a New Mode of Learning to Read, 
Write, or Speak the Gujarati Language, on the 
Ollendorffian system, with Key; The First and 
Second Books of Chronicles, translated into the 
Gujarati Language, from the Original Hebreiv 
(these two were published in Surat, 1857-60) ; 
Bible (The Holy), consisting of the Old and New 
Covenants, translated according to the Letter and 
Idiom of the Original Languages (do., 2d ed., 
revised, larger type) ; Hebrew Tenses, illustrated 
from the Biblical Text, the Cognate Languages, 
and the Chief Biblical Critics ; Chronological Index 
to the Bible, Old and New Testaments ; Variations of 
the Alexandrian, Vatican, and Sinaitic MSS. of the 
New Testament ; Marginal (Ten Thousand) Read- 
ings for the English Testament, in Addition to those 
given by the Editors of King James's Bible, being a 
series of more literal renderings, derived from an 
examination of the original Scriptures, when 
compared with the common version ; Concise Crit- 
ical Comments on the Holy Bible, being a companion 
to the new translation of the Old and New Cove- 
nants, specially designed for those teaching the 
word of God, whether preachers, catechists, Scrip- 
ture-readers, district-visitors, or sabbath-school 
teachers ; Grammatical Analysis of the Hebrew, 
Chaldee, and Greek Scriptures, consisting of the 



YOUNG. 



248 



YOUNG. 



original texts unabridged, the parsing of every 
word, with all its prefixes and affixes, and a 
literal translation : The Twelve Minor Prophets, 
complete ; Biblical Notes and Queries regarding 
Biblical Criticism and Interpretation, Ecclesiastical 
History, Antiquities, Biography and Bibliography, 
Ancient and Modern Versions, Progress in Theology, 
Revieivs of Religious Works, etc. ; Hebrew and 
Chaldee Vocabulary, consisting of every word in 
the Old-Testament Scriptures, whether noun, verb, 
or participle : the verbs with their conjugations, 
and the nouns with their gender, to which is 
added the number of times in which each word 
occurs, with the etymological and idiomatic ren- 
derings of the new translation ; Introduction to 
the Hebrew Language, in a Way hitherto unexampled ; 
Biblical Tracts for Every Day in the Year, on the 
Most Important Facts and Doctrines of Scripture, 
illustrated from itself; Analytical Concordance to 
the Bible, on a new plan, with every word in 
alphabetical order, arranged under its own Hebrew 
or Greek original, with the literal meaning of 
each and its pronunciation, exhibiting about 
311,000 references, or 118,000 beyond Cruden, 
marking 30,000 various readings in the Greek 
New Testament, with the latest information on 
biblical geography and antiquities of the Pales- 
tine Exploration Society, etc., — all designed for 
the simplest reader of the English Bible; Appen- 
dixes to the Analytical Concordance : I. For Sab- 
bath-school Teachers (Analytical surveys of [1] all 
the "Books," [2] all the "Facts," [3] all the 
" Idioms," of the Bible, [4] Bible Themes, — 
questions, canonicity, rationalism, etc.). //. For 



Divinity Students (reversed indexes to the Analyti- 
cal Concordance, forming [1] a Hebrew Lexicon 
[2] Hebrew tenses illustrated, [3] a Greek Lexi- 
con) : with 23 pictorial views of Palestine, 16 
Bible maps, and 25 fac-similes of biblical MSS. ; 
Contributions to a New Revision ; or, A Critical 
Companion to the New Testament, being a series of 
notes on the original text, with the view of secur- 
ing greater uniformity in its English rendering, 
including the chief alterations of the " Revision" 
of 1S81 and of the American Committee ; Con- 
cordance to Eight Thousand Changes of the Revised 
New Testament ; Dictionary and Concordance of 
Bible Words and Synonymes, exhibiting the use of 
above ten thousand Greek and English words 
occurring in upwards of eighty thousand passages 
of the New Testament, so as to form a key to the 
hidden meanings of the Sacred Scripture ; Two- 
fold Concordance to the New Testament, (1) to the 
Greek New Testament, exhibiting every root and 
derivative, with their several prefixes and termi- 
nations in all their occurrences, with the Hebrew 
originals of which they are renderings in the 
Septuagint ; (2) a concordance and dictionary of 
Bible words and synonymes (being a condensa- 
tion of the New-Testament part of the English 
Analytical Concordance) ; also a concise concord- 
ance to eight thousand changes of the " Revised " 
Testament; Grammatical Analysis of the Book of 
Psalms in Hebrew, the original text unabridged, 
the parsing of every word, with all its prefixes 
and affixes, with a literal translation ; Paradigms 
of the Hebrew Verbs, with the Serviles in Large Open- 
faced Characters. 



ZAHN. 



249 



ZOECKLER. 



ZAHN, Theodor, Lie. Theol. (Gottingen, 1867), 
D.D (lion., Gottingen, 1872), German Protestant; 
b. at Mors, Rhenish Prussia, Oct. 10, 1838; studied 
at Basel, Erlangen, and Berlin, 1854-58; became 
teacher in Neustrelitz gymnasium, 1861; repetenl 
at Gottingen 1865, prival-docent 1868, professor 
extraordinary 1871 ; ordinary professor at Kiel 
1877, and at Erlangen 1878. He is the author of 
Die Voraussetzungen rechter Weihnaclitsfeier, Berlin, 
1865, pp. 48 ; Marcellus von Ancyra, Gotha, 1867 ; 
Hermce PastoreN. T. illustr., Gottingen, 1867, pp. 52; 
Der Hirt des Hernias untersucht, Gotha, 1868 ; Igna- 
tius von Antiochien, 1873 ; Constantin der Grosse und 
die Kirche, Hannover, 1S76, pp. 35 ; Ignalii el Poly- 
carpi epistulce, martyria {Pat. apos. rec. de Gebhardt, 
Harnack, Zahn), Leipzig, 1876; Weltverkehr u. 
Kirche wahrend der drei ersten Jahrhunderle, Han- 
nover, 1877, pp. 50 ; Geschichle des Sonntags vornehm- 
UcTi in der alien Kirche, 1878, pp. 79 (Norwegian 
trans., Kristiania 1879, Dutch trans., Amsterdam 
1884) ; Sclaverei und Christenlhum in der alien Welt, 
Heidelberg, 1879 (lecture); Acta Joannis, Erlangen, 
18S0; Forschungen zur Geschichle des neutestamentl. 
Kanons und der altkirchlichen Literatur, 1881 sqq. : 
I. Tatian's Diatessaron, 1881 ; II. Der Evangelien- 
commenlar d. Theoph. v. Antiochien, 1883; III. Sup- 
plemenlum Clemenlinum, 1884; Cyprian v. Antiochien 
u. die deutsche Faustsage, 1882; Die Anbelung Jesu 
im Zeitalter der Apostel, Stuttgart, 1885 (lecture); 
Missionsmethoden im Zeitalter der Apostel, Erlangen, 
1886 (2 lectures), pp. 48 ; numerous articles, etc. 

ZELLER, Eduard, German Protestant; b. at 
Kleinbottwar, Wiirtemberg, Jan. 22, 1814; studied 
at Tubingen and Berlin ; became privat-docent of 
theology at Tubingen, 1840; professor extraordi- 
nary at Bern, 1847, ordinary, 1849; of the philo- 
sophical faculty, at Marburg 1849, at Heidelberg 
1862, and Berlin 1872. He is the author of Pla- 
tonische Studien, 1839 ; Geschichle der christlichen 
Kirche, uebersichtlich dargestellt, Stuttgart, 1848 ; 
Die Philosophic der Griechen, Tubingen, 1844-52, 
3 vols., 4th ed. 1876-81, 5 vols. ; Das theologische 
System Zwingli's, Tubingen, 1853 ; Die Aposlel- 
geschichte nach ihrem Inhalt und Ursprung kritisch 
untersucht, Stuttgart, 1854 ; Vortrdge und Abhand- 
lungen, Tubingen, 1865, 2d ed. Leipzig, 1875, 2d 
series 1877, 3d series 1884 ; Staat und Kirche, Leip- 
zig, 1873 ; Geschichle der deutschen Philosophic seit 
Leibnitz, Munich, 1872, 2d ed. 1875 ; David Fried- 
rich Strauss in seinem Leben und seinen Schriften, 
Bonn, 1874; Grundriss d. gesch. d. griech. Philoso- 
phic, 1883; 2d ed. 1885 (English trans., Outlines of 
the History of Greek Philosophy, Lond. and N. Y., 
1886); Friedrich d. Gr. als Philosoph, Berlin, 1886. 
He is son-in-law of Dr. Baur. 

ZEZSCHWITZ, Gerhard von, D.D., Lutheran; 
b. at Bautzen, July 2, 1825 ; studied at Leipzig, 
1846-50 ; was university preacher there, 1856 ; 
professor extraordinary, 1S57-61 ; honorary pro- 
fessor at Giessen, 1865 ; ordinary professor at 
Erlangen, 1866, till his death, July 20, 18S6. He 
published numerous sermons, and Petri apostoli 
de Christi ad inferos descensu senlentia, Leipzig, 



1857 ; Profangracilat und biblischer Sprachgeist, 
1859 ; System der christlich kirchlichen Katechetik, 
1 Bd. 1863-72, 2 vols., 2d ed. 1872-74; Die Kate- 
chismen der Waldenser und Bohmischen Briider, 
kritische Textausgabe, Erlangen, 1863 ; Ueber die 
wesentlichen Verfassungsziele der lutherischen Refor- 
mation, Leipzig, 1867 (pp. 64); System der prak- 
tischen Theologie, 1876-78, 3 parts ; Der Kaisertraum 
des Mittelalters in seinen religiosen Motiven, 1877 
(pp. 31) ; Das Drama vom Ende des romischen Kai- 
sertums und von der Erscheinung des Antichrists. 
Nach Hdschs. d. 12. Jahrh. in deutsch, 1878 (pp. 
75) ; Vom romischen Kaisertum deutscher Nation, 
ein mittelalterl. Drama, 1877; Die Christenlehre im 
Zusammenhang, 1880-82, 3 parts, 2d ed 1883-85 ; 
Luthers kleiner Katechismus, 1880-81, 2 parts; 
Lehrbuch der Pddagoqik, 1882 ; Luthers Stellunq, 
Hamburg, 1883 (pp. 26). * ' 

ZIMMER, Friedrich Karl, Ph.D. (Halle, 1877), 
Lie. Theol. (Bonn, 1880), German Protestant ; b. 
at Gardelegen, Prussia, Sept. 22, 1855 ; educated at 
Tubingen and Berlin ; became privat-docent of the- 
ology at Bonn 1880, the same at Kbnigsberg, and 
pastor at Mahnsf eld 1883; professor extraordinary, 
and pastor of the Deaconesses' hospital, Konigs- 
berg, 1884. He edited Halleluja, 1880-85. He is 
the author of J. G. Fichte's Religionsphilosophie, 
Berlin, 1878 ; Der Spruch vom Jonazeichen, Hild- 
bui'ghausen, 1881 ; Galaterbrief und Apostelge- 
schichle, 1882 ; Exegetische Probleme des Hebrder 
und Galaterbriefs, 1882 ; Concordantiw supplemen- 
tarice omnium, vocum N. T., Gotha, 1882 ; Die 
deutschen evangelischen Kirchengesangvereine der 
Gegenwart, Quedlinburg, 1882 ; Der Verfall des 
Kantoren- u. Organistenamles in der evangelischen 
Landeskirche, Preussens, seine Ursachen u. Vor- 
schldge zur Besserung, 1885 ; several minor articles 
on church music and exegesis. 

ZOECKLER, Otto, Ph.D. (Giessen, 1854), Lie. 
Theol. (do., 1856), D.D. {lion., do., 1866), Lutheran ; 
b. at Griinberg, Hesse, May 27, 1833; studied at 
Giessen, Erlangen, and Berlin, 1851-56 ; became 
privat-docent at Giessen, 1857 ; professor extraor- 
dinary, 1863 ; ordinary professor at Greifswald, 
1866. He became consislorialrath at Greifswald, 
January, 1885. He edited the Allgemeine literarische 
Anzeiger fur das Ev. Deutschland, 1867-74; and 
since 1882, has edited the Evangelische Kirchenzeit- 
ung (founded by Hengstenberg) ; and since 1866, 
been principal editor of Der Beweis des Glaubens. 
He is the author of De vi ac notione vocabuli tTinis 
in N. T. (inaugural dissertation), Giessen, 1857; 
Theologia naturalis : Entwurf einer systematischen 
Naturtheologie vom offenbarungsgldubigen Stand- 
punkle, vol. i., Frankfurt-a.-M., 1860; Kritische 
Geschichle der Askese, 1863 ; Hieronymus, sein 
Leben und Wirken aus seinen Schriften dargestellt, 
Gotha, 1864 ; commentary on Chronicles, Job, 
Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Canticles, and Daniel, in 
Lange's Bibelwerk, Bielefeld, 1866-72 (translated 
New York, 1870 sqq.) ; Die Urgeschichte der Erde 
und des Menschen, Giitersloh, 1868; Das Kreuz 
Christi, 1875 (English trans., The C?-oss of Christ, 



ZOEPFFEL. 



250 



ZUNZ. 



London, 1877); Geschiclite der Beziehungen zwischen 
Theologie und Naturwissenschaft, 1877-79, 2 vols. ; 
Die Lehre vom Urstand des Menschen, 1879 ; Gottes 
Zeugen im Reich der Natur, 1881, 2 vols. (Nor- 
wegian trans., Christiania 1882, English trans. 
1886) ; editor of and contributor to Handbucli der 
theologischen Wissenschaflen, Nbrdlingen, 1883-84, 
3 vols., 2d ed. 1884-85, 4 vols. 

ZOEPFFEL, Richard Otto, Ph.D., D.D. (both 
from Gottingen, 1871 and 1878), Protestant theo- 
logian (school of Ritschl) ; b. at Arensburg Liv- 
land (Russia), June 14, 1843 ; studied theology 
at Dorpat, 1862-68 (with interruptions) ■; history 
at Gottingen, 1868-70; became repetent of the- 
ology at Gottingen, 1870 ; professor extraordinary 
of theology at Strassburg, 1872 ; ordinary pro- 
fessor there, 1877. He is the author of Die Papst- 
wahlen und die mit ihnen im ndchsten Zusammen- 
liange slehenden Ceremonien in iliren Entwickelung 
vom 11. bis zum 14- Jahrhundert, Gottingen, 1871; 
(with Holtzmann) Lexikon fur Theologie und 
Kirchenwesen, Leipzig, 1882. 

ZUNZ, Leopold, Ph.D., Hebrew; b. at Det- 
mold, Germany, Aug. 10, 1794; d. at Berlin, 
March 21, 1886. He was educated at the Univer- 
sity of Berlin ; became rabbi to the new synagogue 
there, 1820, but retired after two years, and started 
a society for Jewish culture and science, to which 
Heinrich Heine belonged. But the society, which 
was nicknamed " Young Jerusalem," although 
embracing many men of talent, soon broke up, 



perhaps because of Zunz's radicalism. Many of 
its members became Christians. From 1824 to 
1832, Zunz was director of the New Jewish Con- 
gregational School. From 1825 to 1835 he edited 
the Spener'sche Zeilung. From 1835 to 1839, at 
Prague, he again undertook ministerial functions. 
From 1839 to 1850 he was director of the Normal 
Seminary in Berlin. Since 1845 he was a mem- 
ber of the Board of Commissioners for the edu- 
cational interests of the Jews in Prussia. His 
long life was one of great literary activity. His 
works are distinguished by learning and by beauty 
and clearness of style. Anong them may be 
mentioned, Etwas iiber die rabbinische Litteratur, 
Berlin, 1818 (which first brought him into notice); 
Predigten, 1S23, 2d ed. 1846 ; Die gottesdienstliclien 
Vortrdge der Juden, historisch enlwickelt, 1832 (his 
most valuable book) ; Namen der Juden, Leipzig, 
1837 ; Zeittafel iiber die gesammte heilige Schrift, 
Berlin, 1839 ; Zur Geschiclite und Literatur, Bd. 1., 
1845; Damaskus, ein Wort zu Abwehr, 2d ed. 1859; 
Die synagogale Poesie des Mittelalters, 1855-59, 2 
parts ; Die Vorschriften iiber Eidesleistigung der 
Juden, 1859 ; Wahlrede, 1861 ; 2. Wahlrede, 1861 ; 
Polilisch und nicht politisch (lecture), 1862 ; Selbst- 
regierung (lecture), 1864; Slerbetage, 1864; Die 
geistige Gesundheit (lecture), 1864; Die hebraischen 
Handschriften in Italien, 1864 ; Literaturgeschichte 
der synagogalen Poesie, 1865 ; Nachtrag dazu, 
1S67; Israels gotlesdienstliche Poesie (lecture), 1870 ; 
Deutsche Briefe, Leipzig, 1872. * 



APPENDIX: 

Mostly additions sent by the writers too late for insertion in the proper place. 
New book-titles follow directly after the authors' names. 



ACHELIS, Ei Ci Aus dem akademischen Got- 
tesdienst in Marburg, Predigten, Marburg, 1886. 

ACQUOY, John Gerard Richard, D.D. (Leiden, 
1857), Dutch Protestant theologian; b. at Am- 
sterdam, Jan. 3, 1829 ; educated at the University 
of Amsterdam ; became Reformed pastor at Eer- 
beek 1858, Koog 1861, Bommel 1863; professor 
of theology at Leiden, 1878 ; professor of ecclesi- 
astical history, and history of Christian doctrine, 
in the same, 1881. In 1877 he became a member 
of the Royal Academy of Sciences. He is the 
author of Gerardi Magni epistoloz XIV. (his D.D. 
thesis), Amsterdam, 1857 ; and in Dutch of " Her- 
man de Ruyter, after Published and Unpublished 
Documents," 1870; Jan van Venray, 1873; "The 
Cloister of Windesheim and its Influence," 1875, 
3 vols. ; " The History of the Reformed Church 
of Holland," in preparation. 

AHLFELD, J. F. Cf. art. Herzog 2 XVII. 637 
sqq. 

ALLEN, A. V. C, received the degree of D.D. 
at Harvard's 250th anniversary, Nov. 8, 1886. 

ALEXANDER, Bishop W. The Divinity of our 
Lord, London, 1886. 

ALEXANDER, Henry Carrington, D.D. (Hamp- 
den-Sidney College, Va., 1869), Presbyterian ; b. 
at Princeton, N.J., Sept. 27, 1835; graduated at 
the College of New Jersey, Princeton, N. J., 1854, 
and at the Theological Seminary in that place, 
1858; was stated supply of the Eighty-fourth- 
street Church, New- York City, for six months in 
1858 ; the same in the village church of Charlotte 
Court-House, Va., from Oct. 1, 1859, to May, 1861, 
pastor until Jan. 1, 1870 ; since professor of biblical 
literature and interpretation of the N. T., Union 
Theological Seminary, Va. Author of Life of Jo- 
seph Addison Alexander, D.D., N.Y., 1870, 2 vols. 

ARNOLD, M., resigned his inspectorship, No- 
vember, 1886. 

BAIRD, H. Nl. The Huguenots, and Henry of 
Navarre, New York, 1886, 2 vols. 

BARTLETT, E. C, edited with J. P. Peters, 
The Scriptures for Young People, New York, 1886 
sqq. 3 vols. 

BARING-GOULD is lord of the Manor of Lew 
Trenchard and Waddlestone ; eldest son of Edward 
Baring-Gould, J. P. and D. L. for County Devon, 
representative of the ancient family of Gould of 
Devon, which has occupied estates in the county 
since the reign of Henry III. Lew Trenchard 
became the property of the Goulds in 1625, and 
has continued in the family since. He is J. P. 
for County of Devon. To the list of his books 
add: The Trials of Jesus, London, 1886; Nazareth 



and Capernaum : Ten Lectures on the Beginning of 
our Lord's Ministry, 1886 ; Our Parish Church : 
Twenty Addresses to Children on the Great Truths 
of the Christian Faith, 1886. 

BAUDISSIN, W. W. F., D.D. (hon., Giessen, 
1880). 

BAUR, G. A. L., D.D. (hon., , 18—); was 

member of commission for revising Luther's 
Bible. Add to list of books : Sechs Tabellen iiber 
die israelitische Geschichte, Giessen, 1848 ; (edited) 
Andreas Kempfer's Selbstbiographie, Leipzig, 1882 ; 
(with Dr. Karl A. Schmid), Geschichte der Erzie- 
hung, Stuttgart, 1884. 

BEECHER, hi. W., made a brilliant lecturing 
tour in England in the summer of 1886, and was 
offered a public reception by the Common Council 
of Brooklyn, but declined it (November, 1886). 

BEETS, Nicolaas, D.D. (Leiden 1839, Edin- 
burgh 1884), Phil. Mag. and Litt. D. (Utrecht, 
1865), Dutch Protestant, religious poet; b. at 
Haarlem, Sept. 13, 1814 ; studied theology at Lei- 
den ; became Reformed pastor at Heemstede 1840, 
at Utrecht 1854 ; professor of theology at Utrecht, 
1875. He is the author in Dutch of Camera obscura 
(under the pseudonyme of Hildebrand), Haarlem, 
1839, 16th ed. 1886 (translated into different lan- 
guages of Europe ; the French title is, Scenes de la 
vie holtandaise, Paris, 1856) ; " Biography of J. H. 
van der Palm," 1842 (English trans. New York, ' 
1865); " Hours of Devotion," 1848-75, 8 vols. (Ger- 
man select trans. Bonn, 1858) ; " St. Paul,-at the 
most Important Times of his Life and Activity," 
18— 3d ed. 1859 (German trans. Gotha, 1857, 
Danish trans. Copenhagen, 1858) ; " Literary Rec- 
reations," 1856, 2d ed. 1873 ; collected edition of 
his poems, 1864-85, 4 vols. ; " Literary Miscella- 
nies," 1876, 2 vols.; editor of the complete works 
of Staring and Bogaers (Dutch poets of the nine- 
teenth century), 1862 and 1871 respectively; and 
of Anna Rcemer Visscher (seventeenth century), 
1881 ; translator intoDutchof Emblemes chre'tienshj 
Georgette de Montenay, lady of honor to Jeanne 
d'Albret, Queen of Navarre, 18 — . 

B E H R E N DS, A. J . F. Socialism and Christianity, 
New York, 1886. 

BELL, Frederik Willem Bernard van, D.D. 
(Leiden, 1849), Dutch Protestant theologian ; b. 
at Rotterdam in the year 1822 ; studied at Lei- 
den ; became Reformed pastor at Noordwykerhout 
1849, at Hoorn 1853, at Amsterdam 1855; pro- 
fessor of theological encyclopaedia, interpretation 
of the Greek Testament, and moral philosophy, at 
Groningen. He is one of the founders and editors 
of the Theologisch Tijdschrift, Amsterdam and Lei- 



251 



BENDER. 



APPENDIX. 



BORDIER. 



den, 1867 sqq. He is the author of De patefactionis 
Christiana indole, e vocabulis (pavepovv et anoncikviTTUv, 
in libris Novi Testamenli efficienda (his D.D. thesis), 
Leiden, 1849 ; and in Dutch of " Discourse upon the 
Character of the Independent Theology," Amster- 
dam, 1872 ; " The Science of the Moral Life," 
1874; "The Connection of Logic and Ethics," 
1877. 

BENDER, W., belongs to the left, or radical, 
wing of the school of Ritschl. 

BENRATH, K., D.D. (hon., Jena, 18—). 

BENSON, Archbishop. Communings of a Day 
held with Masters of Public Schools in the Chapel of 
Winchester College (six short addresses), London, 
1886. 

BERESFORD, Right Hon. and Most Rev. 
Marcus Gervais, D.D. (Cambridge, 1840), D.C.L. 
(Oxford, 1862), Lord Archbishop of Armagh and 
Clogher, and Primate of All Ireland, Church of 
Ireland, a nephew of the first Marquis of Water- 
ford; b. at Kilmore, Ireland, in the year 1801; 
d. at Armagh, Dec. 26, 1885; educated at Trinity 
College, Cambridge; graduated B.A. 1824, M.A. 
1828; ordained deacon 1824, priest 1825; became 
rector of Kildallen, 1825 ; later vicar of Drungand 
Lara, and also vicar-general of Kilmore and arch- 
deacon of Ardagh; bishop of Kilmore, 1854; trans- 
lated to Armagh, 1863. * 

BERNARD, Hon. and Right Rev. Charles Brod- 
rick, D.D. (Oxford, 1866), lord bishop of Tuam, 
Killaloe, and Acbonry, Church of Ireland, son of 
the second Earl of Bandon ; b. at Bandon (?), Ire- 
land, Jan. 4, 1811; educated at Balliol College, 
Oxford; graduated B.A. 1832, M.A. 1834, B.D. 
1866 ; was ordained deacon 1835, priest 1836 ; was 
vicar of Bantry, 1840-42 ; rector of Kilbrogan, 
senior prebendary of Cork, and rural dean, 1842- 
66 ; consecrated bishop, 1867. He is the author 
of occasional sermons and lectures. * 

BERSIER, E. Les Refugie's francais et leurs 
industries (lecture), Paris, 1886. 

BESTMANN, H. J. Die evangelischen Missionen 
und das deutsche Reich (lecture), Leipzig, 1886. 

BEVAN, L. D., was assistant and co-pastor with 
Rev. Thomas Binney, 1865-66 ; became pastor at 
Melbourne, Australia, 1886. 

BEYSCHLAG, (Johann Heinrich Christoph) 
Willibald, D.D. [hon., Konigsberg, 1861), United 
Evangelical ; b. at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Sept. 
5, 1823 ; educated at the gymnasium in Frank- 
fort, and at the universities of Bonn and Berlin, 
1840-44 ; became Vicar at Coblenz, 1849 ; Hiilfs- 
amtspfarrer, also Religionslehrer in Trier, 1S50 ; 
court preacher at Carlsruhe, 1856; ordinary pro- 
fessor of theology at Halle, 1860. He is theologi- 
cally a pupil of Schleiermacher and Nitzsch, and 
a leader of the "Middle Party." His principal 
work is the Life of Christ, 2 vols. To the books 
mentioned on p. 17, add Zur deutschchristlichen 
Bildunq (collected popular lectures), Halle, 1880. 

BICKERSTETH, E. The Rock of Ages, 1858; 
The Lord's Supper, 1881; "From Year to Year," 
or poems for every Sunday and Holy-day in the 
Year, 1883 ; Lay Ministration (a paper), London, 
1886. 

BLUNT, J. H. Dictionary of Sects, etc., new 
ed. 1886. 

BOARDMAN, George Nye, D.D. (Middlebury 
College, Vt., 1867), Congregationalist ; b. at Pitts- 
ford, Vt., Dec. 23, 1825; graduated at Middlebury 



College, Vt., 1847, and at Andover Theological 
Seminary, Mass., 1852; was resident licentiate, 
1852-53 ; professor of rhetoric and English litera- 
ture in Middlebury College, 1853-59 ; pastor of 
Presbyterian Church at Binghamton, N.Y., 1859- 
72; since 1872 has been professor of systematic 
theology in the Chicago Congregational Theologi- 
cal Seminary. He is the author of The Will, 
Virtue (two essays), Chicago, 1882 ; (with others) 
Current Discussions in Theology, 1883 sqq. 

BONAR, H. Hymns of Faith and Hope, new 
ed. 1886. 

BONET-MAURY, A. G. C. A., when at Beau- 
vais, built a church. In 1885 he became libra- 
rian of the Musee pedagogique, Paris. To list 
of books add: L'Empereur Akbar. Un chapitre de 
Vhistoire de VInde au XV I. e siecle, par le Comte 
F. A. de Noer, traduit de Vallemand, avec une in- 
troduction (by Bonet-Maury), Leiden, 1883-86, 
2 vols. 

BONNET, J., is a professor in the University 
of France. His Olympia Morata has been trans- 
lated into several languages, besides the German 
(Hamburg, 1860) ; his Aonio Paleario into Ger- 
man (Hamburg, 1863), Italian (Florence, 18 — ); 
his Re'cits, etc., into German (Berlin, 1864). He 
edited the admirable Memoir es of Louis de Marolles, 
from the time of the Revocation, Paris, 1882 ; and 
a third series of Re'cits du seizieme siecle, 1886. 

BORDIER, Henri Leonard, Reformed Church 
of France, layman ; b. in Paris, in the year 1817 ; 
educated at the Ecole de droit and the Ecole des 
Chartes in Paris, and licensed in law, and as 
palseographic archivist in 1840 ; but has ever since 
devoted himself to historical studies. He was 
successively, for a time, assistant to the historian 
Augustin Thierry; assistant in the Academy of 
Inscriptions ; secretary par interim of the Ecole 
des Chartes ; a member of the commission on the 
departmental archives of the minister of the in- 
terior (1846), archivist of the national archives 
(1850), dismissed on the establishment of the 
Empire. He was, during the siege of Paris, on the 
commission upon the papers of the Tuileries ; and 
in 1872 nominated honorary librarian in the de- 
partment of manuscripts in the National Library. 
He has been for many years on the committee, 
of the " Societe d'histoire du protestantisme fran- 
cais." He is the author of numerous works, noted 
for their great accuracy. Among them may be 
mentioned : various notices in the Bibliotheque de 
I'e'coledes Chartes, Paris, 1841-86 : Histoire generate 
de tous les depots d'archives exislant en France, 1855 ; 
Les e'glises et monasteres de Paris, 1856 ; an edi- 
tion of Libri miraculorum aliaque opera minora of 
Gregory of Tours, Latin text with French trans- 
lation, 1857-64, 4 vols. ; a French translation of 
the Historia Francorum of Gregory of Tours, 
1859-61, 2 vols. ; (with Ed. Charton) Histoire de 
France, 1859-61; Les inventaires des archives de 
V Empire, 1867 ; Une fabrique de faux autographes, 
1869 ; Chansonnier huguenot du seizieme siecle, 1869 ; 
L'Allemagne aux Tuileries, de 1850 a 1870, 1872 ; 
La Saint Barthelemy et la critique moderne, Geneva, 
1879 ; L'e'cole historique de Jerome Bolsec, Paris, 
1880; Nicolas Castellin de Tournay, refugie a 
Geneve (1564-1576), 1881; is re-issuing with en- 
largements and corrections, the brothers Eugene 
and Emile Haag's La France protestante (original 
ed., Paris, 1848-59, 10 vols.), Paris, 1877 sqq. 



BREDENKAMP. 



APPENDIX. 



CHEYNE. 



BREDENKAMP, C. J. Der Prophet Jesaia 
erlautert, Erlangen, 1886 sq. 

BRIGGS, C. A. Messianic Prophecy, New York 
and Edinburgh, 1886. 

BRIGHT, W., was educated at Rugby School ; 
ordained deacon 1848, priest 1850 ; appointed 
proctor of the chapter in convocation, 1879. 

BROOKE, S. A. The Unity of God and Man, 
and other Sermons, London, 1886. 

BROWNE, E. H., was educated at Eton. Be- 
sides the commentary on Genesis, he wrote the 
Introduction to the Pentateuch iu the Speaker's 
Commentary. 

BRUCE, A. B. The Miraculous Element in the 
Gospels, New York, 1886 (lectures delivered in 
the Union Theological Seminary, N.Y., on the 
Ely Foundation). 

BRUECKNER, B. B., is Ph.D. and LL.D. as 
well as D.D. He is Propst of St. Nicholas and St. 
Mary, vice-president of the Berlin Ober-consislori- 
alralh, Mitglied des Staatsrath, and Domherr in 
Brandenburg. His Predigten 1853-60, 5th ed. 
Leipzig, 1886 ; 1861-66, 5th ed. 1886. 

BRUSTON, C. A. Du texte primitif des Psaumes, 
1873 ; Eludes sur V 'Apocalypse, 1884 ; Les deux 
Jehovistes, etudes sur les sources de I'Histoire sainte, 
1885. 

BUCHWALD, G. A. Landeskirche und Frei- 
kirche, Zwickau, 1886 ; Die Lutherfunde der neueren 
Zeit insbesondere in der zwickauer Ratsschulbibli- 
othek (lecture), Zwickau, 1S86, contributed to 
Blatter fur Hymnologie. 

BUCKLEY, J. M. The Land of the Czar and 
the Nihilist, Boston, 1886. 

BURGON,J. W. The list of Dean Burgon's 
publications, as given by himself, is as follows : 
Me'moire sur les vases Panalhaiques par le Chev. 
Bronsted (translated), London, 1833 ; The Life and 
Times of Sir Thomas Gresham, 1839, 2 vols. ; Pelra, 
a Poem, 1846 ; Some Remarks on Art, 1846; (edited 
with Rev. H. J. Rose) Fifty Cottage Prints, 1851 ; 
Thirty-six Cottage Wall-Prints, 1853; The Picto- 
rial Bible, 1854; Oxford Reformers, 1854; The 
History of our Lord (with 72 engravings) : a Plain 
Commentary on the Four Holy Gospels, 1855, 8 vols, 
new ed. 1877, 4 vols., reprinted Philadelphia, 1856 
and 1868, 2 vols. ; Ninety Short Sermons, for Family 
Reading, 1855, 2 vols. ; Historical Notices of the 
Colleges of Oxford, 1857 ; One Sowelh, and Another 
Reapelh (ordination sermon), 1859 ; Portrait of a 
Christian Gentleman : a Memoir of P. F. Tyller, Esq., 
1859 ; Inspiration and Interpretation (answer to 
Essays and Reviews'), 1861 ; Letters from Rome to 
Friends in England, 1862 ; A Treatise on the Pas- 
toral Office, 1864 ; Zaccheus, 1864 ; Work of the 
■Christian Builder tried by Fire, 1865 ; Ninety-one 
Short Sermons, 2d series, 1867, 2 vols. ; The Lam- 
beth Conference and the Encyclical, 1867 ; Plea for 
a Fifth School, 1868 ; Disestablishment, The Na- 
tion's Formal Rejection of God and Denial of the 
Faith, 1868; England and Rome: Three Letters to 
a Pervert, 1869 ; The Roman Council, 1869 ; First 
and Second Protest against Dr. Temple's Consecra- 
tion, 1869; Protests of the Bishops, 1870; Dr. Tem- 
ple's Explanation examined, 1870 ; The Last 12 
Verses of the Gospel according to Si. Mark, vindi- 
cated against Recent Critical Objectors and estab- 
lished, 1871; The Review of a Year, 1871 ; Woman's 
Place, 1871 ; An Unitarian Reviser of our Author- 
ized Version, Intolerable, 1872 ; The New Lection- 



ary, 1872; The Athanasian Creed to be retained in 
its Integrity, and why, 1872 ; The Oxford Diocesan 
Conference, and Romanizing within the Church of 
England (2 sermons), 1st to 3d ed. 1873 ; A Plea 
for the Study of Divinity in Oxford, 1875; Home 
Missions and Sensational Religion: also Humility, Ad 
Clerum, 1876 ;. The New Lectionary examined, with 
Reasons for its Amendment (jointly with the Bishop 
of Lincoln and Dean Goulbourn), 1877 ; Nehemiah, 
a Pattern for Builders, 1878 ; The Servants of Scrip- 
ture, 1878 ; The Disestablishment of Religion in Ox- 
ford, the Betrayal of a Sacred Trust: Words of 
Warning to the University, 1880 ; Prophecy, — not 
" Forecast," but (in the words of Bishop Butler) 
" The History of Events before they come to pass," 
1880 ; Divergent Ritual Practice, 1881 ; Canon 
Robert Gregory, A Letter of Friendly Remonstrance, 
1st and 2d ed. 1881 ; The Revision Revised: Three 
Articles from the Quarterly Review, with a Rcphj to 
Bishop Ellicotl's Pamphlet, and a Vindication of the 
Traditional Reading of 1 Tim. Hi. 16, 1883; To 
Educate Young Women like Young Men, and with 
Young Men, a Thing Inexpedient and Immodest, 
1884 ; Poems (1840-78), 1885. 

CARROLL, Henry King, LL.D. (Syracuse Uni- 
versity, N.Y., 1885), Methodist layman; b. at 
Dennisville, N.J., Nov. 15,1847; was self-taught ; 
became editor of The Havre Republican, Maryland, 
1868 ; assistant editor of The Methodist, New York, 
1S69; of The Hearth and Home, New York, 1870 ; 
night agent of the New- York Associated Press, 
1871; special correspondent of the Boston (Mass.) 
Traveller, 1873 ; religious editor of the New- 
York Independent, 1876. He was a delegate from 
the Methodist-Episcopal Church to the (Ecumenical 
Methodist Conference in London, 1881 ; organizing 
secretary of the Methodist Centennial Conference, 
1884. He was the chief editor of the Proceedings 
of the Centennial Methodist Conference, New York, 
1885; is the author of the pamphlets, World of 
Missions, New York, 1882; Catholic Dogma of 
Church Authority, New York, 1884; and is a fre- 
quent contributor to the Methodist Quarterly Re- 
view, New York. 

CASPARI, C. P., shared in the new Norwegian 
translation of the Old Testament, which appeared 
in 1887. 

CASSEL, P. Kritisches Sendschreiben uber die 
Probebibel, Berlin, 1885 (Heft I., Mit e. wissen- 
schaftl. A nmerkung uber Hellenismen in den Psalmen ; 
Heft II., Messianische Stellen des alten Testaments. 
Anhangt sind Anmerkungen uber Megillath Taanith) j 
A us dem Lande des Sonnenaufgangs, 1885; Zo- 
roaster, sein Name und seine Zeit, 1886 (pp. 24). 

CHESTER, Right Rev, William Bennet, D.D, 
(Trinity College, Dublin, 1883), lord bishop of 
Killaloe, Church of Ireland ; b. at Ballyclough, 
County Cork, Ireland, in the year 1820; educated 
at Trinity College, Dublin; graduated B.A. and 
divinity testimonium (second-class) 1846, M.A. 
1856, B.D. 1883; ordained deacon and priest, 1846; 
became curate of Kilrush, 1846 ; vicar of Killead 
1847, of Killkee 1849 ; rector of Ballymackey and 
chancellor of Killaloe, 1855; rector of Nenagh 
1859, of Birr 1875 (prebendary of Tipperkevin or 
canon of St. Patrick's, 1877-84 ; archdeacon of 
Killaloe, 1880-84) ; bishop of Killaloe, Kilfenora, 
Clonfert, and Kilmacduagh, 1884. * 

CHEYNE, T. K. Job and Solomon; or, the Wis- 
dom of the Old Testament (an introduction to the 



253 



CHURCH. 



APPENDIX. 



DAVIDSON. 



criticism and exegesis of Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, 
and Ecclesiasticus), 1886. He also contributed to 
the Queen's Printers' Teacher's Bible ; and art. Hit- 
tites in the 9th ed. of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. 

CHURCH, R. W. Advent Sermons, London, 
1886 ; Human Life and its Conditions, 2d ed. 1886. 

CLARKE, J. F. Vexed Questions in Theology, 
1886; The Fourth Gospel, 1886. 

COMB A, E. Vera Narrazione del Massacro di 
Valtellina di V. Parravicino, 1886 ; Parafrasi sopra 
V Ep. di S.. Paolo ai Romani di F. Virginio, 1886. 
He is editing the Histoire des Vaudois d'llalie de- 
puis leurs origines jusqu'a nos jours, 2 vols. 

CONDER, Eustace Rogers, D.D. (Edinburgh, 
1882), Congregation alist; b. near St. Albans (the 
ancient Verulam), Eng., April 5, 1820; educated 
for the Christian ministry at Spring Hill College, 
Birmingham; entered, 1838; graduated M.A. in 
philosophy, with gold medal, at the University of 
London, 1844; became Congregational pastor at 
Poole, Dorset, 1844; at Leeds (East Parade Con- 
gregational Church), 1861. He was chairman of 
the Congregational Union in 1873. He is "dis- 
tinctly and strongly evangelical, with high views 
of authority of Scripture; but of broad sympa- 
thies, unpledged to any party formula or narrow 
creed." He is the author of Memoir of Josiah 
Conder (his father, see Encyclopaedia, iii. 2590), 
London, 1856; Commentary on St. Matthew's Gos- 
pel, 1866; Sleepy Forest, and other Tales for Chil- 
dren, 1872 ; The Basis of Faith, Critical Survey of 
Christian Theism (Congregational lecture for 1877), 
1877, 3d ed. 1886 ; Outlines of the Life of Christ, 
1881 ; Drops and Rocks, and other Talks with the 
Children, 1882 ; a great number of articles in 
reviews and magazines, lectures, etc. 

CORNILL, Carl Heinrich, Lie. Theol. (Marburg, 
1880 [?]), D.D. (hon., Heidelberg, 1886), German 
Protestant theologian ; b. in Germany, April 26, 
1854 ; pursued his theological studies at Marburg, 
and other universities ; became privat-docent of 
theology at Marburg, 1880 [?] ; professor extraor- 
dinary at Kbnigsberg, 1886. He is the author of 
Jeremia und seine Zeit, Heidelberg, 1880 (pp. 39) ; 
Der Prophet Ezechiel geschildert, 1882 (pp. 53) ; 
Das Buch des Propheten Ezechiel (a critical recon- 
struction of the Hebrew text), Leipzig, 1886 (pp. 
xii. 513). * 

COTTERILL, H., d. at Edinburgh, Thursday, 
April 15, 1886. 

COULIN, F. La vocation du chre'tien, Paris, 
1870. 

CRAMER, Jacobus, D.D. (Utrecht, 1858), Dutch 
Protestant theologian ; b. at Rotterdam, Dec. 24, 
1833; educated at Utrecht; became adjunct to 
the director of the Missionary Society of Rotter- 
dam, 1858; Reformed pastor at Oude Wetering 
1859, at Charlois 1862, and at Amsterdam 1866 ; 
professor of the history of the Christian religion, 
early Christian literature, and history of Chris- 
tian doctrine, at Groningen, 1876, since 1884 at 
Utrecht. He is an advocate of the evangelical or- 
thodox theology, as appears, amongst other things, 
from the " Contributions in the Domain of Theol- 
ogy and Philosophy," which he published with 
G. H. Lamers (Amsterdam, 1867-85, 5 vols.). He 
is the author of Specimen historico-dogmaticum de 
Arianismo (his D.D. thesis), Utrecht, 1858; and 
in Dutch of "Christianity and Humanity," Am- 
sterdam, 1871 ; " Alexander Vinet, considered as a 



Christian Moralist and Apologist," 1883 (crowned 
by The Hague Society). 

CREICHTON, M., Hon. D.C.L. (Durham, 1885). 
In 1885 he was appointed by the Crown, canon of 
Worcester Cathedral ; in 1886 sent by Cambridge 
University to represent John Harvard's college 
(Emmanuel), at the 250th anniversary of the 
founding of Harvard University, on which occa- 
sion (Monday, Nov. 8, 1886) he received the 
degree of LL.D. 

CREMER, A. H. Biblisch.-theologisches Worter- 
buch. Suppl. Heft zur 3. Aufi., Gotha, 1886 (Eng- 
lish trans, of the Supplement, Edinburgh, 1886). 

CROSBY, H. Full title of his N. T. Commen- 
tary is, The New Testament in both Authorized and 
Revised Versions, carefully annotated, Boston, 
1885. 

CROSKERY, T., d. at Londonderry, Oct.3, 1886. 

CULROSS, James, D.D. (St. Andrew's, 1867), 
Baptist ; b. near Blairgowrie, Perthshire, Scotland, 
in November, 1824; graduated M.A. at the Uni- 
versity of St. Andrew's, 1846 ; engaged in theo- 
logical studies till 1849 ; was Baptist pastor at 
Stirling, 1850-70; Highbury Hill, London, 1870- 
78; Adelaide Place, Glasgow, 1878-83; was ap- 
pointed theological tutor by the Baptist Union of 
Scotland, 1869 ; since 1883 he has been president 
of the Bristol Baptist College. He was presi- 
dent of the Union, 1870; vice-president of the 
Baptist Union of Great Britain and Ireland, 1886. 
He is the author of Lazarus revived, London, 1858 r 
3d ed. 1863 (incorporated in The House at Bethany r 
its Joys and Sorrows, and its Divine Guest [1876]) ; 
The Missionary Martyr of Delhi, 1860; The Divine 
Compassion, or Jesus showing Mercy, 1864 ; Eman- 
uel, or the Father revealed in Jesus, 1868, 2d ed. 
1869 ; John whom Jesus loved, 1872, 2d ed. 1878 ; 
" Behold, I stand at the Door, and knock," 1874, 2d 
ed. 1877 ; " Thy First Love," Christ's Message to- 
Ephesus [1877] ; The Greatness of Little Things- 
[1879] ; William Carey, 1881 ; The Service of the 
King, Edinburgh, 1884; besides small books, and 
contributions to periodical literature. 

CUNITZ, A. E., studied at Strassburg, Gbtting- 
en, Berlin, and Paris. Of the Histoire ecclesias- 
tique, vols, i., ii., and iii. 1st part, have appeared. 
He also has written Histoire critique de Vinterpre- 
tation du Cantique, Strassburg, 1834 ; Ueber die 
Amtsbefugnisse der Consistorien in der prot. Kirche 
Frankreichs, 1847 ; and several articles in the Allg. 
Lit. Zeitung of Jena, in the Revue de the'ologie 
of Strassburg, in Herzog, etc. Died in Strass- 
burg, June 16, 1886. 

DALE, R. W., in 1885 was appointed by the 
Crown a member of a commission for inquiring 
into the working of the English system of element- 
ary education. He has written A Preliminary Essay 
to a translation of Carl Schmidt's Social Results of 
Early Christianity, London, 1885. 

DALTON, H. Nathanael, St. Petersburg, 3d ed. 
1886 ; Immanuel (trans, into Dutch) ; Der verlorne- 
Sohn, 2d ed. 1884. 

D'ALVIELLA, Count E. Goblet. Harrison contre 
Spencer (trans, into English by Prof. E. L. You- 
mans, as appendix to the reprint of Harrison and 
Spencer's The Nature and Reality of Religion, 
New York, 1885) ; Cows d' introduction a I'histoire 
generale des religions, Ghent, 1886 ; articles in Revue- 
de ['instruction publique. 

DAVIDSON, R. L., was educated at Harrow. 



254 



DAVIES. 



APPENDIX. 



DRUMMOND. 



He was appointed domestic chaplain to the Queen, 
1883. 

DAVIES, J. Li, contributed Peaks, Passes, and 
Glaciers, to Tracts for Priests and People. 

DEANE, H., was Grinfleld lecturer in the Uni- 
versity of Oxford, 1884-86. He has also written 
various sermons and articles. 

DEANE, W. J., was educated at Rugby. Cate- 
chism, 3d ed., 1S86. 

DECOPPET, Auguste Louis, Reformed Church 
of France ; b. in Paris, Feb. 4, 1836 ; studied at 
the preparatory school of theology of Batignolles ; 
became professor of history and French literature 
in the Royal College of Noorthey, Holland, where 
the Prince of Orange studied, 1858; determining 
on a ministerial career, he entered the theological 
seminary of Montauban, and graduated B.D. 1863; 
became pastor at Alais 1863; pastor of the Re- 
formed Church of Paris 1869, and is now at the 
Oratoire. Among his works may be mentioned, 
Cate'chisme e'le'mentaire, Paris, 1875 ; Paris protes- 
tant, 1876; Sermons, 1876; Sermons pour les enfants, 
3 series, 3d 1880 (translated into Danish, Hunga- 
rian, German [Gutersloh, 1883], and English); 
Meditations pratiques, 1881. * 

DELITZSCH, Friedrich. Prolegomena eines 
neuen hebraisch-aramdischen Wbrterbuchs zum Alten 
Testament, Leipzig, 1886. 

DENISON, Ven. G. A., is brother of the late 
Lord Ossington, speaker of the House of Com- 
mons, 1857-72 ; of the Bishop of Salisbury, 1837- 
54; and of Sir William Denison, K.C.B., Governor 
of Tasmania, Sydney, Madras, 1846-66. The arch- 
deacon, as member of the Lower House of Convo- 
cation from revival of Convocation in 1852, was 
chairman of committees reporting in condemna- 
tion of Essays and Reviews, and of Bishop Colenso's 
writings on the Old Testament. The Elementary 
Education Act conditioned the public grant upon 
the change of the schools of the Church of Eng- 
land into state schools, and in the attendent con- 
troversy he bore a prominent part. In December, 
1885, after the general election, he issued a pam- 
phlet, Mr. Gladstone, in its 7th thousand, March, 
1886. 

DERENBOURG, Joseph, Ph.D. (Giessen, 1834); 
b. at Mayence, Aug. 21, 1811 ; studied at the Tal- 
mudical School and in the gymnasium of May- 
ence, and at the universities of Giessen and Bonn. 
He came to Paris in 1839 ; became a corrector of 
the press in the National Printing House (1852), 
especially of Hebrew (1856) ; professor of rabbin- 
ic and Talmudic Hebrew in the University of 
Paris, 1877. In 1871 he was elected a member 
of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-lettres. 
He is one of the most frequent contributors to 
the Journal scientijique de la the'ologie juive, and 
to the Revue juive scientijique et pratique, Journal 
asiatique. Revue critique; editor of Lokmann's 
Fables, Paris, 1846 ; the second edition (with M. 
Reiuaud) of the Seances de Hariri, 1847-53 ; 
author of Essai sur Vhistoire de la Palestine, 1867, 
etc. * 

DIECKHOFF, A. W., was professor extraordi- 
nary at Gottingen, 1854, before becoming ordinary 
professor at Rostock, 1860. He has written Zur 
Lehre von der Bekehrung und von der Prddestina- 
tion: Zweite Entgegung auf missourische Ausftuchte, 
Rostock, 1886; Der Ablassstreit, Dogmengeschicht- 
lich dargestellt, Gotha, 1886. 



DITTRICH, F., was professor of moral theology, 
1872; of ecclesiastical history, 1873. He has 
published Observationes quozdam de ordine naturali 
et morali, Braunsberg, 1869 ; Regesten und Briefe 
des Cardinals Gasparo Contarini (1^,83-1542), 1881 ; 
Gasparo Contarini, eine Monographic, 1885. In 
the Indice Lectionum Lycei Hosiani Brunsbergensis 
he wrote the following articles : De Socratis senten- 
tia, virtutem esse scientiam, 1868; Quid e S. Pauli 
sententia lex mosaica in moribus spectaverit, 1871 ; 
De Tertulliano Christiana; veritatis reguloz contra 
hozreticorum licentiam vindice, 1877; Quce partes 
fuerint Petri Pauli Vergerii in colloquio Wormati- 
ensi, 1879 ; Sixti IV. Summi Pontificis ad Paulum 
III. Op. Pontif. Max. compositionum defensio, 1883. 
He edited the Mittheilungen des ermlaendischen 
Kunslvereins, Braunsberg, 1870, 1871, 1875 ; has 
also contributed to the Zeitschrift fiir Geschichte 
und Alterthumskunde Ermlands ; to the Historisches 
Jahrbuch der Gbrres-Gesellschaft (Die Nuntiatur- 
berichte Giovanni Morone's vom Reichstage zu Re- 
gensburg 1541, 1883) ; and to the Beitrdge zur 
Geschichte der kalholischen Reformation im ersten 
Drittel des 16 Jahrhunderts, in 1884 and 1886. 

DIX, M. The Gospel and Philosophy, New York, 
1886. 

DIXON, R. W., is the son of James Dixon, a 
celebrated Wesleyan preacher. He has written 
Lyrical Poems, Oxford, 1886. 

DODS, M., wrote other articles in the Encyclo- 
pedia Britannica, besides those mentioned ; Para- 
bles, 1st series, 3d ed. 1886. 

DOEDES, J. I., teaches also natural theology 
and textual criticism. Page 56, 1. 14, r. Kerkelijke; 
1. 19, supply de before Jesu. 

DONALDSON, J., rector of the University of 
St. Andrews, 1886. 

DORNER, A., studied at Berlin, Tubingen, and 
Gottingen. He has written, Ueber die Principien 
der kantischen Ethik, Berlin, 1875 ; Schelling, zur 
Erinnerung an seinen hundertjaehrigen Geburtstag, 
1875; Dem Andenken von I. A. Dorner, 1885. In 
Studien und Kritiken : Hartmann's Philosophic des 
Unbewussten, 1881 ; Ueber das Wesen der Religion, 
1883 ; Das Verhaltniss von Kirche und Slaat nach 
Occam, 1885. In Herzog 2 , Augustin, Johannes von 
Damask, Duns Scotus, Dorner. 

DORNER, I. A. Add to his works: Zum drei- 
hundertjahrigen Gedachtniss des Todes Melanchthons, 
1860. The eschatological portion of his System 
of Doctrine was separately edited in English under 
the title : Doctrine of the Future State, with an 
introduction and notes, by Dr. Newman Smyth, 
New York, 1883 ; English trans, of his Sittenlehre, 
by Dr. Mead, Christian Ethics, Edinburgh, 1887. 
His essay On the Sinless Perfection of Jesus (1862) 
was translated into French in the " Revue Chre- 
tienne," and into English by Dr. Henry B. Smith, 
in the "American Presbyterian Review," New 
York, 1863. Comp. art. Dorner, by his son, in the 
Appendix vol. of Herzog 2 , xvii. pp. 755-770. 

DOUEN, E. O. Essai historique sur les Eglises 
du departement de I'Aisne, Paris, 1860; besides 
nearly a hundred contributions in Lichtenberger's 
Encyclopedic des sciences religieuses [forty signed], 
he published in the Bulletin de Vhistoire du protes- 
tantisme in 1886 a fragment of a partially executed 
work upon La Revocation de I'Edit de Nantes a 
Paris. 

DRUMMOND, Henry, has made scientific ex- 



255 



DUCHESNE. 



APPENDIX. 



GAMS. 



peditions in Europe, America, and Central Africa, 
and is the author of various scientific papers. 

DUCHESNE, L., since 1885 has been " Maitre 
de conferences d'histoire a I'Ecole des Hautes- 
Etudes de la Sorbonne," Paris. 

DUHM, B., D.D. (hon., Basel, 1885). 

DUNS, J., became a fellow of the Royal Society 
of Edinburgh, 1859 ; wrote Memoir of Sir James 
Simpson, Bart., M.D., Edinburgh, 1873. 

DWIGHT, T., received the degree of LL.D. 
at the 250th anniversary of Harvard College, 
Nov. 8, 1886; translated the third edition of 
Godet on John. 

DYER, H. Records of an Active Life, New 
York, 1886. 

EATON, Samuel John Mills, D.D. (Washington 
and Jefferson College, Washington, Penn., 1868), 
Presbyterian ; b. at Fairview, Erie County, Penn., 
April 15, 1820 ; graduated at Jefferson College, 
Canonsburg, Penn., 1845 ; studied at the Western 
Theological Seminary, Allegheny, Penn., 1846- 
48; was stated supply and pastor at Franklin, 
Penn., 1848-82; at Mt. Pleasant, Penn., 1848-55. 
He was permanent clerk, synod of Allegheny, 
1859-70; stated clerk, synod of Erie, 1870-81; 
has been stated clerk, presbytery of Erie, since 
1853; trustee of Washington and Jefferson Col- 
lege, Washington, Penn., since 1879; director of 
the Western Theological Seminary since 1880. 
He was a delegate in the Christian Commission, 
1864; travelled in the East, 1871. He is the 
author of History of Petroleum, Philadelphia, 1864; 
History of the Presbytery of Erie, New York, 1868 ; 
Ecclesiastical History (in Centennial Memorials of 
Presbylerianism in Western Pennsylvania, Harris- 
burg, 1869); History of Venango County, Penn., 
1876; Lakeside, Pittsburg, 1880; Memoir of Rev. 
Cyrus Dickson, D.D., New York, 1883; Jerusalem, 
1883 ; Palestine, 1884 ; Lamberton Memorial, Pitts- 
burg, 1885. 

EBRARD, A. Apologetics: or, The Scientific 
Vindication of Christianity, translated by Rev. W. 
Stuart and Rev. John Macpherson, Edinburgh, 
1886, 2 vols. 

EDDY, Z., removed to Detroit, Mich., in 1886. 

EDEN, R., d. at Inverness, Thursday, Aug. 26, 
1886. 

EDERSHEIM, A., was the first Jew to carry 
off a prize at the gymnasium of Vienna. He 
was educated in Hungary as well as in Austria 
(Vienna). He wrote articles Josephus and Philo, 
in Smith and Wace's Dictionary of Christian Biog- 
raphy ; and commentary on Ecclesiasticus, in the 
Bible (Speakers') Commentary on the Apocrypha ; 
Israel and Judah, from the Reign of Ahab to the 
Decline of the Two Kingdoms, 1886. 

EDWARDS', L., collected works were published 
in Welsh at Wrexham. The most important 
are, " The Doctrine of the Atonement," and " The 
Harmony of the Faith." 

ELLICOTT, Bishop. Are We to Modify Fun- 
damental Doctrine ? 2d ed. 1886. 

ELLIOTT, C, is a member of the Victoria In- 
stitute of London. 

EYRE, C, went to Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1843; 
was canon theologian and vicar-general ; is a mem- 
ber of the Order of the Knights of Malta, and also 
of the Holy Sepulchre. 

FAIRCHILD, J. H., was tutor in languages in 
Oberlin College, 1839-42. 



FARRAR, A. S., was select preacher at Oxford, 
1885-86 ; examining chaplain to the Bishop of 
Peterborough since 1868. 

FARRAR, F. W., travelled in the United States 
in 1885, and lectured on Dante, Browning, and 
the Talmud ; contributed commentary on Judges 
in Bishop Ellicott's Commentary, and on Book of 
Wisdom in Bible (Speaker's) Commentary on the 
Apocrypha. 

FAUSSET, A. R., B.D. and D.D. (by special 
grace of the Board of Trinity College and Uni- 
versity, Dublin, 1886), became canon of York 
Minster, 1885. 

FERGUSON, Samuel David, D.D. (Theological 
Seminary, Gambier, O., 1885). 

FFOULKES, E. S., was examiner in the Hon- 
our School of Theology, Oxford, 1873-75 ; wrote 
Primitive Consecration of the Eucharistic Oblation, 
London, 1886 ; numerous articles on church his- 
tory and theology in Smith's Dictionaries of Chris- 
tian Antiquities and Biography. 

FIELD, H. M. Blood thicker than Water: a few 
Days among our Southern Brethren, New York, 1886. 
Started Nov. 4, 1886, for Spain and Algiers. 

FISHER, G. P., received the degree of D.D. at 
the 250th anniversary of Harvard College, Nov. 
8, 1886. Add : Catholicity (sermon), 1886. 

FLIEDNER, F., edits also Blatter aus Spanien; 
and the periodicals, Christian Review (fortnightly) 
and Children's Friend (monthly); has prepared, in 
Spanish, Lives of Livingstone, Luther, Dr. Fliedner 
(his father), John Howard, Elizabeth Fry, Hymn- 
book for Sunday Schools, and various other books 
for the Spanish Christian literature. 

FLINT, R., was appointed in 1859 to the pas- 
torate of the East Parish, Aberdeen, and in 1861 
to that of Kilconquhar, Fife. He is a corre- 
sponding member of the Institute of France, and 
a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 
Author of Vico, Edinburgh, 1884. 

FOSTER, R. V., was chief editor of the com- 
ments on the International Lessons, and other 
Sunday-school literature of the Cumberland Pres- 
byterian Church, from 1880 to 1884 ; and for three 
years, since 1877, he was in charge of the belles- 
lettres department of Cumberland University, 
at the same time discharging the duties of his 
theological professorship. — Trinity University is 
at Tehuacana, Tex. 

FRANK, F. H. R. System of the Christian Cer- 
tainty, Eng. trans., Edinburgh, 1886. 

FRANKE, A. H., D.D. (Halle, 1885). 

FREPPEL, C. E. S.t. Ire'ne'e, 3d ed. 1886. 

FRICKE, G. A., became Consistorialrath in 1882. 

FRIEDLIEB, J. H., 2d ed. Synopsis Evangeli- 
orum, Regensburg, 1869. 

FRIEDRICH, J. Died in summer of 1886. 

FR1TZSCHE, O. F. Confessio helvetica posterior, 
Ziirich, 1839; Duplex libri'Eadnp, textus grceca, 1848; 
Specimen ed.-crit. interpr. veter. lat. N. T., 1867; 
Epistola Clem, ad Jacob, et Rufini interpret., 1873. 

FUNCKE, O. Willst du gesund iverden ? 4th ed. 
1886. 

FUNK, F. X. Kirchengeschichte, 1886 sqq. 

GAMS, Bonifaz, Ph.D. (Tubingen, 1838V), D.D. 
(hon., Tubingen, 18 — ), Roman Catholic; b. at 
Mittelbuch, Jan. 23, 1816; studied at Tubingen, 
where he received the prize of the theological 
faculty, and the first homiletical prize, 1838; be- 
came vikar at Aichstetten and Gmiind, 1838; act- 



GANDELL. 



APPENDIX. 



HARRISON. 



ing preceptor at Horb, 1841 ; made a scientific 
journey at the expense of the State, 1842-43 ; be- 
came acting pastor at Wurmlingen, 1844 ; acting 
professor at Rottweil, 1844 ; chief preceptor at 
Gmiind, 1845 ; professor of theology at liildesheim, 
1847 ; novice in the Benedictine Abbey of St. 
Boniface in Munich 1855, monk there 1856 ; rose 
to be superior, but later resigned. He has pub- 
lished Die sieben Worte Jesu am Kreuze, Rotten- 
burg, 1845; Ausgang unci Ziel der Geschichte, Tu- 
bingen, 1850 ; Johannes der Taufer im Gefdngnisse, 
1853 ; Die Geschichte der Kirche Jesu Christe im 19. 
Jahrhundert, Innsbruck, 1853-58, 3 vols. ; Die 11. 
Sukularfeier des Martyrtodes des hi. Bonifazius in 
Fulda und Mainz, Mainz, 1855 ; Margott, die Siege 
der Kirche im ersten Jahrzehnt des Pontifikats Pius 
IX., Innsbruck 1860, 2d ed. 1860 ; Katechelische 
Reden gehalten in der Basilika zu Miinchen, Regens- 
burg, 1862, 2 vols. ; Organisierung des Peter- 
Pfennigs, 1S62 ; Kirchengeschichte von Spanien, 
1862-76, 4 vols. ; Register zu den historisch-poli- 
tischen Blattern, Munich, 1865 ; Der Peterspfennig 
als Stiflung, Regensburg, 1866; J. A. Mohler, ein 
Lebensbild, mit Brief en und kleineren Schriften 
Mohlers, 1866 ; Das Jahr des Martyrtodes der hi. 
Apostel Petrus und Paulus, 1867 ; Kirchengeschichte 
von J. A. Mohler, 1867-70, 3 vols.; Series Episco- 
porum ecclesice catholicce quotquot innotuerunt a B. 
Petro Ap., 1873; 1st supplement to the same, 
Hierarchia cathol. Pii IX., Munich, 1879; Der 
Bonifazius- Verein in Siiddeutschland 1850-80, Pa- 
derborn, 1S80; Predigt aus Anlass des Jubildums, 
Munich, 1881; 2d supplement to Series episcop., 
Regensburg, 1886 ; numerous reviews and articles 
in the Tubingen Quartalschrift, etc. * 

GANDELL, R. His fellowship of Hertford 
College is unendowed. The edition of Lightfoot's 
Hone was published by the Clarendon Press, 
Oxford. 

CASS, F. Wi J. I-K Oplimismus und Pessimis- 
mus, der Gang der christlichen Welt- und Lebens- 
ansicht, Berlin, 1876 ; Geschichte der christlichen 
Ethik, Bd. II. 1886. 

GERHART, E. V., was editor of Rauch's Inner 
Life of the Christian, Philadelphia, 1856. 

GEROK, Karl, 9th ed. of 2d series of Palmbldtter 
is under title, Auf einsamen Gangen, Stuttgart, 
1885; Illusionen und Ideale (lecture), lst-3d ed. 
Stuttgart, 1886. 

GIBB, John, D.D. (Aberdeen, 1886), Presbyte- 
rian ; b. at Aberdeen, Scotland, in the year 1835 ; 
educated at the University of Aberdeen, at Hei- 
delberg and Berlin, and also at the Divinity Hall 
of the Free Church in Aberdeen ; became colleague 
of Rev. G. Wisely at Malta, 1866; theological tutor 
in the College of the Presbyterian Church of Eng- 
land, London, 1868 ; professor of New-Testament 
exegesis in the same, 1877. He is the author of 
the translation of Augustine's Lectures on the Gos- 
pel according to John, vol. i. (in Clark's series), 
Edinburgh, 1873; Biblical Studies, and their Influ- 
ence upon the Church, London, 1877; Gudrun and 
Other Stories, 1881 (2d ed. Gudrun, Beowulf, and 
the Song of Roland, 1884); Luther's Table-Talk 
(selected and edited), 1883 ; articles on theologi- 
cal and historical subjects, in Contemporary Review, 
British and Foreign Evangelical Review, British 
Quarterly Review, etc. 

GLADDEN, W. Applied Christianity, Boston, 
18S6. 



CLOAC, P. J. Introduction to the Catholic 
Epistles, Edinburgh, 1886. 

GOODWIN, H., D.C.L. (Oxford, 1885), Creation, 
1886. 

GORDON, W. R. Peter Never in Rome, New 
York, 1847 ; several tracts and sermons on various 
subjects, 1848-49; The Iniquity of Secession, 1862; 
The Assassination of President Lincoln, 1865; An 
Answer to the Romish Tract, " Is it Honest "? 1867 ; 
Controversial Letters in Defence of [the same], 
Youngstown, O., 1868. 

GREEN, S. G. What Do I Believe? 1881; 
Christian Ministry to the Young, 1883. 

GREGORY, C. R., travelled during 1885 and 
1886 in England, France, and the East, in the in- 
terests of biblical textual criticism. 

GRUNDEMANN, P. R., has been, since 1882, 
president of theMissions-Conferenz in the Province 
of Brandenburg ; has written, Zur Slatistik der 
evangelischen Mission, Gutersloh, 1886. 

GUTHE, H., new ed. Palastina, 1886. 

HAERINC, T. Die Theologie und der Vorwurf 
der " doppelten Wahrheit." Rede zum Anlrilt des 
akademischen Lehramts an der Universitat Ziirich, 
Ziirich, 1886 (pp. 31). He is joint editor of the 
Theologische Studien aus Wiirlemberg, and belongs 
to the right or conservative wing of the school of 
Ritschl. 

HALE, E. E. Of Mr. Hale's other works may 
be mentioned, The Man Without a Country, Boston^ 
1861 ; //", Yes, and Perhaps, 1868 ; Ingham Papers, 
1870; How To Do It, 1871; Christmas Eve and 
Christmas Day, 1872; His Level Best, and other 
stories, 1872 ; Workingmen's Homes, 1874 ; In His 
Name, 1874 ; Seven Spanish Cities, and the Way to^ 
them, 1883 ; Sermons and Easier Poems, Boston, 
1886; (with Susan Hale) The Story of Spain, 
N.Y., 1886 (several editions of each). 

HALEY, J. W., is translating Eusebius' Prepa- 
ratio Evangeiica from the original Greek, a work 
which has never yet been accomplished. 

HALL, N. His church has a membership of 
nine hundred, and Sunday schools with six thou- 
sand children. The Lincoln Tower is a hundred 
and twenty feet in height ; the spire is formed of 
red and white stone representing the stars and 
stripes. It has two class-rooms called " Wash- 
ington " and " Wilberforce." To his list of works 
add : Family Prayers in the Words of Scripture. 

HANNE, J. W., gave public lectures upon his- 
tory and philosophy, Protestantism, etc., at Bruns- 
wick, 1840-50 ; was pastor in different places of 
the Kingdom of Hannover, 1851-61. 

HARNACK, A. Codex Rossanensis, Leipzig, 
1880 ; Der Ursprung des Lectorats und der anderen 
niederen Weihen, Giessen, 1886 ; Die Quellen der 
sogenannten apostolischen Kirchenordnung, Leipzig, 
1886; Die Apostellehre u. die jiidischen beiden Wege 
(enlarged reprint of art. on the subject in the 
Appendix to Herzog 2 ), 1886. 

HARNACK, T. Luther's Theologie. 2. Abth. 
Luther's Lehre von dem Erlbser und der Erlbsung, 
Erlangen, 1886. 

HARPER, W. R., has been since 1885 principal 
of the schools of the Institute of Hebrew. 

HARRISON, Ven. Benjamin, Church of Eng- 
land ; b. in England about the year 1810; was 
a student of Christ Church, Oxford University, 
graduated B.A. (Ist-class classics and 2d-class 
mathematics) 1830; Ellerton theological prize, 



257 



HATCH. 



APPENDIX. 



HOELEMANN. 



and Kennicott Hebrew scholar, 1831 ; English 
essay, and Pusey and Ellerton Hebrew scholar, 
1832; M.A., 1833; was ordained deacon, 1832; 
priest, 1833 ; select preacher at Oxford, 1835-37 ; 
domestic chaplain to the archbishop of Canter- 
bury, 1838-48 ; six preacher in Canterbury Cathe- 
dral, 1842-45; became archdeacon of Maidstone 
with canonry in Canterbury Cathedral, annexed 
1845. He was a member of the Old-Testament 
Company of the Anglo- American Bible-Revision 
Committee from its organization in 1870. He is 
the author of An Historical Inquiry into the True 
Interpretation of the Rubrics respecting the Sermon 
and the Communion Service, London, 1845; Pro- 
phetic Outlines of the Christian Church and the anti- 
Christian Poiver, as traced in the Visions of Daniel 
and St. John (Warburtonian Lectures), 1849 ; 
Privileges, Duties, and Perils in the English Branch 
of the Church of Christ at the Present Time (six 
sermons preached in Canterbury Cathedral), 1850 ; 
and the following charges : Prospects of Peace for 
the Church, 1875; The Church in ifs Divine Consti- 
tution and Relation with the Civil Power, 1877 ; The 
More Excellent Way, 1878 ; Memories of Departed 
Brethren, 1879, Church's Work and Wants, 1881; 
Disestablishment and Disendowment, 1883 ; Legacy 
of Peace, 1883; Address to the Archdeaconry of 
Maidstone, 1885 ; The Continuity of the Church, and 
its Present Position in England, 1886. * 

HATCH, Ei Individualism and Ecclesiasticism, 
Their Common Place in the Church of Christ (ser- 
mon), London, 1886. 

HAUCK, A. Die Enlstehung des Christustypus 
in der abendlandischen Kunst, Heidelberg, 1880; 
Kirchengeschichle Deutschlands, 1st part, Leipzig, 
1886. 

HAUREAU.J.B. Hugo de SaintVictor, 2d ed.1886. 

HAWEIS, H. R., visited America in 1885, and 
preached at New York and Boston, also before 
Harvard and Cornell Universities, addressing im- 
mense congregations. He also delivered seven 
lectures at the Lowell Institute, Boston, which 
drew together the largest audiences ever known 
to have assembled there. In the same year he 
visited Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington 
(where he was received by the President of the 
United States) ; and, after lecturing at Montreal 
and Kingston, Canada, returned to London in the 
spring of 1886. My Musical Life, 2d ed. 1886. 

HEDGE) F. H., received the degree of LL.D. 
at Harvard's 250th anniversary, Nov. 8, 1886. 

HEIDENHEIM, Moritz, Ph.D. (Giessen, 1851), 
Anglican theologian ; b. at Worms, Sept. 23, 1824 ; 
educated at the gymnasium at Worms, and at the 
universities of Wiirzburg and Giessen; studied 
theology subsequently at King's College, London, 
and was elected associate of the college 1855. He 
worked for several years in the library of the 
British Museum, and in the Vatican and other 
libraries at Rome and elsewhere. He has been 
since 1864 " English chaplain " of the Anglican 
Church at Zurich, and privat-docent in the the- 
ological faculty of the university there. He has 
published Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift fur deutsche 
und englische theoloqische Forschung und Kritik, 
Gotha, 1860-62, and Zurich, 1863-65, 4 vols. ; Bib- 
liotheca Samaritana (text and annotations), Leipzig, 
1884 sqq , 3d part, 1886. 

HEINRICI, K. F. G. Wesen und Aufgdbe der 
evangelisch-theologischen Facultdten, Marburg, 1885. 



HEM AN, C. F. Die Mslorische und die religiose 
Weltstellung des jildischen Volkes, 1882. 

HERVEY, A. C., D.D. (Oxford, 1885), wrote also 
on the Pastoral Epistles in the Pulpit Commentary. 

HESSEY, J. A., was educated at Merchant Tay- 
lor's School, London . Author of Report on" Duties 
of Archdeacons" to the Lower House of Canterbury 
Convocation, London, 1886. 

HETTINGER, F. De theologioz speculative et 
mysticm connubio in Dantes Trilogia, Wiirzburg, 
1882. He was made honorary member of the 
Louvain theological faculty in 1884. 

HEURTLEY, C. A. Faith and the Creed. Dog- 
matic teaching of the Church of the Fourth and Fifth 
Centuries, Oxford, 1886 (a translation of Augus- 
tin's De Fide et Symbolo). 

HILGENFELD, A., belongs to the school of 
Baur. 

HINCKS, E. A., S.T.D. (Yale, 1885). 

HITCHCOCK, R. D., received the degree of 
LL.D. at Harvard's 250th anniversary, Nov. 8, 
1886. 

HODGE, Archibald Alexander, died, after a 
short illness, at Princeton, Nov. 11, 1886, aged 
sixty-three years. He had a remarkable resem- 
blance to his distinguished father, agreed fully 
with his system of theology, filled his chair, and 
was a very popular teacher and preacher. His 
funeral, Nov. 15, was attended by a large con- 
course of pupils and friends from near and far. 

HOEKSTRA, Sytse, D.D. (Amsterdam, 1857), 
Dutch Protestant theologian ; b. at Wieringe- 
waard, Aug. 20, 1822 ; studied at the Mennonite 
Seminary at Amsterdam ; pursued a career of great 
literary activity, writing many books upon practi- 
cal theology, and contributing to the principal 
Dutch reviews, — ; Jaarbozken voor wetenschapelijke 
Theologie ; Licht, Liefde en Leven ; especially to 
the Theologisch Tijdschrift, Amsterdam, 1867 sqq.; 
was elected a member of the Royal Academy of 
Sciences, 1868 ; had charge of the department of 
logic in the Amsterdam University, 1876 ; and has 
been since 1879 professor of the philosophy of 
religion in the Municipal University of Amsterdam. 
He is the author in Dutch of " The Triumph of 
Love" (expositions of the Canticles), Amsterdam, 
1856; "Liberty in Relation to Morality, Conscience, 
and Sin," 1858 ; " Principles of the Doctrines of 
the Ancient Mennonites," 1863 ; " Psychological 
Foundation of Religious Faith," 1864; " The Hope 
of Immortality," 1867; "The Foundation of the 
Categorical Imperative," 1873. * 

HOELEMANN, Herman Gustav, was teacher of 
religion, and upper teacher (fifth 1835, fourth 
1839) in the gymnasium at Zwickau. To the list 
of his books (p. 101) add, De interpretatione sacra 
cum prof ana feliciter conjungenda, Leipzig, 1832 ; 
Hebrdische Anthologie,mit Commentar und Lexikon, 
1834; Meschalim solemnibus natal. Dr. Aen. Orthob. 
Schulzii dicati, 1839 ; Nahum oraculum, 1842 ; Teu- 
toburger Inschriften . . . sammt Erlauterungen und 
Erweiterungen, Meissen, 1843 ; Bibelsludien, Leip- 
zig, 1861 ; Die Stiftung der Heidenmission auf dem 
Berge in Galilaa (sermon), Zwickau, 1865 ; Neueste 
Bibelsludien, Leipzig, 1875. He edited from 1846- 
48, the Sachsisches Volksblalt fur die Angelegen- 
heilen des Staates und der Kirche ; founded in 1851, 
and edited until 1853, the Sachsisches Kirchen- 
Schulblatl ; since 1832 has contributed weekly to 
different periodicals. 



258 



HOERSCHBLMANN. 



APPENDIX. 



IMMER. 



HOERSCHELMANN, Ferdinand, D.D. {lion., 
Erlangen, 18 — ) ; became pastor adjunctus at Fel- 
lin, Livonia, 1855 ; pastor ordinarius, 1861 ; ordi- 
nary professor of practical theology, and university 
preacher, at Dorpat, 1875. He received the order 
of St. Stanislaus (2d class) and St. Anna (2d class). 
Besides books in the Esthonian language, — e.g., 
Introduction to the New Testament, Dorpat, 1866; 
Matthias Zell and his Friends, 1874 ; Lectures, 1875, 
3d ed. 1884, — he has published various German 

HOFFMAN, E. A., S.T.D. (Racine College, Ra- 
cine, Wis., 1883). 

HOFSTEDE DE GROOT, Cornells Philippus, 
D.D. (Groningen, 1855), Dutch Protestant theo- 
logian, son of the succeeding ; b. at Groningen, in 
"the year 1829 ; educated at Groningen ; became 
Reformed pastor at Rottum 1856, at Dwingeloo 
1860, at Purmerend 1864, at Kampen 1866 ; the 
appointee of the synod of the National Church to 
be professor of systematic theology, ecclesiastical 
bistory of the Dutch Reformed Church, and canon 
law, in Groningen, 1878; and died there Aug. 11, 

1854. He is the author of Pauli conversis prmcipu- 
<us theologia Paulinoz fans (his D.D. thesis, Gro- 
ningen, 1855), and in Dutch of " Letters upon the 
Bible," Amsterdam, 1860; (with L. van Cleeff) 
"The Apocryphal Gospels," 1877; the Dutch 
translation of Wylie's History of Protestantism, 
1876-78 ; " One Hundred Years of the History of 
the Reformation in the Netherlands (1518-1619)," 
Leiden, 1883. 

HOFSTEDE DE GROOT, Petrus, D.D. (Gro- 
ningen, 1826), Dutch theologian ; b. at Leer, in 
the year 1802 ; studied at the gymnasium and 
University of Groningen ; became Reformed pas- 
tor at Ulrum, 1826 ; professor of theology at Gro- 
ningen, and university preacher, 1829 ; emeritus, 
1872. He inaugurated the Groningen school of 
theology, which is the opponent of the so-called 
"modern theology." In its interest he edited the 
review, Waarheid en Liefde, from 1837 to 1872. 
He is the author of Disputatio, qua ep. ad Hebr. 
4um Paulin. epistolis comparatur, Utrecht, 1826 ; 
Disputatio de Clemente Al., philos-chrisl. sive de vi 
quam philos-gr. imprim. Platonis habuit ad Clem. Al. 
religionis christ. doctorem infarmandum (his D.D. 
thesis), Groningen, 1826; Institutiones historian ec- 
•clesiaz christians, in scholarum suarum usum breviter 
delineatce, 1835, 2d ed. 1852 ; Institutio theologice 
naturalis, Utrecht, 1842, 4th ed. 1861 ; (with L. 
Pareau) Encyclopaedia theoloyi christiani, 1844 ; in 
Dutch, " History of the Brothers' Church at Gro- 
ningen," Groningen, 1832; "The Agitations in 
the Reformed Church of the Netherlands from 
1833 to 1839," 1840 (issued anonymously as from 
X; German trans, ed. by Gieseler, Hamburg, 
1840) ; " Jesus Christ the Foundation of the Unity 
of the Christian Church," 1846; "The Divine 
Education of Humanity up to the Coming of 
Jesus Christ," 1846, 3 vols., 3d ed. 1st 2 vols. 

1855, 2d ed. 3d vol. 1885 ; " The Groningen Theo- 
logians," 1854 (German trans., Gotha, 1863) ; Kort 
■overzigt van de leer der zonde (" Brief Examination 
of the Doctrine of Sin"), 1856; Over de evangelisch- 
■catholieke godgeleerdheid als de godgeleerdheid der 
ioekomst (" On the Evangelical-Catholic Theology 
as the Theology of the Future"), 1856; "The 
Nature of the Gospel Ministry," 1858 ; De zending, 
.eene voortgaande openbaring van God (" On Missions 



as a Progressive Revelation of God "), Rotterdam, 
1860 ; Mededeelingen omtrent Matthias Claudius("In- 
formation concerning Matthias Claudius "), Gro- 
ningen, 1861; Het evangelie der apostelen tegenover 
de twijfelingen en de icijsheid der wereld (" The 
Apostolic Gospel over against the Doubts and the 
Wisdom of the World "), The Hague, 1861 ; Ary 
Scheffer, 1862, 2d ed. 1872 (German trans. 186-, 
2d ed. 1870) ; "Basilides considered as the First 
Witness in Favor of the Authenticity of the Writ- 
ings of the New Testament and of the Fourth 
Gospel," 1866 (German trans., Leipzig, 1867); 
" The ' Modern Theology ' of the Netherlands de- 
scribed according to the Principal Writings of its 
Most Illustrious Representatives," 1869 (German 
trans., Bonn, 1870); Johan Wessel Ganzevoort, 1871; 
" The Course of the Schism in the Reformed 
Church of the Netherlands," 1874; "The Old- 
Catholic Movement," 1877. 

HOLSTEN, K. L. Die drei urspriinglichen, noch 
ungeschriebenen Evangelien, Karlsruhe und Leip- 
zig, 1883 ; Die synoptischen Evangelien nach der 
Form ihres Inhalts, Heidelberg, 1886 ; Ursprung 
und Wesen der Religion (lecture), Berlin, 1886. 
He belongs to the Tubingen school, and closely 
adheres to Dr. Baur's views on the alleged antag- 
onism between Petrinism and Paulinism. 

HOLTZMANN, H. J. Hist. Krit. Einleitung ins 
N. T., 2ded. 1886. 

HOOD, E. P. The Vocation of the Preacher, 
London, 1886. 

HOOP-SCHEFFER, J. G., contributed also to 
the Doopsgezinde Bijdragen, and wrote " A His- 
tory of Baptism by Immersion," Amsterdam, 1882. 

HOOYKAAS, I. Proece eener Geschiedenis der 
Beoefening van de Wijsheid onder de Hebreen, Lei- 
den, 1862. 

HOPKINS, M., received the degree of LL.D. 
at Harvard's 250th anniversary, Nov. 8, 1886. 

HOW, W. W. Commentary on the Four Gospels, 
18 — ; Cambridge Pastoral Lectures, 1884. 

HOWSON, J. S. The Diaconate of Women in 
the Anglican Church (with a short biographical 
sketch by his son), 1886. 

HUMPHRY, W. G. Occasional Sermons, Lon- 
don, 1886. 

HUNTINGTON, W. R. Joint author of the 
so-called "Book Annexed." 

HURST, J. F., made a tour through Egypt, 
Syria, and Greece, 1871 ; made an official tour 
through India, and the Methodist missions in 
Europe and Turkey, 1884 ; edited (in connection 
with Prof. H. C. Whitney) Moral Essays of Seneca, 
1877; wrote Christian Union, 1880; The Gospel a 
Combative Force, 1884 ; Short History of the Early 
Church, 1886. 

HURTER, H. Nomenclator, etc., Innsbruck, 
1871-86, 3 vols. He is the son of Anti,«tes Hur- 
ter, who joined the Roman-Catholic Church. See 
Encyclopaedia, p. 1043. 

IMMER, Heinrich Albert, D.D. (Basel, 1860), 
Swiss Reformed theologian ; b. at Unterseen, 
Aug. 10, 1804 ; d. at Bern, March 23, 1884. His 
father was pastor of Unterseen, Canton Bern. 
There was a clumsiness about him which his father 
mistook for stupidity, and severely punished. The 
effect of such treatment was to retard his mental 
development. He learned bookbindery at Lau- 
sanne and Zurich, and began business at Thun ; 
but the reading, in 1834, of Schleiermacher's 



259 



JACKSON. 



APPENDIX. 



LANG-E. 



Reden iiber die Religion so powerfully moved him, 
that he determined to study theology. He en- 
tered, after a brilliant examination, the Univer- 
sity of Bern in 1835, passed his theological exam- 
ination in 1838, and continued his studies at Bonn 
and Berlin 1838-40. He then returned home, 
became a pastor, and, after ten years' service, be- 
came professor extraordinary of theology at Bern 
1850, ordinary professor of New-Testament exe- 
gesis and of theology there 1856, and so remained 
until his retirement as professor emeritus in 1881. 
He exerted a great and wide influence. He was 
the author of Schleiermacher als religibser Character 
(lecture), Bern, 1859; Der Unsterblichkeitsglaube 
im Lichte der Geschichte und der gegenwdrtigen Wis- 
senschafl (lecture), 1868 ; Der Conjiikt zwischen dem 
Staatskirchenthum und dem method istischen Dissen- 
terthum im Jahr 1829 in Bern, 1870 (pp. 71) ; John 
Bunyan, Basel, 1871 ; Die Geschichtsquellen des 
Lebens Jesu (lecture, pp. 29), Leipzig, 1873 ; Her- 
meneutik des neuen Testaments, Wittenberg, 1873 
(English trans, with additional notes, by Prof. 
A. H. Newman, Hermeneutics of the New Testa- 
ment, Andover, 1877) ; Neutestamentliche Theologie, 
Bern, 1878. Cf. sketch by R. Riietschi in Meili's 
Theologische Zeitschrift aus der Schiveiz, vol. i. (St. 
Gallen, 1884), pp. 359-362. * 

JACKSON, Sheldon. L. 6, was missionary to 
the Choctaws in 1858 ; 1. 8, for Crescent r. La 
Crescent. He was stated clerk of the Synod of 
Colorado, 1870-81 ; became superintendent of 
missions at Sitka, Alaska, 1884 ; United-States 
General Agent of Education in Alaska, 1885. 
Author of Alaska, and Missions on the North Pacific 
Coast, New York, 1880. 

JACOBY, C. J. H. Luthers vorreformatorische 
Predigt, 1512-1517, Konigsberg, 1883. 

JANSSEN, J. Geschichte des deutschen Volkes, 
vol. v. 1st to 12th ed. 1886. 

JENNINGS, A. C, became rector of King's 
Stanley, Gloucestershire, 1886. 

JESSUP, H. H. Women of the Arabs, New 
York, 1873 ; Syrian Home Life, 1874. 

JOSTES, F. Die Tepler Bibeliibersetzung, eine 
zweite Kritik, Minister, 1886. L. 14, r. Germania 
xxxi. 1-41 ; 164-204. 

JOWETT, B., D.D. (Edinburgh, 18—) ; elected 
scholar of Balliol College, Oxford, 1835 ; pub- 
lished The Politics of Aristotle, translated into Eng- 
lish, with Introduction, Marginal Analysis, Essays, 
Notes, and Indices, London, 1885, 2 vols. 

KAEHLER, C. M. A. Die Versohnung durch 
Christum, Halle, 1885 (pp. 42). 

KAFTAN, J. W. M., belongs to the conserva- 
tive wing of the school of Ritschl, and succeeded 
Dr. Dorner. 

KATTENBUSCH, F. W. F. His (Ecumenische 
Symbole is not yet ready, nor does he now con- 
template so extensive a work as the title sent 
implies. 

KAULEN, F. P., edited the 12th and succeeding 
editions of C. H. Vosen's Kurze Anleitung zum 
Erlernen der hebrdischen Sprache (which is not a 
translation of the Latin work by the same author), 
Freiburg, 1874 sqq. 

KEIL, J. C. F. The Einleitung in d. kanon. 
Schriften des A. J"., in 2d ed. took in the Apocry- 
pha, and the title was changed to its present 
form : Einleitung in die kanonischen und apokry- 
phischen Schriften des Alien Testaments. 



KELLER, L. Die Waldenser und die deutschen 
Bibelubersetzungen, Leipzig, 1886 (pp. 189). 

KENNEDY, B. H., fellow of St. John's College, 
Cambridge, 1828-30 ; elected fellow, 1885 ; edited 
Vergil's Works, with Commentary, 1876. 

KESSELRING, H., D.D. (hon., Bern, 1884). 

KILLEN, W. D., wrote the continuation (vol. iii). 
of James Seaton Reid's History of the Presbyterian 
Church in Ireland, Belfast, vol. i. 1834, vol. ii. 
1837, vol. iii. 1853, 3d ed. 1867; The Ignatian 
Epistles entirely spurious (a reply to Bp. Light- 
foot), Edinburgh, 1886. 

KIRKPATRICK, A. F., until 1882, was assist- 
ant tutor and junior dean of Trinity College, 
Cambridge. 

KITCHEN, G. W., translated a vol. of Ranked 
History of England (translated by a company of 
Oxford scholars), London, 1875, 6 vols. ; A Con- 
suetudinary of the Fourteenth Century for the Re- 
fectory of S. Swithin, Winchester, 1886. 

KOENIG, A., has written recensions, apologet- 
ical articles in Mittheilungen aus dem Gebiele des 
Volksschulwesens, Osnabriick, 1886 ; also Schopfung 
und Gotteserkenntniss, Freiburg, 1885. 

KOENIG, J., studied at Freiburg, Tubingen, 
and Munich ; became repetitor at Freiburg, 1845. 
He wrote also Die Unsterblichkeilsidee im Buche 
Job, Freiburg, 1855; and very many articles in 
different Roman-Catholic periodicals, besides edit- 
ing the Freiburger Diocesan Archiv. 

KOESSING, F. Der reiche Jiingling, 1868. 

KOESTLIN, J. T., new ed. Luthers Theologie f 
1863. 

KOLDE, Th. Der Methodismus und seine Be- 
kampfung (lecture), Erlangen, 1886. 

KRAFFT, W. L., D.D. (Bonn, 1852), travelled 
with F. A. Strauss (author of Sinai and Golgotha) 
in the East, for the sake of studying biblical 
antiquities and ancient history (1844) ; took part 
in the Evangelical Alliance meeting in New York 
in 1873 ; wrote a draught of the Consensus of the 
Reformed Confessions for the first General Coun- 
cil of the Alliance of Ref. Churches, Edinburgh, 
1877 (printed in Report of Proceedings, etc., Edin- 
burgh, 1877, pp. 41-48). To the list of his books 
add, Carl Kiipper, Lebensbild aus der rhein. Kirche? 
Bonn, 1860; Briefe und Documente aus der Zeit 
der Reformation, Elberfeld, 1876 ; Die deutsche 
Bibel vor Luther, Bonn, 1883. Since 1849 he has- 
edited the Bonner Monatsschrift fur die evangel. 
Kirche der Rheinprovinz u. Westfalen ; and since 
1858, Die Mission unter Israel, Cologne. 

KUENEN, A., is also LL.D. The first chapter 
{The Hexateuch) of the 2d ed. of his Historisch- 
kritisch Onderzoek was translated by Philip H. 
Wicksteed, with his assistance, and published 
under title : An Hislorico- Critical Enquiry into the 
Origin and Composition of the Hexateuch, London,. 
1886. 

KURTZ, J. H. L. 17, after Begriindung supply 
der Einheit u. Echtheit (d. Pentateuch). 

LAEMMER, H. Institutiones des katholischen 
Kircheyirechts, Freiburg-im-Br., 1886. 

LAGARDE, P. A. de. Titus bostrenus contra 
Manichceos syriace, 1860. L. 31, after fragmenta 
supply syriace servata quinque. 

LANCE, J. P. These additional titles have been 
kindly furnished by Miss Lange : Sendschreiben 
der evangelischen Freifrau Athanasia an d. Pater 
Athanasius, Cologne, 1838; Kritische Beleuchtung 



200 



L.ANSDELL. 



APPENDIX. 



LORIMER. 



der Schrift von Ludwig Feuerbach : Das Wesen des 
Ckristenthums, Heidelberg, 1849 ; Die gesetzlich- 
katholische Kirche als Vorb'dd der freien evangelisch- 
katholischen Kirche, Heidelberg, 1850; Der Herr 
ist ivahrhaftig auferslanden : die Losung der clirisl- 
lichen Gemeinde unserer Zeit, Zurich, 1S52 ; Ueber 
die geistige Einheit des katholischen Millelalters 
(lecture), Elberfeld, 1858; Vom Krieg und vom 
Sieg (three lectures), Bonn, 1869 ; Die Idee der 
Vollendung des Reiches Goltes und ihre Bedeutung 
fur das liistorische Christenlhum, Gotha, 1869 ; Ein- 
heit und Widerstreit der religibs-kirchlichen und der 
sittlich-humanen Dogmen des Ckristenthums, Heidel- 
berg, 1871 ; Die protestanlische Kirche und der 
Protestantenverein, Epigrammatische Gedichle, Bonn, 
1872; Moderne Schattenrisse, Heidelberg 1876, 2d 
vol., Bonn 1883; Vom Oelberge, Geislliche Dicht- 
ungen, 2d collection, Bonn, 1880; Audi in Sachen 
der rheinischen Mission, ein Wort zur Verwahrung, 
Bonn, 1882 (pp. 23) ; Wie definirt man die Musik? 
Eine Kidlur- und Kunstfrage, Bonn, 1882 (pp. 28); 
Sendschreiben an den Herrn Pfarrer Julius Thikotter 
in Bremen in Belreff seiner Darstellung der Theologie 
Albrecht Rilschls, 1884 (pp. 22). 

LANSDELL, H., distributed in 1878 tracts and 
Scriptures in Russia, especially in hospitals and 
prisons. His Through Siberia has been translated 
into German (Jena, 1882, 2 vols.), Swedish, and 
Danish; his Russian Central Asia, into German 
(Leipzig, 1885, 3 vols.). 

LAWSON, A. C, was active on the board of the 
American Baptist Home Mission Society ; edited 
many of the publications of- the National Tem- 
perance Society. 

LEATHES, S., was in 1885 elected honorary fel- 
low of Jesus College, Cambridge. 

LECHLER, G. V., 1. 2 fr. bel., r. sdchsiscJien for 
sdchischen ; add : Urkundenfunde zur Geschichle d. 
chrisllichen Allerlums, Leipzig, 1886. 

LEGGE, J. The Travels of Fa-Hsien, 1886, has 
for full title: Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: 
Being an 'Account by the Chinese Monk, Fd-Hsien, 
of his Travels in India and Ceylon {A . D. 399-^14) 
in Search of Buddhist Books of Discipline (giving 
a Corean recension of the Chinese text). 

LEIV1ME, Ludwig, Lie. Theol. (Gottingen, 1874), 
D.D. (lion,, Breslau, 1884), German Protestant; 
b. at Salzwedel, Aug. 8, 1847 ; studied at Berlin, 
1866-69; was private tutor 1869-72 ; Domkandidat 
in Berlin, 1872 ; Repetent at Gottingen, 1872-74 ; 
Domhilfsprediger in Berlin, 1874-76 ; inspector in 
the Johanneum at Breslau, 1876-84; and mean- 
while Privatdocent of theology in the University 
of Breslau, 1876-81; professor extraordinary 1881- 
84, ordinary professor of theology at Bonn since 
18S4. He is a pupil of Dorner, but inclined to 
the direction given by Richard Rothe. He is the 
author of Das Verhciltniss der Dogmatik zu Krilik 
und Auslegung der heiligen Schrift nach Schleier- 
macher, Gottingen, 1874 ; (edited) Die drei grossen 
Reformationsschriften Lulhers vomJahre 1520, Gotha 
1875, 2d ed. 1884 ; Das Evangelium in Bbhmen, 
1877; Die religionsgeschichthche Bedeutung des 
Dekaiogs, Breslau, 1880; Die Ndchstenliebe, 1881; 
Das echle Ermahnungs-schreiben des Apostels Paidus 
an Timotheus [2 Tim. i. 1, 2, 10 ; iv. 6-22], 1882; 
Die Siinde wider den heiligen Geist, 1883 ; Ueber 
die Pflege der Einbildungsk raft (lecture), 1884. 

LEO XIII. was arbiter of the dispute between 
Germany and the Caroline Islands ; sent Bismarck, 



who went half way to Canossa for political consid- 
erations, the Christ Order (an order of merit for 
distinguished services to the Roman Church, es- 
tablished by Pope John XXII. in 1317, and never 
before given to a Protestant) ; and came out victor 
for a time in the " Culturkampf " with Germany 
(1886). His Latin Poems were published, Rome, 
1886 ; reprinted with English metrical translation 
by the Jesuits of Woodstock College, Md., Balti- 
more, 1886. 

LIDDON, H. P., declined bishopric of Edin- 
burgh, 1886. 

LIGHTFOOT, J. B., D.D. (Durham, 1879; 
Edinburgh, 1884). 

LINCOLN, H. Outline Lectures in History of 
Doctrine, Boston, 1886. 

LINSENMANN, F. X. Add : Lehrbuch derMoral- 
theologie, Freiburg, 1878 ; Konrad Summenhart, 
ein Kullurbild aus den Anfdngen der Universitdt 
Tubingen, Tubingen, 1887. Since 1873 he has 
been joint editor of the Tubinger Theolog. Quartat- 
schrift, to which he has been for many years a 
contributor. 

LIPSIUS, R. A., since 1886 has been editor of 
the Theologischer Jahresbericht, founded by Punjer ; 
Die Pilalus-Acten, 2d ed. Kiel, 1886. 

LITTLEDALE, R. F. There have been three 
editions of his commentary on the Psalms. 

LOESCHE, G. Bellarmin's Lehre vom Papst und 
deren acluelle Bedeutung, Halle, 1885. 

LOMAN, Abraham Dirk, Dutch theologian; b. 
at The Hague, Sept. 16, 1823; studied at the 
Athenfeum of Amsterdam, the Lutheran Seminary 
in the same city, and at Heidelberg ; became pas- 
tor at Maastricht, 1846; then at Deventer, 1849; 
professor in the Lutheran Seminary, Amsterdam, 
1856; of theology in the Municipal University 
of Amsterdam, 1877! He has written numerous 
articles in the Gids and in the Theologisch Tijd- 
schrifl, Amsterdam and Leiden, 1861 sqq. (of 
which he was one of the founders). He is the 
editor of various hymn-books, old national Dutch 
songs, and of other musical compositions; and the 
author of De germani Theologi humanitate (his in- 
augural address), Amsterdam, 185&; and in Dutch 
of "Why seek the Living among the Dead ? " 1862; 
" The Testimony of the Muratorian Canon " (upon 
the Gospel of John), 1865 ; "Protestantism and the 
Authority of the Church," 1868; "The Gospel of 
John: its Origin, First Readers, and its Accept- 
ance in Antiquity," 1873. 

LOMMATZSCH, Siegfried Otto Nathanael, Lie. 
Theol., Ph.D. (Berlin, 1860 and 1863), D.D. (lion., 
Berlin, 1883), German Protestant theologian ; b. 
at Berlin, Jan. 21, 1833 ; studied at the University 
of Berlin, 1853-59 ; became privat-docent there, 
1870; professor extraordinary of theology, 1879. 
He is a disciple of Carl Immanuel Nitzsch, and 
Twesten, and an adherent of the so-called " Middle 
Party." Since 1881 he has been a member of the 
Royal Commission for the examination of upper- 
class teachers in evangelical theology. He is the 
author of Schleiermacher's Lehre vom Wunder und 
vom Ueber naliirlichen im Zusammenhange seiner 
Theologie und mit besunderer Berucksichtigung der 
Reden iiber die Religion und der Predigten, Berlin, 
1872 ; Luther's Lehre com ethisch-religiosen Sland- 
\punkte aus mit besonderer Berucksichtigung seiner 
j Theorie vom Gcsetze, 1879. 

LORIMER, George Cheney, D.D. (Bethel Col- 



LOWE. 



APPENDIX. 



MERRILL. 



lege, Russelville, Ky., 186-), Baptist ; b. near Edin- 
burgh, Scotland, in the year 1838; came to the 
United States in the year 1856 ; studied at George- 
town College, Ky. ; was ordained pastor at Har- 
rodsburg, Ky., 1859 ; from there went to Paducah, 
Ky., and thence to Louisville, Ky., where he re- 
mained eight years; then went to Albany, N.Y., 
and was there two years ; thence to Shawmut- 
avenue Church, Boston ; thence to Tremont Tem- 
ple Church in the same city ; thence to the First 
Church, Chicago, 111., and is now pastor of the 
Michigan-avenue Church of that city. He is the 
author of Under the Evergreens ; or, a Night with 
Saint Nicholas, Boston, 187- ; The Great Conflict : 
Discourse concerning Baptists and Religious Belief, 
1877 ; Isms Old and New: Sermon Series for 1880- 
■81, 1881; Jesus the World's Saviour: who He is, 
why He came, and what He did, 1883 ; Studies in 
Social Life, New York, 1886. * 

LOWE, W. H., was educated at Durham school ; 
rowed in Cambridge University boat against Ox- 
ford, 1868, 1870, 1871 ; was curate of Fen Ditton, 
1873-75 ; of Milton, 1880-82 ; in charge of Wil- 
lingham, 1886; captain of Second Cambridge 
(University) Rifle Volunteers, 1882-86. He edited 
Tdzuki i Jahdngiri, 1886. 

LUCKOCK, H. M. The Bishops in the Tower, 
London, 1886. 

LUTHARDT, C. E., became canon of Meissen, 
1870. 

LYON, D. C. Assyrian Manual, Chicago, 1886. 

MABON, A. V. W., was in Hudson County, N.J., 
superintendent of public schools (1848-55), ex- 
aminer of all the teachers of public schools (1848- 
65), and commissioner for the equalization of 
taxes, 1876-81. The New Durham Church under 
him (1846-81) was not only prosperous, but the 
parent of several other ehm-ches. 

MACDUFF, J. R. Brighter than the Sun, 1886 ; 
Morning Family Prayers for a Year, 1886; Ripples 
in the Twilight : Fragments of Sunday Thought and 
Teaching, 1886. 

MclLVAINE, J. H. The Wisdom of the Apoca- 
lypse, N.Y., 1886. 

MACKARNESS, J. F., was educated at Eton. 

MACLAGAN, W. D., served in the Indian army 
1846-52, and retired as lieutenant. 

MACLEAR, G.F., was appointed honorary canon 
of Canterbury in 1885. 

MACMILLAN, H., F.S.A. Scot. (1883). The 
Olive Leaf, London, 1886. 

MAGOON, Elias Lyman, D.D. (Rochester Uni- 
versity, N.Y., 1853), Baptist; b. at Lebanon, 
N.H., Oct. 20, 1810; d. in Philadelphia, Penn., 
Nov. 25, 1886. He was educated at New Hamp- 
ton Academy (1830-32), Waterville College, Me., 
now Colby University (1832-36), and at the New- 
ton (Mass.) Theological Institution (1836-39); 
became pastor of the Second Baptist Church, 
Richmond, Va., 1839 ; resigned on account of the 
division in the denomination on the question of 
slavery, and became pastor of the Ninth-street 
Baptist Church, Cincinnati, O., 1845; of the 
Oliver-street Baptist Church, New York, 1849; 
of the First Baptist Church, Albany, N.Y., 1857; 
of the Broad-street Baptist Church, Philadelphia, 
Penn., 1867. He was apprenticed to the brick- 
layer's trade in 1826, worked at it until 1830 ; and 
by means of it during vacations and at other 
times supported himself through his academy, col- 



lege, and seminary life. Because of it he early took 
interest in ecclesiastical architecture, and gathered 
in the course of years a large and valuable library 
upon the subject. He was a man of catholic 
tastes, wide reading, and great personal charm. 
A few years before his death he sold for twenty 
thousand dollars his art collection to Vassar 
College, of which he was a director, and at the 
same time presented his Protestant literature col- 
lection to Newton (Mass.) Theological Institution, 
his illustrated art works to Rochester (N.Y.) Uni- 
versity, many of his miscellaneous works to Colby 
University and to Bates College (Maine), a collec- 
tion of water-colors to the Metropolitan Museum 
of Art, New- York City, and his Roman-Catholic 
theological works to Cardinal McCloskey. He is 
the author of Orators of the American Revolution, 
New York, 1848; Proverbs for the People, Boston, 
1848; Living Orators in America, New York, 1849; 
Republican Christianity, Boston, 1849 ; Westward 
Empire, the Great Drama of Human Progress, 
New York, 1856. * 

MAHAN, A. Out of Darkness into Light, Lon- 
don and Boston, 1875 ; Autobiography: Intellectual, 
Moral, and Spiritual, London, 1882. 

MAIER, A., is commander of the Order of the 
Zahringen Lion with the Star. He wrote Histor- 
isch-kritische Untersuchungen iiber den Hebrderbrief, 
Freiburg, 1851 ; Die Glossolalie des apostolischen 
Zeitalters, 1855 ; Exegedsch-kritische Untersuch- 
ungen iiber die Christologie, 1871. 

MANN, W. J. Life of Melchior Muhlenberg, 1886. 

MANNING, H. E. Petri Privilegium, Miscella- 
nies, London, 1877, 2 vols. 

MARQUIS, David Calhoun, D.D. (Washington 
and Jefferson College, Washington, Penn., 1875), 
Presbyterian ; b. in Lawrence County, Benn. , 
Nov. 15, 1834; graduated at Jefferson College, 
Canonsburg, Penn., 1857 ; taught, 1857-60 ; stud- 
ied in Western Theological Seminary, Allegheny, 
Penn., 1860-62, and in the Theological Seminary 
of the North-west, Chicago, 111., 1862-63; became 
pastor at Decatur, 111., 1863; of North Church, 
Chicago, 111., 1866 ; of Westminster Church, Bal- 
timore, Md., 1870 ; of Lafayette-park Church, St. 
Louis, Mo., 1878 ; professor of New- Testament 
literature and exegesis in the Theological Semi- 
nary of the North-west (since 1886, McCormick 
Theological Seminary), Chicago, 111., 1883. He 
was moderator of the General Assembly of the 
Presbyterian Church at Minneapolis, Minn., 1886. 

MARTI, Karl, Lie. Theol. (Basel, 1879), Swiss 
Reformed ; b. at Bubendorf, Baselland, Switzer- 
land, April 25, 1855; studied at Basel, Gbttingen, 
and Leipzig ; became pastor at Buns, Baselland 
1878, at Muttenz 1885; has been pr'wat-docent at 
Basel since 1881. He belongs, in general, to the 
school of Ritschl. He is the author of the arti- 
cles " Die Spuren der sog. Grundschrift des Hex- 
ateuchs in den vorexilischen Propheten des Alten 
Testaments," in Jahrb. fur prot. Theol., 18S0; 
" Die alten Lauren und Kldster in der Wiiste 
Juda " (on basis of information from Baurath 
Schick in Jerusalem), in Zeitsch. d. deutsch. Pales- 
tinvereins, 1880 ; " Das Thai Zeboim " [1 Sam. xiii. 
18], in same, 1884 ; and minor articles in the 
Swiss Kirchenblatt. 

MERRILL, S., has visited Palestine three differ- 
ent times, and has made the largest collection of 
birds and animals from that country that at pres- 



MERX. 



APPENDIX. 



OVERTON. 



ent exists. He published The Site of Calvary, 
Jerusalem, 1886. 

MERX, E. O. A., Ph.D. (Breslau, Aug. 9, 
1861), Lie. Theol. (Berlin, 1864), D.D. (lion., Jena, 
1872) ; at Tubingen was professor of Semitic lan- 
guages, at Giessen of Old-Testament exegesis, and 
now of the same at Heidelberg. To list of books 
add : Grammatica syriaca, vol. i., Halle, 1867 ; 
Vocabulary of the Tigre Language ivritlen down by 
Moritz von Beurmann, 1868 ; (with Arnold) the 2d 
ed. of Tuch's Commentar uber die Genesis, 1871 ; 
Neusyrisches Lesebuch, Texte im Dialect von Urmia, 
Giessen, 1871 ; Tiirkische Spriichivbrter in Deutsche 
ubersetzt, Venice, 187- ; Zur Religionsphilosophie, 
Giessen, 1872 ; Die Saadjanische Uebersetzung des 
Hohen Liedes in's Arabische, nebst andern auf das 
Hohe Lied beztigl. arab. Texten, Heidelberg, 1882 ; 
Wissenschafll. Gutachlen uber die Stellen aus Sohar 
und Vital auf die H. Prof Rohling seine Blutbe- 
schuldigung griinden will, Vienna, 1885; Chresto- 
mathia largumica vocalibus babylonicis instructa quam 
e codd. Mspls. eddidit, lexicon adjecil, Historia artis 
grammatical apud Syros, accedit interpretatio Di- 
onysii Thracis et Severi bar Sihakku grammatica 
syriaca, 1887; also articles, e.g., in the transac- 
tions of the Fourth Oriental Congress, Florence, 
1880; De Eusebianos historic ecclesiastical versioni- 
bus syriaca et armenica (with Professor Wright of 
Cambridge, he has undertaken a revision of the 
Syriac text of Eusebius with a translation) ; in 
those of the Fifth Congress, Berlin, 1882, Bemerk- 
ungen Uber die Vocalisation der Targume, mit An- 
hang uber die Tschufutkal 'schen Fragmenle ; in 
Uhlig, " G. Dionysii Thracis ars grammatica," 
Leipzig, 1883, De versione armenica Dionysii Thracis 
disputatio ; in " Deutsche morgenl. Zeitschrift," 
1885, Proben der syr. Uebersetzung von Galenus' 
Schrift uber die einfachen Heihnittel ; in " Protes- 
tant Kirch. Ztg.," 1885, Eine mittelalterliche Kritik 
der Offenbarung, and Zum 200 jahrigen Geburtstage 
Sebastian Bach's (" Bach als religibser Componist "). 

MESSNER, K. F. H., d. in Berlin, Nov. 7, 1886. 
The paper he edited was suspended Nov. 13. 

MITCHELL, A. F., was moderator of the Gen- 
eral Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1885. 

MOELLER, E. W., edited De Wette's commen- 
tary on Revelation, Leipzig, 1862. 

MOFFAT, J. C. Comparative Religions has passed 
through several editions. 

MOMBERT, Jacob Isidor, D.D. (University of 
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1866), Episcopalian ; 
b. at Cassel, Germany, Nov. 6, 1829 ; received 
his first education in the schools there ; spent sev- 
eral years in business, which gave him opportunity 
of an early residence in England ; there he passed 
through college, and after studies continued at 
Leipzig and Heidelberg, and extensive travels, 
took orders in the Church of England in 1857 ; 
was curate in Quebec, Canada, 1857-59 ; assistant 
(1859), and then rector of St. James's Church, Lan- 
caster, Penn., 1860-69; American chaplain, Dres- 
den, Saxony, 1869-75 ; since which time he has 
only partially exercised his ministry, having been 
engrossed with literary labors. Theologically he 
holds catholic and non-partisan ground, alike re- 
mote from the puerilities of mediaeval formalism, 
and the daring negations of the followers of Reuss. 
His studies have ranged over many fields in the- 
ology, philology, philosophy, history, and art. 
He has written many scholarly articles in dif- 



ferent religious periodicals; translated Tholuck's 
Commentary on the Psalms (London 1856, Philadel- 
phia 1857), and the Commentary on the Catholic 
Epistles in the American Lange Series, New York, 
1867; edited with prolegomena (containing a Life 
of Tyndale) and various collations, William Tyn- 
dale's Five Books of Moses (being a verbatim re- 
print, copied by his own hand, of the edition of 
1530 in the Lenox Library, New York, and com- 
pared with Tyndale's Genesis of 1534, and the 
Pentateuch in the Vulgate, Luther, and Matthew's 
Bible), New York [1884] ; and is the author of 
the following independent works : Faith Victo- 
rious: Account of the Venerable Dr. Johann Ebel, 
Late Archdeacon of the Old Town Church of Konigs- 
berg, in Prussia, London and New York, 1882 ; 
Handbook of the English Version of the Bible, with 
Copious Examples illustrating the Ancestry and Re- 
lationship of the Several Versions, and Comparative 
Tables [1883] ; Great Lives : A Course of History 
in Biographies, Boston, 1886, 2d ed. 1886. 

MOORHOUSE, J., was chaplain in ordinary 
to the Queen, 1874-76. 

MORISON, James. The Extent of the Atone- 
ment has been often reprinted ; Saving Faith, 9th 
ed. 1886 ; St. Paul's Teaching on Sanctif cation, a 
Practical Exposition of Rom. vi., 1886. 

MORRIS, J. G., was the first editor of The 
Lutheran Observer, Philadelphia, Penn. 

MOULTON, W. F., withMilligan, wrote the com- 
mentary on John, in Schaff's Popular Commentary. 

MYRBERG, O. F. L. 19, add after Notes: and 
Commentary. To list add : in Swedish : " Intro- 
duction to Romans," 1868 ; " Voices from the Holy 
Scriptures," 1877 ; " The Epistles translated from 
the Original," 1883 ; several pamphlets ; founded 
in 1884, Bibelforskaren, a journal for critical and 
practical Bible studies. 

NIELSEN, F. K., was a member of the commis- 
sion for a new hymn-book for the Danish Church, 
which appeared in 1885. To list of books (in 
Danish) add : The Ethics of Tertullian, 1879 ; 
Scandinavian Free-Masonry and its History, 1882; 
The Basis of Free-Masonry, 1883; Lodge and 
Church, 1883 (German translation, Leipzig, 1883) ; 
Essays and Criticisms, 1884. 

NILLES, N. Selecta? disputationes academical 
juris ecclesiastice, Innsbruck, 1886 sqq. 

NIPPOLD, F. W. F. Die allkatholische Kirche 
des Erzbisthums Utrecht, Heidelberg, 1872 ; Die 
rbmisch-kaiholische Kirche im Kbnigreich der Nieder- 
lande, Leipzig, 1877 ; edited Christian Carl Josias T 
Freiherr von Bunsen, Deutsche Ausgabe, durch neue 
Mittheilungen vermehrt, 1868-72, 3 vols. Of the 
Zur geschichtlichen Wiirdigung der Religion Jesu, 
the 7th part appeared in 1886. The new edition 
of Hagenbach has been enlarged by him. 

OETTINCEN, A. Was heisst christlich-social ? 
Zeitbetrachtungen, Leipzig, 1886. 

OLTRAMARE, M. J. H., D.D. (Strassburg, 
1882). 

OORT, H. The Human Sacrifices in Israel 
(Dutch), 1865 ; his Gospel and Talmud was trans- 
lated with many additions in The Modem Review, 
London, 1883 (July and October) ; Atlas for Bibli- 
cal and Ecclesiastical History, 1884, etc. 

OSGOOD, H., is the author of articles in The 
Baptist Review, and other periodicals. 

OVERTON, John Henry, Church of England; 
canon of Stow Longa in Lincoln Cathedral ; was 



263 



OXENHAM. 



APPENDIX. 



RANKE. 



scholar of Lincoln College, Oxford ; first class 
moderations, 1855 ; B. A. ,1858; M.A., 1860; was 
ordained deacon 1858, priest 1859 ; was curate 
of Quedgeley, Gloucestershire, 1858-60 ; rector of 
Legbourne, Lincolnshire, 1860-83 ; since 1879 has 
been canon of Stow Longa in Lincoln Cathedral ; 
and since 1883 rector of Epworth, Diocese of Lin- 
coln. With Rev. C. J. Abbey he wrote, The 
English Church in the Eighteenth Century, London, 
1878, 2 vols. ; and separately, William Law, Non- 
juror and Mystic, 1880 ; Life in the English Church, 
1660-1714, 1885; The Evangelical Revival in the 
Eighteenth Century, 1886 ; and contributed to the 
Encyclopaedia Britannica (9th edition) and The Dic- 
tionary of National Biography. * 

OXENHAM, H. N. Memoir of Lieut. Rudolph 
De Lisle, 11. N., London, 1886 ; translated Dolling- 
er's The Pope and the Council, by Janus, London, 
1869, 3d ed. 1870 ; Letters from Rome, by Quirinus, 
1870 ; edited with introduction, notes, and ap- 
pendices, An Eirenicon of the Eighteenth Century, 
London, 1870. 

PARK, E. A„ received the degree of LL.D. at 
the 250th anniversary of Harvard University, 
Nov. 8, 1886. 

PARRY, E., in 1882 declined election by the 
Australian bishops, as bishop of Sydney and 
metropolitan. 

PATON, J. B. B.A., 1849. 

PAXTON, John R. The " R." is a mere ini- 
tial. 

PAYNE-SMITH, R., wrote commentary on the 
books of Samuel, in the Pulpit Commentary. 

PEROWNE, J. J. S., was educated at Norwich 
Grammar School ; was Bell's University scholar, 
1842; Crosse Divinity scholar, 1845; prebendary 
of St. David's Cathedral, 1867-72. He is the 
author of Remarks on Dr. Donaldson's " Jashar ; " 
The Church, the Ministry, the Sacraments (sermons), 
1882 ; The Athanasian Creed (a sermon) ; Con- 
fession in the Church of England (sermon with 
appendix) ; articles on the Pentateuch, Zechariah, 
etc., in Smith's Dictionary of the Bible; articles 
in the Contemporary Review, Expositor, Good Words, 
etc. ; editor of Rogers on the Thirty-nine Articles 
(Parker Society), 1853; Al-Adjrumiieh (an Arabic 
grammar) 18 — ; The Re?nains Literary and Theo- 
logical of Bishop Thirlwall, 3 vols. ; and Cambridge 
■Greek Testament for Schools, 1884 sqq. 

PFLEIDERER, O. English translation of Re- 
Ugionsphilosophie, The Philosophy of Religion on the 
Basis of its History (vol. i., Spinoza to Schleier- 
macher), London, 1886. 

PHILPOTT, H., was chancellor of the University 
of Cambridge in 1847. 

PIERCE, H. N., was ordered deacon 1848; or- 
dained priest, 1849 ; planted the Episcopal Church 
in Washington County, Tex. ; was rector at Mat- 
agorda, Tex., 1852-54; took temporary charge of 
Trinity Church, New Orleans, last half of 1854 ; 
rector of St. Paul's, Rahway, N.J., 1855-57; of 
St. John's, Mobile, Ala., 1857-68; of St. Paul's, 
Springfield, 111., 1868-70 ; consecrated bishop, 1870. 

PIERSON, A. T. The Crisis of Missions, New 
York, 1886. 

PIGOU, F. Full title of, work cited as Early 
Communion is Early Communion Addresses at Hud- 
dersfield, Liverpool, etc., London, 1877. 

PITRA, J. B., was transferred in 1884 to the 
see of Porto et Santa Rufina. The second series 



of the Spicilegium is under title Analecla Sacra 
Spicilegii Solesmensi : and the third, Analecta No- 
vissima, has already begun. 

PLATH, K. Hi C. Funfzig Jahre Gossnerscher 
Mission, Berlin, 1886 ; The Subject of Missions con- 
sidered under Three New Aspects (the Church and 
missions ; the representation of the science of 
missions at the universities ; commerce and the 
Church), Eng. trans., Edinburgh, 1873. 

PLUMMER, A,, was educated at Lancing Col- 
lege, Sussex, 1852-58; wrote on Epistles of St. 
John, in Cambridge Greek Testament, 1886 ; also 
The Church of the Early Fathers, London, 1887. 

PLUMPTRE, E. H. Lazarus and Other Poems, 
1864,4th ed. 1884; Master and Scholar (poems), 
1866, 2d ed. 1884 ; Christ and Christendom (Boyle 
Lectures), 1867; Theology and Life (sermons), 
1866, 2d ed. 1884 ; Introduction to the New Testa- 
ment, 2d ed. 1884 ; The, Commedia and Canzoniere 
of Dante Alighieri (new trans., with life, notes, 
and portraits), 1887, 2 vols. 

PORTER, J. L. Jerusalem, Bethany, and Beth- 
lehem, London, 1886. Dr. Porter was missionary 
in Syria, 1849-59. 

PREGER, W. Die Entfaltung der Ldee des 
Menschen durch die Weltgeschichte, Munchen, 
1870 ; Der kirchenpol. Kampf unter Ludwig d. 
Baier u. sein Einfluss auf d. offend. Meinung in 
Deutschland, 1877 ; Die Vertrage Ludwigs d. Baiern 
und Friedrich dem Schonen 1325 u. 1326, 1883; 
Die Politik Johannes XXI L. in Bezug auf Ilalien und 
Deutschland, 1885 ; Psalmbilchlein Bibl. Psalmen in 
deulschen Liederweisen, Rothenburg, 1886 ; articles 
on 11. Merswin, J. Tauler, Mystische Theologie, 
in Herzog 2 . 

PRESSENSE, E., is a corresponding member 
of the Lowell Institute, Boston, taking the place 
of Victor Cousin ; takes an active part in the 
French Senate as a liberal ; wrote Variete's morales 
et politiques, Paris, 1885. 

PRIME, Wendell, D.D. (Union College, Schenec- 
tady, N.Y., 1880), Presbyterian, son of the late 
Samuel Irenaeus Prime; b. at Matteawan, N.Y., 
Aug. 3, 1837; graduated at Columbia College, 
New- York City, 1856 ; studied theology for one 
year in Union Theological Seminary, Hampden 
Sidney, Va., and for two at Princeton (N.J.) 
Theological Seminary, where he graduated 1861; 
was pastor of Westminster Church, Detroit, Mich., 
1861-67; of Union Church, Newburgh, N.Y., 
1869-75 ; and since 1876 has been an editor of 
The New-York Observer. 

PRINS, J. J., became emeritus professor, 1885; 
wrote Commentatio de loco difjicili, 1 Pet. Hi. 18— 
22, prozmio ornata, 1836 ; Specimen de loco Luc. ii. 
25-35, 1836. 

PUAUX, F., and SABATIER, A. Etudes sur la 
Revocation de VEdit de Nantes, Paris, 1886. 

PUNJER, G. C. B. Grundriss der Religions- 
philosophic, ed. R. A. Lipsius, Braunschweig, 1886. 

QUINTARD, C. T., D.D. (Trinity College, Hart- 
ford, Conn., 1866). 

RAEBIGER, J. F. Kritische Untersuchunqen, 2d 
ed. 1886. 

RAINY, R., takes a leading part in all the affairs 
of the Free Church of Scotland. 

RAND, W. W. Dictionary of the Bible was upon 
the basis of Edward Robinson's. 

RANKE, E. Specimen codicis Novi Test. Ful- 
densis, Marburg, 1S60. 



264 



REICHBL. 



APPENDIX. 



SCHULTZB. 



REICHEL, C. P., was first senior moderator 
classics, 1843. 

REISCHLE, M. W. T. Ein Wort zur Contro- 
verse iiber die Mystik in Theologie, Freiburg, 1886. 

REUTER,H.F. Augustinische Studien, 1887. 

REVILLE, A., was pastor at Luneray (Seine In- 
ferieure), 1S49-51 ; the English translation men- 
tioned, 1, 11, is of the Manuel d'instruction Prole- 
gomenes, 2d ed. 1885 ; Les Religions des peuples non 
civilise's, Paris, 1883, 2 vols. ; Les Religions du 
Mexique, deVAmerique centrale et du Pe'rou, 1884. 
In 1886 he was made president of the Section des 
etudes religieuses, founded at the Ecole des Hautes 
Etudes at the old Sorbonne, by the National Gov- 
ernment, and lectures there on the history of 
doctrines. 

REYNOLDS, H. R. Buddhism and Christianity 
Compared and Contrasted (" Present Day Tracts," 
No. 46) 1886. 

RICE, E. W. Pictorial Commentary on St. Mat- 
thew, 1886. 

RIGG, J. H. Full title, 1. 32, The Sabbath and 
the Sabbath Law before and after Christ. 

RIGGS, E. Suggested Emendations of the Au- 
thorized English Version of the Old Testament, 
Andover, 1873 ; Suggested Modifications of the Re- 
vised Version of the New Testament, 1883. 

ROBERTS, W. C, LL.D. (College of New Jer- 
sey, 1886). 

ROBINSON, C. S. Name of present church 
changed in 1886, from " Memorial " to " Madison 
Avenue." L. 23, after "thousand" add : copies. 

ROBINSON, E. G., received the degree of 
LL.D. at the 250th anniversary of Harvard Uni- 
versity, Nov. 8, 1886. 

ROBINSON, T. H. In Harrisburg, was pastor 
of Market-square Church. 

RUDIN.E.G. W. N. Survey of the Scriptural 
History of the Old Testament (in Swedish), 1886. 

RUETSCHI, R., is editor of the Kirchenblatt fur 
die reform- Schweiz. 

RYDBERG, A. V. His "Romantic Stories" 
and "Freebooter " have been translated into Danish 
and German; his "Adventures of Little Vigg," 
into German and French; issued "The Sibylline 
Books and Voluspa," Stockholm, 1881 ; "Poems," 
1882 (Danish, German, and Polish translations); 
" The Myth of the Sword of Victory," Copenhagen, 
1884; "Investigations in German Mythology," 
Stockholm, 1886. 

RYLE, J. C, was educated at Eton. 

SALMON, G., contributed various articles in 
Smith and Wace's Dictionary of Christian Biography. 

SAMSON, G. W., issued new edition, with sup- 
plements, of his Divine Law as to Wines, Phila- 
delphia, 1886; Guide to Self-Education, 1886. 

SANDAY, W., studied at Balliol College as well 
as at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. 

SAUSSAYE, P. D. C. German translation of 
Vier Schetsen has not yet appeared. 

SAVAGE, M. J. Social Problems, 1886. 

SAYCE, A. H. Inscriptions of Mai Amir, etc., 
1885 ; Assyria : its Princes, Priests, and People, 1886. 

SCHAFF, D. S., was moderator of the Synod 
of Missouri, 1886. 

SCHANZ, P. Commenlar iiber das Evangelium 
des Matthaeus, Freiburg, 1879; Marcus, 1881; 
Lucas, Tubingen, 1883 ; Johannes, 1885. 

SCHEELE, K. H. G. German translation of 
Church Catechising, Gotha, 1886 ; he is editor of 



the " Review for Christian Faith and Education," 
Upsala, 1883-86, Visby since 1887. 

SCHENCK, W. E., retired from secretaryship in 
1886. 

SCHERER, E. H. A., since 1849 has been a fre- 
quent contributor to the Revue de theologie, and 
since 1861 on the political and literary staff of 
Le Temps. He published Melanges de critique 
religieuse, Geneva, 1860. 

SCHICKLER, Fernand de, Baron, French Prot- 
estant layman ; b. in Paris, Aug. 24, 1835 ; early 
distinguished himself, and endeared himself to 
his co-religionists, by his devotion to the cause 
of Protestantism in France, which his wealth 
enabled him materially to aid. He has been since 
1865 president of the " Societe de l'histoire du 
protestantisme francais ; " since 1878, president of 
the "Societe biblique protestante de Paris;" 
since 1879, member of the Central Council of the 
Reformed Churches. In 1877 he was president of 
the liberal delegation of the reformed churches 
of France. He has contributed to the Bulletin of 
the " Societe de l'histoire du protestantisme fran- 
cais;" to the Journal du protestantisme francais ; to 
the history of the Bible Society of Paris (Notices 
biographiques sur les membres du comite biblique), 
1868; to the Hisloire de France dans les archives 
privies de la Grande-Bretagne, 1879 ; to the Rap- 
port pre'sente au Jubile semi-se'culaire de la Societe' 
pour I' encouragement de V instruction primaire parmi 
les protestants tie France, 1880 ; and has separately 
published En Orient, Paris, 1862 ; Notice sur la 
Societe de F histoire du Protestantisme Francais 
1852—72 1874. * 

SCHNEDERMANN.G.H. .contributed to Strack 
and Zbckler's Kurzgefasst. Kommentar, Nordlingen, 
1886 sqq., the commentaries on Corinthians, Ephe- 
sians, Colossians, and Philemon. He succeeded 
Kaftan in private teaching of dogmatic and New- 
Testament theology at Basel, 1883. 

SCHOLZ, A. Commentar zum Buch Judith, 
1887. 

SCHUETTE, Conrad Hermann Louis, since 
1S84 editor of The Columbus (0.) Theological 
Maqazine. 

SCHULTZ, Friedrich Wilhelm, Lie. Theol., 
Ph.D. (Berlin, 1852 and 1853 respectively), D.D. 
To list add : " Cyrus der Grosse " (in Theol. Studien 
u. Kritiken, 1853, pp. 624 sqq.) ; " Die innere Be- 
deutung der alttestam. Feste" (in Deutsche Zeit- 
schrift of Schmieder, 1857, Juni- u. Juli-hef t) ; 
" Ueber die Eintheilung des Decalogs " (in Luth. 
Zeitschrift of Rudelbach and Guericke, 1858, I.) ; 
numerous geographical and historical articles in 
Herzog 2 ; the sections on the geography of Pal- 
estine, the history and archaeology of Israel, and 
the theology of the Old Testament, in Zockler's 
Handbuch der theologischen Wissenschaften, Nord- 
lingen, 1882, 2d ed. 1884. 

SCHULTZ, H. Zur Lehre vom h. Abendmahl, 
Gotha, 1886. He belongs to the school of Ritschl. 

SCHULTZE, L. T., was director of the seminary 
at Magdeburg, for the training of teachers of re- 
ligion in the gymnasia. Edited Libri symbolici 
eccles. Luth.. Berlin, 1856; Melanchthon's Loci 
proscipui, 1856; Luther's Ausfuhrliche Erklarung 
der Epistel an die Galater, 1856 ; author of article 
Ueber das Reformatorium vita; clericorum vom 14-94 
des Jacobus Philipp von Basel in Ztschr. f kirchl. 
Wiss., 1886. 



265 



SCHWANE. 



APPENDIX. 



STEVENSON. 



Ueber die Verlrdge, Minister, 
Predigten 



SCHWANE, J. 

1871, 2d ed. 1872 

SCHWARZ, K. H. W. Eight vols 
aus der Gegenwart, Leipzig, 1858-82. 

SEE BERG, Ri Zur Geschichte des Begriffs der 
Kir die, Dorpat, 1884. 

SEELEY, J. R., was bracketed, with three others, 
first in the first-class in classical tripos. 

SEISS, J. A. Right Life, Philadelphia, 1886. 

SEPP, J. N., D.D. Deposed by Lola Montez, 
and expelled from Munich, 1847. He was mem- 
ber of the parliaments at Frankfort, Berlin, and 
Munich. Add to list : Poems : Marcos Bozzaris, 
1860; Ludwig Augustus, Koenig von Bayern und 
das Zeitalter der Wiedergeburt der Kiinste, 1869 ; 
Altbayerischer Sagenschatz, zur Bereicherung der in- 
dogermanischen Mythologie, 1876 ; Staats-Kirchen- 
zustdnde in Suddeutschland, 1878 ; Ursprung der 
Glasmaler-kunst im Kloster Tegernsee, 1878 ; Die 
Felsenkuppel auf Moria eine Justinianische Sophien- 
kirche, 1882 ; Ein Volk von zehn Millionen, oder der 
Bayernstamm, Herkunft und Ausbreitung iiber Oes- 
treich, Karnthen, Steyermark und Tyrol, Kampf- 
schrift wider Czechen und Magyaren (a drama), 1st 
and 2d ed. 1882 ; Der Jaegerwirth und die Sendling- 
erschlacht, 1882; Der bayerische Bauernkrieg (1705), 
1884; Die gottliche Tragoedie (Passion-drama for 
the play at Oberammergau in 1890), 1886. 

SEYERLEN, K. R., repetent in the theological 
seminary at Tubingen, 1859-61. 

SHAFTESBURY, Earl of, was educated at Har- 
row School ; was an ecclesiastical commissioner 
from 1841 to 1847. His first public philanthropic 
effort was in 1833, when he introduced in the 
House of Commons a bill limiting the hours of 
children's labor in factories to ten a day. It was 
defeated ; but a Government bill enjoining that 
with the exception of silk and lace mills, no chil- 
dren under nine were to be employed in the fac- 
tories, while those under thirteen were to work 
not more than forty-eight hours a week, and were 
to receive from their employers at least two hours 
schooling a week, was carried. But it proved so 
imperfect and ineffective, that in 1838 he intro- 
duced another bill on the subject. This the Gov- 
ernment also opposed. The outcome of the agita- 
tion was, however, that in 1850 he carried his 
point; and in 1853 Lord Palmerston gave the 
measure its present shape, viz., that children 
between eight and thirteen years of age must not 
be employed more than six hours and a half daily, 
or ten hours on alternate days, while those of 
tender years must do their work between ten and 
six o'clock. In 1840 he secured a royal commis- 
sion to inquire into the condition of the children 
not protected by the Factory Act, e.g., those in 
mines ; and, on the strength of its revelations, 
introduced two bills in 1842, one removing female 
children from the mines and collieries, and the 
other providing for the care and education of 
children in calico-print works. In 1844 he founded 
the Ragged School Union in London, which has 
done so much for the outcast children there. In 
1864 he introduced in Parliament measures which 
ultimately led to the prohibition of chimney- 
sweeping by boys, and the compulsory employ- 
ment of machines for the purpose. He was in 
1834 one of the founders of the London City 
Mission ; and in 1842, of a society for the con- 
struction of model lodging-houses. He was presi- 



dent of the British and Foreign Bible Society 
from 1851 till his death, as also of the Young 
Men's Christian Association. He was largely 
instrumental in reforming the treatment of luna- 
tics. He did much to elevate the costermonger 
class. But it would be impossible to estimate 
the good he did in the course of his long and 
active life. He was connected with nearly three- 
hundred religious societies, and with many other 
philanthropic institutions. In 1884 the freedom 
of the City of London was presented to him. 
The secret of his success was his humble piety. 
For a full account of his extraordinary useful- 
ness, see Edwin Hodder : The Life and Work of 
the Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, K.G., London, 
1886, 3 vols. * 

SHORT, C, d. in New- York City, Dec. 24, 
1886. 

SMYTH, E. C, received the degree of D.D. at 
the 250th anniversary of Harvard University,. 
Nov. 8, 1886. 

SMYTH, N., edited, with introduction and notes,, 
the eschatological portion of Dr. I. A. Dorner's 
Theology, separately in an English translation,. 
Dorner on the Future State, New York, 1883. 

SPALDING, J. F. For three years his juris- 
diction included New Mexico, and for three years 
more New Mexico and Arizona. He was a mem- 
ber of the House of Deputies of General Convo- 
cation in 1865, 1868, and 1871. 

SPENCER, Jesse Ames, D.D. (Columbia Col- 
lege, New- York City, 1852), Episcopalian ; b. at 
Hyde Park, Dutchess County, N. Y., June 17, 1816 ; 
graduated at Columbia College, New- York City, 
1837 ; studied theology at the (Episcopalian) Gen- 
eral Theological Seminary, New- York City; be- 
came rector of St. James, Goshen, N.Y., 1840; 
resigned on account of ill health 1842; went to 
Europe ; on his return taught, and engaged in 
literary work ; travelled in Europe and the East, 
1848-49 ; became professor of Latin and Oriental 
languages in Burlington College, N. J., 1849 ; was 
editor and secretary of the Episcopal Sunday- 
school Union and Church Book Society, New- York 
City, 1851-57 ; declined election as vice-president 
of Troy University, 1858 ; was rector of St. Paul's, 
Flatbush, L.I., 1863-65; professor of Greek, Col- 
lege of the City of New York, 1869-79. He is 
the author of Discourses, New York, 1843 ; Egypt 
and the Holy Land, 1849 ; History of the United 
States, 1856-69, 4 vols.; Greek Praxis, 1870; 
Young Ruler, and Other Discourses, 1871 ; edited 
The Four Gospels, and Acts of the Apostles, in Greek T 
with English Notes (together with the Greek text 
of the rest of the New Testament), 1847 ; Cozsar's 
Commentaries (with notes and lexicon), 1848; 
Archbishop Trench's Poems, 1856; Xenophon' s Ana- 
basis (from MSS. of Prof. A. Crosby), 1875 ; Ar- 
nold's series of Latin and Greek text-books. * 

SPITTA, F. A. W. Festprediglen, Bonn, 1886. 

STEINER, H. Der Ziircher Professor J oh. 
Heinrich Hottinger in Heidelberg, 1655-61, Zurich, 
1886. 

STEVENS., A., hon. A.M. (Brown University). 

STEVENS, W. B., practised as a physician in 
Savannah, Ga., 1838-43. 

STEVENSON, WILLIAM FLEMING, D.D.(Uni- 
versity of Edinburgh, 1881) ; b. in Strabane, 
County Tyrone, Ireland, Sept. 20, 1832; d. at 
Rathgar, Dublin, Ireland, Sept. 16, 1886. He 



266 



STEVENSON. 



APPENDIX. 



STUART. 



was of that Ulster Presbyterian stock, which has 
given a special character to the northern province 
of Ireland. He graduated M. A. at the University 
of Glasgow, and finished his theological studies 
in Scotland and Germany. Occasional passages in 
his writings show that while interested in the 
speculative and critical sides of German theology, 
it was the warm, spiritual, Christian life of Ger- 
many's displayed in German hymns and missions, 
which attracted him most. In 1856 he was li- 
censed to preach by the Presbytery of Strabane, 
became town missionary, and worked in the fever- 
stricken lanes of the poor part of Belfast. In 
1860 he accepted the call of the newly organ- 
ized Rathgar-road Presbyterian Church, situated 
in a suburb of Dublin. Mr. Stevenson was the 
first minister of this church, and it was his first and 
only regular charge. On the 2d of February, 1862, 
the present church building was dedicated, Dr. 
Norman McLeod preaching the opening sermon. 
Literary work, especially about this time, occupied 
much of Mr. Stevenson's attention. His contribu- 
tions to Good Words, Dr. McLeod's periodical, 
were numerous, and dealt largely with the heart- 
life and practical Christianity of Germany. Pray- 
ing and Working, London, 1862, is of interest to 
the student of social problems, as well as to the 
friends of missions. Lives and Deeds worth know- 
ing, New York, 1870, composed of collected arti- 
cles, and published without authority, is not less 
interesting. Hymns for Church and Home, London, 
1873, has a scholarly accuracy and thoroughness 
which make it very valuable to hymnologists. 

In 1871 Mr. Stevenson was called to the work 
which, in some sense, was the most important 
of his life, for in that year he became co-adjutor 
with Rev. Dr. James Morgan, the convener of the 
Assembly's Foreign Mission; and in 1873 he be- 
came sole convener, while retaining the pastorate 
of his church. Successful as a preacher and a 
pastor, he seemed even better fitted for this new 
work, which he had assumed with great diffidence. 
In 1873 he visited America on the occasion of the 
meeting of the Evangelical Alliance in New York. 
In 1877 he undertook a journey round the world, 
in the interests of missions ; some papers from his 
pen appeared on the subject of this journey, in 
Good Words. In 1881 he was unanimously chosen 
as moderator of the General Assembly of the 
Presbyterian Church in Ireland, which met in 
Dublin. Of course many offers came to him from 
fields of work wider than the comparatively nar- 
row one of Irish Presbyterianism ; but he simply 
could not leave his beloved people. His life had 
now been carried on for many years, under the 
highest pressure from his double duties as a pas- 
tor, and as an organizer and administrator of 
mission-work. His death, hastened by overwork, 
occurred suddenly, painlessly, and almost without 
warning, from heart-disease, in the full tide of 
his activity. As a pulpit orator, Dr. Stevenson 
belonged to the first class. His writings give a 
good idea of his pulpit style. His broadly tol- 
erant spirit won the victory over even Irish party 
feeling, which runs almost as high in matters 
ecclesiastical as political. He was a member of 
the Senate of the Royal University ; and his ap- 
pointment as chaplain to the vice-regal court, 
under Lord Aberdeen's administration, was re- 
garded as marking a change in the attitude of the 



government towards Presbyterianism, as the at- 
tendance at his funeral of the clergy and highest 
dignitaries of the Episcopal and other churches, 
was regarded as an indication of the beginning 
of a better relation between the branches of the 
Church Catholic in Ireland than has existed in the 

past. ROBERT W. HALL. 

STOCKMEYER, I. Die personliche Aneignung 
des in Chrislo gegebenen Heiles, 1878. 

STOECKER, A., is a member of the Reichstag 
and of the Prussian Chambers. He combines 
political with religious activity as a leader of 
the anti-Semitic movement, and of Christian 
socialism. 

STOKES, G. T. Ireland and the Celtic Church, 
a History of Ireland from St. Patrick to the English 
Conquest in 1172, London, 1886 ; Synopsis of 
Mediaeval History, 1886. 

STORY, R. H., was appointed second clerk of 
the General Assembly, in succession to Professor 
Milligan, in May, 1886 ; and one of her Majesty's 
chaplains in September, 1886. 

STRACK, H. L., "while acknowledging the 
full right of critical investigation, is convinced 
that such investigation ought to be combined with 
reverence for the Holy Scriptures and an earnest 
Christian faith. That Christ died for us, and rose 
again, is an irrefutable fact, nay, one inaccessible 
to criticism." The Kaiser Wilhelm Gymnasium, 
where he taught in 1872-73, is in Berlin. The 
title of the monthly Nathanael, which he edits, 
has been changed, as also its place of publication ; 
it is now called Nathanael. Zeitschriftfur die Arbeit 
der evangelischen Kirche an Israel, Karlsruhe u. 
Leipzig. He edits, with Professor Zockler of 
Greifswald, the Kurzgefasster Kommentar zu den 
heiligen Schriflen Allen und Neuen Testamentes, 
sowie zu den Apokryphen, Nbrdlingen, 1886 sqq. 

STRONG, Josiah, D.D. (Adelbert College of 
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, O., 1886), 
Congregationalist ; b. at Naperville, Du Page 
County, 111., Jan. 19, 1847 ; graduated at West- 
ern Reserve College, Hudson, O., 1869; studied 
theology at Lane Theological Seminary, Cincin- 
nati, O., 1869-71, but did not graduate because 
of failure in health ; was pastor of a home-mis- 
sionary church at Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory, 
1871-73 ; of the Western Reserve College Church, 
Hudson, O., 1873-76, when the college church, 
having united with the village church, no longer 
needed a pastor ; of the Congregational Church 
at Sandusky, O., 1876-81 ; secretary of the Ohio 
Home Missionary Society, 1881-84; pastor of the 
Central Congregational Church, Cincinnati, O., 
1884-86, when he became general agent of the 
Evangelical Alliance for the United States of 
America. He is the author of Our Country, pub- 
lished by the American Home Missionary Society, 
New York, 1885, 6th ed. (26,000th) 1886. 

STUART, George Hay, Presbyterian layman ; 
b. at Rose Hall, County Down, Ireland, April 2, 
1816; educated at Banbridge, Ireland; took up 
his residence in Philadelphia in 1831 ; went into 
business, became president of the Mechanics' 
National Bank of that city ; afterwards the Mer- 
chants' National Bank of Philadelphia was organ- 
ized for him, and he became its president. He 
was the president of the United-States Christian 
Commission during the civil war (see article, 
" Christian Commission," in Schaff-Herzog Ency- 



267 



STUBBS. 



APPENDIX. 



THOMAS. 



clopcedia, i. 449); is president of the Philadelphia 
branch of the United-States Evangelical Alliance ; 
vice-president of the American Bible Society, of 
the American Tract Society, of the National Tem- 
perance Society ; director of City Trusts (which 
includes Girard College), director of the Equitable 
Life Assurance Society of New York, director of 
the Insurance Company of the State of Pennsyl- 
vania ; was chairman of the first executive com- 
mittee of the Board of Indian Commissioners, or- 
ganized under President Grant (serving until the 
original Board resigned) ; first president of the 
Young Men's Christian Association in Phila- 
delphia, and president of three International Coi> 
ventions of Young Men's Christian Associations ; 
president of the Presbyterian National Conven- 
tion which met in Philadelphia in 1867, resulting 
in union of O. S. and N. S. Presbyterian churches; 
and is prominently connected with other religious 
and philanthropic associations. See sketch of 
his life by Rev. Dr. Wylie, in A. S. Billingsby's 
From the Flag to the Cross; Scenes and Incidents 
of Christianity in the War, Philadelphia, 1872. 

(Substituted by Mr. Stuart for sketch given on p. 212.) 

STUBBS, W. Seventeen Lectures on the Study 
of Mediaeval and Modern History, and Kindred Sub- 
jects, London, 1886. 

SWETE, H. B., was educated at King's College, 
London; curate of Tor, Torquay, 1869-72. 

TALMAGE.ThomasDeWitt, D.D., Presbyterian; 
b. near Bound Brook, N.J., Jan. 7, 1S32; gradu- 
ated at the University of the City of New York 
1853, and at the New Brunswick (Reformed Dutch) 
Theological Seminary, N.J., 1856 ; became pastor 
of the Reformed-Dutch Church at Belleville, N.J., 
1856; Syracuse, N.Y., 1859; Second Church, 
Philadelphia, Penn., 1862; Central Presbyterian 
Church, Schermerhorn Street, Brooklyn, N.Y., 
1869. In 1870 the congregation ei-ected on the 
same street, near the old site, a new and much 
larger church, known as the "Tabernacle." It 
was burnt Dec. 22, 1872 ; rebuilt, 1873 ; dedicated 
Feb. 22, 1874. The new tabernacle seats some 
five thousand persons; the church has now in 
1886 three thousand three hundred and eleven 
communicants. Dr. Talmage edited The Chris- 
tian at Work, New York, 1873-76; The Advance 
of Chicago, in 1877 and 1878; and now edits 
Frank Leslie's Sunday Magazine. His sermons 
are published every week in all the countries of 
Christendom, and translated into Norwegian, 
Russian, German, French, and Italian. Over six 
hundred secular and religious papers each week 
publish them entire, and thousands furnish syn- 
opses. Of the volumes made up of his sermons, 
lectures, essays, etc., may be mentioned, beside 
foreign publications, seven volumes of sermons, 
Crumbs Swept Up, Abominations of Modern Society, 
Shots at Targets, Around the Tea-Table, Night Side 
of New York, Mask Torn Off, The Marriage Ring, 
The Battle for Bread, Orange- Blossoms Frosted. 
(Substituted by Dr. Talmage for the sketch upon p. 214.) 

TAYLOR, C, is author of articles in The Ex- 
positor ( The Didache, and the Epistle of Barnabas, 
June, 1886), Journal of Philology, Smith and 
Wace's Did. Christ. Biography, etc. He came to 
the United States in 1886 as delegate from Cam- 
bridge University to Harvard University, and re- 
ceived from the latter the degree of LL.D. at its 
250th anniversary, Nov. 8, 1886. 



TAYLOR, M. W. Life of Amanda Smith, 1886 ; 
The Negro in Methodism (preparing). 

TAYLOR, W. M. The Parables of Our Saviour 
Expounded and Illustrated, New York, 1886. 

THIERSCH, H. W. J. De Penlateuchi versione 
Alexandrina libri Hi., Erlangen, 1841 ; Gramma- 
tisches Lehrbuch fur die ersten Unterricht in die he- 
braische Sprache, 1842, 2d ed. under title Hebrdische 
Grammatik fur Anf anger, 1858; Einige Worte iiber 
die Aechtheit der neutestamentlichen Schriften, 1846 ; 
De Epislola ad Hebrmos commenlatio historica, Mar- 
burg, 1848; De Stephani protomartyris oratione com- 
menlatio exegetica, 1849 ; Erinnerungen an E. A. 
von Schaden, Frankfurt-a.-M., 1853 ; Griechenlands 
Schicksale, 1863 ; Ueber vernunflige und christliche 
Erziehung der Kinder, Basel, 1864; Friedrich 
Thierschs Leben, Leipzig, 1866, 2 vols. ; Melanch- 
thon, Augsburg, 1877; John Wesley, 1879; Die 
Physiognomic des Mondes, Ndrdlingen, 1879 ; Ur- 
sprung und Entwicklung der Colonieen in Nord- 
Amerika, 1J/.96-1776, Augsburg, 1880 ; Ueber Jo- 
hannes von Milller den Geschichtschreiber, und seinen 
handschriftlichen Nachlass, 1881; Lavater, 1881; 
Edmund Ludlow und seine Ungliicksgefdhrten als 
Fluchtlinge an dem gastlichen Herde in der Schweiz, 
Basel, 1881 ; Samuel Gobat, 1884 (English transla- 
tion, London, 1884) ; Abyssinia (English trans- 
lation by Mrs. Sarah M. S. Pereira, London, 
1885). 

THOMAS, D,, helped to secure the first twenty 
thousand pounds for the University of Wales; 
delivered an inaugural address on the opening of 
University College, under the presidency of the lord 
lieutenant of the county, 1877. The first seven 
volumes of The Homilist were republished 1886. 
He furnished the homilies, and Dr. Farrar the 
exegesis, in the commentary on Corinthians, in 
The Pulpit Commentary. 

THOMAS, Owen, D.D. (College of New Jersey, 
Princeton, 1877), Welsh Calvinistic Methodist; 
b. at Holyhead, Anglesea, North W'ales, Dec. 16, 
1812; attended the Bala Calvinistic Methodist 
College from 1838 to October, 1841 ; then for two 
sessions the University of Edinburgh, but was 
unable, owing to circumstances, to finish the curri- 
culum; became minister at Pwllheli, Caernarvon- 
shire, 1844 ; (of the English Church) at Newtown, 
Montgomeryshire, 1846; in London, 1850; of the 
Welsh Presbyterian Church, Prince's Road, Liv- 
erpool, 1865. He was moderator of North Wales 
Association in 1863 and 18S2; moderator of Gen- 
eral Assembly, 1868 ; has been repeatedly sent as 
a deputation to visit the Scotch (Free), Irish, and 
English Assemblies, as well as to the Council of 
the Reformed Churches. His father was a stone- 
cutter by trade, and he worked at this trade from 
his fourteenth to his sixteenth year. He has been 
for years joint editor of the Traethyrdydd, the oldest 
and ablest Welsh quarterly, and is the author of 
a large number of articles on theological, phil- 
osophical, critical, and historical subjects; many 
articles in the Welsh Encyclopaedia ; Life of John 
Jones (Talsarn) (containing a large account of the 
Welsh preachers, and theological controversies in 
Wales), Wrexham, 1874, 2 vols. ; and a transla- 
tion of Kitto's Pictorial New Testament into Welsh, 
with very extensive additions, forming a full com- 
mentary on the Epistles to the Galatians, and most 
of Ephesians, Colossians, and Philippians, and 
especially of Hebrews (Wrexham, 1885, 2 vols.). 



268 



THOROLD. 



APPENDIX. 



WACB. 



THOROLD, A. W., was canon residentiary of 
York, 1874-77. 

TIELE, C. P. De godsdienst der liefde ("The 
Religion of Love"), Amsterdam, 1868; Baby- 
lonisch-assyrische Geschichte, vol. i., Gotha, 1886; 
2d ed., much enlarged, of French translation of 
Geschiedenis van den Godsdienst, 1886 ; Danish 
translation of same, Copenhagen, 1884. 

TITCOMB, J. H., resigned his bishopric in con- 
sequence of a terrible mountain accident. He is 
now vicar of St. Peter's, Brockly, London. 

TOLLIN, H. C. N. Die hohenzollernschen Colo- 
nisationen, 1876; Die magdeburger Wallonen, 1876; 
Die franzosischen Colonieen in Oranienburg, Kbpe- 
nick und Rheinsberg, 1876 ; Albrecht von Mainz und 
Hans von Schenitz, 1878 ; Biirgermeister A ug. With. 
Franke, 1884. 

TOORENENBERGEN.J.J.van. The first torn, 
of the Monumenta, etc., contains a reprint of the 
excessively rare (Economica Christiana, whence 
the Summe of Holy Scripture is drawn. 

TOWNSEND, L.T. T he Bible and other Ancient 
Literature in the Nineteenth Century, 1885; Pulpit 
Rhetoric, 18S6. 

TRENCH, R. C. Sermons New and Old, Lon- 
don and New York, 1886. 

TROLLOPE, E., is the son of the late Sir John 
Trollope, Bart., and brother of the late Lord Kest- 
wen, and was archdeacon of Stow in 1867. 

TROUTBECK, J., was educated at Rugby 
School. 

TSCHACKERT, P. [Johannes Briessmann's] 
Floscriti, 1887. 

TUCKER, Henry William, Church of, England; 
prebendary of Wenlocksbarn in St. Panl's Cathe- 
dral ; educated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford ; gradu- 
ated B. A. 1854, M.A. 1859 ; ordained deacon 1854, 
priest 1855; was curate of Chantry, Somerset- 
shire, 1854-56; West Buckland, 1856-60; Devo- 
ran, Cornwall, 1860-65 ; assistant secretary of 
the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 
1865-79 ; since 1875 has been secretary to the 
Associates of the late Rev. Dr. Bray ; since 1879, 
secretary of the Society for the Propagation of 
the Gospel in Foreign Parts, and also honorary 
secretary of the Colonial Bishops' Fund. He is 
the author of Under his Banner : Papers on Mis- 
sion Work of Modern Times, London, 1872, 7th 
ed. 1877 ; Memoir of the Life and Episcopate of 
Edward Feild, D.D. (bishop of Newfoundland), 
1878, 4th ed. 1879 ; Memoir of the Life and Epis- 
copate of George Augustus Selwyn, D.D. (bishop 
of Lichfield), 1878, 2 vols., 4th ed. 1881; The 
English Church in Other Lands; or, the Spiritual 
Expansion of England, London and New York, 
1886. 

TUCKER, W. J. One of the founders and edit- 
ors of The Andover Review. 

TULLOCH. L. 36, after Philosophy add: in 
England in the Seventeenth Century. 

TWINING, Kinsley, D.D. (Yale College, New 
Haven, Conn., 1884), Congregationalist ; b. at 
West Point, N.Y., July 18, 1832; graduated at 
Yale College 1853, and at Yale Theological Sem- 
inary 1S56 ; was resident licentiate at Andover 
Seminary, 1857 ; was pastor of the Congregational 
Church, Hinsdale, Mich., 1857-63; acting pastor 
of the First Congregational Church, San Fran- 
cisco, Cal., 1863-64; and then for nearly two 
years out of ministerial service in poor health; 



pastor of Prospect-street Congregational Church, 
Cambridgeport, Mass., 1867-72; of the Union 
Congregational Church, Providence, R.I., 1872- 
76; in Europe, 1876-78; became literary editor 
of the New- York Independent, 1880. 

TYLER, W. S. Homer's Iliad, Books xvi.-xxiv. 
New York, 1886. He received the degree of LL.D. 
at Harvard's 250th anniversary, Nov. 8, 1886. 

UHLHORN, J. C. W. English translation, by 
Sophia Taylor, of vol. i., Die christliche Liebes- 
thdtigkeit, Die alte Kirche, under title, Christian 
Charity in the Ancient Church, Edinburgh, 1883. 

VALENTINE, M., LL.D. (Wittenberg College, 
Springfield, 0., 1886). 

VAN DYKE, Joseph Smith, D.D. (College of New 
Jersey, Princeton, N.J., 1884), Presbyterian; b. 
at Bound Brook, N. J., Nov. 2, 1832 ; graduated 
at the College of New Jersey 1857, and at the 
theological seminary 1861, both in Princeton, N.J. ; 
was tutor of Greek in the college there, 1859-61 ; 
pastor of First Presbyterian Church, Bloomsbury, 
N. J., 1861-69 ; and since has been pastor of the 
Second Presbyterian Church, Cranbury, N.J. 
During 1859 and 1860 he was engaged in lectur- 
ing upon education, in conjunction with the super- 
intendent of public schools in New Jersey. He 
is the author of Popery the Foe of the Church and 
of the Republic, Philadelphia, 1871, 12th thousand, 
New York, 1886 ; The Legal Prohibition of the 
Liquor Traffic (Tract No. 174 of the National 
Temperance Society), New York, 1879 ; Through 
the Prison to the Throne, Illustrations of Life from 
the Biography of Joseph, New York, 1881, 5th ed. 
1886 ; From Gloom to Gladness, Illustrations of 
Life from the Biography of Esther, 1883, 3d ed. 
1886; Giving or Entertainment — Which? (pamphlet 
recommending giving, in preference to other modes 
of raising money for church and charitable pur- 
poses), 1883, 11th ed. 1886 (ten thousand sold) ; 
Theism and Evolution : an Examination of Modern 
Speculative Theories as related to Theistic Concep- 
tions of the Universe, 1886 (April), 2d ed. (October) 
1886. 

VENABLES, E., wrote article "Monastic Rules 
and Architecture," in Diet. Chr. Antiq. ; and arti- 
cles " Bunyan," " Brevint," " Bullingham," " Cecil 
(Richard)," etc., in Leslie Stephen's Diet. Nat. 
Biog. 

VINCENT, M. R. Christ as a Teacher, 1886; 
Bible Words (in preparation). 

VOELTER, Daniel Erhardt Johannes, Ph.D., Lie. 
Theol. (both Tubingen, 1880 and 1883 respectively), 
Protestant theologian ; b. at Esslingen, Wiirtem- 
berg, Sept. 14, 1855; studied at Tubingen (Evan- 
gelical Theological Seminary and University) ; 
became repetent in the theological seminary there, 
1880 ; privat-docent of theology in the university, 
1884 ; ordinary professor of theology in the Lu- 
theran Seminary in Amsterdam, 1885; and since 
February, 1886, has also held the same position 
in the University of Amsterdam. He is the 
author of Die Entstehung der Apokalypse, Frei- 
burg, 1882, 2d ed. 1885; Der Ursprung des 
Donatismus, 1883. 

VOLCK, W., edited not only the ninth but the 
tenth and eleventh volumes of Hofrnann's Die h. 
Schrift N. T., Ndrdlingen, 1883, 1886. In the 
10th ed. of Gesenius the title reads : Hebraisches 
und aramdisches Handworterbuch. 

WACE, Henry, was curate of St. Luke's, Bor- 



269 



WADDINGTON. 



APPENDIX. 



WILLIAMS. 



wick Street, London, 1861-63. King's College, of 
which he is principal, is in London. 

WADDINGTON, C, discovered the true date 
of Polycarp's martyrdom (A.D. 155). 

WAGENMANN, J. A., D.D. (1862), editor of the 
Jahrbiicher f. deutsche Theologie, 1862-78; wrote 
articles in Herzog and Allq. deutsche Biographie. 

WALDENSTROM, P. P. " On the Meaning of 
the Atonement " (Om forsoningens Betydelse, Stock- 
holm, 1873, reprinted Chicago, 111., U.S.A.). A 
sermon preached in 1872 first gave impetus to the 
theological movement with which he is identified, 
and the book was written to defend and explain 
his views which had attracted so much attention. 
He prefers to put his distinctive teaching thus : 
Non per gratiam propter Christo propitiatorem, sed 
propter gratiam per Christum mediatorem, redemp- 
torem. He is commonly accused in Sweden of 
denying the divinity of Christ ; but this is a slan- 
der, for just the contrary is the case. In his trans- 
lation of the New Testament, he accepts and 
defends the reading 6 /xovoyev^g 0e6f in John'i. 18. 

WANAMAKER, John, Presbyterian layman; 
b. in Philadelphia, Penn., in the year 1838; re- 
ceived a common-school education, and early went 
into business. After being a clerk for a while in 
the year 1861, he started in the clothing business 
on his own account. He subsequently enlarged 
and altered his business, until now he is the 
owner of one of the largest retail stores in the 
United States, employs some three thousand per- 
sons, and is known throughout the country. He 
has displayed similar energy in Christian work. 
He started, in 1858, a Sunday school over a shoe- 
maker's shop in the south-western part of Phila- 
delphia, out of which has grown Bethany Presby^ 
terian Church, with a seating capacity of 1,800, 
and Bethany Sunday School, numbering in 1886 
2971 members. He was one of the founders of 
the Christian Commission ; president of the Young 
Men's Christian Association of Philadelphia from 
1870 to 1883; and has been prominent in many 
other Christian enterprises. He was chairman of 
the Bureau of Revenue and of the Press Com- 
mittee, which did such efficient service in starting 
the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 

1876. Approved by Mr. Wanamaker. 

WARFIELD, B. B., has written articles on bibli- 
cal criticism and the Didache', in "Bibliotheca 
Sacra," "Presbyterian," "Andover Review," and 
" Expositor," etc. 

WATTS, R., established the Westminster 
Church in Philadelphia 1852, and was ordained 
pastor of it 1853 ; was installed in the Gloucester- 
street Church, Dublin, 1863. 

WEED, Edwin Gardner, D.D. (University of 
the South, Sewanee, Tenn., 1886), S.T.D. (Racine 
College, Wis., 1886), Episcopalian, bishop of 
Florida; b. at Savannah, Ga., July 23, 1837; 
graduated from the General Theological Seminary, 
New- York City, 1870; became rector of the 
Church of the Good Shepherd, Summerville, Ga., 
1871 ; bishop, 1886. * 

WEISS, Carl Phrlipp Bernhard, Ph.D. (Jena, 
1852), Lie. Theol. (Konigsberg, 1852), D.D. (ion, 
Konigsberg, 1862) ; studied at Konigsberg, Halle, 
and Berlin, 1844-48; was Divisionspfarrer at Ko- 
nigsberg, 1861-63 ; Consist orialralh und Mitglied des 
Consistoriuvis at Kiel, 1874-77; Mitglied des Con- 
sistoriums at Berlin, 1879-80; since 1880, Ober- 



Consistorialrath und vortragender Rath im Ministe- 
rium der geistlichen u. Unterrichts-Angelegenheiten. 
To list of works add : Lehrbuch der Einleitunq in 
das Neue Testament, Berlin, 1886. His Lehrbuch 
der biblischen Theologie was translated, Edinburgh, 
1882-83, 2 vols. New editions of his commenta- 
ries, in the Meyer series, Mark and Luke (1885), 
John (1886), Romans (1886), Timothy and Titus 
(1886). Besides books, he has written numerous 
elaborate articles in Studien u. Kritiken, Jahr- 
biicher f. deutsche Theologie, etc. 

WEiSS,Nathanael, Reformed Church of France; 
b. at La Croix-aux-Mines, near Saint Die (Vosges), 
March 27, 1845 ; studied at the Protestant gymna- 
sium at Strassburg, and finished course of the- 
ology with Protestant faculty of that university, 
1867 ; was private tutor in Alsace and Paris, 
1867-69 ; won the Schmutz prize by thesis, Expo- 
sition, comparison et critique du systeme ecclesiastique 
de Schleiermacher et de celui de Vinet, 1868 ; was 
Reformed pastor at Glaciere, 1869-71 ; missionary 
agent of the French Sunday-school Society, 1871- 
75 ; pastor of the Reformed Church of Boulogne- 
sur-Seine since 1875; and is now adjunct libra- 
rian of the " Societe du protestantisme francais." 
He contributed articles upon Protestant France 
to Lichtenberger's Encyclopedie des sciences reli- 
gieuses, and edited for the first time, with an in- 
troduction and notes, La sortie de France pour 
cause de reliqion, de Daniel Brousson et sa famille, 
1685-93, Paris, 1886. * 

WEIZSAECKER, K. Das Neue Testament uber- 
setzt, Tubingen, 1875, 2d ed. Freiburg, 1882; Das 
aposlolische Zeilaller der chrisllichen Kirche, Frei- 
burg, 1886': 

WELLHAUSEN, J. English translation of 
Prolegomena, with introduction by Prof. W. Rob- 
ertson Smith, under title Prolegomena to the His- 
tory of Israel, with a reprint of the article Israel 
from the " Encycl Britannica," Edinburgh, 1885. 

WENDT, H. H., studied at Leipzig and Gbtting- 
en, as well as at Tubingen. 

WESTCOTT, B. F., was a member of the 
Royal Commission on ecclesiastical courts, 1881- 
83; 2ded. of General View Hist. Eng. Bible, 1872; 
Christus Consummator : Some Aspects of the Work 
and Person of Christ in Relation to Modern Thought 
(sermons) 1886. 

WHEDON, D. D., studied law at Rochester and 
Rome, N.Y. ; became teacher in the Oneida Semi- 
nary, 1830. Two additional volumes of his col- 
lected writings appeared in 1886. Emory and 
Henry College is at Emory, Washington Co., Va. 

WIKNER, C. P. " Sermons," vols, i., ii., 
1877, 1883; "Notion of Quality," 1880. 

WILKES, Henry, d. in Montreal, Wednesday, 
Nov. 17, 1886. 

WILKINSON, W.C. The Baptist Principle,!^!; 
Webster: an Ode, 1882; Classic French Course in 
English, 1886. He has been several seasons "ad- 
junct lecturer" on English literature in Wellesley 
College. He is at present (1886) conductor of a 
department (Pastoral Theology) in The Homiletic 
Review. He has twice travelled in Europe, attend- 
ing lectures during one winter at the University 
of Paris, and spending some months in Germany, 
as well as visiting the chief centres of art in Italy. 

WILLIAMS, G., is on the committee of the 
British and Foreign Bible Society ; is ex-president 
of the Sunday-school Union. 



270 



WILLIAMS. 



APPENDIX. 



ZOECKLER. 



WILLIAMS, William R. Mr. Morn ay Williams, 
Tiis son, sends this additional information : "Dr. 
Williams had no middle name ; the initial ' R ' 
having been assumed by him, in early life, because 
of the annoying mistakes constantly arising from 
the simple appellation William Williams. He 
was ordained and installed as pastor of the Amity 
Baptist Church on the same evening on which the 
church itself was recognized, Dec. 17, 1832, re- 
maining pastor to the time of his death, never 
having had another charge, nor his people another 
pastor. He was the first secretary of the Amer- 
ican Baptist Home Missionary Society (1832) ; 
the first secretary, and one of the draughters, of the 
•constitution of the Baptist Ministers' Conference, 
in January, 1833 ; for many years a member of the 
board of trustees of Rochester Theological Sem- 
inary, in the formation of which, as also of the 
University of Rochester (both established in 1850), 
he was actively concerned. He was also for many 
years on the publishing committee of the Amer- 
ican Tract Society, and in that position corrected 
the proofs of their foreign publications (viz., 
French, German, Italian, and Spanish); he was 
one of the vice-presidents of that society, as also 
of the American Bible Society. He wrote the 
introduction to [the American reprint of John] 
Harris's Great Commission ; or, the Christian Church 
constituted and charged to convey the Gospel to the 
World, Boston, 1842; to that of Miss Grigg's 
Jacqueline Pascal, or Convent Life at Port Royal, 
New York, 1854 ; and to [W. W.'] Everts's William 
Colgate: a Christian Layman, Philadelphia, 1881. 
His Religious Progress, and Lectures on the Lord's 
Prayer, were both republished in Scotland [in one 
volume, Edinburgh and London, 1851]." 

WILSON, J. Lij became secretary emeritus, 1885. 
Died at his home near Marysville, S.C., July 13, 
1886. 

WISE, D. Young Knights of the Cross, New 
York, 1886. 

WITHEROW, T. Italian translation of Scrip- 
iural Baptism, Florence, 1877. 

WITHROW, J. L., preached the opening sermon 
at the Des Moines meeting of the A. B. C. F. M. 
in 1886 ; accepted call to Third Presbyterian 
Church, Chicago, 111., 1886. 

WOLF, E. J., has published some sermons; is 
editor of The Lutheran Quarterly. 

WOODRUFF, F. E., wrote on the Greek Frag- 
ment of the Rainer MSS., and a vindication of 
the genuineness of the Pastoral Epistles, in The 
Andover Review, 1886. 

WOOLSEY, T. D., received the degree of LL.D. 
at Harvard's 250th anniversary, Nov. 8, 1886. 

WORDSWORTH, C, D.C.L. (hon., Oxford, 
1853), D.D. (hon., Edinburgh and St. Andrews); 
Catechesis, 4th ed. 1868; Remarks on Dr. Light- 
foot's Essay, 2d ed. 1884; Discourse on Scottish 
Church History, 1884; Public Appeals in Behalf of 
Christian Liberty, 1886, 2 vols. 

WORDSWORTH, J., was exhibitioner of Win- 
chester College. Portions of St. Mark and St. 



Matthew from the Bobbio MS. (k), and Other Frag- 
ments (with Dr. Sanday and H. J. White), being 
No. 2 of a series of Old Latin biblical texts, 18S6; 
" The Corbey St. James (ff.) " in Studia Biblia, 
Oxford, 1883 ; A Pastoral Letter to the Clergy and 
Laity of the Diocese of Salisbury, Salisbury, No- 
vember, 1885; Self-Discipline in Charily (sermon 
on St. James i. 26, 27, preached in Salisbury 
Cathedral on May 30, 1886, for the clergy orphan 
schools), Salisbury, 1886 ; Bristol Bishopric Endow- 
ment Fund (sermon on Heb. xiii. 14, preached in 
Bristol Cathedral, June 27, 1886), Bristol. 

WORTHINGTON, George, D.D., LL.D. (both 
from Hobart College, 1876 and 1885 respectively), 
Episcopalian, bishop of Nebraska ; b. at Lenox, 
Mass., Oct. 14, 1838; graduated at Hobart Col- 
lege, Geneva, N.Y., 1860, and at the General 
Theological Seminary, New- York City, 1863 ; be- 
came assistant at St. Paul's Church, Troy, N.Y., 
1863 ; rector of Christ Church, Ballston Spa, N.Y., 
1865; rector of St. John's Church, Detroit, Mich., 
1868. He was in 1879 twice elected by the clergy 
bishop of Michigan, but the laity refused to con- 
firm. In 1883 he declined election by the General 
Convention as missionary bishop of Shanghai. In 
May, 1884, he was elected bishop of Nebraska, 
and declined ; in November, 1884, was elected a 
second time, accepted, and was consecrated in St. 
John's Church, Detroit, Mich., Feb. 24, 1885. 

WRIGHT, C. H. H. The Divinity-school Question, 
Dublin, 1886 (pp. 8) ; Biblical Essays: or, Exeget- 
ical Studies on the Books of Job and Jonah, Ezekiel's 
Prophecy of Gog and Magog, St. Peter's " Spirits 
in Prison," and the Key to the Apocalypse, Edin- 
burgh, 1886. 

WRIGHT, W., M.A. 

WYLIE, J. H. History of the Scottish Nation, 
1886, 2 vols. 

YOUNG, R. Materials for Bible Revision (drawn 
from the Analytical Concordance), 1886. 

ZAHN, T. Hermce Pastor e N. T. illustr., Gdt- 
tingen, 1867 ; Missionsmethoden im Zeitalier der 
Aposlel, Erlangen, 1886 (two lectures). 

ZELLER, E. Plato's Gastmahl, iiberselzt und 
erlautert, Marburg, 1857 ; Vortrage, 2d ed. Leipzig 
1875, 3d series Leipzig 1884 ; Geschichte d. deutsch. 
Phil., 2d ed. 1875 ; Grundriss d. Geschichte d. 
griech. Philosophic, Leipzig, 1883, 2d edition 1885 
(English translation by Sarah Frances Alleyue 
and Evelyn Abbott, Outlines of the History of Greek 
Philosophy, London and New York, 1886); Fried- 
rich d. Gr. als Philosoph, Berlin, 1886. 

ZEZSCHWITZ, Gerhard von, was pastor at 
Grosszschocher near Leipzig, 1852-56 ; lived at 
Neuendetteslau without office, 1861-63; lectured 
at Frankfurt, Basel, and Darmstadt, 1863-65; 
out of these lectures came Zur Apologie des Chris- 
tenthums nach Geschichte und Lehre, Leipzig, 
1866. 

ZOECKLER, O., edits, with H. L. Strack, 
Kurzgefasster Kommentar zu den heiligen Schriften 
A. u. N. T.'s nebst den Apokryphen, Nordlingen, 
1886 sqq., 12 vols. 



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